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Any replacements are listed further down
[86] viXra:1305.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-18 23:31:00
Authors: Kimmo Rouvari
Comments: 3 Pages.
Current knowledge of antimatter has been a road block for the real understanding of antimatter. Currently antimatter is generated with high energy
devices (colliders and proton guns). Used energies are just too big. Excited anti-particle's are very hard to handle.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[85] viXra:1305.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-08 16:17:08
Authors: Richard L. Amoroso, Jean Pierre Vigier
Comments: 19 Pages.
In this work we extend Vigier’s recent theory of ‘tight bound state’ (TBS) physics and propose empirical protocols to test not only for
their putative existence, but also that their existence if demonstrated provides the 1st empirical evidence of string theory because it
occurs in the context of large-scale extra dimensionality (LSXD) cast in a unique M-Theoretic vacuum corresponding to the new
Holographic Anthropic Multiverse (HAM) cosmological paradigm. Physicists generally consider spacetime as a stochastic foam
containing a zero-point field (ZPF) from which virtual particles restricted by the quantum uncertainty principle (to the Planck time)
wink in and out of existence. According to the extended de Broglie-Bohm-Vigier causal stochastic interpretation of quantum theory
spacetime and the matter embedded within it is created annihilated and recreated as a virtual locus of reality with a continuous
quantum evolution (de Broglie matter waves) governed by a pilot wave - a ‘super quantum potential’ extended in HAM cosmology to
be synonymous with the a ‘force of coherence’ inherent in the Unified Field, UF. We consider this backcloth to be a covariant
polarized vacuum of the (generally ignored by contemporary physicists) Dirac type. We discuss open questions of the physics of point
particles (fermionic nilpotent singularities). We propose a new set of experiments to test for TBS in a Dirac covariant polarized
vacuum LSXD hyperspace suggestive of a recently tested special case of the Lorentz Transformation put forth by Kowalski and
Vigier. These protocols reach far beyond the recent battery of atomic spectral violations of QED performed through NIST.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[84] viXra:1304.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-26 05:46:41
Authors: Sosale Chandrasekhar
Comments: 30 Pages.
It is argued that the scale of atomic masses rests far too heavily on two possibly dubious pieces of evidence. These are the nineteenth-century determination of the atomic weight of hydrogen, and early mass spectrographic work on the determination of atomic masses. The determination of the atomic weight of hydrogen is possibly prone to overestimation because of adventitious enrichment in deuterium during the experimental procedure. The mass spectrographic work is likely to be susceptible to both systemic and theoretical errors deriving from the assumptions employed; it is also possibly enmeshed in the confusion between the (then prevailing) chemical and physical scales of atomic weight. All these ambiguities may well have led to a dubious confirmation of the atomic mass of hydrogen. The idea of the ‘mass defect’, deriving from this work, formed a corner-stone of the subsequently developed theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus. A particular problem with the mass-defect idea is that, by mass-energy equivalence, heavier atoms would be less stable than lighter ones. (Thus, the mass defect may well be an artefact deriving from the inherent inaccuracies of early mass-spectrographic studies.) All this has apparently led to a dubious theory of nuclear structure. Thus, the balance between the electrostatic and strong forces should favour the latter with increasing atomic mass – contrary to current theory, which apparently neglects to take account of the predominance of nearest-neighbour interactions between nucleons. Consequently, the origins of nuclear energy, whether by fission or fusion, seem unclear. Taken as a whole, these arguments indicate a fundamental reappraisal of current theoretical ideas: It would appear that mass-energy equivalence may be involved more fundamentally and insidiously in the generation of nuclear energy; it is also possible that the radionuclides arise by the malformation of nuclei during their creation, a consequence of their mass and size.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[83] viXra:1304.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-22 00:56:38
Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 4 Pages.
using the stable number theory we calculate the best electron configurations of elements and not from experimental data.WE make the Jiang periodic table of the elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[82] viXra:1304.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-08 12:05:13
Authors: U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, B.V.S.T. Sai
Comments: 12 Pages.
If light is coming from the atomic matter of the galaxy, then the observed redshift can be interpreted as an index of the galactic atomic matter ‘light emission mechanism’. Clearly speaking redshift may not be connected with ‘galaxy receding’. The proposed basic idea is - during cosmic evolution, as age of the hydrogen atom increases, emitted photon energy increases. If so current cosmological changes may be reflected in any existing atom. At any given cosmic time, Hubble length can be considered as the gravitational or electromagnetic interaction range. By highlighting the six major shortcomings of modern cosmology, in this paper an attempt is made to verify the cosmic acceleration in a quantum mechanical approach. The four possible assumptions are : 1) Reduced Planck’s constant increases with cosmic time. 2) Being a primordial evolving black hole and Hubble’s constant being the angular velocity, universe is always rotating with light speed. 3) Atomic gravitational constant is squared Avogadro number times the classical gravitational constant and 4) Atomic gravitational constant or the classical gravitational constant shows discrete behavior. This may be the root cause of discrete nature of revolving electron’s angular momentum. With reference to the present atomic and nuclear physical constants, obtained Hubble’s constant is (67.88 to 71.41) km/sec/Mpc and is very close to the recommended value. This is a remarkable coincidence and seems to play a vital role in future unified physics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[81] viXra:1304.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-05 15:03:51
Authors: Ioannis Xydous
Comments: 43 Pages.
It is a fact that a great number of scientific papers and patents have been published related to Quantum Gravity, Unified Field, Space-Time Engineering, Gravity Control, Propulsion without the need of a propellant, Instantaneous Telecommunications, Warp Drives, Over Unity devices est. Most of them have a complicated theory or unclear results, which makes the scientific community to have doubts if they are feasible. The Author starting from the known Electron-Positron pair creation phenomenon, will reveal the entire matter creation process which will lead to the discovery of Aether, Strong Nuclear force, Casimir force, Quantum Newtonian Gravity, Dirac’s Magnetic Monopole, Unified Field Force and ultimately to Aether Engineering.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[80] viXra:1303.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-25 00:50:21
Authors: Franklin Hu
Comments: 10 Pages.
A new atomic model is described which builds atoms out of alternating protons and electrons. Unlike the currently accepted planetary atomic model developed by Bohr and Rutherford, the nucleus is not a compact sphere of protons and neutrons which are surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Rather, the atoms are built up like Lego bricks into octahedral shapes. These shapes give rise to locations on the atoms for other atoms to dock and form molecules. These shapes also explain many of the observed properties of the atoms such as the observed ionization energies, spectra, fission fragments and the allowed isotopes for an atom. This model eliminates the need for the strong force and significantly simplifies our understanding of how atoms are constructed using only the electrostatic force.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[79] viXra:1303.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-23 05:24:48
Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 5 Pages.
A complete new proposal to all of nuclear physics.
It is a starting model of continuous flow within the universe as an explanation to mass,fusion,gravity and time.
All feedback will be apreciated as i like to test this model where it is wrong so i can work on it further.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[78] viXra:1303.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-18 02:19:33
Authors: Kapil Chandra
Comments: 5 Pages.
We proposed a new expression for force to estimate the numerical amount of nuclear force, this is the most fundamental forces of nature and its gives us the theoretical mass of proton and electron, followed by the proton-to-electron mass ratio. Through it, we also determined the size of nucleus, we believe, this work be helpful to understand the evolution of first atom after the Big-Bang
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[77] viXra:1303.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-03 04:24:08
Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 21 Pages.
Currently the quantitative description of confinement inside nuclear matter is exclusively limited to computer experiments, mainly on lattices, and concentrating upon calculating the static potential. There is no independent reference for comparison and support of the results, especially when it comes to the quark potential in the continuum limit. Yet, we are entitled to be optimistic, for the basic results of these calculations seem to be correct from an entirely different point of view, suggested by Manton’s geometrization of Skyrme theory. The present work shows the reasons of this point of view, and offers a static potential that might serve as independent reference for comparison and endorsement of any lattice calculations, and in fact of any structural hypotheses of nuclear matter. A historical review of the pertinent key moments in the history of modeling of nuclear matter, as well as an outlook anticipating the necessary future work, close the argument.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[76] viXra:1302.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-24 23:19:32
Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 10 Pages. pdf
in this paper we make the best periodic table of elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[75] viXra:1302.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-21 10:16:00
Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages. 1 diagram, 1 picture
It is hypothesized why nuclear blasts are so explosive. It is not because the atoms are splitting at all. All a nuclear weapon does is use solid material that directly transitions to plasma naturally.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[74] viXra:1302.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-13 09:09:32
Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 16 Pages. This is a Portuguese version of the article http://vixra.org/abs/1201.0099
@@In experiments for proton radius measurement that use muonic hydrogen, the value obtained was four percent below the expected standard value, which is not explained by quantum electrodynamics. This article theoretically explains this results and presents an equation that calculates the proton radius, which coincides with the value obtained in muonic hydrogen experiments, with a difference of only 0.07 percent. These results are based on Ulianov String Theory (UST), a new String Theory, which is able to model the most important particles in our universe as photons, protons, electrons, neutrons, muons and positrons. The author believes that the experiment with Muonic Hydrogen represents a breakthrough in modern physics, because it points out flaws in the standard model and opens space for new theories that model the electron and proton as strings. The experience with muonic hydrogen may lead to a model in which the electron is no longer a "small ball" orbiting the nucleus and it turns into a two-dimensional brane surrounding the nucleus. Thus, this experiment has the potential to be so important, such as the historical experience of the Michelson interferometer, which marked the end of the preponderance of the Newtonian mechanics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[73] viXra:1302.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-13 09:49:50
Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 9 Pages. This is a Portuguese version of the article http://vixra.org/abs/1302.0026
@@Recent experiments for proton radius measurement, based on muonic hydrogen confirmed that the proton size obtained by muon interaction is 4% smaller than the standard value. This results generate a new problem that was called “the proton size puzzle”. The author believes that this occurs because the proton radius changes, depending on the particle with which it is interacting. In this context the author proposes that the standard proton radius be defined in conditions, where a proton is isolated in space, without interacting with any other particle. In this condition the standard proton radius seems very close to the value obtained in muonic hydrogen experiments. If this new standard proton radius value be admitted, one solution to the "proton size puzzle" must answer two basic questions: a) Why the proton increase it size when interacting with an electron in a hydrogen atom? b) Why the proton maintain the (new) standard radius value, when interacting with the muon to form a muonic hydrogen atom? The question (a) can be answered, in a context where the electric force that arises between the opposite charges (of the electron and the proton) may be affecting the proton and expanding its radius. Considering the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, with the proton as "observer" of the electron position, the proton also not will "know" where the electron position is. Thus the proton is simultaneously attracted to all positions where the electron might be positioned, which are defined by the orbital wave function. Thus the uncertainty principle could explain that the proton is subjected to a radial force field, which tends to increase its size. Another solution for the proton size puzzle, proposed by the author, considers a change in the physical interpretation of the orbital wave functions. These functions are currently associated probability density of the presence of the electron in a given volume of space. In this new interpretation, the wave functions equations are the same, but its final values (that can be expressed in C/m3) can be associated with an effectively density of electric charge, that exists simultaneously, composing a negative charges membrane which are distributed in space around the atomic nucleus, as defined by the orbital wave function charge densities. This new model has been called by the author as “Electron Membrane Paradigm” (EMP), because in it the “electron particle” is turning into an “electron membrane”. The EMP has the potential to solve the proton size puzzle, and allowing the emergence of new theories, that can model both, electrons and other particles, in the form of strings and membranes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[72] viXra:1302.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-04 18:29:25
Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 8 Pages.
Recent experiments for proton radius measurement, based on muonic hydrogen confirmed that the proton size obtained by muon interaction is 4% smaller than the standard value. This results generate a new problem that was called “the proton size puzzle”.
The author believes that this occurs because the proton radius changes, depending on the particle with which it is interacting.
In this context the author proposes that the standard proton radius be defined in conditions, where a proton is isolated in space, without interacting with any other particle. In this condition the standard proton radius seems very close to the value obtained in muonic hydrogen experiments.
If this new standard proton radius value be admitted, one solution to the "proton size puzzle" must answer two basic questions:
a) Why the proton increase it size when interacting with an electron in a hydrogen atom?
b) Why the proton maintain the (new) standard radius value, when interacting with the muon to form a muonic hydrogen atom?
The question (a) can be answered, in a context where the electric force that arises between the opposite charges (of the electron and the proton) may be affecting the proton and expanding its radius.
Considering the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, with the proton as "observer" of the electron position, the proton also not will "know" where the electron position is. Thus the proton is simultaneously attracted to all positions where the electron might be positioned, which are defined by the orbital wave function.
Thus the uncertainty principle could explain that the proton is subjected to a radial force field, which tends to increase its size.
Another solution for the proton size puzzle, proposed by the author, considers a change in the physical interpretation of the orbital wave functions. These functions are currently associated probability density of the presence of the electron in a given volume of space. In this new interpretation, the wave functions equations are the same, but its final values (that can be expressed in C/m3) can be associated with an effectively density of electric charge, that exists simultaneously, composing a negative charges membrane which are distributed in space around the atomic nucleus, as defined by the orbital wave function charge densities.
This new model has been called by the author as “Electron Membrane Paradigm” (EMP), because in it the “electron particle” is turning into an “electron membrane”.
The EMP has the potential to solve the proton size puzzle, and allowing the emergence of new theories, that can model both, electrons and other particles, in the form of strings and membranes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[71] viXra:1301.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-21 18:02:26
Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 9 Pages. it is a very important paper.
We prove that periodic table is wrong
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[70] viXra:1301.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-10 13:53:27
Authors: Andrew Nassif
Comments: 5 Pages.
Nuclear Physics is a major subject in Physics as well as a sub subject in chemistry that
deals with the study of radioactive elements and materials as well as how they work and can be
used. Its main field of study is interactions that happen in the nuclei of a compound or of an
element. Nuclear Physics is also a major field of particle physics as well. Nuclear Physics also
includes using radioactive elements in fields such as medicine and technology. It also can
focus on emission processes such as Neutron Emission, Positron Emission, and Proton
Emission. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896, and is thought to be the father of
nuclear physics. Henri's experiment was the investigation of phosphorescence in uranium
salts. A year later J.J. Thomson made the discovery of the electron which was the second most
major discoveries in nuclear physics since Henri's discovery. Thomson and Henri's discoveries
led to more major scientific discoveries in there time including the discovery of alpha, beta,
and gamma ray radiation. Nuclear Physics is also known as the study of high energy processes
and nucleosynthesis that takes place between elements. The two must major fundamentals of
Nucleosynthesis are Stellar and Supernova Nucleosynthesis.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[69] viXra:1301.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-05 07:49:05
Authors: A.H. Abdelrahman; M. D. Abdella; Mahgoub Salih
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this work the plasma hydrodynamical equations are exploited to explain the physical constraints under which amplification takes place. It is shown that lasing takes place in plasma in condition of concentration of electrons is less than the equilibrium concentration. In addition the amplification transpires when the internal field is stronger than the external applied field.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[68] viXra:1212.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2012-12-11 08:19:59
Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 11 pages, including 3 figures and 1 tables, Published: Progress in Physics, 2012, v.2, p.47-57
The proposed model is based on Wheeler’s geometrodynamics of fluctuating topology
and its further elaboration based on new macro-analogies. Micro-particles are considered
here as particular oscillating deformations or turbulent structures in non-unitaty coherent two-dimensional surfaces. The model uses analogies of the macro-world, includes into consideration gravitational forces and surmises the existence of closed structures, based on the equilibrium of magnetic and gravitational forces, thereby supplementing the Standard Model. This model has perfect inner logic. The following phenomena and notions are thus explained or interpreted: the existence of three generations of elementary particles, quark-confinement,“Zitterbewegung”, and supersymmetry. Masses of leptons and quarks are expressed through fundamental constants and
calculated in the first approximation. The other parameters — such as the ratio among masses of the proton, neutron and electron, size of the proton, its magnetic moment, the gravitational constant, the semi-decay time of the neutron, the boundary energy of the beta-decay— are determined with enough precision.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[67] viXra:1212.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2012-12-07 01:20:09
Authors: U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 4 Pages.
With reference to the previously proposed SUSY fermion-boson mass ratio 2.2627, based on the muon and proton rest masses, charged pion rest energy can be expressed as (1/2.2627)(mp.mm)^(1/2)=139.25 MeV. In the similar way a new boson related to electron-proton can be predicted as (1/2.2627)(mp.me)^(1/2)=9.677 MeV = mex. It can be called as the “EPION”. It can be suggested that, nuclear binding force is mediated by this hidden boson and charged pion is its excited state. In support of the existence the epion, rest mass of the neutral electro weak boson can be expressed as mZ=(mn2/mex) where mn is the rest mass of neutron. In this new direction fitted semi empirical mass formula energy constants are 16.29, 19.354,0.766,23.76 and 11.88 MeV respectively.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[66] viXra:1210.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2012-10-07 13:17:58
Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages.
It is hypothesized that charge is a relational aspect of electromagnetic patterns stabilizing and is not an intrinsic quality of hypothetical entities called “electron/proton”.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[65] viXra:1210.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2012-10-01 10:50:23
Authors: sangwha Yi
Comments: 5 Pages.
In the special relativity theory and the quantum mechanics, if the -decay that occurs in the nucleus is analyzed by the Yukawa’s pion theory, a virtual electron and a virtual anti-neutrino move in the velocity in neutrons during the uncertainty time. If the nucleus give the enough energy a neutron, the virtual electron, the virtual anti-neutrino and a neutron do the free electron, the free anti-neutrino of the velocity and the proton. And a virtual positive electron and a virtual neutrino move in the velocity in protons during the uncertainty time. If the nucleus give the enough energy a proton, the virtual positive electron, the virtual neutrino and a proton do the free positive electron, the free neutrino of the velocity and a neutron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[64] viXra:1209.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2012-09-28 12:21:32
Authors: U.V.S.Seshavatharam, S.Lakshminarayana
Comments: 11 Pages. Searching, collecting, sorting and compiling the cosmic code is an essential part of unification
The definition of Avogadro number (N) and the current experiments to estimate it, however, both rely on the precise definition of “one gram”. Hence most of the scientists consider it as an ad-hoc number. But in reality it is not the case. In atomic and nuclear physics, atomic gravitational constant is Avogadro number times the Newton’s gravitational constant. Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit,(c^4/G). Ratio of classical force limit and weak force magnitude is (N^2). Thus in this paper authors proposed many unified methods for estimating the Avogadro number.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[63] viXra:1209.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2012-09-06 22:57:02
Authors: Matti Pitkanen
Comments: 5 Pages.
A new piece of evidence for the periodic variations of nuclear decay rates in astrophysical time scales has been reported by Sturrock et al: now in the case of Ra-222 nuclei. In this article the TGD inspired explanation for the variations is developed in more detail by utilizing the data provided in this article. The explanation relies on nuclear string model predicting the existence of almost degenerate ground states of nuclei (in the natural MeV energy scale) with excitations energies assumed to lie in keV energy range. The variations of the decay rates defined naturally as averages for the decay rates of excitations would be induced by keV radiation from the solar corona. The would also explain the anomalously high temperature of solar corona and relate the observed periodicities to the rotation rate of corona.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[62] viXra:1208.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2012-08-07 17:27:21
Authors: D.J.Pons, A.D. Pons
Comments: 22 Pages.
The purpose of this work was to create a new conceptual model of the strong force (interaction). This is necessary because existing models, of which quantum chromodynamics is the dominant paradigm, are not yet capable of explaining nucleus structure ab initio starting from the strong force. A design method was used to search for alternative concepts within the cordus structure (a non-local hidden variable solution). One such successful concept is presented. In this model the strong force arises from the synchronisation of discrete field elements between particules. This causes the participating particules to be interlocked: the interaction pulls or repels particules into co-location and then holds them there, hence the apparent attractive-repulsive nature of that force and its short range. This force only applies to particules in coherent assembly. The concept of virtual particles can still be accommodated, but is not the preferred interpretation. The model also provides a conceptual unification of the strong and electro-magnetic-gravitation (EMG) forces, with the weak force having a separate causality. It is proposed that the EMG forces and the strong force are different manifestations of a single underlying mechanism. The EMG forces are proposed to be based on the linear strength, bending, and torsional deflection (respectively) caused by these hyffons, whereas the strong force is based on the synchronicity of the field elements. By implication particules can EITHER perceive the strong force, OR the EMG forces, not both. Which it is depends on the nature of their bonding and their proximity. Thus the strong force is predicted to be intimately linked to coherence, with the EMG forces being the associated discoherent phenomenon. This also means that there is no need to overcome the electrostatic force, because it is inoperative when the strong force operates. Hence we suggest that ‘strong’ is an inappropriate way of thinking about this interaction. ‘Synchronous force’ would be better. The cordus model makes several testable predictions, particularly about the behaviour of the strong force in coherent bodies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[61] viXra:1208.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2012-08-03 02:38:41
Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 8 Pages.
Based on the notion of strong gravitation, acting at the level of elementary particles, and on the equality of the magnetic moment of the proton and the limiting magnetic moment of the rotating non-uniformly charged ball, the radius of the proton is found, which conforms to the experimental data. At the same time the dependence is derived of distribution of the mass and charge density inside the proton. The ratio of the density in the center of the proton to the average density is found, which equals 1.57 .
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[60] viXra:1207.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2012-07-29 11:39:23
Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 23 Pages. 6 Figures
Presently, a new force has been determined. It is generated due to interaction between magnetic fields of the interacting particles, e.g., between electrons in electron beams, between protons in proton beams, and between nucleons in nuclei. Due to this force, electrons, protons and nucleons etc. are held together in their respective systems against the repulsive Coulomb force generated between them due to interaction between their charges. Presently, it has also been determined that, due to interaction between magnetic fields of two particles, a repulsive force, other than the repulsive Coulomb force and much stronger, too is generated. The present force has some very important and striking characteristics: (i) it is strong; (ii) short range; and (iii) charge independent, which are exactly the same as we speculate for nuclear force between nucleons to have. Finally, giving plausible arguments and evidences from the well established existing knowledge, it has been tried to conclude that the current cause of origin of nuclear force cannot be true. The presently determined cause should be the actual cause of origin of nuclear force, and the presently determined force should be the actual nuclear force.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[59] viXra:1207.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2012-07-20 14:29:25
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 8 Pages.
It is described a process for creating new atoms starting from pre-existing atoms. We show that all the elements of the periodic table can be synthesized, at room temperature, by a gravitational process based on the intensification of the gravitational interaction by means of electromagnetic fields.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[58] viXra:1207.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2012-07-18 04:00:00
Authors: Hu Chang-Wei
Comments: 260 Pages.
The vacuum is not void, in which there is infinite mysteries. The matter in vacuum state is called the ether, whose macroscopic effects, microscopic representation and cosmoscopic interaction are researched and discussed, is like the unmatter or unparticles called by Prof. Smarandache. In the absolute space-time theory, the ether is a compressible superfluid, a point of maximal value of its density is the mass center of an object. A change in the ether density causes a change in the actual space-time standard, and thus leads up to quantitative effects which include the effects of relativity and quantum etc.. The theory of relativity is a quantitative theory with light as the measure of space-time, where the distribution of ether is always homogeneous and isotropic everywhere, which is just so-called Lorentz symmetry, it is only a practicable mathematical model, and is not applicable to faster than light velocity. The gravitational field is a ether density wave-packet, whose interaction is not infinite. The cosmoscopic interaction of ether will surpass gravitational interaction and is about its ten times in cosmoscopic system of galaxies and galaxy clusters, so that describing cosmos can not use only the gravitational field equation. The methodology and related concepts proposed by Prof. Smarandache are applied, and Smarandache geometry models of relativity, macro-physics, interval field ether theory and infinite order and hierarchical cosmology are described in this book.
真空不空，奥妙无穷。真空态物质被称为以太，它好比Smarandache教授所说的Unmatter 或Unparticles。对以太的宏观效应，微观表现和宇观作用进行了探讨。在绝对时空观中，以太是可压缩的超流体，它的密度的极大值点是实物的质心。以太密度的变化，会引起现实的时空标准的变化，从而导致了定量效应，这包括相对论性效应和量子效应等等。相对论是以光作为时空衡量标准的一种定量描述理论，在这里，以太的分布永远是处处均匀，各向一致的，这就是所谓的洛伦兹对称性，它只是一种可行的数学模型，对超光速是无效的。引力场是以太密度波包，它的作用不是无限的。在星系、星系团的世界里，以太的宇观作用，将超过并达到引力作用的10倍左右。因此，不能只用引力场方程来描述宇宙。书中运用了Smarandache教授提出的方法论和有关概念，描绘了相对论、宏观物理学、区间场以太论和无穷阶等级式宇宙学的Smarandache几何模型。
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[57] viXra:1207.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2012-07-03 14:17:40
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 12 Pages.
In this work we show a gravitational separator of isotopes which can be much more effective than those used in the conventional processes of isotopes separation. It is based on intensification of the gravitational acceleration, and can generate accelerations tens of times more intense than those generated in the most powerful centrifuges used for Uranium enrichment.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[56] viXra:1205.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2012-05-08 16:42:54
Authors: Etkin V.A.
Comments: 6 Pages. In Russian
It is shown, that Einstein's postulate on equivalence of mass and energy contradicts
the law of energy conservation and not correspondence with bottom of fact
(Показывается, что постулат А.Эйнштейна об эквивалентности массы и энергии
противоречит закону сохранения энергии и не соответствует существу дела).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[55] viXra:1204.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2012-04-14 09:23:39
Authors: Ray Fleming
Comments: 5 Pages.
The existing theory of the weak interaction has some troublesome issues with conservation of energy and limited range. Beta decay theory would be more complete if there were a mechanism that places the electron or positron decay product farther from the proton or neutron so that they would not be immediately reabsorbed. This is readily accomplished by a Hawking radiation type interaction between a virtual electron-positron pair and a proton or neutron and this type of interaction readily accounts for each form of beta decay.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[54] viXra:1204.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2012-04-10 19:04:05
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 3 Pages.
The anomalous heat production detected in Ni-H systems was recently explained based on the fact that electromagnetic fields of extremely-low frequencies (ELF) can increase the intensities of gravitational forces and overcome the intensity of the electrostatic repulsion forces, producing nuclear fusion reactions. This effect can provide a consistent and coherent explanation for anomalous heat production detected in Ni-H Systems, and shows that a Ni-H System can be easily transformed into a Hydrogen bomb. Here, a Ni-H bomb of 20 kilotons is engineered.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[53] viXra:1203.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2012-03-30 04:34:23
Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 68 Pages. Number of Figures:8
Regarding neutron, numerous questions arise, e.g.: 1. A neutron happens to be unstable in its free state and becomes stable in stable nuclei and systems (e.g. deuterons and particles), but why and how? 2. What does happen or situation is created in stable nuclei/systems such that the neutrons become stable in them? 3. Why and how is that situation not being created in nuclei/systems having, e.g. two-neutrons, three-neutrons and one-proton etc.? 4. Why and how does neutron have unstable and stable, both the states, while the rest of all the elementary particles have only one state, either stable or unstable? 5. Why and how does neutron survive for time t = 885.7 seconds (mean life time of neutron) and then decays, while the rest of all the unstable elementary particles decay within fraction of a second? But the standard quark model and the other neutron models fail to give explanation of the above questions. Therefore, presently a new model for neutron structure has been proposed that gives clear and complete explanation of all the above questions along with very clear and complete explanation of the following numerous greatly important phenomena/events: 1. Why and how beta particles, which are electrons, are emitted from the nuclei during beta decay while it is believed that the electrons do not reside inside the nuclei; 2. Why and how energy of the emitted beta particles varies in the form of a continuous energy spectrum; 3. Why and how the neutrons have high penetrating power and distinguishable low and high-energy ranges; 4. How one-neutron and one-proton are arranged in a deuteron such that a binding force is generated between them which persists and consequently deuteron exists in nature; 5. Why and how di-proton and di-neutron do not exist in nature; 6. Why and how binding energy per nucleon (Eb) of tritium and helium-3 are increased to > 2 Eb of deuteron, and Eb of tritium > Eb of helium-3; 7. Why and how tritium is radioactive, decaying into helium-3 through beta decay; 8. How two-neutrons and two-protons are arranged in an alpha particle such that it persists and behaves like a particle and beams of alpha particles are obtained despite having repulsive Coulomb force between them; 9. Why and how Eb of alpha particle is increased to > 6 Eb of deuteron, instead of increasing to 2 Eb of deuteron; 10. How are nucleons arranged in nuclei having mass number (A) integer multiple of 4 such that the nuclei are most strongly stable; 11. Why and how Eb of beryllium-8 < Eb of helium-4, while Eb of nuclei increases as their A increases; 12. Why and how other nuclei are not strongly stable; 13. Why and how near A = 62, Eb is maximum and then it gradually decreases as A increases and ultimately for A > 200, the nuclei become radioactive and alpha, beta, gamma, neutrino are emitted from them; 14. How gamma and neutrino obtain particle like physical existence and so high energy and penetrating power. These explanations give almost a complete understanding of neutron, deuteron, alpha particle and nuclei (structure, stability and decay). Finally: 1. An important conclusion has been drawn that the strength of stability of a nucleus does not depend only upon its Eb but also upon the strength of stability of its neutrons because the later one too varies; 2. The existence of antineutrino has been question marked.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[52] viXra:1203.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2012-03-28 11:34:16
Authors: Richard Blaber
Comments: 10 pages, 21 equations, 0 figures.
In this paper, we shall show how the proton-electron mass ratio is determined by the values of α, the fine-structure constant, g-sub-e, the electron g-factor, and R-sub-K, von Klitzing’s constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[51] viXra:1203.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2012-03-18 14:41:05
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 7 Pages.
Anomalous heat production has been detected in Ni-H Systems. Several evidences point to the occurrence of nuclear fusion reactions. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is shown here based on the recent discovery that electromagnetic fields of extremely-low frequencies (ELF) can increase the intensities of gravitational forces. Under certain circumstances, the intensities of gravitational forces can even overcome the intensity of the electrostatic repulsion forces, and, in this way, produce nuclear fusion reactions, without need high temperatures for these reactions occur.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[50] viXra:1203.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2012-03-10 10:37:41
Authors: Ray Fleming
Comments: 5 Pages.
Two of the great mysteries of physics are the origin of mass and the mysterious mass ratio between the proton and electron of ~1836. In this paper it is shown that the mass-energy of the proton is equivalent to the vacuum energy excluded by a spherical Casimir cavity with an average radius equal to the charge radius of a proton. Likewise the electron mass is shown to be equivalent to the vacuum energy excluded by a spherical shell with an average diameter equal to the Compton wavelength of the electron. The ratio ~1836 is derived as a natural consequence of the vacuum energy exclusion.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[49] viXra:1203.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2012-03-08 23:33:30
Authors: M. Fabre de la Ripelle
Comments: 22 Pages.
Asymptotic Equations for Two-Body Correlations
M. Fabre de la Ripelle
An asymptotic equation for two-body correlations
is proposed for a large number of particles in
the framework of the Integro-Differential Equation
approach. The quality of the equation is discussed
with examples.
Adiabatic and asymptotic properties of the
two-body correlations are investigated.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[48] viXra:1203.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2012-03-03 15:30:32
Authors: Norman Graves
Comments: 22 Pages.
A model is proposed for the photon as a material particle having zero mass. It is based on the supposition that antimatter has negative gravitational mass and that mass is an additive quantum value. Considerations of special relativity lead to a model for the photon as a compound bipolar system comprising a particle and its antiparticle equivalent.
Consideration is given to the dynamics of such a system. The forces are found to be in balance provided that certain velocity terms are taken to be affected by relativity, leading to a system which is stable and one in which the photon can exist in a vacuum without recourse to an ether or ether like substance. The photon is found to have a finite bandwidth and a velocity profile which varies with frequency.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[47] viXra:1202.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2012-02-23 16:31:23
Authors: W. Newtspeare
Comments: 7 Pages.
The wisest of the Ancient Greek philosophers realised that ultimately the universe could only be composed of identical indivisible spheres; and Squish Theory extends this idea with the concept of compressible spacebubbles. In a universe composed only of spacebubbles, all mass/energy must be a compression of the spacebubbles, so particles can only be made of squashed spacebubbles which are spinning either clockwise or anticlockwise. It therefore follows that in physics terms, particles can only be composed of collections of positive and negative charges, as in positrons and electrons.
The reasoning behind this conclusion is largely philosophical and cosmological, but is not discussed in this paper. Rather what the paper does is examine the difference in mass between particles of similar size, in order to show that the theory is consistent with existing data; and to determine the binding energies of charges inside particles, and on the surface of particles. It then shows that the values deduced are consistent with the idea that a neutron is a proton with 3 extra charges on its surface; and also that the binding energies of simple atomic nuclei can be predicted on the basis of the interactions between charges on the surface of nucleons. Of course there is not sufficient accurate data on particle masses, to show conclusively that they must be collections of charges; if there had have been, then clearly somebody would have already noticed the pattern; however the pattern is certainly strong enough to warrant further testing.
The major problem for this theory, is that the standard model has taken root, and in these highly religiosised times, physicists have a religious duty to condemn all new ideas as crackpot. However we do not even need to scratch the surface of the standard model to see that it is untenable, as a universe composed of so many ‘elementary’ particles would not merely have required a separate creator, but one of severely impaired intellect, a hypothesis nobody has ever suggested. On top of this, of the major actors in the drama, the dozens of quarks and anti-quarks, none have actually been directly measured for either mass or charge; and even those ‘elementary’ particles which do actually exist, such as muons, are clearly composed of something else otherwise they would not spontaneous disintegrate. In Squish Theory there is no such problem, as all particles are merely composed of pairs of charges, which can unravel in the same way as electron/positron pairs; so the only unbreakable particles must be electrons and positrons, which can only unravel if they meet their Nemesis.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[46] viXra:1201.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2012-01-28 09:45:17
Authors: Stefan Mehedinteanu
Comments: 28 Pages.
In this paper was re-visited the dual Ginzburg-Landau model for the calculation of Lorenz force, monopoles current, and the energy of vortex lines for a vortex triangular lattice type Abrikosov within a nucleon, to find their meaning. For now, it was found that these energies would correspond to the subatomic particles,W,Z,H bosons, pion , and of nucleon itself. Also, it was determined the fusion temperature of two nucleons.
The model permits to explain the beta decay mechanism of radioisotopes to be the same as the dark counts in the case of superconductors.
A link with gravity as a force that counteracts the destruction of superconductivity, is discussed. In this model to a superconductor analogue, we do not use an a-priori Higgs field, and hence a Higgs boson. The entire work is done in natural units.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[45] viXra:1201.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2012-01-11 14:39:11
Authors: William L. Stubbs
Comments: 8 Pages.
A case is made for the fusion reactions apparently occurring in the original Fleischmann and Pons (F-P) experiments to be the result of free D+ ions formed at the anode during electrolysis colliding with deuterons trapped in the Pd lattice of the cathode, rather than trapped deuterons being squeezed together by the lattice. The data from the experiments show that the energy output of F-P cells was essentially proportional to the energy input, independent of the cathode size or the current strength, which implies that the cathode plays a passive role in the energy production. The number of D+ ions produced at the anode and their velocities are proportional to the current used in the cell, so that the number of D+ ions that survive the trip across the gap between the anode and the cathode is greater for greater currents. The larger numbers of D+ ions from the higher currents result in more collisions with trapped deuterons in the cathode producing more energy.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[44] viXra:1201.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2012-01-11 14:55:52
Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 10 Pages.
In DT fusion 80% of the energy released goes into 14MeV neutrons, and only the remaining 20% into charged particles. Unlike the charged particles, the uncharged neutrons cannot be confined by a magnetic field, and for this reason cannot be used for a direct conversion into electric energy. Instead, the neutrons have to be slowed down in some medium, heating this medium to a temperature of less than 103K, with the heat removed fom this medium to drive a turbo-generator. This conversion of nuclear into electric energy has a Carnot efficiency of about 30%. For the 80% of the energy released into neutrons, the efficiency is therefore no more than 24%. While this low conversion efficiency cannot be overcome in magnetic confinement concepts, it can be overcome in inertial confinement concepts, by surrounding the inertial confinement fusion target with a sufficiently thick layer of liquid hydrogen and a thin outer layer of boron, to create a hot plasma fire ball. The hydrogen layer must be chosen just thick and dense enough to be heated by the neutrons to 100,000K. The thusly generated, fully ionized, and rapidly expanding fire ball can drive a pulsed magnetohydrodynamic generator at an almost 100% Carnot efficiency, or possibly be used to generate hydrocarbons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[43] viXra:1201.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2012-01-06 16:36:19
Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 14 Pages.
It is shown that the idea of a photon rocket through the complete annihilation of matter with antimatter, first proposed by Sänger, is not a utopian scheme as it is widely believed. Its feasibility appears to be possible by the radiative collapse of a relativistic high current pinch discharge in a hydrogen-antihydrogen ambiplasma down to a radius determined by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Through this collapse to ultrahigh densities the proton-antiproton pairs in the center of the pinch can become the upper GeV laser level for the transition into a coherent gamma ray beam by proton-antiproton annihilation, with the magnetic field of the collapsed pinch discharge absorbing the recoil momentum of the beam and transmitting it to the spacecraft. The gamma ray laser beam is launched as a photon avalanche from one end of the pinch discharge channel.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[42] viXra:1112.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2011-12-30 10:47:19
Authors: Colin Jack
Comments: 33 Pages.
There is a straightforward and cost-effective way to generate energy from fusion. The enabling technology has existed for at least a decade: it is an indictment of the way science currently progresses that it has been overlooked.
The basic method is familiar: a hollow fuel capsule implodes within a hohlraum. However the hohlraum is heated not by lasers, but by the impact of charged micropellets fired at ultravelocity from a modified particle accelerator. This technique has long been used to test spacecraft micrometeoroid shields, and has been suggested for fusion. The key novel step is that it is now possible to track and guide each pellet individually during flight, using COTS-available technology. This opens up options never before considered:
- The pellets catch up together over a long flightpath, so peak power level can be multiplied a millionfold. A train of pellets launched over a period of milliseconds arrives at the hohlraum within a span of nanoseconds: an accelerator of modest power can provide a larger peak input than is possible with lasers.
- The pellets are progressively discharged as they travel, so mutual repulsion at convergence is eliminated.
- The pellets impact the hohlraum in a precisely specified pattern, whose variation with time is also tailored to cause optimal fuel capsule implosion.
The method is ideally suited to standoff operation. Detonation can take place within a disposable projectile, within a lithium waterfall which extracts the energy while breeding replacement tritium. There is no need for a large vacuum chamber.
The only net fuel input is deuterium. Capital cost is modest. Equipment life is indefinite. It will be possible to retrofit existing coal-fired generating plant for fusion.
Overall length of the accelerator and standoff pipe is substantial, several kilometres. However even if the whole length has to be placed in a tunnel, its cost is small compared to that of a power station.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[41] viXra:1112.0043 [pdf] submitted on 14 Dec
Authors: Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev
Comments: Monograph, 26 pages, 17 figures.
Advances in the field of cold fusion and the recent success of the nickel and hydrogen exothermal reaction, in which the energy release cannot be explained by a chemical process, need a deeper understanding of the nuclear reactions and, more particularly, the possibility for modification of the Coulomb barrier. The current theoretical understanding based on high temperature fusion does not offer an explanation for the cold fusion or LENR. The treatise "Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory", based on an alternative concept of the physical vacuum, provides an explanation from a new point of view by using derived three-dimensional structures of the atomic nuclei. For explanation of the nuclear energy, a hypothesis of a field micro-curvature around the superdense nucleus is suggested. Analysis of some successful cold fusion experiments resulted in practical considerations for modification of the Coulomb barrier. The analysis also predicts the possibility of another cold fusion reaction based on some similarity between the nuclear structures of Ni and Cr.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[40] viXra:1112.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2011-12-01 15:24:55
Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 17 Pages.
Why is the neutron stable in the nucleus? Why is the free neutron unstable outside the atom? This paper applies the cordus conjecture to address these questions. The proposed explanation is that in the nucleus the discrete field structures (cordus HED) of the proton and neutron fulfil each other, thereby providing a joint stability. When the neutron is removed from the nucleus, its stability becomes compromised. By comparison the single proton on its own does not need the neutron, so it remains stable. The free neutron is able to maintain a dynamic stability by moving its field structures around. It can do this indefinitely. However it is in a compromised state, and vulnerable to perturbation by external fields. Two initiators are anticipated for decay. One is randomly occurring field fluctuations from the external fabric, and these are proposed for the conventional decay route. The second is impact by another particule. In both cases it is the external fields that cause the decay, by constraining the neutron so that it cannot dynamically adjust. Hence it is trapped in a state that leads to decay at its next frequency cycle. The second path could involve any particule with sufficient energy to disturb the neutron. Also, the impact of a neutrino is specifically identified as a potential initiator of decay. The implications if this is correct, are that the neutron has two separate decay paths, which are mixed together in what we perceive as the beta minus process. The first is determined by the local density of the (spacetime) fabric, and the second by the number of energetic particules and neutrinos encountered. The significance of the two decay paths is that neutron decay rates are predicted to be variable rather than constant. A general set of assumptions are extracted for stability and decay of particules in general.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[39] viXra:1111.0064 [pdf] submitted on 18 Nov 2011
Authors: A.A. Bolonkin
Comments: 19 pages
In article "Femtotechnology: Nuclear AB-Matter with Fantastic Properties" *1+ American Journal of Engineering
and Applied Sciences. 2 (2), 2009, p.501-514. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/24045154) author offered and consider
possible super strong nuclear matter. But many readers asked about stability of the nuclear matter. It is well
known, the conventional nuclear matter having more 92 protons or more 238 nucleons became instability. In given
work the author shows the special artificial forms of nuclear AB-matter make its stability and give the fantastic
properties. For example, by the offered AB-needle you can pierce any body without any damage, support motionless
satellite, reach the other planet, researched Earth's interior. These forms of nuclear matter are not in Nature
now, but nanotubes also is not in Nature. That is artificial matter is made men. The AB-matter also is not now,
but research and investigation their possibility, stability and properties are necessary for creating them.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[38] viXra:1111.0039 [pdf] submitted on 10 Nov 2011
Authors: A. Meulenberg, K P Sinha
Comments: 10 pages
Three reasons are given to dispute the claims of numerous experimenters that higher-than-expected
heat and radiation are obtained from nuclear fusion of deuterium atoms at room temperature: 1) the
inability of two low-energy protons or deuterons to penetrate the mutual Coulomb barrier; 2) the
production of heat in excess of that possible for the measured particulate radiation, and 3) the
high levels of 4He measured (much beyond that permitted by present nuclear physics models). The
first has been addressed earlier. This paper discusses the second and how it leads to an
understanding of a critical mechanism behind low-energy nuclear reactions.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[37] viXra:1111.0035 [pdf] submitted on 8 Nov 2011
Authors: D. Pons, A.D. Pons, A.J. Pons
Comments: 19 pages
The existence of the universe is an enigma because the energy at genesis should have created
equal amounts of matter and antimatter, which should have subsequently annihilated. What happened
in the baryogenesis process to cause matter to predominate in the cosmos? A candidate conceptual
solution is presented based on the cordus conjecture, and featuring the antineutrino in a
prominent role. A detailed model is produced for the production of an electron-antielectron
pair from photons. The novel contribution is showing how the discrete field structures of the
photon dynamically transform into those of the two massy particules. A new production process
is detailed whereby an energetic antielectron is remanufactured into a proton and two antineutrinos.
The production process could equally have converted electrons to antiprotons, and a tentative
explanation is given for why this might not have happened. Therefore it is suggested that the
apparent asymmetry of baryogenesis is because the antimatter is hiding in plain sight, having
been remanufactured into the matter baryons themselves. In this model four photons are transformed
into an electron and proton, i.e. a hydrogen atom, and two antineutrinos. The antimatter field
structure of the antielectron is carried away by the antineutrinos as a waste stream. This
paper therefore provides an alternative conceptual solution to the baryogenesis asymmetry in
the universe, and it also explains the leptogenesis asymmetry. As a corollary, the conditions
are identified under which the proton may decay.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[36] viXra:1111.0026 [pdf] submitted on 4 Nov 2011
Authors: Malcolm Macleod
Comments: 2 Pages.
A formula for an electron as a geometrical shape whose axis is a magnetic monopole
is proposed. The electron formula is constructed from Planck length, Planck mass,
elementary charge and c. This geometrical shape is symmetrical for an electron at rest.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[35] viXra:1111.0023 [pdf] submitted on 4 Nov 2011
Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 9 Pages.
The Standard Model interprets the weak interaction, e.g. neutron beta decay, to be a short-range field
carried by the W and Z bosons. In that interpretation the short range arises because of the heavy mass
of the W and Z bosons. This paper reconceptualises the weak interaction and the bosons. The cordus HED
notation was used to work out the field structures of the bosons,
giving W-(r.1.1 .a.11.1 .t11)
and W+( r1.1. .a1 .t). The theory suggests that there is no single Z
boson, but several varieties. Cordus suggests that the W and Z bosons do not exist in the form of 0D
point particles with static characteristics, but instead are complex structures undergoing dynamic
assembly and disassembly processes. The conventional concept that the bosons change the flavour of
the quark is questioned. Instead the model shows that the bosons not the cause or the mechanism for
the change, but merely the by-products and waste process stream from the conversion process. The
neutrino-antineutrino annihilation process is modelled and predicted to result in either an
electron-positron pair and two photons, or four photons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[34] viXra:1111.0022 [pdf] submitted on 4 Nov 2011
Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 27 Pages.
The neutrino is involved in many of the unsolved areas of fundamental physics and cosmology, and therefore
a better understanding of the causes of its behaviour is useful. This paper develops a conceptual theory
for the internal structure of the neutrino, particularly the arrangement of its discrete field structures.
The model is created using the concept of the cordus hyff emission directions (HEDs). Using the known quark
composition of the neutron and proton, and the existing cordus models for their discrete field structures,
and using the beta decay processes, we determine the discrete field structure of the neutrino by a
reverse-engineering process. The structure of the neutrino in HED notation is found to be v(r11 .a .t11)
or variants thereof, and the antineutrino to be v(r11 .a .t11) etc.
The results are consistent whether
using beta - decay, beta +, or electron capture. The results suggest that the neutrino is not its own
antiparticle. Consequently neutrinoless double beta decay is predicted to be infeasible. The model predicts
the neutrino has zero nominal mass, though a dynamic noise-mass is expected. The reasons why the neutrino
moves at the speed of light are explained, and involve the engagement of its field structures, which are
incomplete, with the fabric (spacetime). The gravitational bending of its trajectory is explained, even
for a massless neutrino. This explanation requires the abandonment of both locality and the invariance of
the vacuum-speed of light. The model also explains why neutrinos are always found with left-spin-hand,
and antineutrinos with right, and suggests that the opposite structures are fundamentally unavailable.
By moving away from the 0D point assumption of orthodox physics, cordus is able to generate a novel and
radical model of the neutrino, and ground its behaviour in physically realistic interpretations.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[33] viXra:1109.0068 [pdf] submitted on 29 Sep 2011
Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 14 pages
We introduce a new system-modelling representation for the interaction of
particules with internal structures (hidden variable solutions). This is an
improvement on Feynman diagrams that only represent points and limited
information about state. The notation is able to represent key variables
describing the internal states, such as phase and the three dimensional
discrete field structures. The latter include the cordus hyff emission
directions (HEDs). With this method it is possible to model the different
stages in an interaction processes. It is applied to the cordus annihilation
mechanics, and the resulting models qualitatively distinguish between the
parapositronium and orthopositronium annihilation phenomena.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[32] viXra:1109.0047 [pdf] submitted on 22 Sep 2011
Authors: D. J. Pons
Comments: 21 pages
The outcomes of annihilation are known, including some of the intermediary products,
and the process can be represented by Feynman diagrams and modelled mathematically. However the
mechanisms of annihilation at a deeper fundamental level are unknown. How exactly does matter
and antimatter convert into photons? How does mass change into energy? This paper develops an
answer by providing a theory for the annihilation process based on mechanics derived from the
cordus conjecture. The particular area under examination is the annihilation of an electron and
antielectron (positron) to gamma photons. In this model matter and antimatter annihilate by
transforming their field structures - called hyff - into those of the photon. The process is more
one of remanufacture than destruction. The model proposes the stages of annihilation and identifies
the mechanisms for each. The reverse of the process gives a physical description of leptogenesis:
the creation of separate electron and antielectron particules out of two initial photons. It
also explains why the proton and electron do not annihilate. We show that a deeper common
mechanism exists for annihilation, leptogenesis, and bonding.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[31] viXra:1109.0045 [pdf] submitted on 20 Sep 2011
Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 9 pages
We develop a conceptual model for the internal structures of the photon and electron, based on
the cordus model. The main differentiating feature between the photon and electron is identified as the way
it deals with its field structures or hyff. The photon has a fibrillating relationship with its field,
whereas the electron is a pulsating field-pump. The resulting model permits an explanation of the discrete
(approximately quantised) electrostatic force, the propulsion mechanism for the speed of light, and the
gravitational bending of light. These are side-effects and the larger advantage of this model is the
potential to explain photon-electron interactions generally.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[30] viXra:1109.0014 [pdf] submitted on 7 Sep 2011
Authors: Yongfeng Yang
Comments: 6 pages.
The scenario of particle has been greatly written in the past, but its incompleteness is so serious that the
connection of microscopic and macroscopic world is broken. The 19th century's experiment by both Perrin and
Thomson is unable to prove whether the cathode rays are negatively charged or not. Here we propose, the particles
of an atom are organized in a series of hierarchical two-body systems to orbit, wave-like movement demonstrated
in double-slit experiment is nothing but an aggregation of the movement of many fine particles. Along with
previous work, it is hopeful to see that hierarchical two-body gravitation may unify different level structures and
their motion together.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[29] viXra:1109.0009 [pdf] submitted on 6 Sep 2011
Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 15 pages
Existing theories of physics struggle to explain the difference between
matter and antimatter in ways that make physical sense. This paper offers
a reconceptualisation based on the cordus conjecture. We create a new
concept of handedness, called ma, and an operational definition based on
the energisation sequence of the cordus reactive-ends. Each reactive end
for a stable matter particuloid, e.g. the electron, has three orthogonal
hyff. The hand of these is held to be the same for all matter particuloids,
whether positive or negative charge. For all antimatter particuloids the
hand is inverted. The inversion also changes the direction of the hyff, and
thus reverses the charge, but this is a secondary effect. This cordus concept
permits models to be created differentiating between the electron, proton,
and antielectron (positron). This explains why the antielectron is very
different to the proton despite the same charge, and why the photon does
not have an antiparticle. It also allows the wider integration of bonding
and annihilation as manifestations of a single deeper mechanics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[28] viXra:1108.0043 [pdf] submitted on 26 Aug 2011
Authors: E.R. Prakasan, Sandeep Kadam, K. Bhanumurthy
Comments: 10 Pages
Research and Development on thorium utilization for the power production is in its peak for the
last one decade. The established researchers and new researchers are trying to explore the area
of thorium where less work is done. The present paper make an endeavor to show which are the
areas where intensive research on thorium is already and automatically less researched will be
highlighted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[27] viXra:1107.0033 [pdf] submitted on 17 Jul 2011
Authors: Vladimir F. Tamari
Comments: 9 Pages.
The Strong Force is unique in that it changes from repulsive to attractive as the distance between
two quarks increases, and rapidly approaches a steady level thereafter. Unlike the inverse square
law related to the surface area of a sphere, there is as yet no simple physical explanation for this
phenomenon. It is demonstrated that the inductive forces between three magnetic dipoles
symmetrically arrayed and tilted around a circle, will result in a repulsive force acting radially on
any one one of them at close proximity, that changes to an attractive force with increase of
distance. The forces are most like the Strong Force when the tilt is at around 13o, remarkably
similar to the Cabibbo Angle1 relating the Strong and Weak reactions. These results encourage
development of Tamari's Beautiful Universe2 (BU) model of a universal lattice entirely made up of
magnetic dipoles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[26] viXra:1106.0009 [pdf] submitted on 7 Jun 2011
Authors: F. Winterberg
Comments: 17 pages
In DT fusion 80% of the energy is released in 14 MeV neutrons. To utilize this energy the
neutrons must in all proposed DT fusion concepts (including the ITER) be slowed down in a
medium, heating the medium up to a temperature not exceeding a few thousand degrees, from
which this energy is converted into mechanical energy, and ultimately into electric energy.
While the conversion from mechanical into electric energy goes at a high efficiency (90%),
the conversion of the thermal energy into mechanical energy is limited by the Carnot process
to about 30%. To overcome this limitation, I propose to slow down the neutrons in the
combustion products of a convergent spherical detonation wave in HMX, for example, which
ignites a magnetized DT target which is placed in the center of convergence, prior to the
ignition of the high explosive from its surface. The thermonuclear ignition is achieved by
the high implosion velocity of 50km/sec reached in the center, compressing and igniting the
preheated magnetized target. Even though the thermonuclear gain of a magnetized target is
modest, it can become large if it is used to ignite unburnt DT by propagating burn. There
the gain can conceivably be made 1000 times larger, substantially exceeding the yield of the
high explosive. And if the spherical high explosive has a radius of about 30cm, the 14 MeV
DT fusion reaction neutrons are slowed down in its dense combustion products, raising the
temperature in it to 100000 K. At this temperature the kinetic energy of the expanding fire
ball can be converted at a high (almost 100%) efficiency directly into electric energy by an
MHD Faraday generator. In this way most of the 80% neutron energy can be converted into
electric energy, about three times more than in magnetic (ITER) or inertial (ICF) DT fusion
concepts.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[25] viXra:1106.0006 [pdf] submitted on 6 Jun 2011
Authors: Mark A. Newstead, Stephen C. Newstead
Comments: 7 pages
In this paper we investigate the connection between electrons and
electromagnetic waves. We then propose how electrons could consist of
electromagnetic waves. From this proposal we explain why electron-positron
annihilation results in only gamma rays being formed, as well as how gamma
rays can form electron-positron pairs.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[24] viXra:1105.0042 [pdf] submitted on 27 May 2011
Authors: Mark A. Newstead, Stephen C. Newstead
Comments: 5 pages
In this paper we investigate the connection between energy and mass. From
this we propose that mass is "generated" when a volume of space contains a
sufficient amount of localised energy. We then show how this definition
explains various phenomena, for example why mass increases with velocity.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[23] viXra:1104.0048 [pdf] submitted on 15 Apr 2011
Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 3 pages.
There were many claims and counter claims in regard to the cold fusion in the history of science. For a long period of time, it has been thought that the solution for the energy needs of the future is in achieving the cold fusion by simply using the hydrogen gas at room temperature. We get very limited amount of energy in the combustion of the hydrogen gas, whereas if we use the same amount of hydrogen in an apparent cold fusion, we are supposed to get abundant amount of energy sufficient enough to power the energy needs of the world for billions of years into the future. Until now, all the attempts at achieving the cold fusion were consuming more energy than the energy released. Why we weren't
able to achieve the cold fusion for all these years if it is really a possibility? That is because of our premises in understanding the fusion such as the definition of mass and the binding energy were not correct. It will never be possible to get more energy out of hydrogen gas at room temperature in an apparent cold fusion reaction.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[22] viXra:1104.0006 [pdf] submitted on 3 Apr 2011
Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 4 pages. In English
The interest on Andrea Rossi's Nickel-Hydrogen Cold Fusion technology is accelerating. In the
present article I would like to answer a question posed by L. Kowalsky in Vixra: how can 30% of
nickel in Rossi's reactor be transmuted into copper? "Everything should be made as simple as
possible, but not simpler", says a guy. I apologizes if I am too simplistic here.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[21] viXra:1103.0080 [pdf] submitted on 21 Mar 2011
Authors: Ludwik Kowalski
Comments: 3 pages. I plan to publish the attached note in a physical science journal.
A table-top prototype of a new kind of nuclear reactor has been demonstrated recently at the
University of Bolognia. This note addresses conceptual difficulties associated with the reported
features of the device.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[20] viXra:1103.0039 [pdf] submitted on 12 Mar 2011
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 5 pages, A shorter version of this paper has appeared in: Abstracts
of the 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter
Nuclear Science, Dagomys, Sochi, Russia, 25 June - 1 July 2007, pp. 114 - 115
The cold fusion neutron emissions, neutron bursts, and heat bursts can
be explained by the extended micro hot fusion scenario. I describe the model
and present the experimental evidence.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[19] viXra:1102.0054 [pdf] submitted on 27 Feb 2011
Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments:
4 pages.
Proposal for an atomic nuclear polar ring geometry, based on Magic Number logic.
The numerology of magic numbers was reason to do research on geometrical solutions for the
shape and structural system of nucleons (protons and neutrons) inside atom nuclei.
We found only one solution, which was not only able to match the sequence of magic number
numerology in a surprising way. but also the well known axis-symmetrical shape of some
atomic electron clouds.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[18] viXra:1007.0026 [pdf] submitted on 17 Jul 2010
Authors: Sean C. Williams
Comments: 15 pages
An abstract method is described for predicting stable isotopes using simple number
theory based on a system of predefined combinations, or "Blocks", of protons and
neutrons. Each Block is made up of a prime number of protons, and a binary power
increase in the number of neutrons. Predictions using the Block system fully includes
all the stable isotopes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[17] viXra:1004.0039 [pdf] submitted on 8 Mar 2010
Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages
According to the Brightsen Nucleon Cluster Model [1] all nuclides of beta stable isotopes can be
described by three fundamental nucleon clusters {NPN,PNP,NP), with halo clusters
(NN,PP,NNN) now experimentally observed. The Brightsen model builds on the early cluster
models of the Resonating Group Structure of John Wheeler [2] and the Linus Pauling
Close-Packed Spheron Model [3], which predict mathematically that the wave function of a composite
nucleus can be viewed quantum mechanically as a combination of partial wave functions that
correspond to the multiple ways nucleons (protons, neutrons) can be distributed into closepacked
clusters, thus rejecting the standard model Hartree-Fock formalism of average field
interactions between independent nucleons in nuclear shells. Presented in this section are a
number of unsolved problems, questions, and future experimental pathways based on the
Brightsen Nucleon Cluster Model formalism--many additional applications can be gleamed from
careful study of the literature cited in the references provided
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[16] viXra:1003.0039 [pdf] submitted on 6 Mar 2010
Authors: Florentin Smarandache, Dmitri Rabounski
Comments: 5 pages
Applying the R. A. Brightsen Nucleon Cluster Model of the atomic nucleus we discuss
how unmatter entities (the conjugations of matter and antimatter) may be formed as
clusters inside a nucleus. The model supports a hypothesis that antimatter nucleon
clusters are present as a parton (sensu Feynman) superposition within the spatial
confinement of the proton (1H1), the neutron,
and the deuteron (1H2). If model
predictions can be confirmed both mathematically and experimentally, a new physics
is suggested. A proposed experiment is connected to othopositronium annihilation
anomalies, which, being related to one of known unmatter entity, orthopositronium
(built on electron and positron), opens a way to expand the Standard Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[15] viXra:1002.0002 [pdf] submitted on 1 Feb 2010
Authors: Richard C. Williams
Comments: 1 page
If energy is seen as having relative displacement based on atomic mass then it is possible to see how
the atom was envisaged
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[14] viXra:1001.0041 [pdf] submitted on 27 jan 2010
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 4 pages
The present global sensation in this article is that any physical phenomenon is by
and large connected to motion of a matter (material bodies). The facts speak that the
official science nothing knows about this motion, therefore all its outcomes not worth a
brass farthing and are suit only for a waste basket.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[13] viXra:0910.0055 [pdf] submitted on 28 Oct 2009
Authors: Isaac Shomer
Comments: The title and abstract of this article have been submitted for inclusion in the April 2010 meeting of the American Physical Society
Additionally, information covered by this paper will likely be presented in video format on my web site,
http://www.metacafe.com/channels/SpaceCadet262/
The hypothesis of Fischbach and Jenkins that neutrinos emitted from the
sun accelerate radioactive decay is noted. It is thought that neutrinos accelerate
beta decay by reacting with neutron-rich nuclides to form a beta particle and a
daughter product, with no antineutrino emitted. Conversely, it is proposed that
antineutrinos can react with proton-rich nuclides to cause positron decay, with no
neutrino emitted. It is also proposed that the nuclear fusion of the hydrogen bomb
is triggered not only by the energy of the igniting fission bomb, but by the
antineutrinos created by the rapid beta decay of the daughter products in the
fission process. The contemplated mechanism for this chain reaction fusion
process is the following: (1) The antineutrinos from the fission daughter products
cause positron decay of deuterium by the process outlined above. (2) In a later
fusion step, these positrons subsequently react with neutrons in deuterium to
create antineutrinos. Electrons are unavailable to annihilate positrons in the
plasma of the hydrogen bomb. (3) These antineutrinos thereafter react with more
deuterium to form positrons, thereby propagating the chain.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[12] viXra:0910.0034 [pdf] submitted on 19 Oct 2009
Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".
The exact origin of the strong force (holding compound atomic nuclei together) is not yet a
completely settled matter. Some authors (Robert Oerter) attribute this force to the exchange of
virtual mesons between protons and neutrons (as in the original theory of Yukawa), while others
(Frank Close) claim this old model has been superseded by the modern theory of quantum
chromodynamics (QCD), and attribute the binding of nucleons to a magnetic analog of the color
charge, originating in the exchange of gluons between quarks. My own view is that the original
Yukawa model is correct, but the reader will have to make his own choice, and realize that not
all experts would agree with me.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[11] viXra:0908.0101 [pdf] submitted on 24 Aug 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 5 pages
In the article the theory of helium-like atoms is given
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[10] viXra:0908.0049 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 2 pages
It seems that for some applications we require to decrease the drifting velocity
of atomic or molecular beams, and seemingly various methods have been
designed to achieve this purpose. I propose to select a relatively big coreless
solenoid through which we can give an intense direct (probably impulsive) electric
current. Set the whole instrument which is to create the beam in the space
interior to the solenoid, and create the beam parallel to the solenoid. There
is no magnetic field gradient inside a current-carrying solenoid. So, the drift
velocity of the beam is not changed inside the solenoid, but when it is leaving
the solenoid its drift velocity decreases. (If we use this method conversely we
can increase the drift velocity of the beam.)
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[9] viXra:0908.0048 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 6 pages
It is said that empirical results of the photoelectric effect have no classical
justification and then are used for deduction of the famous relation
E = hν as an alternative way to Planck's deduction. We show that these
results are in fact justifiable by the classical theory of electromagnetism
and then this way can not be a valid manner for obtaining this relation.
Using the presented discussions simple justification of the Rayleigh scattering
and of the action mechanism of laser are presented in support of
the validity of the discussion.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[8] viXra:0908.0047 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 6 pages
By increasing the voltage in the Franck-Hertz experiment we reach a
breakdown voltage in which the current existent between the grid and
anode is canceled. This breakdown voltage will be repeated at equal
intervals by increasing the voltage.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[7] viXra:0908.0046 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 17 pages
Relying on this fact that not only role of the medium (intermediate
gas) cannot be ignored in the electric discharge between cathode and
anode, but also it is very important, the diffraction and interference phenomena
which an electron beam can reveal are justified. This act is done
after analyzing the manner in which stroke propagates via the gas valence
electrons. In this respect an experiment is proposed as a test. We
conclude that the cathodic ray does not carry charge, ie is not a ray of
electrons being shot but is a longitudinal wave arising from the vibration
of the valence electrons of the molecules of the carrying-wave medium. In
this way the mechanism of production of and the difference between the
longitudinal and transverse waves and that our longitudinal wave is only
due to compression (not expansion) impacts are explained.
Our ability for complete deflecting and making away the electron beam
(behind the anode), existence of sharp shadow of anode in the electric discharge
tube, existence of dark-bright striated columns in this tube (similar
to Kundt tube in acoustics), and the action mechanism of image intensifying
in the image intensifier tubes are all described as witnesses to confirm
the wave-like motion for electron beam proposed in this paper and reject
the shooting motion for it.
Deflection of the trajectory of electron beams in electric and magnetic
fields is justified in wave-like motion of "going" and "backing" for evaluation
of which an experiment has been proposed. It is shown that how
for transferring of momentum there is no necessity to suppose shooting
motion for electron in the cathodic ray.
Two separate parallel cathodic rays repel each other. This will be
contrary to what the electromagnetism predicts if a cathodic ray is to
carry charge. This phenomenon is justified by the model presented here.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[6] viXra:0908.0011 [pdf] submitted on 3 Aug 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 5 pages
In the article the constitution of multielectronic atoms is reviewed and the new form of
the Mendeleyev's table is offered.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[5] viXra:0908.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2 Aug 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 7 pages
In the article the different types of a chemical bond are reviewed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[4] viXra:0907.0041 [pdf] submitted on 27 Jul 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 8 pages.
In the article the ionization potentials of atoms are considered, the similar electronic
structure of ions with identical number of electrons is shown and the formulas of calculation
of potentials of ionization of any multicharge ions are given.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[3] viXra:0907.0035 [pdf] submitted on 24 Jul 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 25 pages
In the article the theory of hydrogen-like atoms is given and some details of an electron
motion in atom are described.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[2] viXra:0907.0027 [pdf] submitted on 21 Jul 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 26 pages.
In the article the theory of atomic nuclei is set up and the impact way of implementation
of thermonuclear reactions is offered.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[1] viXra:0702.0054 [pdf] submitted on 25 Feb 2007
Authors: Roger Ellman
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org
While the parameters, Z and A, of atomic nuclei indicate a general structural pattern for the nuclei, the exact nuclear masses in their fine differences seem not to exhibit the orderly kind of logical system that nature must exhibit.
At first consideration atomic nuclei are considered as an assembly of Z protons and N = A - Z neutrons. That description is not to say that such an assembling action actually occurs as such. Rather, the assembly point of view is a procedure for determining what the characteristics of the resulting nucleus must be: it must have a mass defect relative to the sum of the masses of those components in an amount equal to that which is required by the theoretical scenario of so assembling the nucleus.
Unlike the case of the neutron as a combination of a single proton and electron [see "A New Look at the Neutron and the Lamb Shift"2], the components of an atomic nucleus cannot come together to form the nucleus naturally and unaided because of the mutual electrostatic repulsion of the protons and the electric neutrality of the neutrons. That is, to assemble the particles as in a nucleus and make them stay so assembled requires removing from them the potential energy that they would have when assembled were it not somehow removed.
Analysis discloses a comprehensive orderly structure among the nuclear masses of all the nuclear types and isotopes. A component of that analysis and logical order is the family of geometric forms called polytopes, in particular the regular polyhedrons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[33] viXra:1303.0169 [pdf] replaced on 2013-05-03 05:53:24
Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 12 Pages.
A complete new proposal to all of nuclear physics.
It is a starting model of continuous flow within the universe as an explanation to mass,fusion,gravity and time.
All feedback will be apreciated as i like to test this model where it is wrong so i can work on it further.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[32] viXra:1303.0169 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-10 11:36:51
Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 10 Pages.
A complete new proposal to all of nuclear physics.
It is a starting model of continuous flow within the universe as an explanation to mass,fusion,gravity and time.
All feedback will be apreciated as i like to test this model where it is wrong so i can work on it further.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[31] viXra:1303.0169 [pdf] replaced on 2013-03-28 05:16:44
Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 8 Pages.
A complete new proposal to all of nuclear physics.
It is a starting model of continuous flow within the universe as an explanation to mass,fusion,gravity and time.
All feedback will be apreciated as i like to test this model where it is wrong so i can work on it further.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[30] viXra:1303.0169 [pdf] replaced on 2013-03-26 18:44:37
Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 8 Pages.
A complete new proposal to all of nuclear physics.
It is a starting model of continuous flow within the universe as an explanation to mass,fusion,gravity and time.
All feedback will be apreciated as i like to test this model where it is wrong so i can work on it further.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[29] viXra:1303.0169 [pdf] replaced on 2013-03-25 06:01:17
Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 6 Pages.
A complete new proposal to all of nuclear physics.
It is a starting model of continuous flow within the universe as an explanation to mass,fusion,gravity and time.
All feedback will be apreciated as i like to test this model where it is wrong so i can work on it further.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[28] viXra:1302.0157 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-26 19:23:08
Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 10 Pages.
abstract:We make the Jiang periodic table of elements
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[27] viXra:1302.0026 [pdf] replaced on 2013-03-19 19:35:30
Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 8 Pages.
Recent experiments for proton radius measurement, based on muonic hydrogen, confirmed that the proton size obtained by muon interaction is 4% smaller than the standard value. These results generated a new problem that was called “the proton size puzzle”.
This author believes that it occurs because the proton radius changes, depending on the particle with which it is interacting.
In this context the author proposes that the standard proton radius be defined in conditions, where a proton is isolated in space, without interacting with any other particle. In this condition the standard proton radius seems very close to the value obtained in muonic hydrogen experiments.
If this new standard proton radius value is accepted, one solution to "the proton size puzzle" must answer two basic questions:
a) Why does the proton increase its size, when interacting with an electron in a hydrogen atom?
b) Why does the proton maintain the (new) standard radius value, when interacting with the muon to form a muonic hydrogen atom?
Question (a) can be answered, in a context where the electric force that appears between the opposite charges (of the electron and the proton) may be affecting the proton and expanding its radius.
Considering the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, with the proton as an "observer" of the electron position, the proton also will not "know" where the electron position is. Thus the proton is simultaneously attracted to all positions where the electron might be, which are defined by orbital wave function.
Thus, the uncertainty principle could explain that the proton is subjected to a radial force field, which tends to increase its size.
Another solution for the proton size puzzle, proposed by the author, considers a change in the physical interpretation of orbital wave functions. These functions are currently connected to the probability density of the presence of the electron in a given volume of space. In this new interpretation, the wave function equations are the same, but their given values (that can be expressed in C/m3) can be associated with an effective density of electric charge, that exists simultaneously, composing a negative charge membrane, which are distributed in space around the atomic nucleus, as defined by the orbital wave function charge densities.
The author calls this new model the “Electron Membrane Paradigm” (EMP), because in it the “electron particle” turns as into an “electron membrane”.
The EMP has the potential to solve ’the proton size puzzle’, allowing the emergence of new theories, that can model both, electrons and other particles, in the form of strings and membranes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[26] viXra:1301.0138 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-02 08:12:53
Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 10 Pages.
periodic table is wrong
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[25] viXra:1208.0243 [pdf] replaced on 2012-09-08 16:11:53
Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: Eleven pages
The new anti-neutron, first proposed in 2011 [16], and ordinary neutrons, are both without electric charge, and are therefore rather difficult to accelerate and/or impact together in a high energy collider sufficient to cause annihilation, and thus create a 100% energy “Higgs” styled Boson, such Bosons arguably representing all of the mass in the universe. This very high energy impact combination was first suggested during conversation, publicly, by U.K. chemist R. Guy Grantham, MRSC, on 25 August 2011. [18] This writer had proposed, previously [16], a simple universal theory/model of the atom composed of anti-neutrons, electrons, positrons, and neutrinos, which better explains fusion, fission, radioactivity, electromagnetic radiation, gravity, electric force, magnetic force, and the strong force. Dr. D. Sasso’s recent formalisms for electrons, positrons, and photons [19] are adopted herein to better describe the author’s original 2011 anti-neutron model of the atom. [16]
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[24] viXra:1208.0006 [pdf] replaced on 2012-12-02 03:57:01
Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 15 pages. Accepted by Hadronic Journal
Based on the notion of strong gravitation, acting at the level of elementary particles, and on the equality of the magnetic moment of the proton and the limiting magnetic moment of the rotating non-uniformly charged ball, the radius of the proton is found, which conforms to the experimental data. At the same time the dependence is derived of distribution of the mass and charge density inside the proton. The ratio of the density in the center of the proton to the average density is found, which equals 1.57.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[23] viXra:1207.0078 [pdf] replaced on 2012-07-22 18:33:16
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 8 Pages.
It is described a process for creating new atoms starting from pre-existing atoms. We show that all the elements of the periodic table can be synthesized, at room temperature, by a gravitational process based on the intensification of the gravitational interaction by means of electromagnetic fields.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[22] viXra:1207.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2013-05-10 05:51:54
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 12 Pages.
In this work we show a gravitational separator of isotopes which can be much more effective than those used in the conventional processes of isotopes separation. It is based on intensification of the gravitational acceleration, and can generate accelerations tens of times more intense than those generated in the most powerful centrifuges used for Uranium enrichment.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[21] viXra:1207.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2012-08-31 11:16:33
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 12 Pages.
In this work we show a gravitational separator of isotopes which can be much more effective than those used in the conventional processes of isotopes separation. It is based on intensification of the gravitational acceleration, and can generate accelerations tens of times more intense than those generated in the most powerful centrifuges used for Uranium enrichment.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[20] viXra:1203.0105 [pdf] replaced on 2012-07-30 23:06:27
Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 70 Pages. 8 Figures
Presently, a new model for neutron structure has been proposed. Because the standard quark model and the other neutron models fail to give explanation of the questions, e.g.: 1. A neutron happens to be unstable in its free state and becomes stable in stable nuclei and systems (e.g. deuterons and alpha particles), but why and how? 2. What does happen or situation is created in stable nuclei/systems such that the neutrons become stable in them? 3. Why and how is that situation not being created in nuclei/systems having, e.g. two-neutrons, three-neutrons and one-proton etc.? 4. Why and how does neutron have unstable and stable, both the states, while the rest of all the elementary particles have only one state, either stable or unstable? 5. Why and how does neutron survive for time t = 885.7 seconds (mean life time of neutron) and then decays, while the rest of all the unstable elementary particles decay within fraction of a second? 6. Why and how do neutrons have high penetrating power and distinguishable low and high-energy ranges? The present model gives clear and complete explanation of all the above questions along with very clear and complete explanation of the following several greatly important phenomena/events: 1. Why and how beta particles, which are electrons, are emitted from the nuclei during beta decay while it is believed that the electrons do not reside inside the nuclei; 2. Why and how energy of beta particles emitted during beta decay varies in the form of a continuous energy spectrum; 3. Why and how nature has provided us only deuteron while the bound states, di-proton and di-neutron are also theoretically possible but do not exist; 4. Why and how binding energy per nucleon (Eb) of tritium and helium-3 are increased to > 2×Eb of deuteron, and Eb of tritium > Eb of helium-3; 5. Why and how tritium is radioactive and decays into helium-3 through beta decay; 6. How two-neutrons and two-protons are arranged in an alpha particle such that it persists and behaves like a particle and beams of alpha particles are obtained despite having repulsive Coulomb force between them; 7. Why and how Eb of alpha particle is increased to > 6× Eb of deuteron, instead of increasing to 2×Eb of deuteron; 8. How nucleons are arranged in nuclei having mass number A = integer multiple of 4 that the nuclei become most strongly stable; 9. Why and how Eb of beryllium-8 < Eb of helium-4, while Eb of nuclei increases as their A increases in multiple of 4; 10. Why and how nuclei having A not equal to integer multiple of 4 are not strongly stable; 11. Why and how near A = 62, Eb is maximum and then it gradually decreases as A increases and ultimately for A > 200, the nuclei become radioactive and alpha, beta, gamma, neutrino are emitted from them; 12. How gamma and neutrino obtain particle like physical existence and so high energy and penetrating power. Finally an important conclusion has been drawn that the strength of stability of a nucleus does not depend only upon Eb of the nucleus but also upon the strength of stability of neutrons of the nucleus, because the later one too varies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[19] viXra:1203.0009 [pdf] replaced on 2012-03-05 04:29:21
Authors: Norman Graves
Comments: 22 Pages.
A model is proposed for the photon as a material particle having zero mass. It is based on the supposition that antimatter has negative gravitational mass and that mass is an additive quantum value. Considerations of special relativity lead to a model for the photon as a
compound bipolar system comprising a particle and its antiparticle equivalent.
Consideration is given to the dynamics of such a system. The forces are found to be in balance provided that certain velocity terms are taken to be affected by relativity, leading to a system which is stable and one in which the photon can exist in a vacuum without recourse to an ether or ether like substance. The photon is found to have a finite bandwidth and a velocity profile which varies with frequency.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[18] viXra:1202.0039 [pdf] replaced on 2012-04-08 05:17:32
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 8 Pages.
Anomalous heat production has been detected in Ni-H Systems. Several evidences point to the occurrence of nuclear fusion reactions. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is shown here based on the recent discovery that electromagnetic fields of extremely-low frequencies (ELF) can increase the intensities of gravitational forces. Under certain circumstances, the intensities of gravitational forces can even overcome the intensity of the electrostatic repulsion forces, and, in this way, produce nuclear fusion reactions, without need high temperatures for these reactions occur.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[17] viXra:1202.0039 [pdf] replaced on 2012-03-29 17:42:20
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 8 Pages.
Anomalous heat production has been detected in Ni-H Systems. Several evidences point to the occurrence of nuclear fusion reactions. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is shown here based on the recent discovery that electromagnetic fields of extremely-low frequencies (ELF) can increase the intensities of gravitational forces. Under certain circumstances, the intensities of gravitational forces can even overcome the intensity of the electrostatic repulsion forces, and, in this way, produce nuclear fusion reactions, without need high temperatures for these reactions occur.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[16] viXra:1202.0039 [pdf] replaced on 2012-03-25 05:26:39
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 8 Pages.
Anomalous heat production has been detected in Ni-H Systems. Several evidences point to the occurrence of nuclear fusion reactions. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is shown here based on the recent discovery that electromagnetic fields of extremely-low frequencies (ELF) can increase the intensities of gravitational forces. Under certain circumstances, the intensities of gravitational forces can even overcome the intensity of the electrostatic repulsion forces, and, in this way, produce nuclear fusion reactions, without need high temperatures for these reactions occur.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[15] viXra:1201.0112 [pdf] replaced on 2012-01-29 11:06:47
Authors: Stefan Mehedinteanu
Comments: 28 Pages.
In this paper was re-visited the dual Ginzburg-Landau model for the calculation of Lorenz force, monopoles current, and the energy of vortex lines for a vortex triangular lattice type Abrikosov within a nucleon, to find their meaning. For now, it was found that these energies would correspond to the subatomic particles, , bosons, pion , and of nucleon itself. Also, it was determined the fusion temperature of two nucleons.
The model permits to explain the beta decay mechanism of radioisotopes to be the same as the dark counts in the case of superconductors.
A link with gravity as a force that counteracts the destruction of superconductivity, is discussed. In this model to a superconductor analogue, we do not use an a-priori Higgs field, and hence a Higgs boson. The entire work is done in natural units.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[14] viXra:1112.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2012-02-10 05:04:37
Authors: Colin Jack
Comments: 30 Pages.
There is a practical way to generate energy from fusion. The basic method is well known: a hollow fuel capsule implodes within a hohlraum. However the hohlraum is heated not by lasers, but by the impact of charged micropellets fired at ultravelocity. This technique has long been used to test spacecraft micrometeoroid shields, and has been suggested for fusion. The key novel step is that it is now possible to track and guide each pellet individually during flight, using COTS-available technology. This opens up options never before considered:
- The pellets catch up together during flight through a long vacuum pipe, so an accelerator of modest power can provide a very high peak input pulse. A train of pellets launched over a period of milliseconds arrives at the hohlraum within a span of nanoseconds: a ‘temporal compression’ factor of one million.
- Successively smaller course corrections fine-tune the pellet trajectories to ever-increasing precision. The pellets are progressively discharged as they travel, so mutual repulsion at convergence is eliminated. The pellets impact the hohlraum in a precisely specified pattern.
The method is ideally suited to standoff operation. Detonation can take place completely surrounded by flowing lithium, which extracts the energy while also breeding tritium to close the fuel cycle. There is no need for a large vacuum chamber, and no unwanted radioactives are produced.
The only net input is deuterium and lithium. Capital cost is modest. Equipment life is indefinite. It will be possible to retrofit existing coal-fired generating plant for fusion.
Overall length of the accelerator and standoff pipe is substantial, several kilometres. However even if the whole length has to be placed in a tunnel, its cost is small compared to that of a power station. The pellets travel at only a few hundred km/sec: the accelerator is driven at RF frequency, by inexpensive solid state switches.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[13] viXra:1112.0043 [pdf] replaced on 2011-12-15 14:23:32
Authors: Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev
Comments: 26 Pages.
Advances in the field of cold fusion and the recent success of the nickel and hydrogen exothermal reaction, in which the energy release cannot be explained by a chemical process, need a deeper understanding of the nuclear reactions and, more particularly, the possibility for modification of the Coulomb barrier. The current theoretical understanding based on high temperature fusion does not offer an explanation for the cold fusion or LENR. The treatise "Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory", based on an alternative concept of the physical vacuum, provides an explanation from a new point of view by using derived three-dimensional structures of the atomic nuclei. For explanation of the nuclear energy, a hypothesis of a field micro-curvature around the superdense nucleus is suggested. Analysis of some successful cold fusion experiments resulted in practical considerations for modification of the Coulomb barrier. The analysis also predicts the possibility of another cold fusion reaction based on some similarity between the nuclear structures of Ni and Cr.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[12] viXra:1109.0014 [pdf] replaced on 12 Oct 2011
Authors: Yongfeng Yang
Comments: 8 pages.
The scenario of particle has been greatly written in the past, but its incompleteness is so serious that the
connection of microscopic and macroscopic world is broken. The 19th century's experiment by both Perrin and
Thomson is unable to prove whether the cathode rays are negatively charged or not. Here we propose, the particles
of an atom are organized in a series of hierarchical two-body systems to orbit, wave-like movement demonstrated
in double-slit experiment is nothing but an aggregation of the movement of many fine particles. Along with
previous work, it is hopeful to see that hierarchical two-body gravitation may unify different level structures and
their motion together.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[11] viXra:1109.0014 [pdf] replaced on 16 Sep 2011
Authors: Yongfeng Yang
Comments: 8 pages.
The scenario of particle has been greatly written in the past, but its incompleteness is so serious that the
connection of microscopic and macroscopic world is broken. The 19th century's experiment by both Perrin and
Thomson is unable to prove whether the cathode rays are negatively charged or not. Here we propose, the particles
of an atom are organized in a series of hierarchical two-body systems to orbit, wave-like movement demonstrated
in double-slit experiment is nothing but an aggregation of the movement of many fine particles. Along with
previous work, it is hopeful to see that hierarchical two-body gravitation may unify different level structures and
their motion together.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[10] viXra:1105.0042 [pdf] replaced on 1 Jun 2011
Authors: Mark A. Newstead, Stephen C. Newstead
Comments: 5 pages
In this paper we investigate the connection between energy and mass. From
this we propose that mass is "generated" when a volume of space contains a
sufficient amount of localised energy. We then show how this definition
explains various phenomena, for example why mass increases with velocity.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[9] viXra:1104.0048 [pdf] replaced on 23 May 2011
Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 4 pages.
A successful explanation of the actual underlying physical process for an observed phenomenon will lead to the prediction of other
possible scenarios for that process. A new understanding of how the nuclear reactions such as the fission and fusion works leads to
the explanation of other observed anomalies. All the nuclear reactions, including the low energy nuclear reactions, appear to be the
manifestation of the collapse and or expansion of a group of particles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[8] viXra:1104.0048 [pdf] replaced on 1 May 2011
Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 4 pages.
A successful explanation of the actual underlying physical processes for an observed phenomenon will lead to the
prediction of other possible scenarios for that process. A new understanding of how the nuclear reactions such as the
fission and fusion works leads to the explanation of other observed anomalies. All the nuclear reactions, including the low
energy nuclear reactions, appears to be the manifestation of the collapse and expansion of a group of particles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[7] viXra:1104.0048 [pdf] replaced on 25 Apr 2011
Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 4 pages.
The notion of extracting enormous amounts of energy from a cold fusion nuclear reaction is based on the flawed
fundamental concepts such as the definition of mass and the binding energy. A critical analysis of these concepts
reveals that the cold fusion is nothing but a mirage and a misguided notion. However, it is possible to extract small
amounts of energy in non-fusion nuclear reactions at room temperature.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[6] viXra:1104.0006 [pdf] replaced on 17 Nov 2011
Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 4 pages. best editing.
In the present article I would like to answer a question posed by L. Kowalsky in a recent paper: how
can 30% of nickel in Rossi's reactor be transmuted into copper? "Everything should be made as
simple as possible, but not simpler", says a guy. I apologizes if I am too simplistic here.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[5] viXra:1104.0006 [pdf] replaced on 12 Apr 2011
Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 4 pages. In English - amended with more recent data on isotopes mass.
The interest on Andrea Rossi's Nickel-Hydrogen Cold Fusion technology is accelerating. In the
present article I would like to answer a question posed by L. Kowalsky in Vixra: how can 30% of
nickel in Rossi's reactor be transmuted into copper? "Everything should be made as simple as
possible, but not simpler", says a guy. I apologizes if I am too simplistic here.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[4] viXra:1104.0006 [pdf] replaced on 7 Apr 2011
Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 4 pages. In English
The interest on Andrea Rossi's Nickel-Hydrogen Cold Fusion technology is accelerating. In the
present article I would like to answer a question posed by L. Kowalsky in Vixra: how can 30% of
nickel in Rossi's reactor be transmuted into copper? "Everything should be made as simple as
possible, but not simpler", says a guy. I apologizes if I am too simplistic here.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[3] viXra:1103.0080 [pdf] replaced on 27 Mar 2011
Authors: Ludwik Kowalski
Comments: 4 pages. I plan to publish the attached note in a physical science journal.
A tabletop prototype of a new kind of nuclear reactor was demonstrated recently at the
University of Bologna. This note addresses conceptual difficulties associated with the
reported features of the device.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[2] viXra:0910.0034 [pdf] replaced on 15 Dec 2010
Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 7 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".
The exact origin of the strong force (holding compound atomic nuclei together) is not yet a
completely settled matter. Some authors (Robert Oerter) attribute this force to the exchange of
virtual mesons between protons and neutrons (as in the original theory of Yukawa), while
others (Frank Close) claim this old model has been superseded by the modern theory of
quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and attribute the binding of nucleons to a magnetic analog
of the color charge, originating in the exchange of gluons between quarks. My own view is that
the original Yukawa model is correct, but the reader will have to make his own choice, and
realize that not all experts would agree with me (or each other).
My reasons for preferring the original Yukawa model are several:
1) Yukawa's mathematics work, correctly predicting the mass of the exchanged mesons. If we
deny the validity of this model, what are we to do with this mathematical structure and these
mesons? Neither will go away just to please a new model.
2) If the color-magnetism theory is correct, then all proton-neutron combinations should be
equivalent, whereas we know that some are favored - the alpha particle, for example - and all
combinations of even numbers of nucleons. There are also "magic numbers" of nucleons,
combinations of special stability among the heavier nuclei. Finally, why do we not find isolated
neutron-neutron pairings? The pion exchange model answers all these questions.
3) Because mesons carry both flavor and color charges, it is also possible that both effects are at
work simultaneously. Mesons carry color-anticolor charges (always of the same color), so they
can neatly substitute themselves for the color charge of a baryon's quark. Because they also
carry flavor/anti-flavor charges (in this case not necessarily of the same flavor: d and anti- u, for
example), they can just as neatly change a baryon's "u" quark into a "d" quark (and hence a
proton into a neutron), or vice versa. A "magnetic" color effect, however, could not by itself
change a quark's flavor. The exchange of mesons allows the neutron to satisfy its natural
tendency to undergo beta decay via a virtual reaction rather than an actual decay.
4) The magnetic analog of the color charge is expressed as "asymptotic freedom" - the
increasing freedom of movement of the quarks as they approach each other at the center of the
baryon. Hence this is an inwardly directed "magnetic" effect, typical of the strong force, not a
likely source for binding energy outside the confines of the baryon. The symmetry-keeping role
of the color charge is to permanently confine the fractional charges of the quarks to whole
quantum charge units. While "asymptotic freedom" is completely understandable within this
conservation context as a "local gauge symmetry" effect, the external binding of other baryons
is not. (See: Frank Close: The New Cosmic Onion" Taylor and Francis 2007); (See: Robert
Oerter: The Theory of Almost Everything. Penguin (Plume) 2006); (See: Gross, Politzer,
Wilczek: Science: 15 October 2004 vol. 306 page 400: "Laurels to Three Who Tamed
Equations of Quark Theory.")
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[1] viXra:0910.0034 [pdf] replaced on 27 Sep 2010
Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".
The exact origin of the strong force (holding compound atomic nuclei together) is not yet a
completely settled matter. Some authors (Robert Oerter) attribute this force to the exchange of
virtual mesons between protons and neutrons (as in the original theory of Yukawa), while others
(Frank Close) claim this old model has been superseded by the modern theory of quantum
chromodynamics (QCD), and attribute the binding of nucleons to a magnetic analog of the color
charge, originating in the exchange of gluons between quarks. My own view is that the original
Yukawa model is correct, but the reader will have to make his own choice, and realize that not
all experts would agree with me (or each other).
My reasons for preferring the original Yukawa model are several:
1) Yukawa's mathematics work, correctly predicting the mass of the exchanged mesons. If we
deny the validity of this model, what are we to do with this mathematical structure and these
mesons? Neither will go away just to please a new model.
2) If the color-magnetism theory is correct, then all proton-neutron combinations should be
equivalent, whereas we know that some are favored - the alpha particle, for example - and all
combinations of even numbers of nucleons. There are also "magic numbers" of nucleons,
combinations of special stability among the heavier nuclei. Finally, why do we not find isolated
neutron-neutron pairings? The pion exchange model answers all these questions.
3) Because mesons carry both flavor and color charges, it is also possible that both effects are at
work simultaneously. Mesons carry color-anticolor charges (always of the same color), so they
can neatly substitute themselves for the color charge of a baryon's quark. Because they also
carry flavor/anti-flavor charges (in this case not necessarily of the same flavor: d and anti-u, for
example), they can just as neatly change a baryon's "u" quark into a "d" quark (and hence a
proton into a neutron), or vice versa. A "magnetic" color effect, however, could not by itself
change a quark's flavor. The exchange of mesons allows the neutron to satisfy its natural
tendency to undergo beta decay via a virtual reaction rather than an actual decay.
(See: Frank Close: The New Cosmic Onion" Taylor and Francis 2007); (See: Robert Oerter: The
Theory of Almost Everything. Penguin (Plume) 2006.)
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics