Number Theory

Previous months:
2007 - 0703(3) - 0706(2)
2008 - 0807(1) - 0809(1) - 0810(1) - 0812(2)
2009 - 0901(2) - 0904(2) - 0907(2) - 0908(4) - 0909(1) - 0910(2) - 0911(1) - 0912(1)
2010 - 1001(3) - 1002(1) - 1003(55) - 1004(50) - 1005(36) - 1006(7) - 1007(11) - 1008(16) - 1009(21) - 1010(8) - 1011(7) - 1012(13)
2011 - 1101(14) - 1102(7) - 1103(13) - 1104(3) - 1105(1) - 1106(2) - 1107(1) - 1108(2) - 1109(2) - 1110(5) - 1111(4) - 1112(4)
2012 - 1201(2) - 1202(7) - 1203(6) - 1204(6) - 1205(7) - 1206(6) - 1207(5) - 1208(5) - 1209(11) - 1210(14) - 1211(10) - 1212(4)
2013 - 1301(5) - 1302(9) - 1303(16) - 1304(15) - 1305(12) - 1306(12) - 1307(25) - 1308(11) - 1309(8) - 1310(13) - 1311(15) - 1312(21)
2014 - 1401(20) - 1402(10) - 1403(26) - 1404(10) - 1405(17) - 1406(20) - 1407(33) - 1408(50) - 1409(47) - 1410(16) - 1411(16) - 1412(18)
2015 - 1501(14) - 1502(14) - 1503(33) - 1504(23) - 1505(18) - 1506(12) - 1507(15) - 1508(14) - 1509(13) - 1510(11) - 1511(9) - 1512(25)
2016 - 1601(14) - 1602(17) - 1603(77) - 1604(54) - 1605(28) - 1606(17) - 1607(17) - 1608(15) - 1609(22) - 1610(22) - 1611(12) - 1612(19)
2017 - 1701(19) - 1702(23) - 1703(25) - 1704(32) - 1705(25) - 1706(25) - 1707(21) - 1708(26) - 1709(17) - 1710(26) - 1711(23) - 1712(34)
2018 - 1801(32) - 1802(21) - 1803(22) - 1804(27) - 1805(31) - 1806(16) - 1807(18) - 1808(15) - 1809(22) - 1810(20) - 1811(31) - 1812(36)
2019 - 1901(17)

Recent submissions

Any replacements are listed farther down

[1943] viXra:1901.0314 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-21 06:00:32

Proof that an Odd Perfect Number Does not Exist

Authors: Kouji Takaki

We have obtained that there are no odd perfect numbers when n≧5.
Category: Number Theory

[1942] viXra:1901.0302 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-21 02:53:00

A New Field in Arithmetic

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 1 page, written in english

Following the construction of the p-adic numbers,we define a new field in arithmetic.
Category: Number Theory

[1941] viXra:1901.0300 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-19 14:41:09

What is This Singular Point? About Euler's Formula on Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Toshiro Takami

On calculation by Euler 's formula(3), at least notice that the zero point of the real part is not on x = 0.5. Using Euler 's formula, we found that at least the real part' s zero point is not x = 0.5 but about x = 0.115444. Moreover, the imaginary point is around i14.524. And s=0.8355 +i39. And s=0.1645 +i39. And s=0.884556 +i14.524. And s=0.115444 +i14.524 Also, replacing sin with cos, the imaginary part becomes zero. I do not know at all whether the collapse of Riemann hypothesis or not? In addition, books are printed as cos instead of sin. Also, I have collected ζ on the left side. In addition, (8) is Euler's formula found overseas, which is also a singular point in this. Also, I have collected ζ on the left side. In this case, sin is printed instead of cos, but if sin and cos are exchanged, the zero point moves only from the real part to the imaginary part.
Category: Number Theory

[1940] viXra:1901.0297 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-19 22:35:49

Proof of Goldbach Conjecture 2019-01-06

Authors: Michael Grützmann

every prime number can be a sum of p=3+...+3+2 or q=3+...+3+4, the number of '3's in both equatons always being odd. there are the for two primes p+q the combinations 'p+q', 'p+p' and 'q+q'. we consider case 1: p+q=3k+2+3l+4 3k must be odd, as the product of two odd numbers, 3l must be odd, for the same reason. but the sum of two odd numbers is an even number always. also, if you add more even numbers, like 2 and 4, the result will always be even also. So this results in an even number. cases 'p+p' and 'q+q' analogue.
Category: Number Theory

[1939] viXra:1901.0227 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-16 12:07:43

Collatz Conjecture Proof

Authors: James Edwin Rock
Comments: 5 Pages. Copyright 2018 James Edwin Rock Create Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Collatz sequences are formed by applying the Collatz algorithm to any positive integer. If it is even repeatedly divide by two until it is odd, then multiply by three and add one to get an even number and vice versa. If the Collatz conjecture is true eventually you always get back to one. A connected Collatz Structure is created, which contains all positive integers exactly once. The terms of the Collatz Structure are joined together via the Collatz algorithm. Thus, every positive integer forms a Collatz sequence with unique terms terminating in the number one.
Category: Number Theory

[1938] viXra:1901.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-13 14:34:13

Riemann Hypothesis Further, Another Counter Example? 0.4999977+i393939944.2571535368

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I calculated it by looking for a counter example, but I can not determine whether this is a counter example or just a normal zero point and post it here. It is a different value from the previous counter example. I searched for points of higher value, but I could not find it for some reason. The point this time is near the previous point, is the number (the number axis) distorted only in this part? It can not be determined. zeta[0.4999977+i393939944.2571535368]= 1.207352408604089... × 10^-10 + 5.594055943503738... × 10^-11 i
Category: Number Theory

[1937] viXra:1901.0191 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-13 20:04:52

Riemann Hypothesis Further, Two More Counter Example? 0.4999977+i393939944.25715353678841792735 and 0.50001314+i393939946.4889505702488576920

Authors: Toshiro Takami

It is a different value from the previous counter example. I searched for points of higher value, but I could not find it for some reason. The point this time is near the previous point, is the number (the number axis) distorted only in this part? It can not be determined. zeta[0.4999977+i393939944.25715353678841792735]= -3.372108136572006... × 10^-19 + 4.002018173119188... × 10^-13 i and zeta[0.50001314+i393939946.4889505702488576920]= -7.000197154138805... × 10^-19 - 2.848659916217643... × 10^-12 i
Category: Number Theory

[1936] viXra:1901.0188 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-14 01:42:48

Riemann Hypothesis Further, Three More Counter Example?

Authors: Toshiro Takami

Riemann hypothesis Further, three more counter example?
Category: Number Theory

[1935] viXra:1901.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-11 06:22:54

Elements 5 : Three Trigonometric Identities

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito

This note presents three trigonometric identities.
Category: Number Theory

[1934] viXra:1901.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-10 02:36:15

A Parametric Equation of the Equation A^5 + B^5 = 2c^2

Authors: Quang Nguyen Van

The equation a^5 + b^5 = c^2 has no solution in integer. However, related to Fermat- Catalan conjecture, the equation a^5 + b^5 = 2c^2 has a solution in integer. In this article, we give a parametric equation of the equation a^5 + b^5 = 2c^2.
Category: Number Theory

[1933] viXra:1901.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-08 11:13:12

Assuming ABC Conjecture is True Implies Beal Conjecture is True

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 5 Pages. A Proof of ABC conjecture is submitted to the Journal of Number Theory (2019). Comments Welcome.

In this paper, we assume that the ABC conjecture is true, then we give a proof that Beal conjecture is true. We consider that Beal conjecture is false then we arrive to a contradiction. We deduce that the Beal conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

[1932] viXra:1901.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-08 18:01:42

The Collapse of the Liemann Empire

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I tried to prove that(Riemann hypothesis), but I realized that I can not prove how I did it. When we calculate by the sum method of (1) we found that the nontrivial zero point will never converge to zero. Calculating ζ(2), ζ(3), ζ(4), ζ(5) etc. by the method of the sum of (1) gives the correct calculation result. This can be considered because convergence is extremely slow in the case of complex numbers, but there is no tendency to converge at all. Rather, it tends to diffuse. In other words, it is inevitable to conclude that Riemann's hypothesis is a mistake. We will fundamentally completely erroneous ones, For 150 years, We were trying to prove it.
Category: Number Theory

[1931] viXra:1901.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-09 00:16:39

A Resolution Of The Brocard-Ramanujan Problem

Authors: Johnny E. Magee

We identify equivalent restatements of the Brocard-Ramanujan diophantine equation, $(n! + 1) = m^2$; and employing the properties and implications of these equivalencies, prove that for all $n > 7$, there are no values of $n$ for which $(n! + 1)$ can be a perfect square.
Category: Number Theory

[1930] viXra:1901.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-05 16:31:57

Riemann Hypothesis (Do They Really Converge to 0?)

Authors: Toshiro Takami

2^s/(2^-1)*3^s/(3^-1)*5^s/(5^s-1)*7^s/(7^s-1)……… Whether the above equation converges to 0 was verified. Convergence is extremely slow, and divergence tendency was rather rather abundant when the prime number was 1000 or more. It was thought that the above equation could possibly be an expression that can be composed only of real numbers.
Category: Number Theory

[1929] viXra:1901.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-04 11:35:20

Relation Between the Euler Totient, the Counting Prime Formula and the Prime Generating Functions

Authors: Nazihkhelifa

Relation between The Euler Totient, the counting prime formula and the prime generating Functions The theory of numbers is an area of mathematis hiih eals ith the propertes of hole an ratonal numbers... In this paper I ill intro uie relaton bet een Euler phi funiton an prime iountnn an neneratnn formula, as ell as a ioniept of the possible operatons e ian use ith them. There are four propositons hiih are mentone in this paper an I have use the efnitons of these arithmetial funitons an some Lemmas hiih refeit their propertes, in or er to prove them
Category: Number Theory

[1928] viXra:1901.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-03 17:17:16

Comparison of the Theoretical and Empirical Results for the Benford's Law Summation Test Performed on Data that Conforms to a Log Normal Distribution

Authors: Robert C. Hall

The Benford's Law Summation test consists of adding all numbers that begin with a particular first or first two digits and determining its distribution with respect to these first or first two digits numbers. Most people familiar with this test believe that the distribution is a uniform distribution for any distribution that conforms to Benford's law i.e. the distribution of the mantissas of the logarithm of the data set is uniform U[0,1). The summation test that results in a uniform distribution is true for an exponential function (geometric progression) but not true for a data set that conforms to a Log Normal distribution even when the Log Normal distribution itself closely approximates a Benford's Law distribution.
Category: Number Theory

[1927] viXra:1901.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-01 16:19:56

Characterization of the Integers of the Form (Z^n-Y^n)/(z-y) that Are Divisible by Some Perfect Nth Powers.

Authors: Rachid Marsli

In this work, we show a sufficient and necessary condition for an integer of the form (z^n-y^n)/(z-y)to be divisible by some perfect nth power p^n, where p is an odd prime. We also show how to construct such integers. A link between the main result and Fermat’s last theorem is discussed. Other related ideas, examples and applications are provided.
Category: Number Theory

[1926] viXra:1812.0497 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-31 12:45:35

Series De Números Cuyos Factores Son la Lista De Los Números Primos Desde el Principio Y Enumerando Todos Sin Excepción

Authors: Pedro Hugo García Peláez

Series De Números Cuyos Factores Son La Lista De Los Números Primos Desde El Principio y Enumerando Todos Sin excepción
Category: Number Theory

[1925] viXra:1812.0496 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-31 13:08:20

Series of Numbers Whose Factors Are the List of Prime Numbers from the Beginning and Listing All Without Exception

Authors: Pedro Hugo García Peláez

Series of numbers whose factors are the list of prime numbers from the beginning and listing all without exception
Category: Number Theory

[1924] viXra:1812.0495 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-31 14:29:57

Proof of the Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: James Edwin Rock

Let P_n be the n_th prime. For twin primes P_n – P_n-1 = 2. We show that in the interval (P_n, P_n^2) as P_n gets larger, there is an increasing number of twin primes.
Category: Number Theory

[1923] viXra:1812.0494 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-31 09:51:52

A Set of Formulas for Primes

Authors: Simon Plouffe

We show here a new set of formulas for producing primes with a growth rate much smaller than the ones of Mills and Wright. Several examples of formulas are given. All results are empirical.
Category: Number Theory

[1922] viXra:1812.0488 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-30 10:59:58

Multiples of the Simple Composite Numbers by Golden Patterns

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martín

This paper develops the analysis of Simple composite numbers by golden patterns. Examine how the Simple composite numbers are distributed in different combinations of multiples.
Category: Number Theory

[1921] viXra:1812.0453 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-29 02:42:58

Riemann Hypothesis Seek Counter Example　 0.5000866+i393939939.37311935

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I thought that proof of Riemann's hypotjesis was impossible, began a journey by seeking counter example. And, I found out. 0.5000866+i393939939.37311935
Category: Number Theory

[1920] viXra:1812.0439 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-27 18:34:37

Proof that as the Standard Deviation of a Log Normal Distribution Approaches Zero the Distribution Becomes a Normal Distribution

Authors: Robert C. Hall

While it is fairly easy to prove that the Log Normal distribution becomes a Benford distribution as the standard deviation approaches infinity (see appendix A), it is a bit more difficult to prove that as the standard deviation approaches zero that the distribution becomes a Normal distribution with a mean of e^u where u is the mean of the natural logarithms of the data set values.
Category: Number Theory

[1919] viXra:1812.0422 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-25 18:07:31

Beal Conjecture Original Proved

Authors: A. A. Frempong

The author proves the original Beal conjecture that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. The proof would be complete after showing that if A and B have a common prime factor, and C^z can be produced from the sum A^x + B^y. In the proof, one begins with A^x + B^y and change this sum to the single power, C^z as was done in the preliminaries. It was determined that if A^x + B^y = C^z , then A, B and C have a common prime factor.
Category: Number Theory

[1918] viXra:1812.0418 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-24 06:01:30

Two Properties at the Base of the Riemann Hypothesis: a Proof of Its Truth

Authors: Nicolò Rigamonti

This paper shows the importance of two properties, which are at the base of the Riemann hypothesis. The key point of all the reasoning about the validity of the Riemann hypothesis is in the fact that only if the Riemann hypothesis is true, these two properties, which are satisfied by the non-trivial zeros, are both true. In fact, only if these two properties are both true , all non-trivial zeros lie on the critical line. Leave a comment, a reflection or an opinion about the paper. You shouldn’t keep your doubts and questions in yourself: if you think that it’s right or can’t attack it,share it, otherwise “ Why don’t you start a discussion?.........”.
Category: Number Theory

[1917] viXra:1812.0400 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-24 05:12:29

How to Check if a Number is Prime Using a Finite Definite Integral

Authors: Jesús Sánchez

b=0; p=input('Input a number : '); m=fix((p+1)/2); for k=2:m+1; fun=@(w) exp(p.*1j.*w).*exp(-2.*k.*1j.*w).*(1-exp(-m.*k.*1j.*w))./(1-exp(-k.*1j.*w)); a=integral(fun,-pi,pi); b=b+a; end; b=b/(2*pi); disp(b); Above simple MATLAB/Octave program, can detect if a number is prime or not. If the result is zero (considering zero being less than 1e-5), the number introduced is a prime. If the result is an integer, this result will tell us how many permutations of two divisors, the input number has. As you can check, no recurrent division by odd or prime numbers is done. Just this strange integral: 1/2π ∫_(-π)^π▒〖e^pjω (∑_(k=2)^(k=m+1)▒〖e^(-2kjω) ((1-e^(-mkjω))/(1-e^(-kjω) )) 〗)dω 〗 Being p the number that we want to check if it is a prime or not. And being m whatever integer number higher than (p+1)/2(the lowest, the most efficient the operation). As k and ω are independent variables, the sum can be taken outside the integral (as it is in the above program). To get to this point, we will do the following. First, we will create a domain with all the composite numbers. This is easy, as you can just multiply one by one all the integers (greater or equal than 2) in that domain. So, you will get all the composite numbers (not getting any prime) in that domain. Then, we will use the Fourier transform to change from this original domain (called discrete time domain in this regards) to the frequency domain. There, we can “ask”, using Parseval’s theorem, if a certain number is there or not. The use of Parseval’s theorem leads to the above integral. If the number p that we want to check is not in the domain, the result of the integral is zero and the number is a prime. If instead, the result is an integer, this integer will tell us how many permutations of two divisors the number p has. And, in consequence information how many factors, the number p has. So, for any number p lower than 2m-1, you can check if it is prime or not, just making the numerical definite integration (but even this integral, if no further developments are done, the numerical integration is inefficient computing-wise compared with brute-force checking for example). To be added, is the question regarding the level of accuracy needed (number of decimals and number of steps in the numerical integration) to have a reliable result for large numbers. This will be commented on the paper, but a separate study will be needed to have detailed conclusions. Of course, the best would be that in the future, an analytical result (or at least an approximation) for the summation or for the integration is achieved.
Category: Number Theory

[1916] viXra:1812.0362 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-20 21:07:15

On the Impossibility of the Existence of Cycles Including Integer Multiples of 3 in a Collatz Sequence

Authors: Ho Soo Shin

As is well known, the Collatz sequence, which is also named as the hailstone sequence, follows the rule of Collatz conjecture. The rule requires us to divide any positive even integer by 2. We must multiply every positive odd number by 3 and then add 1 according to the rule. By investigating residues modulo 3, I will prove any integer multiple of 3 cannot appear more than one time in a Collatz sequence, which implies any multiple of 3 cannot be included in a possible cycle of the Collatz sequence.
Category: Number Theory

[1915] viXra:1812.0340 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-19 17:50:09

Modular Logarithms Unequal

Authors: Wu ShengPing

The main idea of this article is simply calculating integer functions in module. The algebraic in the integer modules is studied in completely new style. By a careful construction the result that two finite numbers is with unequal logarithms in a corresponding module is proven, which result is applied to solving a kind of high degree diophantine equation.
Category: Number Theory

[1914] viXra:1812.0322 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-18 09:16:24

Counting the Number of Twin Primes

Authors: James Edwin Rock
Comments: 2 Pages. Copyright 2018 James Edwin Rock Create Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License2

Let Pn be the n_th prime. For twin primes Pn – Pn-1 = 2. We give a heuristic argument that in the interval (Pn, Pn2) as Pn gets larger, there is an increasing number of twin primes.
Category: Number Theory

[1913] viXra:1812.0312 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-19 05:32:58

Another Proof for Catalan's Conjecture

Authors: Julian Beauchamp

In 2002 Preda Mihailescu used the theory of cyclotomic fields and Galois modules to prove Catalan's Conjecture. In this short paper, we give a very simple proof. We first prove that no solutions exist for a^x-b^y=1 for a,b>1 and x,y>2. Then we prove that when x=2 the only solution for y is y=3.
Category: Number Theory

[1912] viXra:1812.0300 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-17 23:40:30

零点空格証明黎曼猜想不成立

Authors: Aaron chau

Category: Number Theory

[1911] viXra:1812.0299 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-17 23:47:57

多 与 少 证 明 = 2

Authors: Aaron chau

Category: Number Theory

[1910] viXra:1812.0296 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-18 01:33:20

On the Fundamentals of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Joseph Olloh
Comments: 13 Pages. The content of the paper provides a fundamentally new way of looking at numbers.

We differentiate even and odd numbers into various groups and subgroups. We provide the properties of the forms of numbers which fall into each groups and subgroups. We expound on the relationship of a special group of even numbers and the collatz conjecture, we also derive an accurate formula to calculate the steps involved when an even number of the group is the initial value of the collatz operation. For each group and subgroup of odd and even numbers, we discuss the observed pattern of their sequences and also derive accurate formulas for each sequence. Throughout, b, d, k, N, n, x, m, and z all denote positive integers, with d, and N denoting odd numbers, x and z denoting even numbers, and b denoting special even-even numbers The order of priority of the properties of each group is key in the differentiation of the numbers into their various groups and subgroups.
Category: Number Theory

[1909] viXra:1812.0287 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-16 09:20:54

Prove Grimm’s Conjecture via Stepwise Forming Consecutive Composite Number’s Points on the Original Number Axis

Authors: Zhang Tianshu

If regard positive integers which have a common prime factor as a kind, then the positive half line of the number axis consists of infinite many recurring segments which have same permutations of c kinds of integer’s points, where c≥1. In this article, the author shall prove Grimm’s conjecture by the method that changes orderly symbols of each kind of composite number’s points at the original number axis, so as to form consecutive composite number’s points within limits that proven Bertrand's postulate restricts.
Category: Number Theory

[1908] viXra:1812.0242 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-13 08:45:16

Pourquoi L'hypothèse de Riemann Est Fausse

Authors: Jean Pierre Morvan

L'hypothèse de RIEMANN est fausse parce que la fonction zéta n'est pas nulle avec s = 1/2 +ib
Category: Number Theory

[1907] viXra:1812.0235 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-13 23:53:47

Prime Number Determination Method Vol.1

Authors: Toshiro Takami

As a prime number determination method, if the number is divided by 12 or 18 or 24 or 30 and the remainder is a prime number including 1, it is a prime number. If the remainder is 2, it is an even number. If the remainder is 3, it is a multiple of 3. In particular, the remainder of the prime divided by 12 is limited to 1, 5,7 and 11. Therefore, the method of dividing by 12 seems to be the most efficient. There is also a method of using the fact that the remainder becomes a prime number of 30 or less by dividing by 30, which is better or more subtle. When prime is divided by 30, the remainder always becomes prime. Thus the prime number circulates in 12 or 30 and more for example, 18, 24, etc.. But, In the case of multiplication of prime number and prime number, the remainder may be 35 or 25 and prime number when dividing by 48. And this is not only when dividing by 48, the same can be said when dividing by 30, 24, 18. It can not be determined whether it is a prime or not, it is just a sieve.
Category: Number Theory

[1906] viXra:1812.0208 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-11 16:27:17

Definitive Proof of the Twin-Prime Conjecture and de Polignac’s Conjecture

Authors: Kenneth A. Watanabe

A twin prime is defined as a pair of prime numbers (p1,p2) such that p1 + 2 = p2. The Twin Prime Conjecture states that there are an infinite number of twin primes. The first mention of the Twin Prime Conjecture was in 1849, when de Polignac made the more general conjecture that for every natural number k, there are infinitely many primes p such that p + 2k is also prime. The case where k = 1 is the Twin Prime Conjecture. In this document, I derive a function that corresponds to the number of twin primes less than n for large values of n. This equation is identical to that used to prove the Goldbach Conjecture. Then by proof by induction, it is shown that as n increases indefinitely, the function also increases indefinitely thus proving the Twin Prime Conjecture. Using the same methodology, de Polignac’s conjecture is also shown to be true.
Category: Number Theory

[1905] viXra:1812.0182 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-10 10:58:25

Fermat's Last Theorem ===> A Proof of The ABC Conjecture

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 4 Pages. Submitted to the journal Research In Number Theory. Comments welcome.

In this paper, we use the Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT) to give a proof of the ABC conjecture. We suppose that FLT is false ====> we arrive that the ABC conjecture is false. Then taking the negation of the last statement, we obtain: ABC conjecture is true ====> FLT is true. But, as FLT is true, then we deduce that the ABC conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

[1904] viXra:1812.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-08 16:12:41

L' Attraction Des Nombres Par la Force Syracusienne

Authors: M. Sghiar
Comments: 7 Pages. french version © Copyright 2018 by M. Sghiar. All rights reserved. Respond to the author by email at: msghiar21@gmail.com

I show here that if $x \in \mathbb{N}^*$ then $1 \in \mathcal{O}_S (x)= \{ S^n(x), n \in \mathbb{N}^* \}$ where $\mathcal{O}_S (x)$ is the orbit of the function S defined on $\mathbb{R}^+$ by $S(x)= \frac{x}{2} + (x+\frac{1}{2}) sin^2(x\frac{\pi}{2})$, and I deduce the proof of the Syracuse conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

[1903] viXra:1812.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-08 21:32:29

A Simple, Direct Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Phil Aaron Bloom

An open problem is proving FLT simply for each $n\in\mathbb{N}, n>2$. Our \emph{direct proof} (not by way of contradiction) of FLT is based on our algebraic identity, denoted, {for convenience}, as $(r)^n+(s)^n=(t)^n$ with $r,s,t>0$ as functions of variables. We infer that $\{(r,s,t)|r,s,t\in\mathbb{N},(r)^n+(s)^n+(t)^n\}=\{(x,y,z)|x,y,z\in\mathbb{N},(x)^n+y^n=z^n\}$ for $n\in\mathbb{N}, n>2$. In addition, we show, for integral values of $n>2$, that $\{(r,s,t)|r,s,t\in\mathbb{N},(r)^n+(s)^n=t^n\}=\varnothing$. Hence, for $n\in\mathbb{N},n>2$, it is true that $\{(x,y,z)|x,y,z\in\mathbb{N},x^n+y^n=z^n\}=\varnothing$.
Category: Number Theory

[1902] viXra:1812.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-07 13:32:39

Partitioning the Positive Integers with the Collatz Algorithm

Authors: James Edwin Rock
Comments: 5 Pages. Copyright 2018 James Edwin Rock Create Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Collatz sequences are formed by applying the Collatz algorithm to a positive integer. If it is even repeatedly divide by two until it is odd, then multiply by three and add one to get an even number and vice versa. Eventually you get back to one. The Collatz Structure is created, which contains all positive integers exactly once. The terms of the Collatz Structure are joined together via the Collatz algorithm. Thus, every positive integer forms a Collatz sequence with unique terms terminating in the number one.
Category: Number Theory

[1901] viXra:1812.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-07 18:37:16

Consideration of Prime Number Production Formula of \sqrt(24a+1)=t

Authors: Toshiro Takami

Calculationally, \sqrt(24a+1)=t is excellent as a prime number production formula. But, \sqrt(24a+1)=t is a sequence that increases only by 2, 4, 2, 4 alternately. The prime number may only be 2, 4, 2, 4 and the increasing sequence of complexity is increasing. Occasionally, it may be prime that 2 and 4 combine to become 6, 8, 10, and so on. \sqrt(12a+1)=t, \sqrt(8a+1)=t, \sqrt(6a+1)=t (a is positive integer) as an examples. \sqrt(24a+1)=t are exactly the same as these. \sqrt(20a+1)=t, \sqrt(18a+1)=t, \sqrt(16a+1)=t, \sqrt(10a+1)=t, etc, tried, but thease did not become a prime number production formula at all.
Category: Number Theory

[1900] viXra:1812.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-07 21:04:48

Abc Conjecture is in the Ambiguity in Which Case of ε>0

Authors: Zhang Tianshu

Since there are infinitely many consecutive satisfactory values of ε to enable A+B=C satisfying C>(rad(A, B, C))1+ε, thus the author uses a representative equality, namely 1+2N(2N-2)=(2N-1)2 satisfying (2N-1)2>[rad(1, 2N(2N-2), (2N-1)2)]1+ε, and that first let ε equal a value near the greater end of the infinitely many consecutive satisfactory values to prove the ABC conjecture; again let ε equal a value near the smaller end to negate the ABC conjecture. This shows that the ABC conjecture is in the ambiguity in which case of ε>0.
Category: Number Theory

[1899] viXra:1812.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-06 14:23:59

A Note About the Determination of The Integer Coordinates of An Elliptic Curve: Part I

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem

In this paper, we give the elliptic curve (E) given by the equation: y^2=x^3+px+q with $p,q \in Z$ not null simultaneous. We study a part of the conditions verified by $(p,q)$ so that it exists (x,y) \in Z^2 the coordinates of a point of the elliptic curve (E) given by the equation above.
Category: Number Theory

[1898] viXra:1812.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-04 16:03:11

Proof of Lagarias’s Elementary Version of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Stephen Marshall

The Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part 1/2 The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers. Along with suitable generalizations, some mathematicians consider it the most important unresolved problem in pure mathematics (Bombieri 2000). It was proposed by Bernhard Riemann (1859), after whom it is named. The name is also used for some closely related analogues, such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields. The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers. Along with suitable generalizations, some mathematicians consider it the most important unresolved problem in pure mathematics (Bombieri 2000). The Riemann zeta function is defined for complex s with real part greater than 1 by the absolutely convergent infinite series: ζ(s) = 1 + 1/2s + 1/3s + 1/4s + ... The Riemann hypothesis asserts that all interesting solutions of the equation: ζ(s) = 0 lie on a certain vertical straight line. In mathematics, the n-th harmonic number is the sum of the reciprocals of the first n natural numbers: Hn = 1 + 1/2+1/3+1/4+⋯+ 1/n = ∑_(n=1)^n▒1/n Harmonic numbers have been studied since early times and are important in various branches of number theory. They are sometimes loosely termed harmonic series, are closely related to the Riemann zeta function. The harmonic numbers roughly approximate the natural logarithm function and thus the associated harmonic series grows without limit, albeit slowly. In 1737, Leonhard Euler used the divergence of the harmonic series to provide a new proof of the infinity of prime numbers. His work was extended into the complex plane by Bernhard Riemann in 1859, leading directly to the celebrated Riemann hypothesis about the distribution of prime numbers
Category: Number Theory

[1897] viXra:1812.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-04 22:22:02

Confirmation of the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Colin James III
Comments: 2 Pages. © Copyright 2018 by Colin James III All rights reserved. Respond to the author by email at: info@ersatz-systems dot com.

Using the standard wiki definition of the Collatz conjecture, we map a positive number to imply that a divisor of two implies either an even numbered result (unchanged) or an odd numbered result (changed to the number multiplied by three plus one) to imply the final result of one. This is the shortest known confirmation of the conjecture, and in mathematical logic.
Category: Number Theory

[1896] viXra:1812.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-04 02:42:56

40.5+(n^2+1)/4 Prime Number Production Formula

Authors: Toshiro Takami

40.5+(n^2+1)/4 (n is positive integers) This prime number production formula product integers and non-integers alternately, but picking up an integer portion yields a prime number up to the 40th number, and even after an integer that is not a prime number, many are prime numbers. Even in the region where prime numbers are prime, many are made prime.
Category: Number Theory

[1895] viXra:1812.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-01 15:11:29

A Complete Proof of the ABC Conjecture

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem

In this paper, we assume that Beal conjecture is true, we give a complete proof of the ABC conjecture. We consider that Beal conjecture is false $\Longrightarrow$ we arrive that the ABC conjecture is false. Then taking the negation of the last statement, we obtain: ABC conjecture is true $\Longrightarrow$ Beal conjecture is true. But, if the Beal conjecture is true, then we deduce that the ABC conjecture is true
Category: Number Theory

[1894] viXra:1812.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-01 16:17:59

A Probabilistic Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Kamal Barghout
Comments: 10 Pages. This work is copyrighted material. No part of this work is to be copied without prior permission from the author

: A probabilistic proof of the Collatz conjecture is described via identifying a sequential permutation of even natural numbers by divisions by 2 that follows a recurrent pattern of the form x,1,x,1…, where x represents divisions by 2 more than once. The sequence presents a probability of 50:50 of divisions by 2 once as opposed to divisions by 2 more than once over the even natural numbers. The sequence also gives the same 50:50 probability of consecutive Collatz even elements when counted for division by 2 more than once as opposed to division by 2 once ratio of 2.8. Considering Collatz function producing random numbers, over sufficient iterations this probability distribution produces a descending order of its elements that leads to convergence of the Collatz function to the cycle 1-2-4-1.
Category: Number Theory

[1893] viXra:1812.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-01 17:00:45

Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function Can Be Found Arbitrary Close to the Line \Re(s) =1

Authors: Khalid Ibrahim

In this paper, not only did we disprove the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) but also we showed that zeros of the Riemann zeta function $\zeta (s)$ can be found arbitrary close to the line $\Re (s) =1$. Our method to reach this conclusion is based on analyzing the fine behavior of the partial sum of the Dirichlet series with the Mobius function $M (s) = \sum_n \mu (n) /n^s$ defined over $p_r$ rough numbers (i.e. numbers that have only prime factors greater than or equal to $p_r$). Two methods to analyze the partial sum fine behavior are presented and compared. The first one is based on establishing a connection between the Dirichlet series with the Mobius function $M (s)$ and a functional representation of the zeta function $\zeta (s)$ in terms of its partial Euler product. Complex analysis methods (specifically, Fourier and Laplace transforms) were then used to analyze the fine behavior of partial sum of the Dirichlet series. The second method to estimate the fine behavior of partial sum was based on integration methods to add the different co-prime partial sum terms with prime numbers greater than or equal to $p_r$. Comparing the results of these two methods leads to a contradiction when we assume that $\zeta (s)$ has no zeros for $\Re (s) > c$ and $c <1$.
Category: Number Theory

[1892] viXra:1812.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-01 05:01:55

An Analysis and Proof on Beal’s Conjecture

Authors: Zhang Tianshu

In this article, the author first classify A, B and C according to their respective odevity, and thereby get rid of two kinds which belong not to AX+BY=CZ. Then, affirm the existence of AX+BY=CZ in which case A, B and C have at least a common prime factor by several concrete equalities. After that, prove AX+BY≠CZ in which case A, B and C have not any common prime factor by the mathematical induction with the aid of the distinct odd-even relation on the premise whereby even number 2W-1HZ as symmetric center of positive odd numbers concerned after divide the inequality in four. Finally, reach a conclusion that the Beal’s conjecture holds water via the comparison between AX+BY=CZ and AX+BY≠CZ under the given requirements.
Category: Number Theory

[1891] viXra:1811.0503 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-29 17:48:12

Classify Positive Integers to Prove Collatz Conjecture by the Mathematical Induction

Authors: Zhang Tianshu

In this article, the author uses the mathematical induction, classifies positive integers gradually, and passes necessary operations by the operational rule to achieve finally the purpose proving Collatz conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

[1890] viXra:1811.0476 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-28 19:00:23

(√10a-1)(√10a+1)+20 Discovery of Prime Number Production Equation

Authors: 9

I found out (√10a×1-1) (√10a×1+1)+20 (a is positive integer.) is very effective of prime number production equation.
Category: Number Theory

[1889] viXra:1811.0471 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-29 00:56:11

A Proof of Infinite Primes

In this small paper , I have given a simple proof of already well established fact that there are infinitely many prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

[1888] viXra:1811.0459 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-27 10:05:16

Fermat’s Last Theorem First and Second Cases

Authors: Victor Sorokine

he essence of the proof of the FLT: The first case (ABC is not a multiple of n): In one of the equivalent Fermat equations, the 3rd digit of the sum of the powers of the last digits of the bases greater than 1, which cannot be zeroed using the second digits with the sum of the latter equal to 0 or n-1. +++ The second case (A or B or C is a multiple of n): (k+2)-th digit in the number D=(A+B)^n-(C-B)^n-(C-A)^n, where the number A+B-C ends by k zeros, is not zero, but after adding to the number D zero as 0=A^n+B^n-C^n (k+2)-th digit is zero.
Category: Number Theory

[1887] viXra:1811.0457 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-27 10:06:38

Fermat’s Last Theorem First and Second Cases (Russian)

Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 2 Pages. Russian version

Суть доказательства ВТФ: Первый случай (ABC не кратно n): В одном из эквивалентных равенств Ферма 3-я цифра суммы степеней последних цифр оснований больше 1, которую невозможно обнулить с помощью вторых цифр с суммой последних, равной 0 или n-1. +++ Второй случай (A или B или C кратно n): (k+2)-я цифра в числе D=(A+B)^n-(C-B)^n-(C-A)^n, где число A+B-C оканчивается на k нулей, не равна нулю, но после прибавления к числу D нуля в виде 0=A^n+B^n-C^n (k+2)-я цифра равна нулю.
Category: Number Theory

[1886] viXra:1811.0348 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-23 04:44:14

Another Way of Expressing ζ (Odd Number)

Authors: Toshiro Takami

Last time, I expressed ζ (odd number), such as ζ(3), ζ (5), ζ(7), ζ(9), ζ(11), ζ(13), ζ (15), ζ(17), ζ (19), ζ (21), ζ(23) and made an official. Another way of expressing ζ (odd number), such as ζ(3), ζ (5), ζ(7) ζ(9), ζ(11), ζ(13), ζ(15), ζ(17), ζ(19), ζ(21), ζ(23) and made an official.
Category: Number Theory

[1885] viXra:1811.0338 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-21 16:41:59

Theorem on the Congruence Speed of Tetration

Authors: Marco Ripà

We provide a preliminary proof of Ripà’s Conjecture 3 about the convergence speed of tetration, published in October 2018, which states that, for any natural number "v", exists (at least) another natural number "a", not a multiple of 10, such that V(a)=v, where V(a) represents the convergence speed of the tetration a^^b.
Category: Number Theory

[1884] viXra:1811.0320 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-20 09:10:58

New Multiplication Algorithm.

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martín
Comments: 9 Pages. English language

This paper develops a new multiplication algorithm that works absolutely with all the numbers.
Category: Number Theory

[1883] viXra:1811.0291 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-18 05:43:55

Prime Number Equation A=\frac{t^2+232}{8} A=\frac{t^2+93}{6}

Authors: Toshiro Takami

Prime number equation a=\frac{t^2+232}{8} a=\frac{t^2+93}{6} (t is positive integer) thease contain not prime numbers, but many are prime numbers. And thase are contain number with decimal point, I pulled out only integers. Write as halfway progress.
Category: Number Theory

[1882] viXra:1811.0288 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-18 11:45:11

Proof that a Data Set that Conforms to Benford's Law is not Always Sum Invariant with Respect to the First Digits

Authors: Robert C. Hall

The summation test consists of adding all numbers that begin with a particular first digit or first two digits and determining its distribution with respect to these first or first two digits numbers. Most people familiar with this test believe that the distribution is a uniform distribution for any distribution that conforms to Benford's law i.e. the distribution of the mantissas of the logarithm of the data set is uniform U[0,1). The summation test that results in a uniform distribution is true for an exponential function (geometric progression) i.e. y = a exp(kt) but not necessarily true for other data sets that conform exactly to Benford'a law.
Category: Number Theory

[1881] viXra:1811.0282 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-18 21:44:13

Beal Conjecture as a General Form of Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Stefan Bereza

Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT) x^p + y^p = z^p could be seen as a special case of more generalized Beal's Conjecture (BC) x^m + y^n = z^r. Those equations are impossible when x, y and z are natural numbers and coprimes and {p, m, n, r}> = 3; if m = n = r (= p), then it is FLT; if not, Beal's Conjecture. In BC, if x, y and z are integers and have a common factor, they can be measured (without rest) with this factor as a common unit - making x, y and z in the equation rational to each other. FLT can be proved with proving irrationality of triangles inscribed into an ellipse whose sides x, y and z represent the Fermat's equation x^p + y^p = z^p ; here, for x, y and z a common unit cannot be found. The BC equation x^m + y^n = z^r (without a common factor) can be simplified to the Fermat's equation x^p + y^p = z^p which - at the lacking common unit - makes x, y and z impossible to be all rational to each other.
Category: Number Theory

[1880] viXra:1811.0263 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-17 20:39:55

Considérations Sur la Formule du Binome de Newton

Authors: Olivier Massot

The binomial formula, set by Isaac Newton, is of utmost importance and has been extensively used in many different fields. This study (in French) aims at coming up with alternative expressions to the Newton's formula.
Category: Number Theory

[1879] viXra:1811.0262 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-17 20:44:21

Considerations on the Newton's Binomial Expansion

Authors: Olivier Massot

The binomial formula, set by Isaac Newton, is of utmost importance and has been extensively used in many different fields. This study aims at coming up with alternative expressions to the Newton's formula.
Category: Number Theory

[1878] viXra:1811.0250 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-16 11:08:43

A Proof Minus Epsilon of the Abc Conjecture

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem

In this paper, we give a proof minus $\epsilon$ of the $ABC$ conjecture, considering that Beal conjecture is true. Some conditions are proposed for the proof, perhaps it needs some justifications that is why I give the title of the paper " a proof minus $\epsilon$ of the $ABC$ conjecture".
Category: Number Theory

[1877] viXra:1811.0211 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-13 08:01:46

Nuevo Algoritmo de Multiplicación.

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martín
Comments: 9 Pages. Idioma: Español

Este documento desarrolla y demuestra el descubrimiento de un nuevo algoritmo de multiplicación que funciona absolutamente con todos los números.
Category: Number Theory

[1876] viXra:1811.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-11 19:03:33

Formula of Π

Authors: Yuji Masuda

This formula shows Π.
Category: Number Theory

[1875] viXra:1811.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-11 04:13:06

Another Way to Write the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Zach Don

In this paper, I will be presenting an alternative way of writing the Riemann zeta function in terms of Euler's constant, e.
Category: Number Theory

[1874] viXra:1811.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-11 04:19:06

An Alternative Way of Writing the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Zach Don

In this paper, I will propose a legitimate way of re-writing the Riemann zeta function in terms of Euler's constant, e.
Category: Number Theory

[1873] viXra:1811.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-07 10:57:26

Periodic Table of Prime Number Intervals

Authors: Viktor Strohm

In accordance with the General Theory Systems of Urmantsev (GTSU) [1, 2, 3], the set of primes is considered as a system of objects. For the relationship between objects taken the difference of prime numbers. Revealed periodicity of pairs of intervals.
Category: Number Theory

[1872] viXra:1811.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-07 11:25:55

Refutation of Riemann Hypothesis by Two Zeta Properties

Authors: Colin James III
Comments: 1 Page. © Copyright 2018 by Colin James III All rights reserved. Respond to the author by email at: info@ersatz-systems dot com.

Properties of the zeta function of the Riemann hypothesis are not confirmed as tautologous and hence refute it.
Category: Number Theory

[1871] viXra:1811.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-07 18:02:13

Prof. DE L'ens. Secondaire Qualif. 2e GR

Authors: Es-said En-naoui

The Goldbach conjecture dates back to 1742 ; we refer the reader to [1]-[2] for a history of the conjecture. Christian Goldbach stated that every odd integer greater than seven can be written as the sum of at most three prime numbers. Leonhard Euler then made a stronger conjecture that every even integer greater than four can be written as the sum of two primes. Since then, no one has been able to prove the Strong Goldbach Conjecture.\\ The only best known result so far is that of Chen [3], proving that every sufficiently large even integer N can be written as the sum of a prime number and the product of at most two prime numbers. Additionally, the conjecture has been verified to be true for all even integers up to $4.10^{18}$ in 2014 , J\"erg [4] and Tom\'as [5]. In this paper, we prove that the conjecture is true for all even integers greater than 8.
Category: Number Theory

[1870] viXra:1811.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-05 12:05:54

(pk mk qk) or an Unexpected Inconsistency

Authors: Ralf Wüsthofen

This note proves the inconsistency of the Peano arithmetic (PA) by deriving both the strong Goldbach conjecture and its negation.
Category: Number Theory

[1869] viXra:1811.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-06 02:39:26

Theorem for W^n and Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Quang Nguyen Van

We give expression of w^n and the possible to apply for solving Fermat's Last theorem.
Category: Number Theory

[1868] viXra:1811.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-03 21:04:42

Refutation of Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Constraints for Linear Programming

Authors: Colin James III
Comments: 1 Page. © Copyright 2018 by Colin James III All rights reserved. Respond to the author by email at: info@ersatz-systems dot com.

Karush-Kuhn-Tucker constraints for linear programming are not tautologous.
Category: Number Theory

[1867] viXra:1811.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-02 17:55:05

An Optimization Approach to the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Hassine Saidane

Optimization of relevant concepts such as action or utility functions enabled the derivation of theories and laws in some scientific fields such as physics and economics. This fact suggested that the problem of the location of the Riemann Zeta Function’s (RZF) nontrivial zeros can be addressed in a mathematical programming framework. Using a constrained nonlinear optimization formulation of the problem, we prove that RZF’s nontrivial zeros are located on the critical line, thereby confirming the Riemann Hypothesis. This result is a direct implication of the Kuhn-Tucker necessary optimality conditions for the formulated nonlinear program. Keywords: Riemann Zeta function, Riemann Hypothesis, Optimization, Kuhn-Tucker conditions
Category: Number Theory

[1866] viXra:1811.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-02 18:27:16

Notes on Perfect Numbers

Authors: César Aguilera
Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables.

A set of relations between perfect numbers is presented. Then some properties of this relations and how they behave, next, a geometric interpretation, a function and finally, the way this function works.
Category: Number Theory

[1865] viXra:1811.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-03 05:56:56

All Prime Number Expressed 18a + P　(a is Integer Include 0, P is Prime Number Less Than 18 Include 1) and 24a + p, and 30a + P

Authors: Toshiro Takami

All prime number expressed 18a + p (a is integer include 0, p is prime number less than 18 include 1, and a continues to infinity). Prime numbers cycle at 18. 24a + p (a is integer include 0, p is prime number less than 24 include 1, and a continues to infinity). Prime numbers cycle at 24. and 30a + p (a is integer include 0, p is prime number less than 30 include 1, and a continues to infinity). Prime numbers cycle at 30. There is no exception. I noticed while building prime number production formula. Prime numbers arise from several lines. Therefore, I believe it is extremely difficult to build a prime number production formula.
Category: Number Theory

[1864] viXra:1811.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-01 12:03:50

Irrational Numbers and Density

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal

a brief exposition on quantifying irrational density within the reals - and - attempt to categorize groups of irrationals
Category: Number Theory

[1863] viXra:1811.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-01 12:17:02

Riemann’s Hypothesis and Stieltjes’ Conjecture

Authors: Clemens Kroll

It is shown that Riemann’s hypothesis is true by showing that an equivalent statement is true. Even more, it is shown that Stieltjes’ conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

[1862] viXra:1810.0497 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-31 06:49:56

Two Simples Proofs of Fermat 's Last Theorem and Beal Conjecture

Authors: M. Sghiar

If after 374 years the famous theorem of Fermat-Wiles was demonstrated in 150 pages by A. Wiles , the puspose of this article is to give a simple demonstration and deduce a proof of the Beal conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

[1861] viXra:1810.0487 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-29 13:14:19

Magic Squares

Authors: Ankur Shukla, Anurag Singh

This article provide unique methods of creating perfect magic squares of order 4 and using certain conditions the magic square can be made more precise and varied. The article contains rules which connects all the perfect squares of order 4 and bring them under one roof. The rules contained in this article deals with various methods of arranging a square maintaining the perfectness and bringing new appearance every time using symmetry. The main objective is to create a method for generation of perfect formula of magic square.
Category: Number Theory

[1860] viXra:1810.0479 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-28 10:11:24

Fermat’s Theorem: the Second Case (a is Multiple of n)

Authors: Victor Sorokine

The number D=[(A+B)^n-(C-B)^n-(C-A)^n+(A^n+B^n-C^n)] ends with k+2 zeroes, where k is the number of zeroes at the end of the number A (and in the number A+B-C). However, after the opening of the binomials in the number D its (k+2)-th digit is not equal to zero.
Category: Number Theory

[1859] viXra:1810.0478 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-28 10:12:26

Fermat’s Theorem: the Second Case (a is Multiple of n) Russian

Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 1 Page. Russian version

Число D=[(A+B)^n-(C-B)^n-(C-A)^n+(A^n+B^n-C^n)] оканчивается на k+2 нулей, где k – число нулей на конце числа А (и в числе A+B-C). Однако после раскрытия биномов в числе D его (k+2)-я цифра нулю не равна.
Category: Number Theory

[1858] viXra:1810.0459 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-27 12:00:17

Twin Primes

Authors: Di Pietro Gabriele

This paper gives us an application of Eratosthenes sieve to distribution mean distance between primes using first and upper orders of Gauss integral log- arithm Li(x).We define function Υ in section 5. Sections 1 − 4 give us an introduction to the terminology and a clarification on Υ terms. Section 6 reassumes foregoing explanations and gives us two theorems using first and upper integral logarithm orders.
Category: Number Theory

[1857] viXra:1810.0442 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-26 15:59:26

Refutation of Riemann's Hypothesis Using the Excluded Middle

Authors: Colin James III
Comments: 1 Page. © Copyright 2018 by Colin James III All rights reserved. Respond to the author by email at: info@ersatz-systems dot com.

The conjectured proof of the Riemann hypothesis using the excluded middle is refuted by the Meth8/VŁ4 modal logic model checker.
Category: Number Theory

[1856] viXra:1810.0418 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-24 06:14:11

The Proof of Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Matan Cohen

In this paper, I will describe and demonstrate a new method to prove Goldbach’s Conjecture. The idea behind my method is to organize all natural numbers in a binary tree, and to find the connections between the even numbers and the prime numbers by using the characteristics of the tree structure.
Category: Number Theory

[1855] viXra:1810.0390 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-23 07:31:38

Question 480 :An Integral for pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito

This note presents a definite integral for pi.
Category: Number Theory

[1854] viXra:1810.0384 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-23 19:27:56

Toshichan-Man's Small Theorem　　 Ver.3

Authors: Toshiro Takami

If the sum of the digits of a natural number is 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 ... ... (multiples of 3 excluding 3), it is definitely not a prime number
Category: Number Theory

[1853] viXra:1810.0368 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-22 14:22:06

Authors: A.I.Somsikov
Comments: 2 Pages. -

Examples of the seeming contradictions of mathematical transformations
Category: Number Theory

[1852] viXra:1810.0335 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-20 11:17:11

The Fine Print of Cantor's Diagonal Method

Authors: Timothy W. Jones

e look at some of the details of Cantor's Diagonal Method and argue that the swap function given does not have to exclude 9 and 0, base 10. We then give an application of Cantor's Diagonal Method that shows zeta(2) is irrational.
Category: Number Theory

[1851] viXra:1810.0288 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-19 02:09:09

Toshichan-Man's Small Theorem (If Prime, Divide by 30 and 60 and 90, the Remainder is a Prime Number Including 1)

Authors: Toshiro Takami

If prime, we found that the remainder is a prime number including 1 when divided by 30, 60 and 90. This is called toshichan-man's small theorem. It seems to be useful for prime number determination (especially huge prime number determination).
Category: Number Theory

[1850] viXra:1810.0282 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-17 06:31:37

The Search of New Numbers.

Authors: Vyacheslav Telnin
Comments: 116 Pages. format A5

In this paper, we analyze the construction of numbers from natural to complex. A close relationship between these numbers and three direct operations ([1] – addition, [2] – multiplication, [3] – exponentiation) is revealed. A method of constructing new direct operations is found. Two new direct operations ([4] and [0]) are constructed. Two inverse operations are constructed for each of them. If equations that are unsolvable in complex numbers are found for them, new numbers can be constructed on the basis of these unsolvabilities. So far in this way in this work the question numbers are constructed (?- numbers) for [3] direct operation. Along the way, numbers-strings and N-numbers are described. The topology of the numerical line is traced on the basis of N-numbers. In this paper we find the relation of N-numbers and ?-numbers'.
Category: Number Theory

[1849] viXra:1810.0255 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-16 17:40:35

Construction of the Sequence of Prime Numbers

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martín

This paper develops the construction of the Golden Pattern for different prime divisors, the discovery of patterns towards infinity. The discovery of infinite harmony represented in fractal numbers and patterns. These patterns form the sequence of prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

[1848] viXra:1810.0240 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-15 14:59:35

30n+7 (n is Positive Integer, Including 0)

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I found out my original make prime number built method. 30n+7 (n is positive integer, including 0). 30n+17 (n is positive integer, including 0). Prime has a period of 30. We focused on that point and developed it. However, those that are not prime are also quite included. And, 30n+11 (n is positive integer, including 0). 30n+13 (n is positive integer, including 0). Also considered.
Category: Number Theory

[1847] viXra:1810.0223 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-14 17:11:04

On the Convergence Speed of Tetration

Authors: Marco Ripà

In 2011, in his book “La strana coda della serie n^n^...^n", M. Ripà analyzed some properties involving the rightmost figures of integer tetration, the iterated exponentiation a^^b, characterized by an increasing number of stable digits for any base a > 1. A few conjectures arose about how many new stable digits are generated by any unitary increment of the hyperexponent b, and Ripà indicated this value as V(a) or “convergence speed” of a. In fact, when b is large enough, V(a) seems to not depend from b, taking on a (strictly positive) unique value, and many observations supported this claim. Moreover, we claim that V(a) = 1 for any a(mod 25) congruent to {2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23} and V(a)>=2 otherwise.
Category: Number Theory

[1846] viXra:1810.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-12 02:45:55

New Abelian Groups for Primes of Type 4K-1 and 4K+1.

Authors: Anna Povazanova, Ivo Povazan

p is prime.The article describes the new Abelian groups of type p=4k+1 and p = 4k-1, for which a theorem similar to the Fermat's little theorem applies. The multiplicative group (Z/pZ)* in some sense similar to the Abelian group of type p = 4k+1. Abelian group of type p = 4k-1 is a different structure compared to group (Z/pZ)*. This fact is used for the primality test of integer N = 4k-1. The primality test was veried up to N = 2^(64).
Category: Number Theory

[1845] viXra:1810.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-09 07:38:30

On Catalan's Constant: Upgrade 2

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito

This note presents an integral for Catalan's constant: G=0.915965...
Category: Number Theory

[1844] viXra:1810.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-09 16:57:44

On the Degeneracy of $\mathbb{n}$ and the Mutability of Primes

Authors: Jonathan Trousdale

This paper sets forth a representation of the hyperbolic substratum that defines order on $\mathbb{N}$. Degeneracy of $\mathbb{N}$ at points of intersection with the substratum is observed as violations of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic in the form of mutable prime factorization. At a point of maximum symmetry on the representation manifold, an exact expression of $\pi$ is available as a combination of three integers.
Category: Number Theory

[1843] viXra:1810.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-05 01:33:59

Riemann Conjecture Proof

Authors: Idriss Olivier Bado

The main contribution of this paper is to achieve the proof of Riemann hypothesis. The key idea is based on new formulation of the problem $$\zeta(s)=\zeta(1-s) \Leftrightarrow re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$$. This proof is considered as a great discovery in mathematic.
Category: Number Theory

[1842] viXra:1809.0600 [pdf] submitted on 2018-09-30 07:35:40

Refutation of the Totherian Set Definition

Authors: Colin James III
Comments: 1 Page. © Copyright 2018 by Colin James III All rights reserved. Respond to the author by email at: info@ersatz-systems dot com.

The totherian set definition is not tautologous.
Category: Number Theory

[1841] viXra:1809.0576 [pdf] submitted on 2018-09-30 02:18:20

Totherian Analysis to Riemann Conjecture Proof 2

Authors: Bado Idriss Olivier

The purpose of this article is to introduce the theory of totherian analysis in order to provide proof of the Riemann hypothesis: the concepts introduced have been so effective and we can use it to build a coherent and tangible analysis. Totherian analysis can be considered as an effective remedy in solving a lot of problems in mathematics
Category: Number Theory

[1840] viXra:1809.0571 [pdf] submitted on 2018-09-28 08:11:33

Fermat’s Theorem: First Case: Abc is not a Multiple of N

Authors: Victor Sorokine

If we leave only the last digits A', B', C' in the numbers A, B, C, then the third digit in the left part of one of the equivalent Fermat’s equations will be greater than 1. And the inclusion of the following digits in the numbers A, B, C can reduce the value of this digit only by 1.
Category: Number Theory

[1839] viXra:1809.0570 [pdf] submitted on 2018-09-28 08:12:33

Fermat’s Theorem: First Case: Abc is not a Multiple of N (Russian)

Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 1 Page. Russian version

Если в числах A, B, C оставить лишь последние цифры A', B', C', то третья цифра в левой части одного из эквивалентных равенств Ферма будет больше 1. А включение в числа A, B, C последующих цифр могут уменьшить значение этой цифры лишь на 1.
Category: Number Theory

[1838] viXra:1809.0554 [pdf] submitted on 2018-09-29 05:26:24

Totherian Analysis to Riemann Conjecture Proof

Authors: Bado Idriss Olivier

The purpose of this article is to introduce the theory of totherian analysis in order to provide proof of the Riemann hypothesis: the concepts introduced have been so effective and we can use it to build a coherent and tangible analysis. Totherian analysis can be considered as an effective remedy in solving a lot of problems in mathematics
Category: Number Theory

[1837] viXra:1809.0522 [pdf] submitted on 2018-09-25 13:29:51

Refutation of the Abc Conjecture

Authors: Colin James III
Comments: 1 Page. © Copyright 2016, 2018 by Colin James III All rights reserved. Respond to the author by email at: info@ersatz-systems dot com.

Conjecture sentence "If p or q is equivalent to s and p,q,s are relatively prime, then p or q is tautologous" is not tautologous, and it deviates by one value: FTTT TTTT TTTT TTTT.
Category: Number Theory

Replacements of recent Submissions

[958] viXra:1901.0227 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-17 08:32:12

Collatz Conjecture Proof

Authors: James Edwin Rock

Collatz sequences are formed by applying the Collatz algorithm to any positive integer. If it is even repeatedly divide by two until it is odd, then multiply by three and add one to get an even number and vice versa. If the Collatz conjecture is true eventually you always get back to one. A connected Collatz Structure is created, which contains all positive integers exactly once. The terms of the Collatz Structure are joined together via the Collatz algorithm. Thus, every positive integer forms a Collatz sequence with unique terms terminating in the number one.
Category: Number Theory

[957] viXra:1901.0193 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-13 18:40:10

Riemann Hypothesis Further, Two More Counter Example? 0.4999977+i393939944.2571535368　 and 0.50001314+i393939946.4889505702488576920

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I calculated it by looking for a counter example, but I can not determine whether this is a counter example or just a normal zero point and post it here. It is a different value from the previous counter example. I searched for points of higher value, but I could not find it for some reason. The point this time is near the previous point, is the number (the number axis) distorted only in this part? It can not be determined. zeta[0.4999977+i393939944.25715353678841792735]= -3.372108136572006... × 10^-19 + 4.002018173119188... × 10^-13 i and zeta[0.50001314+i393939946.4889505702488576920]= -7.000197154138805... × 10^-19 - 2.848659916217643... × 10^-12 i
Category: Number Theory

[956] viXra:1901.0191 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-16 15:31:22

Riemann Hypothesis 5 Counter Examples

Authors: Toshiro Takami

It presents counter exsample which is close to 0.5 of 5 Riemann expectations but not 0.5. Regardless of how they are calculated, they are all found in the same area for some reason. I could not find it in other areas. This is considered only because the number axis is distorted in this area. Somewhere on the net there is a memory that reads the mathematician's view that "there are countless zero points in the vicinity of 0.5". The value I put out is hand calculation using WolfranAlpha, It seems that it is necessary to strictly correct by supercomputer. zeta[0.5000866+i393939939.3731193515534038924]= -1.60917723458557... × 10^-18 - 1.428779604546702... × 10^-11 i and zeta[0.4999977+i393939944.25715353678841792735]= -3.372108136572006... × 10^-19 + 4.002018173119188... × 10^-13 i and zeta[0.50001314+i393939946.4889505702488576920]= -7.000197154138805... × 10^-19 - 2.848659916217643... × 10^-12 i and zeta[0.4999944+i393939958.90878694741368323631]= 9.30660314868779... × 10^-19 + 1.342928180878699... × 10^-12 i and zeta[0.4999964+i393939964.659437163857861]= -5.914628349384624... × 10^-16 + 6.504227267123851... × 10^-13 i and
Category: Number Theory

[955] viXra:1901.0191 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-16 03:53:31

Riemann Hypothesis 5 Counter Examples

Authors: Toshiro Takami

It presents counter exsample which is close to 0.5 of 5 Riemann expectations but not 0.5. Regardless of how they are calculated, they are all found in the same area for some reason. I could not find it in other areas. This is considered only because the number axis is distorted in this area. zeta[0.5000866+i393939939.3731193515534038924]= -1.60917723458557... × 10^-18 - 1.428779604546702... × 10^-11 i and zeta[0.4999977+i393939944.25715353678841792735]= -3.372108136572006... × 10^-19 + 4.002018173119188... × 10^-13 i and zeta[0.50001314+i393939946.4889505702488576920]= -7.000197154138805... × 10^-19 - 2.848659916217643... × 10^-12 i and zeta[0.4999944+i393939958.90878694741368323631]= 9.30660314868779... × 10^-19 + 1.342928180878699... × 10^-12 i and zeta[0.4999964+i393939964.659437163857861]= -5.914628349384624... × 10^-16 + 6.504227267123851... × 10^-13 i
Category: Number Theory

[954] viXra:1901.0191 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-14 23:47:56

Riemann Hypothesis 5 Counter Examples

Authors: Toshiro Takami

It presents counter exsample which is close to 0.5 of 5 Riemann expectations but not 0.5. Regardless of how they are calculated, they are all found in the same area for some reason. I could not find it in other areas. This is considered only because the number axis is distorted in this area. zeta[0.5000866+i393939939.3731193515534038924]= -1.60917723458557... × 10^-18 - 1.428779604546702... × 10^-11 i and zeta[0.4999977+i393939944.25715353678841792735]= -3.372108136572006... × 10^-19 + 4.002018173119188... × 10^-13 i and zeta[0.50001314+i393939946.4889505702488576920]= -7.000197154138805... × 10^-19 - 2.848659916217643... × 10^-12 i and zeta[0.4999944+i393939958.90878694741368323631]= 9.30660314868779... × 10^-19 + 1.342928180878699... × 10^-12 i and zeta[0.4999964+i393939964.659437163857861]= -5.914628349384624... × 10^-16 + 6.504227267123851... × 10^-13 i
Category: Number Theory

[953] viXra:1901.0058 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-08 17:53:16

Riemann Hypothesis (Do They Really Converge to 0?)

Authors: Toshiro Takami

2^s/(2^-1)*3^s/(3^-1)*5^s/(5^s-1)*7^s/(7^s-1)……… Whether the above equation converges to 0 was verified. Convergence is extremely slow, and divergence tendency was rather rather abundant when the prime number was 1000 or more. It was thought that the above equation could possibly be an expression that can be composed only of real numbers.
Category: Number Theory

[952] viXra:1812.0495 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-14 10:52:26

Towards a Proof of the Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: James Edwin Rock

Let Pn be the n_th prime. For twin primes Pn – Pn-1 = 2. We exhibit two formulas for calculating the number of twin primes in the closed interval [Pn, Pn^2]. We show there is a lower limit for the number of twin primes in the closed interval [Pn, Pn^2].
Category: Number Theory

[951] viXra:1812.0495 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-07 12:49:24

Towards a Proof of the Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: James Edwin Rock

Let P_n be the n_th prime. For twin primes P_n – P_n-1 = 2. We exhibit two formulas for calculating the number of twin primes in the closed interval [P_n, P_n^2]. We show there is a lower limit for the number of twin primes in the closed interval [P_n, Pn^2].
Category: Number Theory

[950] viXra:1812.0494 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-18 17:04:43

A Set of Formulas for Primes

Authors: Simon Plouffe

A set of new formulas for primes are given. These formulas have a growth rate much smaller than the ones of Mills and Wright.
Category: Number Theory

[949] viXra:1812.0494 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-07 23:07:56

A Set of Formulas for Primes

Authors: Simon Plouffe

In 1947, W. H. Mills published a paper describing a formula that gives primes : if A = 1.3063778838630806904686144926… then ⌊A^(3^n ) ⌋ is always prime, here ⌊x⌋ is the integral part of x. Later in 1951, E. M. Wright published another formula, if g_0=α = 1.9287800… and g_(n+1)=2^(g_n ) then ⌊g_n ⌋= ⌊2^(…2^(2^α ) ) ⌋ is always prime. The primes are uniquely determined by α , the prime sequence is 3, 13, 16381, … The growth rate of these functions is very high since the fourth term of Wright formula is a 4932 digit prime and the 8’th prime of Mills formula is a 762 digit prime. A new set of formulas is presented here, giving an arbitrary number of primes minimizing the growth rate. The first one is : if a_0=43.8046877158…and a_(n+1)= 〖〖〖(a〗_n〗^(5/4))〗^n , then if S(n) is the rounded values of a_n, S(n) = 113,367,102217,1827697,67201679,6084503671, …. Other exponents can also give primes like 11/10, or 101/100. If a_0 is well chosen then it is conjectured that any exponent > 1 can also give an arbitrary series of primes. The method for obtaining the formulas is explained. All results are empirical.
Category: Number Theory

[948] viXra:1812.0494 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-31 12:31:57

A Set of Formulas for Primes

Authors: Simon Plouffe

A new set of formulas for primes is presented, they are better than the ones of Mills and Wright.
Category: Number Theory

[947] viXra:1812.0453 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-13 19:55:55

Riemann Hypothesis Found Out Counter Example　 0.5000866+i393939939.3731193515534038924

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I believe that proof of Riemann's hypotjesis was impossible, began a journey by seeking counter example. And, I found out. 0.5000866+i393939939.3731193515534038924=1.60917723458557... × 10^-18 - 1.428779604546702... × 10^-11 i I believe that such counterexample exists in countless numbers in the high-value area of the imaginary part. Proof can not be done, but in the high price area the number is distorted.
Category: Number Theory

[946] viXra:1812.0453 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-09 23:46:55

Riemann Hypothesis Found Out Counter Example　 0.5000866+i393939939.37311935

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I believe that proof of Riemann's hypotjesis was impossible, began a journey by seeking counter example. And, I found out. 0.5000866+i393939939.37311935 There is a figure showing that there is a zero point on x = 0.5 beyond 393939939.4, but before that (zero at least 393939939.3) there is no zero point on x = 0.5. However, if you do not have a supercomputer, you can not determine exactly whether this is counter example. I believe that such counterexample exists in countless numbers in the high-value area of the imaginary part. Proof can not be done, but in the high price area the number is distorted. zeta(0.5000866+i393939939.37311935)= -4.474905717661632... × 10^-9 - 1.361462936226537... × 10^-9 i zeta(0.5000866-i393939939.37311935)≒ -4.474905717661632... × 10^-9 + 1.361462936226537... × 10^-9 i zeta(0.4999134+i393939939.37311935)≒ -4.489768819419765... × 10^-9 - 1.337339665656649... × 10^-9 i zeta(0.4999134-i393939939.37311935)≒ -4.489768819419765... × 10^-9 + 1.337339665656649... × 10^-9 i
Category: Number Theory

[945] viXra:1812.0453 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-02 18:06:16

Riemann Hypothesis Found Out Counter Example　 0.5000866+i393939939.37311935

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I believe that proof of Riemann's hypotjesis was impossible, began a journey by seeking counter example. And, I found out. 0.5000866+i393939939.37311935 There is a figure showing that there is a zero point on x = 0.5 beyond 393939939.4, but before that (zero at least 393939939.3) there is no zero point on x = 0.5. I believe that such counterexample exists in countless numbers in the high-value area of the imaginary part. Proof can not be done, but in the high price area the number is distorted. The diagrams around that point are also shown.
Category: Number Theory

[944] viXra:1812.0453 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-01 19:45:25

Riemann Hypothesis Found Out Counter Example　 0.5000866+i393939939.37311935

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I believe that proof of Riemann's hypotjesis was impossible, began a journey by seeking counter example. And, I found out. 0.5000866+i393939939.37311935 I believe that such counterexample exists in countless numbers in the high-value area of the imaginary part. Proof can not be done, but in the high price area the number is distorted. The diagrams around that point are also shown.
Category: Number Theory

[943] viXra:1812.0453 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-29 02:58:22

Riemann Hypothesis Found Out Counter Example　 0.5000866+i393939939.37311935

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I thought that proof of Riemann's hypotjesis was impossible, began a journey by seeking counter example. And, I found out. 0.5000866+i393939939.37311935 I believe that such counterexample exists in countless numbers in the high-value area of the imaginary part. Proof can not be done, but in the high price area. Because, in the high price area, the number is distorted.
Category: Number Theory

[942] viXra:1812.0422 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-15 03:19:29

Beal Conjecture Convincing Proof

Authors: A. A. Frempong

The author proves the original Beal conjecture that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. In the numerical equations, two approaches have been used to change the sum, A^x + B^y, of two powers to a single power, C^z. In one approach, the application of factorization is the main principle, while in the other approach, a formula derived from A^x + B^y was applied. The two approaches changed the sum A^x + B^y to a single power, C^z, perfectly. The derived formula confirmed the validity of the assumption that it is necessary that the sum A^x + B^y has a common prime factor before C^z can be derived. It was concluded that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor.
Category: Number Theory

[941] viXra:1812.0422 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-08 13:30:23

Beal Conjecture Convincing Proof

Authors: A. A. Frempong

The author proves the original Beal conjecture that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor By applying numerical examples, it is shown that one can begin with the sum A^x + B^y and change this sum to a product and to the single power, C^z. It is concluded that it is necessary that the sum A^x + B^y has a common prime factor before C^z can be derived. It was determined that if A^x + B^y = C^z , then A, B and C have a common prime factor.
Category: Number Theory

[940] viXra:1812.0422 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-05 16:32:17

Beal Conjecture Convincing Proof

Authors: A. A. Frempong

The author proves the original Beal conjecture that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor By applying numerical examples, it is shown that one can begin with the sum A^x + B^y and change this sum to a product and to the single power, C^z. It is concluded that it is necessary that the sum A^x + B^y has a common prime factor before C^z can be derived. It was determined that if A^x + B^y = C^z , then A, B and C have a common prime factor.
Category: Number Theory

[939] viXra:1812.0422 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-04 11:56:04

Beal Conjecture Original Proved

Authors: A. A. Frempong

The author proves the original Beal conjecture that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor By applying numerical examples, it is shown that one can begin with the sum A^x + B^y and change this sum to a product and to the single power, C^z. It is concluded that it is necessary that the sum A^x + B^y has a common prime factor before C^z can be derived. It was determined that if A^x + B^y = C^z , then A, B and C have a common prime factor.
Category: Number Theory

[938] viXra:1812.0422 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-01 21:14:39

Beal Conjecture Original Proved

Authors: A. A. Frempong

The author proves the original Beal conjecture that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. By applying numerical examples, it is shown that one can begin with the sum A^x + B^y and change this sum to a product and to the single power, C^z. It is concluded that it is necessary that the sum A^x + B^y has a common prime factor before C^z can be derived. It was determined that if A^x + B^y = C^z , then A, B and C have a common prime factor.
Category: Number Theory

[937] viXra:1812.0422 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-01 03:48:04

Beal Conjecture Original Proved

Authors: A. A. Frempong

The author proves the original Beal conjecture that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. Using concrete examples, the proof would be complete after showing that if A and B have a common prime factor, the sum A^x + B^y can be changed to a product and to a single power, C^z. In the proof, one begins with A^x + B^y and changes this sum to the single power, C^z . It was determined that if A^x + B^y = C^z , then A, B and C have a common prime factor.
Category: Number Theory

[936] viXra:1812.0422 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-28 14:18:23

Beal Conjecture Original Proved

Authors: A. A. Frempong

The author proves the original Beal conjecture that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. The proof would be complete after showing that if A and B have a common prime factor, and C^z can be produced from the sum A^x + B^y. In the proof, one begins with A^x + B^y and changes this sum to the single power, C^z as was done in the preliminaries. It was determined that if A^x + B^y = C^z , then A, B and C have a common prime factor.
Category: Number Theory

[935] viXra:1812.0400 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-25 07:45:30

How to Check if a Number is Prime Using a Finite Definite Integral

Authors: Jesús Sánchez

b=0; p=input('Input a number : '); m=fix((p+1)/2); for k=2:m+1; fun=@(w) exp(p.*1j.*w).*exp(-2.*k.*1j.*w).*(1-exp(-m.*k.*1j.*w))./(1-exp(-k.*1j.*w)); a=integral(fun,-pi,pi); b=b+a; end; b=b/(2*pi); disp(b); Above simple MATLAB/Octave program, can detect if a number is prime or not. If the result is zero (considering zero being less than 1e-5), the number introduced is a prime. If the result is an integer, this result will tell us how many permutations of two divisors, the input number has. As you can check, no recurrent division by odd or prime numbers is done. Just this strange integral: 1/2π ∫_(-π)^π▒〖e^pjω (∑_(k=2)^(k=m+1)▒〖e^(-2kjω) ((1-e^(-mkjω))/(1-e^(-kjω) )) 〗)dω 〗 Being p the number that we want to check if it is a prime or not. And being m whatever integer number higher than (p+1)/2(the lowest, the most efficient the operation). As k and ω are independent variables, the sum can be taken outside the integral (as it is in the above program). To get to this point, we will do the following. First, we will create a domain with all the composite numbers. This is easy, as you can just multiply one by one all the integers (greater or equal than 2) in that domain. So, you will get all the composite numbers (not getting any prime) in that domain. Then, we will use the Fourier transform to change from this original domain (called discrete time domain in this regards) to the frequency domain. There, we can “ask”, using Parseval’s theorem, if a certain number is there or not. The use of Parseval’s theorem leads to the above integral. If the number p that we want to check is not in the domain, the result of the integral is zero and the number is a prime. If instead, the result is an integer, this integer will tell us how many permutations of two divisors the number p has. And, in consequence information how many factors, the number p has. So, for any number p lower than 2m-1, you can check if it is prime or not, just making the numerical definite integration (but even this integral, if no further developments are done, the numerical integration is inefficient computing-wise compared with brute-force checking for example). To be added, is the question regarding the level of accuracy needed (number of decimals and number of steps in the numerical integration) to have a reliable result for large numbers. This will be commented on the paper, but a separate study will be needed to have detailed conclusions. Of course, the best would be that in the future, an analytical result (or at least an approximation) for the summation or for the integration is achieved.
Category: Number Theory

[934] viXra:1812.0340 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-21 15:57:08

Modular Logarithms Unequal

Authors: Wu ShengPing

The main idea of this article is simply calculating integer functions in module. The algebraic in the integer modules is studied in completely new style. By a careful construction the result that two finite numbers is with unequal logarithms in a corresponding module is proven, which result is applied to solving a kind of high degree diophantine equation.
Category: Number Theory

[933] viXra:1812.0312 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-19 06:26:14

Another Proof for Catalan's Conjecture

Authors: Julian Beauchamp

In 2002 Preda Mihailescu used the theory of cyclotomic fields and Galois modules to prove Catalan's Conjecture. In this short paper, we give a very simple proof. We first prove that no solutions exist for a^x-b^y=1 for a,b>0 and x,y>2. Then we prove that when x=2 the only solution for a is a=3 and the only solution for y is y=3.
Category: Number Theory

[932] viXra:1812.0305 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-25 04:29:58

On the Distribution of Prime Numbers

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo

In this paper it is proposed and proved an exact formula for the prime-counting function, finding an expression of Legendre's formula. As corollaries, they are proved some important conjectures regarding prime numbers distribution.
Category: Number Theory

[931] viXra:1812.0242 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-14 12:37:47

Pourquoi L'hypothèse de Riemann Est Fausse

Authors: Jean Pierre Morvan

L'hypothèse de RIEMANN est fausse parce que la fonction zéta n'est pas nulle avec s = 1/2 + ib
Category: Number Theory

[930] viXra:1812.0235 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-16 19:13:27

A Method of Judging Whether or not a Remainder Obtained by Dividing by a Multiple of 30 and 48 is a Prime Number

Authors: Toshiro Takami

Based on whether or not the remainder divided by 30 and 48 is a prime number, the prime number was judged. It was difficult to judge which one was better, it seemed better to use both. And, I was searching for a prime number determination method to be a multiple of 48, and to be able to judge with a remainder of multiples of 30, I came across a kind of pseudo prime number 203.
Category: Number Theory

[929] viXra:1812.0208 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-09 08:19:00

Definitive Proof of the Twin-Prime Conjecture

Authors: Kenneth A. Watanabe
Comments: 13 Pages. Paper was modified to include future directions and additional references were added

A twin prime is defined as a pair of prime numbers (p1,p2) such that p1 + 2 = p2. The Twin Prime Conjecture states that there are an infinite number of twin primes. A more general conjecture by de Polignac states that for every natural number k, there are infinitely many primes p such that p + 2k is also prime. The case where k = 1 is the Twin Prime Conjecture. In this document, a function is derived that corresponds to the number of twin primes less than n for large values of n. Then by proof by induction, it is shown that as n increases indefinitely, the function also increases indefinitely thus proving the Twin Prime Conjecture. Using this same methodology, the de Polignac Conjecture is also shown to be true.
Category: Number Theory

[928] viXra:1812.0208 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-27 09:47:28

Definitive Proof of the Twin-Prime Conjecture and de Polignac’s Conjecture

Authors: Kenneth A. Watanabe

A twin prime is defined as a pair of prime numbers (p1,p2) such that p1 + 2 = p2. The Twin Prime Conjecture states that there are an infinite number of twin primes. The first mention of the Twin Prime Conjecture was in 1849, when de Polignac made the more general conjecture that for every natural number k, there are infinitely many primes p such that p + 2k is also prime. The case where k = 1 is the Twin Prime Conjecture. In this document, I derive a function that corresponds to the number of twin primes less than n for large values of n. This equation is identical to that used to prove the Goldbach Conjecture. Then by proof by induction, it is shown that as n increases indefinitely, the function also increases indefinitely thus proving the Twin Prime Conjecture. Using the same methodology, de Polignac’s conjecture is also shown to be true.
Category: Number Theory

[927] viXra:1812.0182 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-30 15:25:04

A Proposed Proof of The ABC Conjecture

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to the journal Research In Number Theory. Comments welcome.

In this paper, from a,b,c positive integers relatively prime with c=a+b, we consider a bounded of c depending of a,b. Then we do a choice of K(\epsilon) and finally we obtain that the ABC conjecture is true. Four numerical examples confirm our proof.
Category: Number Theory

[926] viXra:1812.0182 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-16 05:58:38

Fermat's Last Theorem Implies A Proof of ABC Conjecture

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to the journal Research In Number Theory. Comments welcome.

In this paper, we use the Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT) to give a proof of the ABC conjecture. We suppose that FLT is false ===> we arrive that the ABC conjecture is false. Then taking the negation of the last statement, we obtain: ABC conjecture is true ===> FLT is true. But, as FLT is true, then we deduce that the ABC conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

[925] viXra:1812.0154 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-13 06:58:30

L' Attraction Des Nombres Par la Force Syracusienne

Authors: M. Sghiar
Comments: 7 Pages. Accepted & french version © Copyright 2018 by M. Sghiar. All rights reserved. Respond to the author by email at: msghiar21@gmail.com

I show here that if $x \in \mathbb{N}^*$ then $1 \in \mathcal{O}_S (x)= \{ S^n(x), n \in \mathbb{N}^* \}$ where $\mathcal{O}_S (x)$ is the orbit of the function S defined on $\mathbb{R}^+$ by $S(x)= \frac{x}{2} + (x+\frac{1}{2}) sin^2(x\frac{\pi}{2})$, and I deduce the proof of the Syracuse conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

[924] viXra:1812.0150 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-19 20:14:58

A Simple, Direct Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Phil Aaron Bloom

An open problem is proving FLT \emph{simply} (using Fermat's toolbox) for each $n\in\mathbb{N}, n>2$. Our \emph{direct proof} (not BWOC) of FLT is based on our algebraic identity $((r+2q^n)^\frac{1}{n})^n-((r-2q^n)^\frac{1}{n})^n=(2^\frac{2}{n}q)^n$ for which $n$ is any given positive natural number, $r$ is positive real and $q$ is positive rational such that the set of triples $\{((r+2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},(r-2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},2^\frac{2}{n}q)\}$ is not empty with $(r+2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},(r-2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},(2^\frac{2}{n}q)\in\mathbb{N}$. We relate this set of triples to $\{z,y,x|z,y,x\in\mathbb{N}$ for which the transposed \emph{Fermat equation} $z^n-y^n=x^n$ holds. We demonstrate, for any given value of $n$, that $2^\frac{2}{n}q=x$. Clearly, for $n>2$, the term $2^\frac{2}{n}q$ with $q\in\mathbb{Q}$ is not rational. Consequently, for values of $n\in\mathbb{N},n>2$, it is true that $\{(x,y,z)|x,y,z\in\mathbb{N},x^n+y^n=z^n\}=\varnothing$.
Category: Number Theory

[923] viXra:1812.0150 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-14 21:02:12

A Simple, Direct Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Phil Aaron Bloom

An open problem is proving FLT \emph{simply} (using Fermat's toolbox) for each $n\in\mathbb{N}, n>2$. Our \emph{direct proof} (not BWOC) of FLT is based on our algebraic identity $((r+2q^n)^\frac{1}{n})^n-((r-2q^n)^\frac{1}{n})^n=(2^\frac{2}{n}q)^n$ for which $n$ is any given positive natural number, $r$ is positive real and $q$ is positive rational such that the set of triples $\{((r+2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},(r-2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},2^\frac{2}{n}q)\}$ is not empty with $(r+2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},(r-2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},(2^\frac{2}{n}q)\in\mathbb{N}$. We relate this set of triples to $\{z,y,x|z,y,x\in\mathbb{N}$ for which the transposed \emph{Fermat equation} $z^n-y^n=x^n$ holds. We demonstrate, for any given value of $n$, that $2^\frac{2}{n}q=x$. Clearly, for $n>2$, the term $2^\frac{2}{n}q$ with $q\in\mathbb{Q}$ is not rational. Consequently, for values of $n\in\mathbb{N},n>2$, it is true that $\{(x,y,z)|x,y,z\in\mathbb{N},x^n+y^n=z^n\}=\varnothing$.
Category: Number Theory

[922] viXra:1812.0150 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-09 21:44:36

A Simple, Direct Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Phil Aaron Bloom

An open problem is proving FLT simply for each $n\in\mathbb{N}, n>2$. Our \emph{direct proof} (not by way of contradiction) of FLT is based on our algebraic identity $((r^n+2q^n)^\frac{1}{n})^n-((r^n-2q^n)^\frac{1}{n})^n=(2^\frac{2}{n}q)^n$ such that $n$ is any given positive natural number, $r$ is unrestricted positive real and $q$ are all positive rationals, for which the set of triples $\{((r^n+2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},(r^n-2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},2^\frac{2}{n}q\}$ is not empty with $(r^n+2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},(r^n-2q^n)^\frac{1}{n},(2^\frac{2}{n}q)\in\mathbb{N}$. We relate this identity to the transposed \emph{Fermat equation} $z^n-y^n=x^n$ for which $z,y,x$ are such natural numbers. We demonstrate, for any given value of $n$, that $2^\frac{2}{n}q=x$. Clearly, for $n>2$, the term $2^\frac{2}{n}q$ with $q\in\mathbb{Q}$ is not rational. Consequently, for values of $n\in\mathbb{N},n>2$, it is true that $\{(x,y,z)|x,y,z\in\mathbb{N},x^n+y^n=z^n\}=\varnothing$.
Category: Number Theory

[921] viXra:1812.0150 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-11 10:03:58

A Simple, Direct Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Phil Aaron Bloom

An open problem is proving FLT simply for each $n\in\mathbb{N}, n>2$. Our \emph{direct proof} (not by way of contradiction) of FLT is based on our algebraic identity, denoted, {for convenience}, as $(r)^n+(s)^n=(t)^n$ with $r,s,t>0$ as functions of variables. We infer that $\{(r,s,t)|r,s,t\in\mathbb{N},(r)^n+(s)^n+(t)^n\}=\{(x,y,z)|x,y,z\in\mathbb{N},(x)^n+y^n=z^n\}$ for $n\in\mathbb{N}, n>2$. In addition, we show, for integral values of $n>2$, that $\{(r,s,t)|r,s,t\in\mathbb{N},(r)^n+(s)^n=t^n\}=\varnothing$. Hence, for $n\in\mathbb{N},n>2$, it is true that $\{(x,y,z)|x,y,z\in\mathbb{N},x^n+y^n=z^n\}=\varnothing$.
Category: Number Theory

[920] viXra:1812.0074 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-10 15:13:28

Proof of Lagarias’s Elementary Version of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Stephen Marshall

The Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zero’s only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part 1/2 The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers. Along with suitable generalizations, some mathematicians consider it the most important unresolved problem in pure mathematics (Bombieri 2000). It was proposed by Bernhard Riemann (1859), after whom it is named. The name is also used for some closely related analogues, such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields. The Riemann hypothesis implies significant results about the distribution of prime numbers. Along with suitable generalizations, some mathematicians consider it the most important unresolved problem in pure mathematics (Bombieri 2000). The Riemann zeta function is defined for complex s with real part greater than 1 by the absolutely convergent infinite series: ζ(s) = 1 + 1/2s + 1/3s + 1/4s + ... The Riemann hypothesis asserts that all interesting solutions of the equation: ζ(s) = 0 lie on a certain vertical straight line. In mathematics, the n-th harmonic number is the sum of the reciprocals of the first n natural numbers: Hn = 1 + 1/2+1/3+1/4+⋯+ 1/n = ∑_(n=1)^n▒1/n Harmonic numbers have been studied since early times and are important in various branches of number theory. They are sometimes loosely termed harmonic series, are closely related to the Riemann zeta function. The harmonic numbers roughly approximate the natural logarithm function and thus the associated harmonic series grows without limit, albeit slowly. In 1737, Leonhard Euler used the divergence of the harmonic series to provide a new proof of the infinity of prime numbers. His work was extended into the complex plane by Bernhard Riemann in 1859, leading directly to the celebrated Riemann hypothesis about the distribution of prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

[919] viXra:1812.0074 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-06 08:38:16

Proof of Lagarias’s Elementary Version of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: stephen Marshall

The Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part 1/2 The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers. Along with suitable generalizations, some mathematicians consider it the most important unresolved problem in pure mathematics (Bombieri 2000). It was proposed by Bernhard Riemann (1859), after whom it is named. The name is also used for some closely related analogues, such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields. The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers. Along with suitable generalizations, some mathematicians consider it the most important unresolved problem in pure mathematics (Bombieri 2000). The Riemann zeta function is defined for complex s with real part greater than 1 by the absolutely convergent infinite series: ζ(s) = 1 + 1/2s + 1/3s + 1/4s + ... The Riemann hypothesis asserts that all interesting solutions of the equation: ζ(s) = 0 lie on a certain vertical straight line. In mathematics, the n-th harmonic number is the sum of the reciprocals of the first n natural numbers: Hn = 1 + 1/2+1/3+1/4+⋯+ 1/n = ∑_(n=1)^n▒1/n Harmonic numbers have been studied since early times and are important in various branches of number theory. They are sometimes loosely termed harmonic series, are closely related to the Riemann zeta function. The harmonic numbers roughly approximate the natural logarithm function and thus the associated harmonic series grows without limit, albeit slowly. In 1737, Leonhard Euler used the divergence of the harmonic series to provide a new proof of the infinity of prime numbers. His work was extended into the complex plane by Bernhard Riemann in 1859, leading directly to the celebrated Riemann hypothesis about the distribution of prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

[918] viXra:1812.0040 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-20 01:47:08

Sqrt(30a-11)=t and Sqrt(16a-7)=t

Authors: Toshiro Takami

sqrt(30a-11)=t and sqrt(16a-7)=t are of course an expression derived from sqrt(30a+1)=t and sqrt(16a+1)=t, but decided to announce sqrt(30a-11)=t and sqrt(16a-7)=t, because it has a feeling of producing more prime than sqrt(30a+1)=t and sqrt(16a+1)=t. These have the advantage that they do not produce numbers that end with 5 and It is difficult to produce a multiplication of prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

[917] viXra:1812.0022 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-25 01:58:45

Riemann Hypothesis has to be True : Mathematics as the Game :Application Game Theory Nash Equilibrium

Authors: Pankaj Mani

Riemann Hypothesis is TRUE if we look at the Functional Equation satisfied by the Riemann Zeta function upon analytical continuation in Game Perspective way as visualized by David Hilbert. It uses technical game theoretical concepts e.g. Nash Equilibrium to assert that Riemann Hypothesis has to be True. Needs to be looked at the Foundational Principles underlying Mathematics. In other words,it’s the game of arranging Zeros in the complex plane using the functional equation.
Category: Number Theory

[916] viXra:1812.0019 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-13 09:03:08

A Probabilistic Proof of the Convergence of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Kamal Barghout

A probabilistic proof of the Collatz conjecture is described via identifying a sequential permutation of even natural numbers by divisions by 2 that follows a recurrent pattern of the form x,1,x,1…, where x represents divisions by 2 more than once. The sequence presents a probability of 50:50 of division by 2 more than once as opposed to divisions by 2 once over the even natural numbers. The sequence also gives the same 50:50 probability of consecutive Collatz even elements when counted for division by 2 more than once as opposed to division by 2 once and a ratio of 3:1 of high counts. Considering Collatz function producing random numbers and over sufficient iterations, this probability distribution produces numbers in descending order that lead to the convergence of the Collatz function to 1, assuming the only cycle of the function is 1-4-2-1.
Category: Number Theory

[915] viXra:1812.0019 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-08 04:52:18

A Probabilistic Proof of the Convergence of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Kamal Barghout

A probabilistic proof of the Collatz conjecture is described via identifying a sequential permutation of even natural numbers by divisions by 2 that follows a recurrent pattern of the form x,1,x,1…, where x represents divisions by 2 more than once. The sequence presents a probability of 50:50 of division by 2 more than once as opposed to divisions by 2 once over the even natural numbers. The sequence also gives the same 50:50 probability of consecutive Collatz even elements when counted for division by 2 more than once as opposed to division by 2 once and a ratio of 3:1 of high counts. Considering Collatz function producing random numbers and over sufficient iterations, this probability distribution produces numbers in descending order that lead to the convergence of the Collatz function to 1, assuming the only cycle of the function is 1-4-2-1.
Category: Number Theory

[914] viXra:1812.0018 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-08 21:11:56

Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function can be Found Arbitrary Close to the Line \Re(s) =1

Authors: Khalid Ibrahim

In this paper, not only did we disprove the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) but we also showed that zeros of the Riemann zeta function $\zeta (s)$ can be found arbitrary close to the line $\Re (s) =1$. Our method to reach this conclusion is based on analyzing the fine behavior of the partial sum of the Dirichlet series with the Mobius function $M (s) = \sum_n \mu (n) /n^s$ defined over $p_r$ rough numbers (i.e. numbers that have only prime factors greater than or equal to $p_r$). Two methods to analyze the partial sum fine behavior are presented and compared. The first one is based on establishing a connection between the Dirichlet series with the Mobius function $M (s)$ and a functional representation of the zeta function $\zeta (s)$ in terms of its partial Euler product. Complex analysis methods (specifically, Fourier and Laplace transforms) were then used to analyze the fine behavior of partial sum of the Dirichlet series. The second method to estimate the fine behavior of partial sum was based on integration methods to add the different co-prime partial sum terms with prime numbers greater than or equal to $p_r$. Comparing the results of these two methods leads to a contradiction when we assume that $\zeta (s)$ has no zeros for $\Re (s) > c$ and $c <1$.
Category: Number Theory

[913] viXra:1812.0018 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-22 01:07:51

Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function can be Found Arbitrary Close to the Line \Re(s) =1

Authors: Khalid Ibrahim

In this paper, not only did we disprove the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) but we also showed that zeros of the Riemann zeta function $\zeta (s)$ can be found arbitrary close to the line $\Re (s) =1$. Our method to reach this conclusion is based on analyzing the fine behavior of the partial sum of the Dirichlet series with the Mobius function $M (s) = \sum_n \mu (n) /n^s$ defined over $p_r$ rough numbers (i.e. numbers that have only prime factors greater than or equal to $p_r$). Two methods to analyze the partial sum fine behavior are presented and compared. The first one is based on establishing a connection between the Dirichlet series with the Mobius function $M (s)$ and a functional representation of the zeta function $\zeta (s)$ in terms of its partial Euler product. Complex analysis methods (specifically, Fourier and Laplace transforms) were then used to analyze the fine behavior of partial sum of the Dirichlet series. The second method to estimate the fine behavior of partial sum was based on integration methods to add the different co-prime partial sum terms with prime numbers greater than or equal to $p_r$. Comparing the results of these two methods leads to a contradiction when we assume that $\zeta (s)$ has no zeros for $\Re (s) > c$ and $c <1$.
Category: Number Theory

[912] viXra:1811.0501 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-06 16:08:33

Twin Prime of Nontrivial Zero Point

Authors: Toshiro Takami

It is at a glance that pairs that can be thought of as twin prime exist at non-trivial zero points. I considered it.
Category: Number Theory

[911] viXra:1811.0338 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-23 22:07:51

Theorem on the Congruence Speed of Tetration

Authors: Marco Ripà

We provide a preliminary proof of Ripà’s Conjecture 3 about the convergence speed of tetration, published in October 2018, which states that, for any natural number "v", exists (at least) another natural number "a", not a multiple of 10, such that V(a)=v, where V(a) represents the convergence speed of the tetration a^^b.
Category: Number Theory

[910] viXra:1811.0145 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-19 03:58:47

Discovery of Prime Number Production Equation by Complex Number (√24a+4i)^2+33 and (√6a+4i)^2+33 and (√10a+4i)^2+35

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I tried variously. (30a+bi)^2+k (24a+bi)^2+k (1007a+bi)^2+k (60a+bi)^2+k etc. (a, b and k are positive integer.) Only the real part of the complex number was extracted. However, in the above formula it did not work well. and, It settled down. (√24a+4i)^2+33 and (√6a+4i)^2+33 I half successful. √8, √12, √14, √18 did not succeed. Last, (√10a+4i)^2+35 (a are positive integer) I half successful. Only the real part of the complex number was extracted. However, a relatively large number of things that are not prime numbers are still included. The challenge to my prime production ceremony will continue.
Category: Number Theory

[909] viXra:1811.0116 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-22 21:36:55

Refutation of Riemann Hypothesis by Two Zeta Properties

Authors: Colin James III

Properties of the zeta function of the Riemann hypothesis are not confirmed as tautologous and hence refute it.
Category: Number Theory

[908] viXra:1811.0112 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-09 19:22:45

A New Proof of the Strong Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Es-said En-naoui

The Goldbach conjecture dates back to 1742 ; we refer the reader to [1]-[2] for a history of the conjecture. Christian Goldbach stated that every odd integer greater than seven can be written as the sum of at most three prime numbers. Leonhard Euler then made a stronger conjecture that every even integer greater than four can be written as the sum of two primes. Since then, no one has been able to prove the Strong Goldbach Conjecture.\\ The only best known result so far is that of Chen [3], proving that every sufficiently large even integer N can be written as the sum of a prime number and the product of at most two prime numbers. Additionally, the conjecture has been verified to be true for all even integers up to $4.10^{18}$ in 2014 , J\"erg [4] and Tom\'as [5]. In this paper, we prove that the conjecture is true for all even integers greater than 8.
Category: Number Theory

[907] viXra:1811.0080 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-14 10:19:18

(pk mk qk) or an Unexpected Inconsistency

Authors: Ralf Wüsthofen

This note proves the inconsistency of the Peano arithmetic (PA) by deriving both a strengthened form of the strong Goldbach conjecture and its negation.
Category: Number Theory

[906] viXra:1811.0080 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-06 08:29:08

(pk mk qk) or an Unexpected Inconsistency

Authors: Ralf Wüsthofen

This note proves the inconsistency of the Peano arithmetic (PA) by deriving both a strengthened form of the strong Goldbach conjecture and its negation.
Category: Number Theory

[905] viXra:1811.0080 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-25 10:22:01

(pk mk qk) or an Unexpected Inconsistency

Authors: Ralf Wüsthofen

This note proves the inconsistency of the Peano arithmetic (PA) by deriving both a strengthened form of the strong Goldbach conjecture and its negation.
Category: Number Theory

[904] viXra:1811.0080 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-20 20:12:08

(pk mk qk) or an Unexpected Inconsistency

Authors: Ralf Wüsthofen

This note proves the inconsistency of the Peano arithmetic (PA) by deriving both a strengthened form of the strong Goldbach conjecture and its negation.
Category: Number Theory

[903] viXra:1811.0080 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-09 18:46:57

(pk mk qk) or an Unexpected Inconsistency

Authors: Ralf Wüsthofen

This note proves the inconsistency of the Peano arithmetic (PA) by deriving both a strengthened form of the strong Goldbach conjecture and its negation.
Category: Number Theory

[902] viXra:1811.0072 [pdf] replaced on 2019-01-01 23:58:16

Theorem for W^n and Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Quang Nguyen Van

We give a expression of w^n and the possible to apply for solving Fermat's Last theorem.
Category: Number Theory

[901] viXra:1811.0032 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-04 14:37:02

An Optimization Approach to the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Hassine Saidane

Abstract. Optimization of relevant concepts such as action or utility functions enabled the derivation of theories and laws in some scientific fields such as physics and economics. This fact suggested that the problem of the location of the Riemann Zeta Function’s (RZF) nontrivial zeros can be addressed in a mathematical programming framework. Using a constrained nonlinear optimization formulation of the problem, we prove that RZF’s nontrivial zeros are located on the critical line, thereby confirming the Riemann Hypothesis. This result is a direct implication of the Kuhn-Tucker necessary optimality conditions for the formulated nonlinear program. Keywords: Riemann Zeta function, Riemann Hypothesis, Optimization, Kuhn-Tucker conditions.
Category: Number Theory

[900] viXra:1810.0497 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-20 01:44:54

Two Simples Proofs of Fermat 's Last Theorem and Beal Conjecture

Authors: M. Sghiar
Comments: Copyright © iosrjournals.org . Published In IOSR-JM Journal. 5 pages.

If after 374 years the famous theorem of Fermat-Wiles was demonstrated in 110 pages by A. Wiles [4], the puspose of this article is to give a simple demonstration and deduce a proof of the Beal conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

[899] viXra:1810.0497 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-01 07:30:51

Two Simples Proofs of Fermat 's Last Theorem and Beal Conjecture

Authors: M. Sghiar

If after 374 years the famous theorem of Fermat-Wiles was demonstrated in 150 pages by A. Wiles [2], the puspose of this article is to give a simple demonstration and deduce a proof of the Beal conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

[898] viXra:1810.0423 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-21 23:25:13

The Formula of Zeta Odd Number

Authors: Toshiro Takami

I calculated ζ (3),ζ(5). ζ (7),ζ(9)……… ζ (23). And the formula indicated. For example, in ζ (3) For example, in ζ (5) And ultimately the following formula is required n and m are positive integer.
Category: Number Theory

[897] viXra:1810.0335 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-29 10:43:21

Using Cantor's Diagonal Method to Show Zeta(2) is Irrational

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 10 Pages. Some reviewers pointed out an error. It's fixed. Clarifications.

We look at some of the details of Cantor's Diagonal Method and argue that the swap function given does not have to exclude 9 and 0, base 10. We also puzzle out why the convergence of the constructed number, its value, is of no concern. We next review general properties of decimals and prove the existence of an irrational number with a modified version of Cantor's diagonal method. Finally, we show, with yet another modification of the method, that Zeta(2) is irrational.
Category: Number Theory

[896] viXra:1810.0335 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-11 12:07:54

Using Cantor's Diagonal Method to Show Zeta(2) is Irrational

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 10 Pages. Yet more clarifications.

We look at some of the details of Cantor's Diagonal Method and argue that the swap function given does not have to exclude 9 and 0, base 10. We also puzzle out why the convergence of the constructed number, its value, is of no concern. We next review general properties of decimals and prove the existence of an irrational number with a modified version of Cantor's diagonal method. Finally, we show, with yet another modification of the method, that zeta(2) is irrational.
Category: Number Theory

[895] viXra:1810.0335 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-09 08:01:59

Using Cantor's Diagonal Method to Show Zeta(2) is Irrational

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 11 Pages. Exposition is clearer that previous drafts.

We look at some of the details of Cantor's Diagonal Method and argue that the swap function given does not have to exclude 9 and 0, base 10. We next review general properties of decimals and prove the existence of an irrational number with a modified version of Cantor's diagonal method. Finally, we show, with yet another modification of the argument, that zeta(2) is irrational.
Category: Number Theory

[894] viXra:1810.0335 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-01 08:29:23

Using Cantor's Diagonal Method \\to Show Zeta(2) is Irrational

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 8 Pages. More details and history.

We look at some of the details of Cantor's Diagonal Method and argue that the swap function given does not have to exclude 9 and 0, base 10. We next review general properties of decimals and prove the existence of an irrational number with a modified version of Cantor's diagonal method. Finally, we show, with yet another modification of the argument, that zeta(2) is irrational.
Category: Number Theory

[893] viXra:1810.0335 [pdf] replaced on 2018-10-28 12:02:04

Using Cantor's Diagonal Method to Show Zeta(2) is Irrational

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 7 Pages. Further arguments and examples given.

We look at some of the details of Cantor’s Diagonal Method and argue that the swap function given does not have to exclude 9 and 0, base 10. We then give a application of Cantor’s Diagonal Method that shows zeta(2) is irrational.
Category: Number Theory

[892] viXra:1810.0335 [pdf] replaced on 2018-10-23 12:29:15

Using Cantor's Diagonal Method to Show Zeta(2) is Irrational

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 5 Pages. Some tightening of the argument.

We look at some of the details of Cantor’s Diagonal Method and argue that the swap function given does not have to exclude 9 and 0, base 10. We then give a application of Cantor’s Diagonal Method that shows zeta(2) is irrational.
Category: Number Theory

[891] viXra:1810.0282 [pdf] replaced on 2018-11-06 12:17:49

Search for New Numbers.

Authors: Vyacheslav Telnin
Comments: 122 Pages. Format A5. Content is at the end of the paper.

In this paper, we analyze the construction of numbers from natural to complex. A close relationship between these numbers and three direct operations ([1] – addition, [2] – multiplication, [3] – exponentiation) is revealed. A method of constructing new direct operations is found. Two new direct operations ([4] and [0]) are constructed. Two inverse operations are constructed for each of them. If equations that are unsolvable in complex numbers are found for them, new numbers can be constructed on the basis of these unsolvabilities. So far in this way in this work the question numbers are constructed (?- numbers) for [3] direct operation. Along the way, numbers-strings and N-numbers are described. The topology of the numerical line is traced on the basis of N-numbers. In this paper we find the relation of N-numbers and ?-numbers'.
Category: Number Theory

[890] viXra:1810.0282 [pdf] replaced on 2018-10-26 02:06:30

The Search of New Numbers.

Authors: Vyacheslav Telnin
Comments: 120 Pages. Content is at the end of the paper. Format A5

In this paper, we analyze the construction of numbers from natural to complex. A close relationship between these numbers and three direct operations ([1] – addition, [2] – multiplication, [3] – exponentiation) is revealed. A method of constructing new direct operations is found. Two new direct operations ([4] and [0]) are constructed. Two inverse operations are constructed for each of them. If equations that are unsolvable in complex numbers are found for them, new numbers can be constructed on the basis of these unsolvabilities. So far in this way in this work the question numbers are constructed (?- numbers) for [3] direct operation. Along the way, numbers-strings and N-numbers are described. The topology of the numerical line is traced on the basis of N-numbers. In this paper we find the relation of N-numbers and ?-numbers'.
Category: Number Theory

[889] viXra:1810.0223 [pdf] replaced on 2018-10-23 16:14:29

On the Convergence Speed of Tetration

Authors: Marco Ripà