Thermodynamics and Energy

An Exception to the Carnot Theorem: the Temperatures of Two Black Bodies at Equilibrium Differ Due to the Influence of a Pair of Rapidly Rotating Polarizers

Authors: Kuo Tso Chen
Comments: 7 Pages. 1 figure

This paper tackles a physics problem persisting for over 150 years—the unsolved issue tied to 'Maxwell's demon' since 1871. It offers a potential solution to the longstanding problem of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics states that the conversion rate of thermal energy into other forms of directional energy, such as kinetic, potential, or electrical energy, is constrained by the temperature difference divided by the absolute temperature. Essentially, without a temperature difference, thermal energy cannot be converted into other forms of directional energy. In this paper, we identify and theoretically demonstrate a scenario that surpasses this limitation. Specifically, we show that under certain conditions, thermal energy can be continuously converted into electrical energy. The proposed method involves placing a pair of uniformly rotating polarizers between two black bodies. When radiation from the black bodies perpendicularly strikes the polarizers, the conservation of angular momentum ensures that, in the absence of friction, the rotation speed of the polarizers does not decrease. With an appropriate configuration, this setup can cause asymmetric radiation exchange between the black bodies, thereby generating a temperature difference automatically. This temperature difference can then be harnessed to convert thermal energy into electrical energy. Thus, it is possible to naturally generate a temperature difference from an initial state of thermal equilibrium and convert it into electrical energy without any loss of angular momentum or energy, thereby transcending the limitations of the second law of thermodynamics. This breakthrough suggests the potential for a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy source.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy