Physics of Biology

Photophosphorylation Generates Atp Committed by Evolution to a Central Role in Energy Transduction to Operate Open Systems

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 20 Pages. 9 figures, 4 tables

Pioneering research in the structure and function of enzyme membrane systems, which are coupled to energy sources, could bypass the microscopic reversibility principle, and allow the emergence-development of a mechanism for vectorial kinetics. The research on the mechanism of coupled systems involved the isolation and reconstitution of the purified CF1-ATPase with the residual membrane. Photophosphorylation involves coupling with photosystem I and II, which by uncoupling show a light-dependent and light-triggered ATPases. The isolated and then purified enzyme was also investigated as a dark functional enzyme by activation through to trypsin or heat treatment. In addition, were investigated the requirements of model mechanism, which requires microscopic physics or/and quantum mechanics level to demonstrate an energy transduction participation. This approach involved the links to the excitation states and mechanisms of photosystem I and II discovered by many other investigators. The interpretation of models using the mechanism of H-bond breakdown in the configuring of the mass-action potential by the high molarity of the water cluster allowed a far away displacement of equilibrium to the parameter ensuring irreversibility of the system. H-bond lacking molecules of water were proposed to act as dissipative carriers of entropy. Homeostatic temperature mechanisms were developing for brains. Independently of different proposals it is emphasized that fit requirements to operate life as an open system. The proposal to implicate in an overall general role of the state transition of water rather than described specifically every reaction lead to evaluate the dissipative potential of water cluster (H2O)n to interact with the hydrophilic vs hydrophobic asymmetries, which restrict randomness of in the singleness of kinetic sense. Thus, interpret its action as if it constitutes a single peak, consolidating its operative role as is activation energy (Ea). The hydration shells could in sequence act as a diffuse enhancer of specific contribution to obtain Ea of the totality of the system even as an input into several peaks that sequentially activate transition states. Hence, changes in dipole state, sliding, pKa, n-H-bonds, etc., could become concatenated for vectoriality. (H2O)n by the loss of H-bonds coupled with the hydration turnover of proteins and ions to result in incomplete water cluster (H2O)n*, with a lower-n. (H2O)n* became a carrier of heat/entropy. The beta-scintillator batteries using Sr-89 and Sr-90 allow night agriculture and contribute to the Mars colonization projects.
Category: Physics of Biology