Thermodynamics and Energy

Maxwell’s Demon and Psychoanalytic Theory

Authors: Theodoros Aliferis
Comments: 27 Pages.

The aim of this theoretical, interdisciplinary article is to extend the work initiated in the article, "The Einstein Model of a Solid as a Model of the Mental Apparatus from the Economic Perspective of Psychoanalytic Theory.", by T. Aliferis (2023). In this article I referred to equilibrium fluctuations of the physical system Einstein Solid (ES). Here, I describe the progression of the ES contra the Law of Approach to Equilibrium and the Second Law of thermodynamics based on the concept of Maxwell’s Demon. I juxtapose with the deviation from equilibrium according to psychoanalysis. If this depiction is accomplished, the only case which may, or may not, be left open for further investigation involves the progression of the ES towards equilibrium starting from a non-equilibrium state. Upon success, we would have established a complete correspondence between the physical model and the mental apparatus psychoanalytically. This article is technical, and the psychoanalytic part is interwoven with the physical. One of the key findings is that the ego will be considered as correlated with the environment in accordance with the requirement dictated by the Reality Principle.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Study on Combustion Properties of Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel-Ethanol Blend Using Two Phase Combustion Model of GT-Suite

Authors: Ryong Song Han, Nam Su Kim, Yong Jae Min, Hui song So, Chol Jin Kim
Comments: 12 Pages.

Worldwide, there is a growing interest in the use of diesel-ethanol blends in compression ignition engines as a way to reduce vehicle emissions and use alternative fuels. The previous studies with the focus on the reduction of emission and the improvement of performance for compression ignition engine using ethanol shows that the combustion characteristics should not be missed. In this paper, the effect of ethanol content on combustion properties of diesel engine fueled with diesel-ethanol blends using two phase combustion model (combustion model of premixed -diffusion combustion) of the virtual engine simulation tool GT-SUITE was investigated. For the purpose of the study, the engine simulation tool was used to compare the Computed data with the benchmark data for the variation of ethanol content (0-40%) and to analyze the characteristics of auto-ignition, premixed combustion and diffusion combustion. The simulation results of combustion characteristics using diesel-ethanol blend showed that the auto-ignition delay increased and the premixed combustion ratio increased. The results of the study showed that the combustion model of premixed combustion -diffusion combustion can be used to perform combustion characteristics and performance analysis in a compression ignition engine using ethanol-diesel blend and to estimate the ethanol content to achieve the desired working performances.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Control Method of the System Subject to Constraint on Power Spectral Density of Control Input

Authors: Ri Kyong Hyok, Kim Kwang Sok, Kim Ryong Pom
Comments: 25 Pages.

In this paper, we present a control method for the control plant subject to the constraint on the power spectral density of the control input. The constraint condition on the power spectral density is defined using the periodogram. This constraint is represented as a quadratic inequality on the combination of the control inputs of the adjacent several time steps. To constrain the power spectral density of the control input, the finite impulse response filter is connected to the input channel of control plant and the constrained model predictive controller is used. The filter is designed so that when it receives the amplitude-constrained signal its output signal satisfies the constraint on the power spectral density. The model predictive controller with the amplitude-constrained output controls the augmented plant which consists of the control plant and the filter. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Extraction of a Vacuum Energy Conforming to Emmy Norther's Theorem?

Authors: Sangouard Patrick
Comments: 27 Pages.

This theoretical work corresponds to the hope of extracting, without contradicting EMMY NOETHER's theorem, an energy present throughout the universe: that of the spatial quantum vacuum. This article shows that it should be theoretically possible to maintain a continuous periodic vibration of a piezoelectric structure. The energy required for these continual vibrations comes permanently from the energy of the quantum vacuum. Electric charges of opposite signs are attracted from the mass by the internal electric field of a piezoelectric bridge deformed by an attractive Casimir force. These mobile electric charges present on the two faces of the piezoelectric bridge are blocked by a MOS switch n°1 in series. When it switches, it homogenizes the charges of one of the two faces of the bridge with a Coulomb electrode located in series. This homogenization then creates a current peak as well as an ephemeral Coulomb force, opposite so repulsive and of intensity at least equal to that of Casimir's one . The duration of this Coulomb force depends on the switching of another MOS switch °2 . New electronics, without power supply, transforms these alternating current peaks into a usable direct voltage. To manufacture these different structures, we present an original micro-technology to produce these electronics, and to technologically control the very weak interfaces between the Casimir electrodes and the return electrodes.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Using Paired Shutters to Create Irreversible Light Path for Converting Disordered Thermal Energy Into Ordered Energy Such as Electrical Energy

Authors: Kuo Tso Chen
Comments: 17 Pages.

Based on previous research on generating electricity through the irreversible phenomena of light caused by paired rotating gratings, we propose an alternative method due to the excessively high rotational speeds required by the gratings. This new approach involves using paired shutters to create irreversible light phenomena, achieving the same goal of converting disordered thermal energy into ordered electrical energy, and making the method feasible with current technological capabilities. The method employs two black bodies equipped with shutters. In the light path of one side, the shutter opening and closing timings differ by the time it takes for light to travel between the two shutters, allowing light to pass through in one direction. Conversely, in the opposite light path, the shutter timings are such that when the shutter at the source end is open, the light reaching the other end finds the shutter closed, preventing the light from passing through. This creates an irreversible path for the light. In our paper, we explored various structural designs and theoretically demonstrated that this approach is achievable with existing technology. Moreover, since the direction of light travel is perpendicular to the physical movement of the shutters, the system can operate without kinetic energy loss due to light pressure, allowing for frictionless and sustainable operation. Thus, this method has the potential to become an environmentally friendly energy source.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

An Exception to the Carnot Theorem: the Temperatures of Two Black Bodies at Equilibrium Differ Due to the Influence of a Pair of Rapidly Rotating Polarizers

Authors: Kuo Tso Chen
Comments: 7 Pages. 1 figure

This paper tackles a physics problem persisting for over 150 years—the unsolved issue tied to 'Maxwell's demon' since 1871. It offers a potential solution to the longstanding problem of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics states that the conversion rate of thermal energy into other forms of directional energy, such as kinetic, potential, or electrical energy, is constrained by the temperature difference divided by the absolute temperature. Essentially, without a temperature difference, thermal energy cannot be converted into other forms of directional energy. In this paper, we identify and theoretically demonstrate a scenario that surpasses this limitation. Specifically, we show that under certain conditions, thermal energy can be continuously converted into electrical energy. The proposed method involves placing a pair of uniformly rotating polarizers between two black bodies. When radiation from the black bodies perpendicularly strikes the polarizers, the conservation of angular momentum ensures that, in the absence of friction, the rotation speed of the polarizers does not decrease. With an appropriate configuration, this setup can cause asymmetric radiation exchange between the black bodies, thereby generating a temperature difference automatically. This temperature difference can then be harnessed to convert thermal energy into electrical energy. Thus, it is possible to naturally generate a temperature difference from an initial state of thermal equilibrium and convert it into electrical energy without any loss of angular momentum or energy, thereby transcending the limitations of the second law of thermodynamics. This breakthrough suggests the potential for a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy source.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Exploring Small-Scale LNG Opportunities in Nigeria: Meeting Local Energy Needs

Authors: Ikechukwu Stephen Nwamordi
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in pdf only)

Nigeria stands at a crossroads in its energy landscape, grappling with the twin challenges of energy access and sustainability. Despite its status as one of Africa's largest oil and gas producers, millions of Nigerians still lack reliable access to electricity, particularly in rural and remote areas. The traditional grid infrastructure, plagued by inefficiencies and limitations, often fails to reach not only these underserved communities, but the so-called urban areas experience interrupted power supply, hampering socio-economic development and constraining opportunities for progress.In this context, small-scale liquefied natural gas (LNG) emerges as a beacon of hope, offering a transformative solution to Nigeria's energy woes. This article delves into the promising realm of small-scale LNG projects and their potential to revolutionize Nigeria's energy landscape while meeting local energy needs and driving economic development. The allure of small-scale LNG lies in its ability to decentralize energy production and distribution, bringing power generation closer to communities currently underserved by the centralized grid. By establishing compact LNG facilities in strategic locations across the country, energy can be generated locally and efficiently distributed to areas where traditional infrastructure falls short. This proximity not only reduces transmission losses and costs but also enhances energy reliability and affordability for residents and businesses alike. Moreover, small-scale LNG projects offer a versatile solution that can be tailored to the specific energy needs of diverse communities. From powering residential electrification initiatives to supporting small-scale industries and commercial ventures, LNG-powered mini-grids and standalone systems provide a customizable approach to energy provision. These systems can seamlessly integrate with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, offering a reliable and environmentally sustainable energy solution for both off-grid and urban communities requiring alternative sources of energy supply.Beyond addressing energy access challenges, small-scale LNG projects hold the key to unlocking economic opportunities and empowering communities to thrive. By leveraging local resources, expertise, and talent, these projects stimulate economic growth, create employment opportunities, and foster skills development at both the local and national levels. Moreover, they contribute to Nigeria's broader goals of economic development, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability, driving progress towards a brighter and more prosperous future for all.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Unlocking Decarbonization: Mini and Micro LNG Solutions Revolutionizing the Energy Industry

Authors: Ikechukwu Stephen Nwamordi
Comments: 11 Pages. (Converted to pdf by viXra admin - Please only submist article in pdf format)

The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation driven by the urgent need to decarbonize the energy industry and mitigate climate change. In this context, the emergence of Mini and Micro LNG solutions represents a paradigm shift, offering innovative approaches to liquefied natural gas (LNG) production and distribution. These compact LNG solutions, characterized by modular, decentralized infrastructure, cater to regional markets and niche applications, presenting scalable alternatives to traditional large-scale LNG facilities. This article explores the significance, potential, challenges, and best practices associated with Mini and Micro LNG solutions in decarbonizing the energy industry and advancing sustainable development goals. Mini LNG facilities, typically ranging from 0.1 to 1 million tons per annum (MTPA), and Micro LNG installations, serving even smaller scales, offer flexibility, scalability, and rapid deployment advantages. By displacing carbon-intensive fuels such as coal and oil, LNG contributes to substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter. Additionally, the use of LNG as a transitional fuel facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources, enhancing grid stability and reliability. Moreover, Mini and Micro LNG solutions stimulate economic growth, improve living standards, and enhance energy security, particularly in remote or off-grid communities. These solutions find diverse applications across various sectors, including power generation, industrial processes, transportation, and marine bunkering, thereby diversifying the energy mix and reducing dependency on fossil fuels.However, the widespread adoption of Mini and Micro LNG solutions faces challenges related to economic viability, logistical complexities, safety considerations, regulatory compliance, and market uncertainties. By examining successful case studies and identifying best practices, stakeholders can gain valuable insights into overcoming these challenges and maximizing the benefits of Mini and Micro LNG projects. Overall, Mini and Micro LNG solutions offer a transformative pathway towards a cleaner, more sustainable energy future. By fostering innovation, collaboration, and strategic investment, stakeholders can harness the power of LNG to accelerate the global transition towards a low-carbon economy, while promoting economic development and energy security worldwide.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

What is Entropy Founded On?

Authors: Mohsen Farshad
Comments: 3 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

These days people talk about entropy everywhere, ranging from scientific and philosophical communities to random conversations between friends. Sometimes all you hear in justification of an event or phenomenon revolves overwhelmingly around entropy. But where is this entropy coming from, what is it founded on? Entropy simply emerges from the collision of underlying degrees of freedom that is founded on the basic laws of physics.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Microscopic Heat and First Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Juan R. Gonzalez Alvarez
Comments: 31 Pages.

Heat is defined in classical thermodynamics as an energy transfer mechanism, but its fundamental nature is not yet fully understood. After reviewing previous macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic approaches to heat, we propose a fundamental definition of heat in terms of a fully detailed microscopic description and apply this definition to a one-component gas with constant composition for comparison with the usual macroscopic formulae. Using the new definition, we debunk common claims in the literature that associate heat with our ignorance of the microscopic details of a thermodynamic system.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Mathematics of New Constants in L=mc²

Authors: Emil Junvik
Comments: 3 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm -Please conform!)

This article explores a novel conceptual interpretation of Albert Einstein's famous equation, L=mc², by introducing a series of new constants, denoted as kn. By reworking Einstein’s original formulation involving luminosity L and its relation to mass and energy, a previously overlooked constant relationship emerges. The primary focus is on redefining and simplifying the understanding of thermal radiation processes.I introduce the constant k1 as a relationship between heat flow (T4) and mass (m), offering insights into the interplay between mass and temperature on a quadratic scale. Further, the relationship between the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, σ, and these new constants is investigated, leading to an alternative formulation of this constant that simplifies its thermodynamic definition.By introducing k2 I offer alternative expressions for heat radiation and mass loss, as well as a novel definition of temperature that directly links mass, the speed of light (c), and temperature. This application challenges the traditional understanding and provides new insights into the interplay of these fundamental physical quantities. My analysis shows that this new approach not only simplifies the understanding of existing constant relationships but also offers a more direct link to thermodynamic principles. This research opens avenues for a deeper understanding of energy, mass, and temperature in the realm of physics.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Magic Flying-V Wing Angle Proposed

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 3 Pages.

We found a new magic angle by analyzing relations between paired entities. This angle is around α_1=50.95°. It is proposed to apply this magic angle, which connects life, physics and cosmos, as the V-shaped blended wing opening by the construction of a Flying-V aircraft. At time the wing opening angle is only marginally larger around 52.6°. For comparison, the base angle of the Great Pyramid is α=51.823°.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

About CMBR

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 46 Pages.

Because the CMBR follows the PLANCK's radiation law more or less exactly, it should, because of the indistinguishability of individual photons, apply to a whatever black emitter. Therefrom arises the guess, that the existence of an upper cut-off frequency of the vacuum could be the cause for the decrease in the upper frequency range. Since the lower-frequent share of the curve correlates with the frequency response of an oscillating circuit with the Q-factor ½, it is examined, whether it succeeds to approximate the Planck curve by multi-plication of the initial curve with the dynamic, time-dependent frequency response of the above mentioned model. Reason of the time-dependence is the expansion of the universe. This work is based on a model published in [7]. It is shown, that the PLANCK graph can be approximated by application of the cumulative frequency response given by the model, upon the spectrum of an oscillatory circuit with the Q-factor ½. Furthermore the progression of frequency, energy and entropy is analyzed. The results point out, that origin and progression of the CMBR have elapsed in a totally different manner than generally assumed. Because photons behaved like neutrinos immediately after BB they did not interact with other matter then. Thus, we can exactly calculate back to 8.42×10u207bu2076u2077s instead of 379,000 years after BB.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Gravitational or Centrifugal Forces Produce Different Potential Changes in Different Metals

Authors: Kuo Tso Chen
Comments: 19 pages, in English

In the quest to find various energy solutions, concentration difference batteries have been widely studied, but concentration differences and potential differences caused by gravity have rarely been studied. The initial purpose of this research is to investigate whether centrifugal force or gravity can be used to generate potential differences to create new and useful energy devices. The Nernst equation infers that changes in chemical potential in different gases vary with changing height. Additionally, different metal solids can exhibit different chemical potential changes under Earth’s gravity. The resistance of metal is very low, and because the energy output is inversely proportional to the resistance, voltage differences in metals could be significant, which may provide a large energy output. Therefore, an experiment was designed using aluminum and lead connected in series with a cumulative height difference of 176 m, and the potential difference caused by gravity was measured. It is conjectured that the vibrational energy from hot electrons can be converted into electrical energy at a constant temperature, surpassing the limitations of Carnot’s theorem. Thus, if an experiment works in a gravity field, then it should also work in a centrifugal force field. In a centrifugal force field, when the rotation speed is doubled, the output energy is increased by 16 times. Therefore, if centrifugal forces can be used to convert thermal energy into electrical energy in an economically efficient way, it may be a new energy conversion method that is suitable for different occasions, which may address energy dilemmas.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Information and Entropy Another Proof of the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Authors: Friedrich Sösemann
Comments: 16 Pages. In English and German

Order, structure, informative states, changes more frequently to disorder, less informative states than vice versa, because information and probability are inverse. However, this does not apply objectively or in general, but is caused by subjective weighting and lack of environment informationAll this is demonstrated by the attempt to prove the second law of thermodynamics based on probability and information theory.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Seebeck Effect Shows Photon Energy Current Within Current-carrying Conductors.

Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 7 Pages.

If a piece of conducting material has a temperature difference between its two ends, an electromotive force is observed between the ends with the hotter end being positive and the other negative. This is the Seebeck effect. The emf is dependent only on the temperature difference and the type of conductor material. Current physics only mentions the emf of the Seebeck effect, but has ignored another significant fact about the Seebeck effect. Besides the observed emf, the Seebeck effect causes a radiation energy current flow within the conductor from the hotter end towards the cooler end. The operation of a thermocouple electric cell relies on the Seebeck effect. An analysis the operation of such a cell shows that energy transmission by current-carrying conductors has nothing to do with the magnetic fields surrounding the conductor; the actual physical mechanism of energytransmission is by photon energy current within the body of the conductor.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

An Analysis of the Essence of the Bernoulli Effect in Perspective of Thermodynamics

Authors: Demin Liu
Comments: 4 Pages. (Author name corrected by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Boltzmann gave us the answer to temperature and Bernoulli summarized the laws of motion of fluids. So is there a connection between temperature and the motion of fluids? The answer is yes. Fluids that move in different ways exhibit different temperatures.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Discovery of a New Photoelectric Medium Based on Experiments

Authors: Demin Liu
Comments: 8 Pages.

The fiber optic gyroscopes is based on the Sagnac Effect, and the two lights propagating in different directions produce a phase difference when the fiber loop rotates. However, when the gyroscope is stationary, that is, the medium is stationary, the applied radial and axial magnetic field gyroscope will also produce a phase difference, and the phase difference is directly proportional to the magnetic field strength. At present, only the magneto-optic effects on the gyroscope are the Faraday Effect and the Cotton-Mouton Effect. In order to verify whether the axial magnetic field is the role of the above two magneto-optic effects, the fiber optic gyroscope is specially modified to let the two beams of light in the optical fiber propagate in the same direction, and then add the radial and axial magnetic fields to the fiber loop, that is, two experiments, B-1 and B-2. Through experiments, we first excluded the possibility of the Cotton-Mouton Effect. Two experiments, radial magnetic field A-1 and axial magnetic field A-2, were then performed in normal mode. Calculate acording totheory, the Faraday Effect of the A-1 experiment is at least 367 times higher than that of theA-2 experiment, but the experimental results are only 1.56-fold. Therefore, this abnormalexperimental phenomenon is a major discovery. The phase difference produced by the axialmagnetic field will not be caused by the Faraday Effect, and the existing theory cannot give areasonable explanation to the abnormal experimental phenomenon, which also means thatthere must be an unknown photoelectric medium.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Planetary Thermodynamics

Authors: Emil Junvik
Comments: 6 Pages.

This is a new energy balance model for Earth, Venus and Mars, based on an equation from Planck´s book "the theory of heat radiation". The model leads to correlations between gravity and heat flow, which is supported by the discovery of a new constant for the relationship between T^4 and mass, c^2/σ=1.58510614^24 K^4*kg^-1. This constant seems to have been overlooked, but is an obvious result from Einsteins E=mc^2, where E=σT^4.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Energy Generation from Molecular Kinesis for Breaking The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Hewa Ahmed Mustafa
Comments: 7 Pages.

A novel research paper published by a team from Arkansas University, which was about new emerging technology that extract energy from ambient temperature from graphene ripples. This type of energy extraction is entirely different from all previously available methods, it is only depending on ambient temperature as energy source which is a limitless clean and green source of energy, hence it can be called Super Sustainable Energy. Furthermore, it will break the second law of thermodynamics. This article presents six other new theoretical methods for extracting energy from Molecular Kinesis or Brownian Motion in addition to the above-mentioned method. Among these methods, four of them are mentioned here for the first time. It should be reminded that, Thought Experiments are different from theoretical methods, the latter is more likely to be experimentally proven. Two famous thought experiments also described this article. Keywords: Graphene, Nanogenerators, Breaking the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Water Evaporative Energy, Molecular Kinetic Energy
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Concept for Solid-State Mechanism Supporting Thermal Regulation of High-Temperature Ionized (+) Plasmas

Authors: Simon Edwards
Comments: 2 Pages.

A solid-state mechanism consisting of a structured, negatively ionized crystal configured so that Coulomb Force Lines would extend at acute, near-parallel angles relative to the skin of the plasma envelope (pointing in the direction of plasma convection) should have the effect of, on the average, decreasing the temperature of protons in a hydrogen plasma given that the direction of convection can be controlled.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On the Coupling Constant 3/2 of Traditional Kinetic Theory of Gases Pv=e=3/2k_bt

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 3 Pages.

The traditional kinetic theory of gases, which states that PV=E=3/2k_BT, should be corrected to PV=E=k_BT, as the process that leads to the coupling constants of 3 and 1/2 has changed and is no longer necessary.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

New Approaches to the Generation of Induced Current

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 8 Pages.

Electromagnetic induction is that an induced current and an induced electromotive force will be generated in the closed circuit coil when a part of the coil cuts the magnetic field line. Magnets are essential in during the process. In this paper, we found that the induced current and induced electromotive force can be still generated in the closed circuit coil without external magnets. In addition, when light, heat and wind energy are applied, the induced current and induced electromotive force generated in the coil will increase. This research result further proves the Collision Electro—Magnetic Theory (CEMT) that we put forward earlier. Air movement will be accelerated by light, heating or wind blowing, and the increase of collision strength and collision frequency will lead to the increase of an electromagnetic field strength, thereby resulting in the increasing of the induced current and induced electromotive force. This is a completely innovative approach to energy harvesting, which opens up new possibilities for non-electromagnetic induction. Just like the invention of electromagnetic induction by Faraday in 1831, the induced current is in the microampere level. But it is a milestone progression.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

General Association Problem in One-component Systems

Authors: Yu E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 6 Pages. Keywords: association, solutions, associates, monomers, Gibbs energy

The general problem of homoassociation is solved. The resulting system of equations allows us to calculate the content of each associate in the solution by the value of the difference in Gibbs energies of the formation of this associate and monomer. It is also possible to calculate the Gibbs energies of the formation of all associates and monomer from the known shares of the association.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Electra-Electric Induction Induction Current Generated by Cutting the Electric Field Line

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 11 Pages.

It is well known that cutting magnetic field lines leads to the generation of an induced current and induced electromotive force in a closed circuit coil, called as electromagnetic induction. In this paper, we found that rotating a closed circuit coil in a changing electric or electrostatic field could also generate an induced current and induced electromotive force in the coil without any external magnets..Here we call it Electra-electric induction (EEI). This is a completely new discovery, and will be of great significance both in theory and in applications. We deduced that both Maxwell’s displacement current and the Electra-electric induced current we found are generated by the changing electric field. They are two forms of changing electric field. One exists in space. The other exists and flows in the conductor. Maxwell’s displacement current is collected by a coil and flows in a conductor, that is induced current. In addition, one can expect that the extremely strong electrostatic field near the high-voltage wire, as well as the strong electromagnetic field generated by the radiation of nuclear reactor or nuclear waste dumping, can be collected by the rotated coil driven by the windmill which results in a continuous induced current flow generated. This work not only provides new thinking on the physical meaning of the last two terms of Maxwell’s equations, but also opens up new possibilities for non-electromagnetic induction and provides a new idea for the generation and transmission mode of power energy. Just like the invention of electromagnetic induction by Faraday in 1831, it is a milestone progression.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

New Method of Calculation of Physicochemical Parameters of Organic Compounds

Authors: Yu E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 59 Pages.

A new elemental linear empirical method (ELEM) is proposed for calculating the values of the physicochemical characteristics of compounds with the composition and structure of their molecules. In the atom, the calculated values of empirical parameters, temporal parameters that make up the molecule of compounds are used.The principle of "linearity of non-linear effects", the definition of non-linear dependencies "structure-property" and "property-property" of food infections are substantiated. A fundamentally new approach to the physical and chemical parameters of compounds established between compounds has been developed, which can be expressed by the scheme: "PROPERTIES - MOLECULAR STRUCTURE - PROPERTIES".
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On Treatment of Conductometric Data

Authors: Yu E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 18 Pages.

A procedure for treatment of phoregrams, based on published experimental data, is developed. The resulting ionization constants and limiting molar conductivities of aqueous solutions of organic acids differ from published values.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Find[ing] a Maxwell's Demon that Does not Consume Energy

Authors: JiaRun Deng
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we did not propose any new hypothesis, but simply derived from classical electromagnetism theory that the second law of thermodynamics can be violated.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics Are Logically Equivalent

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 7 Pages.

In the September 2022 issue of The Physics Teacher (TPT), Richard Kaufman and Harvey Leff showed the interdependence of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Here, we go further and use the facts that the first law implies the second law, and that the second law implies the first law. This two-way implication establishes the logical equivalence of the first and second laws. Although the laws are logically equivalent (when one is true, then the other must be true), this does not mean that they are the same. The equivalence provides for a deeper and richer understanding of the laws of thermodynamics, as discussed in a section on pedagogy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On the Mass-Energy Formula E=mc^2, the Measurement of Kinetic Energy and Temperature

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 3 Pages.

Kinetic energy $E_k=frac{1}{2}mv^2$, energy acting on pressure and energy $E=mc^2$ of the mass-energy equivalence principle are both correlated to $E_k=mc^2times(1-sqrt{1-v^2/c^2})$.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Generating Electricity ad Infinitum for Electric Vehicles Using a Scalable Canisters Economy

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 2 Pages.

Idea for generating electricity ad infinitum for electric vehicles using a scalable canisters economy using powdered Sodium or Lithium in a hermetically sealed stainless steel reaction chamber, water mist and a hydrogen outlet to be used in a fuel cell.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Universe’s Capability to Generate Work, and the Ironic use of Inexhaustible Energy Transfer from Ideal Temperature Reservoirs to Develop the Principle of Entropy Increase

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider entropy based on its original conceptualization for heat engines. With this historical perspective, we devise a statement of entropy that could be inferred by mechanical engineering students: Entropy generation reduces the universe’s capability for performing work. There is an irony that Clausius developed the Principle of Entropy Increase, which points to a limited capability of the universe to produce work, from a cycle that utilized temperature reservoirs with a seemingly inexhaustible supply of energy capable of producing work. For a universe with an infinite amount of energy that would exist with idealized temperature reservoirs, then the Principle of Entropy Increase is false, because the universe cannot lose any capability for performing work.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Extended Experiment on Potable Water Irradiated With Low-intensity Laser Pen and Solfeggio Scale Frequencies

Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 7 Pages. This article has not been submitted to any journal. Comments and suggestions are welcome

In previous article, we reported initial findings based on small experiment on potential use of salt-water as cheap source of renewable battery with various kind of metals as anode and cathode. The purpose of those experiments is to find out which combination of anode and cathode is capable to generate the best performance in terms of electric voltage. Following those previous reports, this writer also conducted several tests to see effect of low-intensity laser irradiation on potable water. While the first series of our experiment clearly indicated possible laser cooling effect of low intensity laser irradiation of potable water and salt water, the following extended experiment on low intensity laser irradiation shows a rather mixed result. In a series of initial experiment, laser irradiation with laser pen gave lower electric potential (down to several minus milli Volt to the Voltmeter reading), but later on after more than 180 sec of irradiation, it shows increased positive milli Volt of electric potential of the system. In this experiment, we found that combination of low-intensity laser irradiation and Solfeggio scale frequencies applied to potable water shows dim result.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Frugal Experiment on Potential Cooling Effect of Potable Water Irradiated with Laser Pen

Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 7 Pages. This article has not been submitted to any journal. Comments and suggestions are welcome

In previous article, we reported initial findings based on small experiment on potential use of salt-water as cheap source of renewable battery with various kind of metals as anode and cathode. The purpose of these experiments is to find out which combination of anode and cathode is capable to generate the best performance in terms of electric voltage. Following that previous reports, we tried to conduct further simple experiments on possible effect of low intensity laser irradiation on potable water’s electrical features. Nonetheless, this report is slightly disappointing, because as an effect, there is no increase of water electrical feature, instead it may support initial reports by others such as Cohen Tannoudji, Alain Aspect et al, on laser cooling effect to molecules [3][4].
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Shock Initiation of Explosives Through Shock Wave-Induced Electrical Breakdown

Authors: Yuanjie Huang, Zhiqiang Chen
Comments: 34 Pages.

Shock initiation of high explosive (HE) is very important for both the civilian and defense communities, and the hotspot mechanism has been widely recognized as the dominant regime. However, how the hotspots can generate conspicuous reaction of the surrounding bulk HE has still been a challenging topic in recent decades. In this work, using the physics of shock polarization and Yuheng Zhang equation, the shock wave-induced electrical breakdown (SWIEB) mechanism and the related chemical reaction rate equation was proposed for shock initiation of HE. It was found that the SWIEB mechanism agreed with most experimental observations on the shock initiation phenomena. As indicated by the performed experiments on the electrical breakdown of ammonia borne (NH3BH3) in this work, the electrical breakdown cannot only remarkably accelerate the reaction rate even at room temperature but also result in a reaction route different from the thermal reaction route, thereby yielding distinct reaction products. The experimental results suggested that the SWIEB may be an important and rational mechanism for the reaction of bulk HE around the hotspots. Overall, the proposed SWIEB may pave a new and reasonable way of understanding the physics of shock initiation and may help people design much safer HE in both the civilian and defense fields.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Equivalence of Information Flow and Time

Authors: Friedhelm M. Jöge
Comments: 2 Pages.

A formula is developed that describes a quadratic relationship between Information and time and at the same time the equivalence of Information flow and Time.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Heat Energy Transfer to Space via Graphene: Heat Transfer Analysis

Authors: Deepanker Shukla
Comments: 9 Pages.

The idea of transferring heat via graphene is analysed with respect to altitude in COMSOLMultiphysics and results have been documented in this paper.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Equivalence of Energy and Time

Authors: Friedhelm Jöge
Comments: 2 Pages.

A formula is developed that shows the equivalence of Energy and Time.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

New Insights into Maxwell's Equations Based on New Experimental Discoveries

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 29 Pages.

No scientific theory is absolutely correct and unchangeable. Any scientific theory is the product of human's periodic cognition, which will continue to be improved with the development of new discoveries and scientific technology. It has been found that the electric field can be generated by the friction, and the changing electric field can be generated by constant friction. After the friction stops, the electric field called electrostatic field will exist for a period of time or even longer. Accordingly, a series of experiments were designed. The 1-watt bulb can be lighted by collecting the changing electric field energy when a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) board was rubbed with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film by hand. When a closed coil was placed in the generated changing electric field, an induced current and an induced electromotive force were generated in the coil, and the scissors in the coil can be magnetized. The 1-watt bulb can be lighted by the generated changing electric field, when one end of the plastic rod was rubbed by fur. Besides, the magnetic phenomenon was produced in the closed coil connected to the plastic rod. In addition, we found that shaking the plastic rod with an electrostatic field generated by the friction can also generate a changing electric field, which not only wirelessly lighted the 28-watt fluorescent tube lamp, but also produced an induced current and an induced electromotive force in the closed coil nearby the lamp. Based on the above experiments, we have the following speculation. Just as the unified theory of electromagnetism, the changing electric field produces a magnetic field, and the varying magnetic field produces an electric field. In fact, the electric field is a magnetic field and the magnetic field is an electric field, so they can be regarded as energy fields in essence. The coil and conductor can be regarded as the energy collector that can collect energy from the energy field, as long as there is a relatively constantly changing energy field in the collector. The conduction current is transmitted in the collector, while part of the energy field that is not collected in free space, which corresponds to the displacement current in the fourth equation of Maxwell's equations. The essence of Maxwell's equations and related laws are two different phenomena resulting from energy field in the closed-loop self-circulating state or open-loop acyclic state (truncated to < 400 words by viXra Admin).
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Distribution of Photons Under the Control of the Classical Equipartition and Boltzmann Distribution Laws - Resolution of the Ultraviolet Catastrophe Paradox

Authors: Kenichi Akabane
Comments: 21 Pages.

Since Planck’s explanation of blackbody radiation over one century ago, researchers have considered that the law of equipartition does not apply to photons. Furthermore, since the publication of Bose distribution theory, photons have been presumed to follow the Bose distribution (quantum statistics) rather than the Boltzmann distribution. I first show that the mean energy of photons based on Wien’s radiation law, which slightly differs from that of Planck’s law, equals the mean energy 3kT of the lattice vibrations of a solid and hence satisfies the idealized classical law of equipartition (where k is Boltzmann’s constant and T is the equilibrium temperature). However, zero-frequency photons are logically nonexistent because all of their components are zero; accordingly, they must be excluded from the distribution. Using this fact, I demonstrate that Planck’s law is merely Wien’s radiation law with the zero-frequency photons excluded from the distribution, which follows the classical law of equipartition and the Boltzmann distribution law. Additionally, I show that the accepted theory of photons cannot exclude zero-frequency photons from the distribution. The present study might help to elucidate the mechanism of the specific heat of solids mediated by phonons, which (like photons in a cavity) form standing waves.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Proof of the Decrease in Entropy in the Field of the Center of Forces [Доказательство уменьшения энтропии в поле центра сил]

Authors: Dmitry Vatolin
Comments: 8 Pages. In Russian

Here, the existence of a thermal cycle is proved, in which a gas placed in a field of forces, performs useful work without transferring heat to a third-party body. [Здесь доказано существование теплового цикла, в котором газ, помещённый в поле сил, совершает полезную работу без передачи тепла стороннему телу.]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Investigation of Improved Hall Thruster Configurations for Low Power Operation

Authors: Shlomy Shitrit
Comments: 96 Pages.

The Hall thruster generates its thrust by accelerating a plasma jet by the combined operation of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields in a coaxial channel. It can achieve a very high specific impulse, 1000-3000 sec, and thus its use in space missions will lead to large savings in the required propellant mass. The capability of changing their performances by varying parameters such as discharge voltage or mass flow rate makes Hall thrusters ideal for missions where different types of maneuvers require different levels of thrust and specific impulse. This work deals with the performance of low power (200-300W) Hall thrusters. The problem of the degradation of Hall thruster performance, when a given thruster configuration is operated at reduced power levels, is analyzed. Results of experiments performed with a Hall thruster in the 200-600 Watts power range demonstrate this type of degradation. It is explained as being a result of the drop in the efficiency of the ionization process at reduced propellant flow rates. The standard approach to overcome this problem by scaling down the thruster is analyzed and proper scaling rules are outlined. It is demonstrated however that the proper implementation of the required scaling is limited by magnetic material and circuit properties. It is also shown that the main drawback of down sized Hall thrusters in the power range below 300 Watts is the sharp drop in their operating lifetime compared to larger size thrusters. As a consequence, a different approach, to try to improve the propellant utilization by geometric or magnetic modifications but without scaling down the thruster, is preferred for Hall thrusters in the 200-300 Watts power range. The straightforward implementation of this approach, by extending the channel length was investigated experimentally. As part of this investigation, an improved laboratory Hall thruster has been designed and constructed. In order to improve the thrust measurement accuracy and, as well, to reduce uncertainties related to the conditions inside the vacuum chamber during cryopumps and thruster operation, a new calibration system, which allows to calibrate the thrust stand at vacuum conditions and during thruster operation, was designed and built. By using the new calibration system the relative error in the thrust measurement was reduced from 3.1% to ~1.9% (thrust of 12mN). The channel length investigation comprised of an extensive parametric study of thruster performance at five length configurations...(truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words).
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Theoretical Study on the Relationship Between a Flow Mode of Electric Current and a Material Change in the Electric Circuits Consisted of the Electronic Conductors and the Ionic Conductors

Authors: Chong Ryong Chu, Su Ran Chu
Comments: 10 Pages.

When an electric current flow in a closed electric circuit consisted of the electronic conductors and the ionic conductors, it is of great importance in the development of electrodynamics to clarify exactly how an electric current flows and why a material change occurs at the junctions (electrodes) of two conductors.In a closed electric circuit consisted of an electronic conductor and an ionic conductor, it has been studied that the material changes at the electrode interface, which are the junctions of the two conductors under direct current, are not chemically but electromechanically induced material changes, and that these material changes are electromechanical material changes due to charge and discharge that are fundamentally different from the chemical redox reaction［1］.In [2], new principles of cell and electroplating have been investigated.In this paper, we demonstrated that in the circuits consisted of the electronic and the ionic conductor, the material change phenomena that occur at the junction (electrode) between the conductors under direct current are not chemical reactions, but electrical material change by the current conversion.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Tom’s Demon Challenges the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Radhakrishnamurty Padyala
Comments: 3 Pages.

This article describes a new demon of the second law of thermodynamics. We name it Tom’s Demon. It acts on lines similar to those on which the famous Maxwell’s demon acts. Tom’s Demon sorts out salt and sugar particles from a mixture of the two without spending any energy. It reduces the entropy of an isolated system thereby reducing the entropy of the universe. and poses a challenge to the second law of thermodynamics just as Maxwell’s demon does.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Farming Liquid Air as Major Energy Commodity

Authors: Yanming Wei
Comments: 33 Pages.

Waste is Simply a Valuable Resource in the Wrong Place. Burning biomass in steam engine for <10% power is just little bit better than wildfire, so here biomass = waste.But burning biomass in my heat engine with Liquid Air/Nitrogen(LA/LN) as heat sink, its efficiency >80%, so here biomass is precious as gasoline, rendering 1kg biomass = 0.5kg gasoline by heat value equality, as per good biomass heat of combustion = 20MJ/kg, gasoline = 40MJ/kg.My inventions could enable the farmed LN as cheap as $0.05/L by proprietary cleantech of fire-for-chill and chill-for-power. Production line:grow energy grass -> burn it in my proprietary heat engine, which consumes LN as heat sink -> shaft liquefaction machine -> produce LA/LN -> feedback 70% LN production to the LN consuming heat engine for rolling-up production -> remaining LN for sale.Burning 1kg biomass in farmland, can produce at least 2kg marketable LN after deduction of LN consumption in situ, as heat sink of heat engine, which is powering liquefaction machine.With 80~90% veneer efficiency, future vehicle drivers need buy both fuel from gas station & LN from nearby farmers or any possible LN retailers for their fuel+LN hybrid vehicles.Even reluctant to give up gas, its demand can be 70% off; e.g. future hybrid vehicle = 15L gas tank + 150L LN dewar, 100MPG, its range = 60L tank gas vehicle.Omnipresent farms = dense ready LN refill & biomass reload infrastructure anywhere, include the remotest rural, better than EV in this point.LN is also excellent energy storage with 10MJ/kg, good for Distributed Energy Resource DER.Where there's energy, where there's vigor; after farmers joins this circular energy economy, there'll be no more hillbilly elegy. The epoch of Farming Liquid Air LA = LN + Liquid Oxygen LO as major energy commodity, and the Cryogenic Heat Sink Revolution CHSR are coming! Are you ready to accept the challenge?
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Optimization on Pole Pitch of Magnetic Wheels and Thickness of Metal Plate for Floating and Propulsion System using Permanent Magnets

Authors: T. Saiki, K. Ino, M. Inada
Comments: 26 Pages.

A magnetic-levitation system using a rotating permanent magnet has been developed. Pole pitch of the magnetic wheels and thickness of the metal plates required for levitation were investigated by experiments and computational calculation. To determine the optimum conditions, the levitation force generated by using motors with different torque and rotation speed was measured. These measurements clarified differences in the generated levitation force due to the different rotational speed and torque. Parameters such as skin depth, magnetic density, and eddy-current distribution density, ratio of drag force to levitation force, and levitation force per driving power were numerically calculated from the magnetic field created by the rotating permanent magnet and effective frequency. General important conclusion obtained from the calculation was that the magnetic wheels should be designed to be large and the pole pitch of the magnets was to be wide, and the levitation force per driving power will be improved in proportion to a root function of the pole pitch between the magnets. If the size of the magnetic wheel increased, the ratio of the lateral drag force per the levitation force became significantly small at low rotational speed. A motor with a large torque and peak output property at low rotational speed for magnetic wheels is most suitable for driving large magnetic wheels to obtain large levitation force. Using large magnetic wheel in the experiment showed that the levitation force per driving power increased than that case of using small magnetic wheel.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The World's First Self-energy Power Road by Collecting Electromagnetic Energy from Moving Object and Its Conjecture on the Energy-mass Equivalence

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 25 Pages.

The barrier between matter and energy has been removed by Einstein's energy-mass equivalence, but how to utilize the self-energy of matter is still a difficult problem. Here, four 28 W fluorescent tube lamps can be lighted up when a car model slides on a self-energy power road (SEPR). The instantaneous power density of SEPR can reach 11.6 W/m2, even though the results was limited by the energy collector and measuring device. An energy-velocity model was proposed to utilize the electromagnetic energy in the constantly friction between the SEPR road and the car model. The affecting factors that are related to the electromagnetic energy conversion of the SEPR were systematically studied including velocity, acceleration, contact area and friction. The results show the generated electromagnetic energy is proportional to the velocity of friction. Besides, it can be found there is a process of rapid collision in the vertical direction in the high-velocity friction. Another free fall object experiment is designed to investigate the electromagnetic energy generated by the vertical collision. Importantly, it happened that the instantaneous power is proportional to the square of velocity in the vertical collision, which happened to be consistent with the energy-mass equivalence. Similar to the energy produced by the collisions of neutrons in nuclear fission, it can be inferred that the generated electromagnetic energy will far exceed the work done by the pulling force in the high-velocity collision, and the utilization of the self-energy of matter may be the essence of electromagnetic energy conversion. The simplicity and suitability of collecting the electromagnetic energy in motive collision was fully demonstrated by the design of SEPR based on the ceramic tile and ground, the ceramic tile and water. Moreover, the world's first SEPR was successfully built in an actual road, which opens the door for solving the energy crisis. The energy-velocity model can be also used to explain the signal interference of high-speed railway and improve the positioning accuracy of missile, considerate that the electromagnetic energy produced by the object in motion. The new discovery may contribute to modifying the existing collision theory, conservation of mechanical energy, friction theory, Maxwell's equations, and electromagnetic technology. Moreover, this study will have a far-reaching impact on classical physics, new energy, low-carbon systems and other fields.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

New Estimation of the Boltzmann Constant and the Planck Constant

Authors: Kay Zum Felde
Comments: 2 Pages.

We use the Einstein equation of General Relativity to compute the Planck constant h and the Boltzmann constant k.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Further Thoughts on the Thermodynamics of Antimatter Via Santilli’s Isodualities

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 4 Pages.

The property of isoselfduality has been shown previously to pervade much of thermodynamics. Here it is shown that this property does not extend to partial derivatives of the well-known basic thermodynamic functions such as internal energy. This raises several issues which will need to be borne in mind in future for those considering the thermodynamic properties of antimatter via Santilli’s isodualities.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Final State of a Thermodynamical System

Authors: Kay zum Felde
Comments: 3 Pages.

The maximium of the entropy $S$ is the final state of a thermodynamical system. This is the second postulate of thermodynamics. The entropy is the measurement of the disorder of a thermodynamical system. The temprature $T$ is becoming a minimum at the final state of a thermodynamical process. \newline There are existing systems which are not following the second postulate of thermodynamics, if we take closer look. For example superconductivity and ferromagnetism. In this paper we are discussing such cases and we postulate a new law of thermodynamics.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

An Autonomous Mechanical Maxwell's Demon

Authors: Xiangwei Sun
Comments: 11 Pages.

Szilard proposes three engine models in 1929 to resolve several paradoxes arising from Maxwell's Demon. We analyze Szilard's second demon models. We show that the second one,apparently employs distinct molecular species and semipermeable membranes. On this basis, we propose a fourth model of Szilard's engines. The mechanism of this model is based on Raoult's law and Van't Hoff's law in colligative properties of aqueous solutions, coupling the evaporating process of water molecules with the reverse osmosis process of water molecules, forms a spontaneous thermodynamic cycle composed.We find:(i) The cycle can proceed spontaneously in a gravitational field, without the need for an external force to do its work;(ii) The continuous flow of water molecules in the cycle, like the continuous current in a superconducting ring, can continue for a long time, but it is not a perpetual motion machine and does not violate the second law of thermodynamics;(iii) The cycle is capable of doing what Maxwell's Demon does, it is capable of producing a temperature difference in a single hot bath heated at temperature equilibrium. (iv) Its transitory functioning as an engine that converts disorganized heat energy to work is governed by the Onsager reciprocal relations. Taken together, this Szilard's fourth model is a new self-consistent, non-equilibrium thermodynamic cycle that provides a new theoretical model for understanding that quasi-perpetual motion processes and autonomous mechanical Maxwell's Demon do exist in nature.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Effect Structure and Thermodynamics Formulation of Demand-side Economics

Authors: Burin Gumjudpai
Comments: 10 Pages. Submitted to J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn.

We propose concept of equation of state (EoS) effect structure in form of diagrams and rules. This concept helps justifying EoS status of an empirical relation. We apply the concept to closed system of consumers and we are able to formulate its EoS. According to the new concept, EoS are classified into three classes. Manifold space of thermodynamics formulation of demand-side economics is identified. Formal analogies of thermodynamics and economics consumers' system are made. New quantities such as total wealth, generalized utility and generalized consumer surplus are defined. Microeconomics' concept of consumer surplus is criticized and replaced with generalized consumer surplus. Smith's law of demand is included in our new paradigm as a specific case resembling isothermal process. Absolute zero temperature state resembles the nirvana state in Buddhism philosophy. Econometric modelling of consumers' EoS is proposed at last.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Modified Equations for Pressure and Temperature of Ideal Gas

Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 9 Pages.

The universal unitary principle of logic test is used to test the mathematical reasoning of pressure equation of ideal gas, and a negative conclusion is given. The study found that, the classical molecular kinetic theory establishes a physical model of the uniform motion of a molecule under the action of an equivalent constant force, which violates the principle of mechanics, and the classical equations for the pressure and temperature of ideal gas derived from such a model are all incorrect. Here we set up a variety of physical models of molecular interaction in accordance with the principle of mechanics, and consistently derive the modified equation of ideal gas pressure. It is proved that the pressure of ideal gas is equal to the molecular energy in unit volume, and the thermodynamic temperature of ideal gas is equal to the quotient of molecular average kinetic energy and Boltzmann constant. Reasoning accords with the unitary principle. The inferences of these different models accords with the unitary principle. Furthermore, the problem of the definite solution of the gas molecular velocity distribution function satisfying the limit condition of light speed is proposed. Finally, the experimental suggestion to verify the theoretical gas temperature correction equation is given.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Exploration of Technology for Extracting Vacuum Energy Which Conform with Noether's Theorem

Authors: Sangouard Patrick
Comments: 53 Pages. [Correction to title made by viXra Admin]

This theoretical and preliminary work corresponds to the hope of extracting, without contradicting EMMY NOETHER's invariance theorem, an energy that is omnipresent, isotropic, uniform and present in the entire universe: that of the vacuum! This theoretical work shows that it should be possible to maintain over time a periodic vibration of a piezoelectric structure which generates current peaks during a fraction of the period of vibration. This is achieved by controlling automatically and at the opportune moments the perpetual and omnipresent action of Casimir attractive force between two electrodes, by an opposite and greater Coulomb force of at least a factor of two. The proportionality factor, Coulomb / Casimir Forces> = 2, is determined by the threshold voltage of enriched or depleted MOS transistors and defined during the manufacture of the device. The attractive Casimir force appearing between the two electrodes of a reflector deforms a piezoelectric bridge, which automatically induces the electric charges used by a Coulomb force on the return electrode. As long as the electric voltage, generated by the electric charges on one side of the piezoelectric bridge and connected to the gate of an enriched MOS transistor (MOSE) is below its threshold voltage, this transistor remains blocked. The electrical charges on the other side of the bridge are on the source of this transistor and remain confined to the moving electrode of the Casimir reflector. During this phase, the Coulomb return electrode is then grounded by closing the circuit consisting of series depleted MOS (MOSD). Likewise, the fixed electrode of the Casimir reflector is continuously grounded. The Coulomb force between the two electrodes of the Casimir reflector and between the piezoelectric bridge and the Coulomb return electrode is then zero. Depending on the deformation of the piezoelectric bridge, the electric charges present on the two electrodes of the piezoelectric bridge increase. They therefore increase on the gates of the enriched or depleted MOS and generate an electrical voltage greater than the threshold voltages of the MOSE and MOSD transistors. Thus, the circuit formed by MOSE in parallel closes and that formed by MOSD in series opens, then isolating the fixed return electrode from ground, which allows the charges present on the source to be distributed uniformly over this recall electrode and to be trapped there. Electric charges of opposite sign are then distributed over the two electrodes, one on one side of the piezoelectric bridge, the other on the return electrode! So, an attractive Coulomb force who can be greater than and in the opposite direction to that of Casimir then develops between these return electrodes. This attractive Coulomb force moves the two electrodes away of the Casimir reflector, reducing then canceling the deformation of the bridge. It automatically disappears when the deformation of the piezoelectric bridge is canceled out, letting the Casimir force again dominate and deform this bridge again for a new cycle! The device is found in the initial conditions which causes the structure to vibrate. When homogenizing the electrical charges on both sides of the return electrode, periodic current peaks appear for a fraction of the device's vibration time. These peaks of currents passing through an inductor spontaneously induce peaks of alternating voltages at the terminals of this device. Electronic without any power supply then transforms these weak alternating signals into a direct voltage of several volts. To manufacture these different structures, we are proposing an original technology making it possible to produce these electronics without power supply, as well as that of the control of the very weak interfaces between the electrodes of the Casimir reflector and that of the return electrodes of the vibrating structure! The Casimir and Coulomb forces, the current or voltage peaks appear spontaneously and without input of any external energy, likewise the transformation electronics have no power supply. The structure automatically enters in vibrations , thus inducing current and voltage peaks converted into a usable direct voltage. Everything is only a consequence of the existence of the isotropic, homogeneous, and omnipresent Casimir force due to the quantum fluctuations of the vacuum. This set does not seem to contradict Emily Noether's theorem! "In the universe, everything is energy, everything is vibration, from the infinitely small to the infinitely large" Albert Einstein. "A person who has never made mistakes has never tried to innovate." Albert Einstein
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Likely Feasible Solution to World Energy & Carbon Crises

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 27 Pages. Unable to publish on arXiv March 2021, due to no "endorsements."

We examine the following as a sustainable world-energy Plan. Distribute floating wind turbines mainly within the "roaring forties" and "furious fifties" regions of the southern oceans. Anchor them by cables to the sea floor. Running along that floor is a hydrogen pipeline. The turbines generate electricity which is transmitted down to the sea floor by cable. There it electrolyses water to input H₂ into the pipeline. The pipeline outputs are on (or near) land somewhere. Turbine maintenance is mostly by robot. We find it appears entirely technically and economically feasible to satisfy approximately all (or at least a large fraction of) year-2020 human energy demands in this way, but show with a new analysis of wind-energy limitations that much more is impossible. Indeed, we'll show this energy actually will be cheaper than current prices and also cheaper (sometimes greatly) than schemes based on water-currents, other-located wind turbines, or solar power – albeit the prices of the lattermost have been rapidly changing. However, this project, as well as any attempt to generate a large fraction of human energy from winds, will cause noticeable alterations in weather and climate. I provide initial guesses about what those alterations will be and discussion of how to modify "global climate model" codes to investigate that. (Basically this would be a 1-line code change, but we demonstrate that many climate modeling codes are incredibly screwed up and lied about.) We conclude with some deprecation of the "hydrogen economy" and instead suggest the "aluminum economy."
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this short note, attention is drawn to the fact that the Second Law of Thermodynamics specifically refers to cycles and certainly does not state that the entropy is, as some seem to think, a non-decreasing entity.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Maxwell’s Demon with no Energy Consumption

Authors: JiaRun Deng
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this study, we design two devices that can achieve the function of Maxwell’s demon without consuming energy by making use of upconversion materials (βNaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+).
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Unlikelihood of Stochastic Paths in Multidimensional Phase Spaces

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 8 Pages.

The methodological/operational virtues of stochastic approaches allow us to assess biophysical phenomena in terms of random walks, Brownian motions, Markov chains, etc. We argue that these approaches are not profitable when stochastic paths occur in high-dimensional phase spaces. Indeed, contrary to the two-dimensional random walks, the higher-dimensional random walks do not resume to the starting point: the more the phase space’s dimension, the more the (seemingly) stochastic paths are confined/constrained. The mathematical impossibility of high-dimensional random paths has numerous implications, both epistemological and operational. Stochasticity should no longer be used for the evaluation of real-world systems, since the experimental assessment of multifactorial biophysical phenomena requires numerous parameters, each one standing for a different dimension in the phase space. Furthermore, multidimensional trajectories cannot generate circular, recurrent paths returning to the starting point, making unnecessary powerful methodological weapons correlated with cyclic configurations such as the Jordan curve theorem and the Betti number. Since higher-dimensional trajectories are unable to cross all the microstates with the same probability, our account suggests the unlikelihood of ergodic paths in multidimensional phase spaces, casting also doubts on the Shannon’s account of information entropy in the continuous case. Next, we describe how the memory of old events is preserved in high-dimensional phase spaces, since memoryless events disconnected from the past, e.g., stochastic resetting and Markov chains, are banned. We want to end up with an epistemological consideration. The Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle does not allow to measure at the same time both the position and the velocity of a quantum object. The chaotic logistic map does not allow to know exactly the particle location when the phase parameter is between 3 and 4. The Godel’s theorem does not allow to find statements about natural numbers that are at the same time true and provable within a consistent formal system. In these three examples from quantum dynamics, nonlinear dynamics and mathematical foundations, the unfeasibility to reach a single univocal result and to express simultaneously well-defined conjugate properties by a single value does depend on neither technical difficulties, nor failures in the observational devices of the current technology, nor our ignorance of some fundamental property of reality, rather it stands for an insurmountable, irreducible, universal feature that is intrinsic to the system under evaluation and cannot be even in theory solved. In our case, too, the unfeasibility of random paths in high dimensions stands for an intrinsic mathematical feature of the system, an epistemological boundary that cannot be overtaken by methodological tricks. Once expunged the randomness from the evaluation of multiparametric phenomena, the sole approach to partially rescue its methodological/operational virtues is to limit ourselves to the study of oversimplified, lower-dimensional systems.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Thermodynamic Negentropy Mirror Image Second Law

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this article, we provide a comment on how negative entropy can be viewed as an essential part of thermodynamics and our everyday life. We do this with a simple Negentropy Mirror Image Second Law proof. Although simple, the results may help clear up such confusion as the Schrödinger Paradox. This is because the proof shows that Negentropy Second Law is essentially a mirror image of the Second Law and already an inherent part of thermodynamics. Although there are many interpretations of the Second Law of thermodynamics, we often think of it as a statement of matter having a spontaneous tendency to become disordered. However, we cannot have disorder with first having order. Most of the literature focuses on negative entropy almost as a separate science related to living systems and in many cases as a paradox to the Second Law. To merge order and disorder in thermodynamics, we illustrate a simple view to illustrate a Negentropy Mirror Image Second Law simply by thinking of disorder as the removal of order. We then extend it to living systems.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Negentropy Second Law Proof

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this letter, we provide a simple proof of a Negentropy Second Law. Although simple, the results may help clear up such confusion as the Schrodinger Paradox. This is because we contend that the Negentropy Second Law is already a part of the Second Law.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Troubles with Shannon’s Account of the Entropy in the Continuous Case

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

According to Shannon, the entropy for continuous stochastic processes has many properties analogous to the entropy for discrete processes. Nevertheless, there are some mathematical and physical problems with Shannon’s account. The obstacle arises in chapter 21 (Shannon 1948), when Shannon describes the continuous case of the entropy of ergodic ensemble of functions (i.e., the entropy of a set of functions together with a probability measure).
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Field Theory of Temperature

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 5 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

Motivated by the well-known contradiction of special relativity and the heat equation, a wave equation for temperature scalar field is presented. Applying the proposed equation to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, a wave equation is derived for temperature fluctuations of a Schwarzschild blackhole.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Living Systems Negative Entropy Thermodynamics with Growth, Repair, Carnot Cycle Comparisons and the Second Law Paradox

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we provide insight into understanding living system negative entropy growth and repair processes from a thermodynamic perspective. Living systems are viewed as cyclic from a daily perspective of work, sleep, nutritional consumption, waste, breathing, growth, and repair cycles. We assess growth and repair with an equivalency cyclic work model. In a repair, for example, the free energy of the system is restored close to the original state with some imperfect repair that also occurs. We illustrate this using an equivalent amount of cyclic work by comparing it to a heat engine and assessing its efficiency. Results of modeling suggest a type of living system heat engine and cyclic efficiency that we were able to compare to a Carnot type efficiency for repair and growth processes that are insightful in the thermodynamic framework compared to traditional medical methods. The efficiency is somewhat paradoxical in Second Law treatment as one might expect due to the spontaneous negative entropy nature of growth and repair in living systems compared to the spontaneous entropy nature of disorder in passive systems. We suggest a simple modification of the Second Law in negative entropy terms. We also suggest metrics that can be used to assess a living system’s ability to generate negative entropy using the fractional repair and a repair rate function that is comparable to an electric RC circuit charge-discharge model. Results provide new insights on how to approach living system negative entropy thermodynamics.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The World Easiest and Efficient Power Generator with Ultrahigh Voltage for Lighting, Charging and Self-powered Systems

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 15 Pages.

Can you imagine that when you slide on the polymer plate with your hands, the generated electromagnetic field can drive 28-watt fluorescent tube lamps and can even charge the mobile phone? The progress of science and technology subverts traditional cognition. In this work, the easiest and efficient power generator (EEPG) in the world, with ultrahigh voltage is invented, which can light up several 1-watt bulbs and 28-watt fluorescent tube lamps by simply rubbing a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) plate with hands or other objects. The average output voltage and current of planar EEPG can reach up to nearly 5000 V and 116 μA respectively. Not only can it be used for lighting, but also for charging, and even for mobile phones. The rotary EEPG can be used to harvest the wind energy and tidal energy, which overcomes the shortcomings of traditional electromagnetic wind power generation working only when the wind speed is greater than 5 m/s. In addition, as a self-powered system, the EEPG power generator can be utilized as foot switch and trajectory tracking tool. Further analyses on its working principle of EEPG power generator were proposed. This is likely to become the easiest and the most effective method of power generation in the world up to now, which will have great significance in the field of new energy and self-powered systems. We can expect that, in the near future, we can charge our mobile phones by just rubbing their backs. Collecting the green wind energy more easily and efficiently will be truly realized.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Research on Improving the Utilization of Renewable Energy in Wind Power Generators Using Thin-Film Solar Cells

Authors: UnChol Ri, YongBae Kim, ChangIl Ri
Comments: 13 Pages.

The current research proposes the idea to increase the utilization rate of renewable energy of the wind power generation system by using thin-film solar cells to reduce the dependence on climate in the wind power generation system. The thin-film solar cell is attached to the surface of a wind generator blade by using a reasonable method, and the wind generator blade can operate not only as the blade itself but also as a thin-film solar cell. Also, the main body of the wind generator (WG) constructed and designed to obtain the energy generated by the thin-film type solar cell attached to the rotating wind generator (WG) blade. This paper proposed the drive scheme and control structure for increasing power generation to the maximum by utilizing renewable energy depending on climate change in the wind generation system with solar cells. The proposed idea, the corresponding system structure, and the drive scheme and control structure according to climate change shows that it can simultaneously generate electrical power using wind and solar energy in one device. And it shows that output characteristics of the thin-film solar cell by satisfying the cooling condition can improve. Also, to establish the reliability and accuracy of numerical solutions, the obtained results are compared with the corresponding numerical and experimental data
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On Planck’s Spectrum as Function of Wavelength

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Scrutinizing Planck’s spectra as function of frequency and as function of wavelength learns that the last mentioned one leads to baffling results.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Theoretical Difficulty in Determining the Universality of Gravitational Constant

Authors: Sonal Jagdish Gupta
Comments: 8 Pages.

The paper intends to prove that due to the finite value of quantum of action there exist a limitation to the transfer of energy and this requirement is general and universal the if we do not incorporate this idea into our considerations we will be unable to solve some of the major challenges in Newtonian physics such as the existence of infinite distance when the body is projected with escape velocity and secondly, in spite of about 300 experiments why do we observe scatter in the value of G and is the gravitational constant really universal or specific?
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

About the Possibility of Operation of a Four-Stroke Diesel Engine According to the Cycle of Otto

Authors: Sergei Sevtsov
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The possibility of improving diesel engines based on the reserves of thermodynamics is being considered.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Lower Limit Delta H for the Latent Heat of Vaporization Delta H with Respect to the Pressure and the Volume Change of the Phase Transition.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 4 Pages.

We derive a lower limit $\Delta H_{vap}^Z $ for the latent heat of vaporization $\Delta H_{vap}$ with respect to the pressure and the volume change of the phase transition from the study of a heat engine using water as working fluid with an infinitesimal variation of the temperature $\delta T$ and an infinitesimal variation of the pressure $\delta P$ and in the vanishing limit of the massive flow rate $Q_m$. We calculate the latent heat index $h^Z= \Delta H_{vap}^Z/\Delta H_{vap}$ for few gas at $P=100~kPa$.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

EDM-Electronic Discharge Machine/Warp Drive

Authors: John I Domazet
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

This paper will describe the design to a device which is patent pending with the USPTO and that would address Miguel Alcubierre paper about warp drives and his assumption that exotic materials would be required in order to produce negative energy. It is the assertion of this paper that negative energy for a warp drive will not be found under the normal aspects of matter to harness, but rather must be found through the manufacturing of a device that would replicate it. Essentially, to harness the potential of negative energy, one must first design a circuit that continually creates and harnesses the inertial moment of a closed circuit. In this quantum “big bang” inertial moment, the negative energy that provides the equal and opposite force within the closed circuit can be moved through the displacement field using capacitor discharge timing and the space it creates within two separate thermally induced circuits. By using the mathematics behind Maxwell’s demon, the time varying field that creates the displacement current phenomenon is aligned with the time varying of capacitor charge and discharge cycles to create circuits that have their specific orbital spins organized. Within magnetron circuits, three electrode capacitors move the potential of the single anode through internal and external reactions. These reactions and signals are controlled through vacuum tubes and oscillated between twin cells, rectifying and amplifying their waves or particles and organizing them into positive forward and negative backward right-hand moving waves contained within an individual phase of power. This oscillation creates a greater third wave and becomes the first means to understanding negative energy as a backward moving cold current, that would expel the equal and opposite force normally contained within a hot closed circuit, creating two right hand moving hot and cold currents locked in a thermal exchange within a single phase of power. Through the use of vacuum tubes, the context of harnessing the potential of light being a wave or a particle becomes very apparent, with the device resembling the theoretical version of a warp drive that would mathematically move to the speed of light.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Arrow of Energy

Authors: Farkad Al Wattar
Comments: 1 Page.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics does not specify when a system, such as that epitomised in 1824 by Sadi Carnot as a `heat engine', will cease functioning at the end of its useful life. Carnot's formulation of the Second Law allowed for a heat engine to run indefinitely when provided with sufficient fuel. The Arrow of Energy postulates that, as a result of wear and tear, a system of energy will cease functioning as the sum of all the useful energy produced approaches the total energy expended in its construction. Therefore, the energy expended in constructing the system and the sum useful energy produced by the system must be one-way entangled, forming an Arrow, similar to the Arrow of Time.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Derivation of a Generalized Transport Flux from the Fokker-Planck Equation (Published Version)

Authors: Peter Bissonnet
Comments: Published in JP Journal of Mathematical Sciences -ISSN: 2248-9851, Vol. 27, Issues 1&2, 2020, Pages 1-5, Copyright Ishaan Publishing House, Received: October 24, 2020

The derivation of a generalized transport flux is attempted from the well-known Fokker-Planck equation using a covariant 4-dimensional approach Four-dimensional tensor analysis is used in the derivation of this generalized transport flux.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Equivalence of Information and Immanence

Authors: Friedhelm M. Jöge
Comments: 1 Page.

An equation to describe the equivalence of Information and Immanence is developed.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Solar Thermal Panels for Generating Electricity

Authors: Seham Nasser, Alaa Mohammed, Basmala Mohammed, Rawan Hamdy, Fatma Magdy
Comments: 18 Pages.

All over the world, the focus is on using alternative energy instead of fossil fuels because they will be depleted in the coming years and pollute the environment. After all, they produce greenhouse gas emissions. There are many alternative energy sources, but solar energy is the best because it is the basis of all sources. The purpose of this research is to generate electricity from solar energy with its different application there are two main types which divide into photovoltaic panels which depend on the light of the sun, solar heat panels contain: parabolic trough, solar tower, and non-aqueous heating devices which depend on thermal from the sun and each of them contains its specific structure and material. From the previous research, Photovoltaic panels generate electricity from sunlight with high efficiency and high cost but low cost compared to another ordinary way of generating electricity. Photovoltaic divided into other types, for example, CPV which use mirrors with a special type of silicon and there are also thin-film solar panels, Polycrystalline and Mono Monocrystalline which are low efficiency compared to solar heat panel which generates electricity by absorbing the heat from the sun with mirrors which collect heat at a certain point, then heat the liquid and transfer it to the water for steam, this steam converts the turbines connected to the generator that transfers mechanical energy into electrical energy. The cost depends on the cheap materials were used in it, and among the previous research, the best application was the solar thermal power plant as it can overcome its defects. For measuring the output of different panels different devices, laws, and theories to select the parameters focus on the Iv of each PV.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Prolegomena to a Field Theory of Heat

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. For the complete solution of the problem posed here, see the follow-up paper, https://vixra.org/abs/2101.0094

Following an epistemological consideration we propose that none of SI basic units can correspond to emergent phenomena and must be taken as fundamental. We therefore take temperature as the scalar potential function of a fundamental field called heat, produced by a property of fundamental particles called `calor'.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Analysis of Pv/wind Systems by Integer Linear Programming by Taking Into Account Intermittency of Power Production

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper has not been submitted elsewhere. Your comments are welcome.

While in literature, there are many discussion on linear programming for various cases, there is only few discussion to take into account the uncertainties involved in the power production of PV/Wind system. In this paper, we consider integer linear programming by considering two-level values as suggested by Pramanik and Pratim Dey. The purpose of this study is to show that it is possible to consider uncertainties in energy production in the linear programming model.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Dimensional Thermodynamics

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 33 Pages.

The idea of energy carried through space, space as a vacuum, energy presumably in its most basic form through space as a quantum package, is one of the greatest issues in modern physics, namely how can energy as a quantum package be relayed through the vacuum of space without “being” somehow associated to space, without seeming to lose energy in its travel through space, and likewise how can gravity as a field force be related to mass (and therefore energy) through that same vacuum of space and be relayed through space as that field force, a field force that seems to “offer” energy to the mass in that field, and thus have gravity represent, in regard to “0” space, a type of “negative” energy field? Indeed, the idea of the thermodynamics as a type of transposition of energy in space should not be taken lightly. This paper explains the nature of thermodynamics as the result of the relationship between the dimensions of time and space, a specific relationship between a just as specific definition for time and space, explaining all the key concepts of thermodynamics, essentially replacing the idea of the Big Bang and associated metric expansion of space, together with the ideas of dark matter and dark energy. As it shall be demonstrated, although there is a general precedent of indeterminacy in play, there is nonetheless a dimensional enthalpic mechanical order between time and space that acts in alliance with the general indeterminacy carried by time’s flow as entropy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Study on the Design of the Two-axial Solar Tracking System

Authors: UnChol Ri, YongBae Kim, GumChol Ri, HyonChol Jo
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, research on the design of a dual-axis solar tracker was conducted. The designed dual-axis solar tracker has a simple structure, reliable operation characteristics, and superior power generation characteristics compared to a fixed type solar panel. Also, since the control circuit is composed of individual elements, it is much easier to manufacture and repair than other dual-axis solar trackers in case of malfunction during operation. Due to these characteristics, the dual-axis solar tracker proposed in this paper is likely to be widely used in solar power generation systems using sunlight tracking in a wider range.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Instantaneous Freeze

Authors: Seamus McCelt
Comments: 1 Page.

Neutrinos can be used to instantly freeze matter.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Research on the Upper Chamber Volume of Surge Tank of a Diversion-type Hydro-Power Station with Mid-inflow

Authors: YongSu Jo, GyongIl Sin, CholGyong Kim, UnChol Ri
Comments: 4 Pages.

Mid-inflow is the flow into the middle of the head race tunnel that can be effectively used in the electric power generation. The mid-inflow makes differences of velocities and head losses in the head race tunnel between two sides and influences the water level oscillation in surge tank consequently. An analytical formula of the upper chamber volume of the surge tank with an expansion chamber considering the effect of mid-inflow is established and the accuracy of the formula is evaluated through comparisons to numerical analysis. With installation data, the influence of mid-inflow on the upper chamber volume is discussed.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Global Trends in the Development of Renewable Energy and Its Rational Use

Authors: UnChol Ri, GumChol Ri, JinHyok Jeon, WonIl Jang, YongGuk Jo, SongBok Pak
Comments: 9 Pages.

The depletion of fossil resources has raised interest in the use of renewable energy worldwide. In this paper, we analyze the global trend of rational use of regenerative energy. In this paper, through analysis of global trends in the rational use field of renewable energy, problems to be improved in the rational use of renewable energy were considered.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Review of Lawson Criterion for Nuclear Fusion

Authors: Les G. Miklosy
Comments: 22 Pages.

In the pursuit for abundant clean energy from nuclear fusion, the Lawson Criterion is cited by fusion researchers and experimentalists as the condition to exceed for fusion of atomic nuclei to occur. In his 1955 paper J.D. Lawson analyzed a fusion plasma conforming to thermodynamic principles at steady-state but with stated omissions and simplifications. Modern fusion researchers developed many incantations of the Lawson Criterion urging their brand leads to fusion ignition, necessarily to sell a rational fusion hypothesis and attract research funding. Others have shown how confined fusion in the laboratory cannot satisfy a positive energy balance due to energy losses from the system. A literature search for "fusion energy balance" shows a suspicious absence of this sanity-check to verify the energy condition was met. This paper applies conservation of energy from classical thermodynamics to a fusion plasma and summarizes eleven modern Lawson-like interpretations in a uniform way, doing so shows the requirements for fusion ignition are not met. Indeed despite billions of speculative dollars spent, sustained laboratory fusion has not been demonstrated in any experimental apparatus built and tested to date worldwide. Heed the warning, in 1955 John D. Lawson wrote: “To conclude we emphasize that these conditions, though necessary are far from sufficient. The working cycle that has been assumed is very optimistic.”
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Wherever there is a Dynamic Touch, there is Electromagnetic Field——a Discovery for Power Generation

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 17 Pages.

Can you imagine that when you slide gently on an acrylic board with hand, hundreds of LEDs under the board will be lit up! Here we have found that all matters under forces can generate electromagnetic energy, even under a tiny force like wind blow. When a polytetrafluoroethylene sheet is tapped by a hand, the generated electromagnetic field can drive three light boards directly, producing a high output voltage of 3678 V. Amazingly, there was an electrical signal when the wind blew onto a matter such as flower, water, wood, polymethyl methacrylate, paper, stone, ceramic etc. There is an optimal matching state between the substance and the force to reach the maximum electrical output. Finding the best matter and the best collision state of it has significant impacted on the development of new energy and nuclear energy. According to these discoveries, the simplest and the most efficient power generation devices and self-powered systems were designed for collecting electromagnetic energy. The power generation bucket can be easily used to collect energy in the ocean. The power generation stone, and the power generation road can supply for streetlamps, traffic lights, electronic advertising boards, and distributed sensors, etc. These discoveries reported here are expected to have profound impacts on a broad range of applications.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Research on the Size Determination of Electromagnetic Suction Force According to the Air Gap Eccentricity in a Vibration Motor

Authors: UnChol Ri，YongChol Ri, ChangIl Ri, CholJU Kim, GyongBong Ju, DaeSong O
Comments: 7 Pages.

In the paper, the dimension of the air gap eccentricity and the effect of the harmonic field considered. Also, based on this problem, the electromagnetic suction force acting on the rotor was accurately determined. Thus, it is possible to increase the structural reliability of the motor shaft and rotor at the design calculation stage.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Cool Down Electronic Devices

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

The reduced working temperature ensures safe operation of the battery, and the electricity harvested is sufficient for monitoring the battery or controlling the cooling system. [31] Scientists have visualised the electronic structure in a microelectronic device for the first time, opening up opportunities for finely-tuned high performance electronic devices. [30] Scientists at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have devised a new process for using nano-particles to build powerful lasers that are more efficient and safer for your eyes. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Graphene Solar Heating Film

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

Atomaterials have developed a highly efficient solar absorbing film that absorbs sunlight with minimal heat loss and rapidly heats up to 83°C in an open environment. [48] "The junctions were reproducible over several devices and operated from 20 Kelvin up to room temperature. Our approach represents a simple but powerful strategy for the future integration of molecule-based functions into stable and controllable nanoelectronic devices." [47] The team has turned graphene oxide (GO) into a soft, moldable and kneadable play dough that can be shaped and reshaped into free-standing, three-dimensional structures. [46] A team of researchers based at The University of Manchester have found a low cost method for producing graphene printed electronics, which significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of conductive graphene inks. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43] A tiny laser comprising an array of nanoscale semiconductor cylinders (see image) has been made by an all-A*STAR team. [42] A new instrument lets researchers use multiple laser beams and a microscope to trap and move cells and then analyze them in real-time with a sensitive analysis technique known as Raman spectroscopy. [41]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Magnets Delivering Fusion Energy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 83 Pages.

Permanent magnets akin to those used on refrigerators could speed the development of fusion energy-the same energy produced by the sun and stars. [45] A class exercise at MIT, aided by industry researchers, has led to an innovative solution to one of the longstanding challenges facing the development of practical fusion power plants: how to get rid of excess heat that would cause structural damage to the plant. [44] Schematic of a magnetic nozzle rf plasma thruster (helicon plasma thruster) having two open source exits and photographs of the three operation modes in the laboratory test. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Electrical Power from Radiative Thermal Sources

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

Moderate-temperature thermal sources often radiate waste heat as a by-product of mechanical work, chemical or nuclear reactions, or information processing. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Electrical Power from Thermal Sources

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 23 Pages.

A new type of photovoltaic device can generate useful amounts of electrical power from sources that radiate heat at moderate temperatures. [16] Researchers from the University of Toronto Engineering and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) have overcome a key obstacle in combining the emerging solar-harvesting technology of perovskites with the commercial gold standard-silicon solar cells. [15] Researchers from the Theory Department of the MPSD in Hamburg and North Carolina State University in the US have demonstrated that the long-sought magnetic Weyl semi-metallic state can be induced by ultrafast laser pulses in a three-dimensional class of magnetic materials dubbed pyrochlore iridates. [14] At TU Wien recently, particles known as 'Weyl fermions' were discovered in materials with strong interaction between electrons. Just like light particles, they have no mass but nonetheless they move extremely slowly. [13] Quantum behavior plays a crucial role in novel and emergent material properties, such as superconductivity and magnetism. [12] A source of single photons that meets three important criteria for use in quantum information systems has been unveiled in China by an international team of physicists. Based on a quantum dot, the device is an efficient source of photons that emerge as solo particles that are indistinguishable from each other. The researchers are now trying to use the source to create a quantum computer based on "boson sampling". [11] With the help of a semiconductor quantum dot, physicists at the University of Basel have developed a new type of light source that emits single photons. For the first time, the researchers have managed to create a stream of identical photons. [10] Optical photons would be ideal carriers to transfer quantum information over large distances. Researchers envisage a network where information is processed in certain nodes and transferred between them via photons. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Maxwell's Demon in Quantum Heat Engines

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Over 150 years after the famous Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell first introduced the idea, the concept of Maxwell's demon continues to perplex physicists and information scientists. [34] Since quantum systems can exist in a superposition of states there was inevitably keen interest to know whether quantum coherence between energy states could increase heat engine efficiency. [33] When a particle is completely isolated from its environment, the laws of quantum physics start to play a crucial role. [32] "With optical tweezers, you can capture a single particle in its native state in solution and watch its structural evolution," said Linda Young, Argonne distinguished fellow. [31] The optical tweezer is revealing new capabilities while helping scientists understand quantum mechanics, the theory that explains nature in terms of subatomic particles. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Research on Optimal Design of Eccentric Solar Thermal Cooker Tracking Device

Authors: Chol Bom Kim, Un Chol Ri, Chang Il Ri, Yong Hwan KiM, Chol Hak Pak
Comments: 6 Pages.

At present, a research project is being conducted to meet the demand for energy that is insufficient by using natural energy. In the paper, research focused on improving the performance of solar kilns as part of the use of solar energy. In this paper, simulation of the solar cooker follower using the application ADAMS conducted, and the optimal structural coefficients of the solar cooker follower were determined based on this. The optimized solar cooker can widely use as a power source in countryside houses.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

State of the Art Novel InFlow Technology: 1-Gearturbine, Rotary-Turbo, 2-Imploturbocompressor, One Compression Step

Authors: Carlos Barrera
Comments: 3 Pages. State of the Art Novel InFlowTech: ·1-Gearturbine / Reaction Turbine, Retrodynamic System, Rotary-Turbo, Similar of the Aeolipile 10-70 AD. ·2-Imploturbocompressor / Impulse Turbine; Imploducted, 1 Moving Part System, Excellence Design, 1 Compres

Featured Project Development - State of the Art Novel InFlow Technology: •1-Gearturbine, Rotary-Turbo, •2-Imploturbocompressor, One Compression Step: *Wordpress Blog State of the Art Novel InFlow Gearturbine Imploturbocompressor: http://stateoftheartnovelinflowtech.blogspot.com *1-GEARTURBINE PROJECT, Reaction-Turbine System Type, Rotary-Turbo-InFlow Tech, Atypical InFlow Thermodynamic, Technology Proposal Submission, Novel Fueled Motor Engine Type: *1-GEARTURBINE BEHANCE Images Gallery Portafolio: https://www.behance.net/gallery/21019191/Novel-Rotary-Turbo-InFlow-Tech-Gearturbine-Project •State of the art Innovative concept Top system Higher efficient percent.*Power by bar, for Air-Planes, Sea-Boats, Land-Transport & Dynamic Power-Plant Generation. -Have similar system of the Aeolipile Heron Steam device from Alexandria 10-70 AD. -New Form-Function Motor-Engine Device. Next Step, Epic Design Change, Broken-Seal Revelation. -Desirable Power-Plant Innovation. Next trend wave toward global technological coming change. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cPo9Lf44TE -YouTube; * Atypical New • GEARTURBINE / Retrodynamic = DextroRPM VS LevoInFlow + Ying Yang Thrust Way Type - Non Waste Looses The present invention relates to a compression and pushing motor characterized in that it is composed of a housing, said housing accommodates a rotor rotating in its internal space supported by a pair of gears whose passage coincides with the inner surface of the rotor; A rotor (or core) that internally has flow ducts presented one in reverse of another, balanced these, begin at the point where they end; Has several cavity points for reaction turbines, as well as two combustion chambers isolated by means of a system of nozzles and presented in the manner of poles, that is on opposite sides of one another, but their flow with the same circular direction of the rotor when It rotates; The rotor also has several fluid conduits radially presented; A hollow power transmission rod arranged and traversing in the center of the rotor, which in its interior flows the lubricant and fuel with movement of the ends towards the center, at this point by means of the centrifugal force of the rotor reaches the required parts; In the bar is arranged an air intake fan which by rotating the rotor suction air and introduces it to the internal ducts of the rotor with an initial compression, next to this fan is a current collector that generates the necessary electricity and Together with a coil, activates the current necessary for combustion; A center of the nucleus in which the formation of the internal ducts of the rotor begins and ends (in and out); Said center of the core has arranged a pair of semi-cylindrical cavities housing two pairs of turbochargers ….
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Stronger form of The 2nd Law

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 2 Pages. Version 1. I may elaborate with more analysis into subsequent versions.

Theoretical analysis into the energetics of a novel putative electromagnetic field propulsion device by the author, found that it was able to impart momenergy to the ground state of the electromagnetic field; some rest-energy of the craft was converted to kinetic energy of the craft. Electrical analysis showed that the propulsor was always a net electrical load – if the device accelerated from one frame, then deaccelerated to the original frame, both processes would consume electrical work. The aim of this paper is to look further into this sinking of high-grade electrical energy into the field ground state and to show that an even more pernicious form of 2nd Law of Thermodynamics exists.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Gravitational Wave: Anywhere, Anytime, in Everything and Its Potential Applications

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 33 Pages. This is a new discovery. Patents have been filed to protect the reported inventions.

The Einstein's general theory of relativity predicts that a powerful gravitational wave is produced when massive celestial bodies or two black holes collide. Only when the larger celestial bodies collide, the emitted gravitational waves can be detected. Here, we found that two objects can generate electromagnetic fields under the forces (tapping, friction, collision etc.), and the high frequency interaction between two objects can generate the electromagnetic wave, that is, the gravitational wave. The direction of the as generated electromagnetic field radiates perpendicularly to the tangent face of the force point and radiates outward, and the intensity of electromagnetic field depends on the nature of two objects and the value of force. Besides, the resulting gravity from the electromagnetic field is vertical to the contact surface and points to the inside of the contact surface. The results of a series of experiments indicate that the electromagnetic fields and gravitational waves should exist anywhere, anytime and in everything. We have demonstrated that the electromagnetic field would be generated when the stones were knocked against each other, when the wind blew over the stone, and when the wind blew over the water. Thus, the formation mechanism of earth's circular gravitational waves was deduced and confirmed. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the cause of some natural phenomena including the geomagnetic field, the circular gravitational wave, the lightning strike and the auroral phenomenon. And it was experimentally confirmed that the changing electromagnetic field can cause and promote some chemical reactions, which is related to the human altitude sickness and the biological orientation by geomagnetic field. Besides, the electromagnetic field generated by each tapping can be collected wirelessly by copper mesh, sand, water, leaves and human body, etc., which are no contact with the acrylic sheet. The instantaneous voltage can be up to 3600 V, the instantaneous current can be up to 260 μA, and the maximum power can reach 0.936 W with the power density of 46.8 W/m2. The results show that the ability of different objects to collect energy is different, and the ability of the same substance of the same quality to collect energy is also different. According to these discoveries, a series of power generation devices and self-powered systems have been designed, including the power generation bucket with water or sand, the power generation floor with sand, the power generation stone, the power generation road, the power generation by human body, the self-powered LED bulb, and the self-powered board for position location etc. The above experimental results have great scientific significance and will certainly have profound influence in various fields in the very near future. Firstly, it has been experimentally confirmed that the electromagnetic field will be generated, if there is a force. And high frequency interaction can generate the electromagnetic wave--gravitational wave, which can be generated anywhere and travel at the speed of light. So, it is correct that the law of gravitation says the propagation speed of gravitational wave is the speed of light. However, the Newton's hypothesis is wrong that the propagation speed of material interaction is infinite. Secondly, the results provide a laboratory basis for the formation of geomagnetic field and Earth's ring-shaped gravitational waves. The formation cause of geomagnetic field is related to the friction between the earth and the atmosphere. Thirdly, water, sands, trees and human body are natural and good energy collectors for electromagnetic wave, which helps to explain the phenomenon of lightning, human altitude sickness and biological orientation by the geomagnetic field. Fourthly, as Faraday firstly discovered the electromagnetic induction, this is a new mode of power generation, which can be applied to the fields of new energy, such as power generation from ocean and desert, self-driven charging, wearable devices, power supply for Internet of Things, new wireless transmission, and sensing and positioning etc. It will have an inestimable impact in the energy field on the conversion, regeneration and collection of energy. Fifthly, a better explanation has been given for the generation of gravitational waves during the collisions of black holes, which provides a new way to further explore the universe in astronomy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Second Law, Entropy Increase and Bedini/Bearden

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies, Richard Lawrence Norman
Comments: 9 Pages.

The link between the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the claim that entropy can never decrease is examined afresh in the light of the fact that the entropy of classical thermodynamics does, in fact, decrease on many occasions. Traditional attempts to deduce the idea of entropy decrease will be looked at anew and conclusions will be drawn over the existence, or otherwise, of a general rule. Within the historical context offered, a mechanism for Bearden and Bedini's demonstrated over-unity energy gains is proposed that is based in the electromagnetic science of Maxwell. Implications for thermodynamics are then deduced.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Heat-Insulating and Heat-Conducting

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPI-P) in Mainz and the University of Bayreuth have now jointly developed and characterized a novel, extremely thin and transparent material that has different thermal conduction properties depending on the direction. [23] Heat pipes are devices to keep critical equipment from overheating. They transfer heat from one point to another through an evaporation-condensation process and are used in everything from cell phones and laptops to air conditioners and spacecraft. [22] Now, researchers from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) have developed an algorithm that can discover and optimize these materials in a matter of months, relying on solving quantum mechanical equations, without any experimental input. [21] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have developed a new technology for switching heat flows 'on' or 'off'. [20] Thermoelectric materials can use thermal differences to generate electricity. Now there is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly way of producing them with the simplest tools: a pencil, photocopy paper, and conductive paint. [19] A team of researchers with the University of California and SRI International has developed a new type of cooling device that is both portable and efficient. [18] Thermal conductivity is one of the most crucial physical properties of matter when it comes to understanding heat transport, hydrodynamic evolution and energy balance in systems ranging from astrophysical objects to fusion plasmas. [17] Researchers from the Theory Department of the MPSD have realized the control of thermal and electrical currents in nanoscale devices by means of quantum local observations. [16] Physicists have proposed a new type of Maxwell's demon-the hypothetical agent that extracts work from a system by decreasing the system's entropy-in which the demon can extract work just by making a measurement, by taking advantage of quantum fluctuations and quantum superposition. [15] Pioneering research offers a fascinating view into the inner workings of the mind of 'Maxwell's Demon', a famous thought experiment in physics. [14]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Nanoscalechip Detect Temperature

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 32 Pages.

Now, Joohyun Lee and Il Doh of the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, in Daejeon, South Korea, have developed a tiny device that measures otherwise undetectable heat changes. [21] An international team of physicists, materials scientists, and mechanical engineers has confirmed the high thermal conductivity predicted in isotopically enriched cubic boron nitride, the researchers report in the advance electronic edition of the journal Science. [20] Thermoelectric materials can use thermal differences to generate electricity. Now there is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly way of producing them with the simplest tools: a pencil, photocopy paper, and conductive paint. [19] A team of researchers with the University of California and SRI International has developed a new type of cooling device that is both portable and efficient. [18] Thermal conductivity is one of the most crucial physical properties of matter when it comes to understanding heat transport, hydrodynamic evolution and energy balance in systems ranging from astrophysical objects to fusion plasmas. [17] Researchers from the Theory Department of the MPSD have realized the control of thermal and electrical currents in nanoscale devices by means of quantum local observations. [16] Physicists have proposed a new type of Maxwell's demon-the hypothetical agent that extracts work from a system by decreasing the system's entropy-in which the demon can extract work just by making a measurement, by taking advantage of quantum fluctuations and quantum superposition. [15] Pioneering research offers a fascinating view into the inner workings of the mind of 'Maxwell's Demon', a famous thought experiment in physics. [14] For more than a century and a half of physics, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that entropy always increases, has been as close to inviolable as any law we know. In this universe, chaos reigns supreme. [13] Physicists have shown that the three main types of engines (four-stroke, twostroke, and continuous) are thermodynamically equivalent in a certain quantum regime, but not at the classical level. [12]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

High Thermal Conductivity

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 31 Pages.

An international team of physicists, materials scientists, and mechanical engineers has confirmed the high thermal conductivity predicted in isotopically enriched cubic boron nitride, the researchers report in the advance electronic edition of the journal Science. [20] Thermoelectric materials can use thermal differences to generate electricity. Now there is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly way of producing them with the simplest tools: a pencil, photocopy paper, and conductive paint. [19] A team of researchers with the University of California and SRI International has developed a new type of cooling device that is both portable and efficient. [18]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Study on the Application of New Regeneration Energies to Buildings Associated with Smart Grids

Authors: Gum Chol Ri, Un Chol Ri ，Yong Hwan Kim, Chol Hak Pak
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presented a problem to establish the energy system for the building by using renewable energy reasonably. In this paper, based on the consideration of the smart grid, scientific and technical problems were dealt with in applying power generated by using renewable energy to buildings in connection with the smart grid. Besides, a new structural system was proposed for the application of the additional renewable energy building in connection with the smart grid
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Spin Quantum Heat Engine

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

"The so-called 'quantum thermodynamics' are currently under development," Roberto Serra, one of the researchers who carried out the study, told Phys.org. [40] A team of scientists from the Research Center "Fundamental Problems of Thermophysics and Mechanics," of Samara Polytech is engaged in the construction of new mathematical models and the search for methods for their study in relation to a wide range of local nonequilibrium transport processes in various physical systems. [39] Researchers at the Center for Soft and Living Matter, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) found that the temperature increase caused by the probe beam could be utilized to generate a signal per se for detecting objects. [38] Scientists at the University of Würzburg have been able to boost current super-resolution microscopy by a novel tweak. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31] Researchers at AMOLF and the University of Texas have circumvented this problem with a vibrating glass ring that interacts with light. They thus created a microscale circulator that directionally routes light on an optical chip without using magnets. [30]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

New Concept of Mathematical Modeling

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

A team of scientists from the Research Center "Fundamental Problems of Thermophysics and Mechanics," of Samara Polytech is engaged in the construction of new mathematical models and the search for methods for their study in relation to a wide range of local nonequilibrium transport processes in various physical systems. [39] Researchers at the Center for Soft and Living Matter, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) found that the temperature increase caused by the probe beam could be utilized to generate a signal per se for detecting objects. [38]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hot Carriers for Solar Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

Two-dimensional solar materials may offer a way to extract more energy from sunlight. By tuning the structure of a 2-D perovskite solar material, researchers from KAUST and the Georgia Institute of Technology have shown they can prolong the lifetime of highly energetic hot carriers generated by light striking the material. [40] A team of scientists from the Research Center "Fundamental Problems of Thermophysics and Mechanics," of Samara Polytech is engaged in the construction of new mathematical models and the search for methods for their study in relation to a wide range of local nonequilibrium transport processes in various physical systems. [39] Researchers at the Center for Soft and Living Matter, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) found that the temperature increase caused by the probe beam could be utilized to generate a signal per se for detecting objects. [38] Scientists at the University of Würzburg have been able to boost current super-resolution microscopy by a novel tweak. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Coolest LEGO in the Universe

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

For the first time, LEGO has been cooled to the lowest temperature possible in an experiment which reveals a new use for the popular toy. [25] Nothing in nature is known to hit the temperatures achieved in laboratories like CAL, which means the orbiting facility is regularly the coldest known spot in the universe. [24] There's an oddball in most families, but Rice University physicist Emilia Morosan has discovered an entire clan of eccentric compounds that could help explain the mysterious electronic and magnetic workings of other quantum materials engineers are eying for next-generation computers and electronics. [23] TU Wien (Vienna) and several research groups from China have now developed new ideas and implemented them in an experiment. [22] Light and high-frequency acoustic sound waves in a tiny glass structure can strongly couple to one another and perform a dance in step. [21] Researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, ETH Zurich, and Argonne National Laboratory, U.S, have described an extended quantum Maxwell's demon, a device locally violating the second law of thermodynamics in a system located one to five meters away from the demon. [20] "We've experimentally confirmed the connection between information in the classical case and the quantum case," Murch said, "and we're seeing this new effect of information loss." [19] It's well-known that when a quantum system is continuously measured, it freezes, i.e., it stops changing, which is due to a phenomenon called the quantum Zeno effect. [18] Physicists have extended one of the most prominent fluctuation theorems of classical stochastic thermodynamics, the Jarzynski equality, to quantum field theory. [17]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Super-Resolution Thermal Detection

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

Researchers at the Center for Soft and Living Matter, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) found that the temperature increase caused by the probe beam could be utilized to generate a signal per se for detecting objects. [38] Scientists at the University of Würzburg have been able to boost current super-resolution microscopy by a novel tweak. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31] Researchers at AMOLF and the University of Texas have circumvented this problem with a vibrating glass ring that interacts with light. They thus created a microscale circulator that directionally routes light on an optical chip without using magnets. [30] Researchers have discovered three distinct variants of magnetic domain walls in the helimagnet iron germanium (FeGe). [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Entropy in Complex Plasmas

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 77 Pages.

Since the end of the 19th century, physicists have known that the transfer of energy from one body to another is associated with entropy. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning—all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Theoretical Consideration of Current Trend and Direction of Development of Wireless Power Transmission Technology

Authors: Un Chol Ri, Gum Chol Ri, Chang Il Ri
Comments: 7 Pages.

Wireless power transmission technology is widely used in various areas of our lives, including phone charging and automobile Wireless charging, and its role is increasing.In this paper, based on the comprehensive consideration of the wireless power transmission technology currently being studied in the world, the scientific and technical problems to be solved in this field are described.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Study of the Determination Reasonable ㄷ-Type Extinction Grid Based on the Analysis of the Electromagnetic Field Between the Arcs, and the Grid in the ac Contacts Machine

Authors: Yong Chol Jong, Un Chol Ri, Gum Chol Ri, Chung Hyok Kim, Il Mo Ri, Jong Chol Chu, Maek Zhang
Comments: 4 Pages.

To improve the life of the appliance and ensure the full production capacity, it is important to improve the protection of the contactor. In the literature, due to the inability to accurately determine the type of arc-extinguishing of contactors with multiple open points[1-4]. Therefore, the researchers did not determine a reasonable ㄷ-type arc grid for enhancing the arc capacity. This paper puts forward the problem of determining the electrodynamic force acting between the arc and the grid when the contact is open. The most reasonable ㄷ-type arc grid is determined by the ANSYS application program, and the method of increasing the service life of the mechanism is introduced.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Study on the Improvement of Characteristics of AC Contactor by Addition of Rare Earth Element

Authors: Yong Chol Jong, Un Chol Ri, Gum Chol Ri
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the prior literature, to improve the characteristics of the AC contactor, the structural dimension of the contact point was changed or the type of contact material was changed. This section introduces a method of improving the characteristics of contact including contact resistance and electrical wear by adding a rare earth element to the Ag-Cd0 contact point, which is currently used as an AC contactor.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Microstructure and Wear Properties of Hardfacing Metal Manufactured by Smaw with Hardfacing Electrode Adding Ferroalloys Nitrided Jointly

Authors: Wonchol Son, UnChol Ri, Songgil Jong, GumChol Ri, HuiChong KANG Wonzun Ri, Sokchol Ri
Comments: 8 Pages.

In order to improve wear resistance of components such as screws with severe friction-wear, microstructure and wear resistance of Fe-C-Cr-Mo-V-Ti-N hardfacing metal were investigated. Ferroalloys added into the coating of hardfacing electrodes were nitrided jointly. The microstructure and wear resistance of hardfacing metals were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). In addition, Factsage 7.0 software was used to calculate the equilibrium phase diagram of the hardfacing metals. The results show that the hardfacing layers mainly consist of martensite, austenite, α-Fe, M23C6, M7C3, V8C7-type carbides and MX-type complex precipitations (M= V, Ti; X=C, N). The Fe-C-Cr-Mo-V-Ti-N hardfacing layer possesses 1.5 times higher wear resistance than cladding layers without nitrides.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Study on the Enhancement of the Breaker Ability of Contactors

Authors: Yong Chol Jong, Un Chol Ri, Gum Chol Ri
Comments: 5 Pages.

Increasing the life of contactors, which are widely used in the power industry, is a very important issue. In this paper, a new U-shaped arc lattice was introduced to increase the arc extinguishing capacity of the contactor.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Heat Fluctuate in Microscopic System

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

"The physical origins of thermodynamic uncertainty relations were obscure until now. Our study shows they can be derived from FTs," Landi said. [27] A solid can serve as a medium for heat and sound wave interactions just like a fluid does for thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators - resulting in leak-free machines that can stay operating longer. [26] Like watchmakers choosing superior materials to build a fine timepiece, physicists at the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at the National University of Singapore have singled out an atom that could allow them to build better atomic clocks. [25]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Heat Radiation Control

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 44 Pages.

Researchers at Purdue University have engineered ceramic "nanotubes" that behave as thermal antennas, offering control over the spectrum and direction of high-temperature heat radiation. [28] Scientists have developed a new approach for making metal-metal composites and porous metals with a 3-D interconnected "bicontinuous" structure in thin films at size scales ranging from tens of nanometers to microns. [27] A solid can serve as a medium for heat and sound wave interactions just like a fluid does for thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators-resulting in leak-free machines that can stay operating longer. [26] Like watchmakers choosing superior materials to build a fine timepiece, physicists at the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at the National University of Singapore have singled out an atom that could allow them to build better atomic clocks. [25] Yale physicists have uncovered hints of a time crystal-a form of matter that "ticks" when exposed to an electromagnetic pulse-in the last place they expected: a crystal you might find in a child's toy. [24] The research shows that concentrated electrolytes in solution affect hydrogen bonding, ion interactions, and coordination geometries in currently unpredictable ways. [23]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Analysis of Natural Lightning Phenomena and Method for Laboratory Study

Authors: Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev
Comments: 12 Pages. Reported in International conference on Nanotechnology and Materials Science, 2019, Rome, Italy

On Earth, the lightning frequency is approximately 44 times per second, or nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year. The average lightning duration is a few hundred milliseconds made up from a number of shorter strokes. Lightning is a transient process producing very high frequency pulses mostly in MHZ range. The analysis of lightnings using the BSM-SG models indicates that theoretically predicted and experimentally proved “Heterodyne Resonance Mechanism” (HRM) is involved in the transient process of lightning. The physics of HRM effect permits a new understanding on the energy of lightning. This article is focused mainly on lightnings between clouds and ground in which an avalanche process takes place. The enormous energy released during this process could not be only from the potential energy accumulated in clouds. A new technical method for a laboratory study of the lightning is proposed.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Cycle of Sevtsov

Authors: Sergey Sevtsov
Comments: 3 Pages.

A fundamentally new thermodynamic cycle of operation of an internal combustion engine with compression ignition is proposed.In a new two-stroke diesel fuel combustion occurs at a constant volume, as in a gasoline engine. Theoretically, the efficiency of the new engine is increased and there is no need for a particulate filter (due to the complete combustion of diesel fuel).
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Conversion of Infrared Light to Energy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

Invisible infrared light accounts for half of all solar radiation on the Earth's surface, yet ordinary solar energy systems have limited ability in converting it to power. [20] Thermoelectric materials can use thermal differences to generate electricity. Now there is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly way of producing them with the simplest tools: a pencil, photocopy paper, and conductive paint. [19] A team of researchers with the University of California and SRI International has developed a new type of cooling device that is both portable and efficient. [18] Thermal conductivity is one of the most crucial physical properties of matter when it comes to understanding heat transport, hydrodynamic evolution and energy balance in systems ranging from astrophysical objects to fusion plasmas. [17] Researchers from the Theory Department of the MPSD have realized the control of thermal and electrical currents in nanoscale devices by means of quantum local observations. [16] Physicists have proposed a new type of Maxwell's demon-the hypothetical agent that extracts work from a system by decreasing the system's entropy-in which the demon can extract work just by making a measurement, by taking advantage of quantum fluctuations and quantum superposition. [15] Pioneering research offers a fascinating view into the inner workings of the mind of 'Maxwell's Demon', a famous thought experiment in physics. [14] For more than a century and a half of physics, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that entropy always increases, has been as close to inviolable as any law we know. In this universe, chaos reigns supreme. [13] Physicists have shown that the three main types of engines (four-stroke, twostroke, and continuous) are thermodynamically equivalent in a certain quantum regime, but not at the classical level. [12] For the first time, physicists have performed an experiment confirming that thermodynamic processes are irreversible in a quantum system-meaning that, even on the quantum level, you can't put a broken egg back into its shell. The results have implications for understanding thermodynamics in quantum systems and, in turn, designing quantum computers and other quantum information technologies. [11]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Information Entropies Are Unable to Describe Mental Activities

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 3 Pages.

Here we describe how and why information entropy is totally inadequate to assess, describe and quantify the activities of the brain that we term mental functions.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Binding Energy for Catalysis

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Determining the optimal binding energies for heterogeneous chemical reactions-usually meaning that the reactant is in the gas or liquid phase while the catalyst is a solid-is critical for many aspects of modern society, as we rely on such reactions for processes as diverse as the production of fertilizers and plastics. [37] Among the many techniques being investigated to generate clean energy, water splitting is a very promising one. [36] But now, Shigehisa Akine and colleagues from Kanazawa University have shown that the reversed order is also possible: first, the host undergoes a chemical reaction, after which it recognizes and forms a complex with the guest ion. [35] In batteries, fuel cells or technical coatings, central chemical processes take place on the surface of electrodes which are in contact with liquids. During these processes, atoms move over the surface, but how this exactly happens has hardly been researched. [34] A team of scientists from across the U.S. has found a new way to create molecular interconnections that can give a certain class of materials exciting new properties, including improving their ability to catalyze chemical reactions or harvest energy from light. [33] A team of scientists including Carnegie's Tim Strobel and Venkata Bhadram now report unexpected quantum behavior of hydrogen molecules, H2, trapped within tiny cages made of organic molecules, demonstrating that the structure of the cage influences the behavior of the molecule imprisoned inside it. [32] A potential revolution in device engineering could be underway, thanks to the discovery of functional electronic interfaces in quantum materials that can self-assemble spontaneously. [31] Now, for the first time ever, researchers from Aalto University, Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF), Technical University of Braunschweig and Nagoya University have produced the superconductor-like quantum spin liquid predicted by Anderson. [30] Electrons in graphene-an atomically thin, flexible and incredibly strong substance that has captured the imagination of materials scientists and physicists alike-move at the speed of light, and behave like they have no mass. [29] In a series of exciting experiments, Cambridge researchers experienced weightlessness testing graphene's application in space. [28]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hot Spots is Primary Reason for Global Warming – New Theory

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 1 Page.

This paper is a short overview of why hot spots are the primary reason for global warming. Hot spots are created due to city non reflective surfaces, high concentrations of CO2 green house emission in cities, and by concentrations of black asphalt roads covering urban areas and cities. The CO2 theory of global warming, while certainly part of the problem, is on average only 0.04-.06 percent of our atmosphere. These concentrations may be too low to be the major threat in green house theory. However, in cities, this CO2 number climbs substantially and in combination with non reflective city surfaces, creates the earth’s largest hot spots. Knowledge of the real root cause of the global warming problem once understood, can provide enormous solutions to our global warming crisis. Primarily, studies need to be conductive on how to reduce hot spots created by cities. Such solutions would include more reflective asphalt, painting dark surfaces and focusing on CO2 emissions in cities. For example, energy plants creating smog should be located far from city areas. Asphalt temperature must be lowered using safe reflective materials of paint. These types of solutions are much easier to deal with than lowering CO2 emissions in the next 10 years. CO2 emission lowering is particularly important in hot spot areas where green house effect is enhances due to high concentrations of emission by concentration of cars and fossil fuel burning. Results of this paper should be eye opening and provide important ramifications in the fight against global warming.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Stefan-Boltzmann Constant Incorrect by a Factor of 2π

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 3 Pages.

Due to wrong applications of Planck’s radiation law a wrong Stefan-Boltzmann constant has been introduced. This article describes 2 of such applications and proves that the mentioned constant is a factor 2π too high. One of the consequences is that the alleged power density of the sun is also 2π too high. Or its temperature is 1.6 times higher!
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Turn Heat into Energy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

An international team of scientists has figured out how to capture heat and turn it into electricity. [34] Researchers at Osaka University have been able to enhance the power factor of a promising thermoelectric material by more than 100% by varying the pressure, paving the way for new materials with improved thermoelectric properties. [33] Wearable devices that harvest energy from movement are not a new idea, but a material created at Rice University may make them more practical. [32] Researchers at Cardiff University have shown tiny light-emitting nanolasers less than a tenth of the size of the width of a human hair can be integrated into silicon chip design. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Organic Solar Cell Design

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Solar cells that use mixtures of organic molecules to absorb sunlight and convert it to electricity, that can be applied to curved surfaces such as the body of a car, could be a step closer thanks to a discovery that challenges conventional thinking about one of the key components of these devices. [31] "Experiments of hot dense plasma are challenging enough that we should not rule out the possibility of error," Nagayama said. "And the science impact is enormous—this obligates us to continue examining the experiment's validity." [30] The researchers extracted a 2-D material they call hematene from ordinary iron ore. The material is only three atoms thick and is thought to have enhanced photocatalytic properties. [29]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hurricane Suppression Using Salt to Increase Atmospheric Conductivity

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper is a short overview of why adding salt to the eye of a hurricane might be an effective method for suppressing a hurricane by disrupting its electric field. A salt powder absorbed into the moist atmosphere would add a measure of conductivity and could significantly reduce the electric and electromagnetic fields build-up which would reduce a hurricane’s ability to stay organized. There is a history of observed strong electric fields inside hurricanes, primarily in the eye. We hypothesize how the electric fields act as the hurricane’s glue; the more it can be discharged, the less organized and weaker it will become.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Thermal Profiles at Nanoscale

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

At the nanoscale-at distances less than 1/100th the width of the thinnest human hair-controlling temperature is much more difficult. [35] Topological defects in the structure of materials known as active nematics can act as rods that mix the fluids-much like one might mix colours in white paint. [34] When a container of silicone oil or other similar liquid is vertically shaken at a regular frequency, 1-millimeter-sized droplets of the same liquid placed on the liquid's surface appear to "walk" across the surface at speeds of about 1 cm/second, propelled by their own waves. [33] Almost all living organisms from bacteria to humans have gate-like protein complexes in their cell membranes that get rid of unwanted or life-threatening molecules. [32] In a recent study now published on Light: Science & Applications, Yuchao Li and colleagues at the Institute of Nanophotonics in China, developed an optical microscope system using living cells as tiny lenses to image and manipulate objects smaller than the wavelength of light. [31] A team of researchers affiliated with several institutions in Japan has developed a way to create catenanes and a molecular trefoil knot out of para-connected benzene rings. [30] Scientists at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have devised a new process for using nano-particles to build powerful lasers that are more efficient and safer for your eyes. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Self Recharging Perpetual Paper Batteries

Authors: B. Ravi Sankar, S. Alamelu Mangai
Comments: 3 Pages. Paper Battery , Perpetual Battery, Self Recharging Battery.

In this paper we describe about a paper battery whose electrodes are made up of different metals. This battery is connected to the primary coil of a transformer. The secondary coil of the transformer is connected to full wave rectifier whose output is either connected to a super capacitor or a rechargeable battery. The whole of the setup is referred as Self Recharging Perpetual Paper Battery.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Magnetic Refrigerator

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

Physicists at the Laboratory of Novel Magnetic Materials of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University study magnetic materials and magnetostructural phase transition in order to create a new magnetic cooling technology. [22] Researchers at The Ohio State University have discovered how to control heat with a magnetic field. [21] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have developed a new technology for switching heat flows 'on' or 'off'. [20] Thermoelectric materials can use thermal differences to generate electricity. Now there is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly way of producing them with the simplest tools: a pencil, photocopy paper, and conductive paint. [19] A team of researchers with the University of California and SRI International has developed a new type of cooling device that is both portable and efficient. [18]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

We-Trump Powertrain = Gearless Automatic Digitostat Fluid Power Continuously Variable Bidirectional Regenerative Transmission

Authors: Yanming Wei
Comments: 64 Pages.

Subject inventions use a bunch of hydraulic cylinders with cross section area in a series of powers of 2 multiples of the least common denominator. By selection from N pieces of such cylinders with corresponding digital-controllable valves array, the enumerateable quantity of different areal sums shall read: Nth power of 2. With proper switching on the bunch of cylinders, adjustable fluid power supply can be realized to adapt very wide pressure fluctuation of input. Also a novel system of hydrostatic transmission & powertrain is presented, and it features automatic quasi CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) & regenerative brake with reclaimed energy round trip via same tranny, by virtue of not expensively using planetary gears or variable displacement hydraulic pump/motor. All vehicles, even powered only by fossil fuel, deserve economic regenerative brake, now this invention can make it come true!
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Technische Anwendungen Zur Umwandlung Der Rotationsenergie Der Erde in Elektrische Energie in Theorie Und Praxis 15., Aktualisierte Auflage

Authors: Robert Stach
Comments: 16 Pages.

Aufgezeigt werden Möglichkeiten zur Umwandlung der Rotationsenergie der Erde in elektrische Energie. Zu dieser Thematik gab es in Russland sehr aufwendige und teure Experimente. Das Ihnen hier vorliegende Manuskript zeigt, dass man mit sehr viel weniger Aufwand bereits am Schreibtisch zu den gleichen Ergebnissen kommen kann.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Mass Energy Intake for Vibration and Heat

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

if two masses collide inelastically the size of the hit masses determine the amount of energy it stores as vibration if the vibration is too much it produces heat any mass that fully occupies a larger volume produces more energy intake
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Heat Relations

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

heat is directly proportional to time of contact and is directly proportional to the kinetic energy lost per second
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

More Heat out of Sunlight

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

A newly developed material that is so perfectly transparent you can barely see it could unlock many new uses for solar heat. [34] By energizing precursor molecules using a tiny, high-energy supersonic jet of inert gas, researchers have dramatically accelerated the fabrication of nanometer scale structures. [33] Emerging single-cell diagnostics rely on the potential to rapidly and efficiently isolate bacteria from complex biological matrices. [32]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Combat Climate Change

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

Researchers at TIFR have developed the solution phase synthesis of dendritic plasmonic colloidosomes (DPCs) with varying interparticle distances between the gold nanoparticles (NPs) using a cycle-by-cycle growth approach by optimizing the nucleation-growth step. [35] A newly developed material that is so perfectly transparent you can barely see it could unlock many new uses for solar heat. [34] By energizing precursor molecules using a tiny, high-energy supersonic jet of inert gas, researchers have dramatically accelerated the fabrication of nanometer scale structures. [33] Emerging single-cell diagnostics rely on the potential to rapidly and efficiently isolate bacteria from complex biological matrices. [32] A particularly aggressive, metastasizing form of cancer, HER2-positive breast cancer, may be treated with nanoscopic particles "imprinted" with specific binding sites for the receptor molecule HER2. [31] UNC School of Medicine scientists created a powerful new "directed evolution" technique for the rapid development of scientific tools and new treatments for many diseases. [30] Scientists have been aware of this 'length problem' for a long time, but it was largely overlooked for most of the twentieth century. [29] Such emulsions are similar to the mixture that forms when you shake an oil-and-vinegar salad dressing, but with much smaller droplets. [28] Russian scientists found that nanocrystal tungsten trioxide can be used instead of barium for X-ray examinations and also in cancer treatment. [27] Medical advancements can come at a physical cost. Often following diagnosis and treatment for cancer and other diseases, patients' organs and cells can remain healed but damaged from the medical condition. [26]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Smartphone Batteries Last Longer

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

Our future TV and smartphone screens could have double the energy efficiency, thanks to a technique invented by Imperial scientists. [36] Researchers at TIFR have developed the solution phase synthesis of dendritic plasmonic colloidosomes (DPCs) with varying interparticle distances between the gold nanoparticles (NPs) using a cycle-by-cycle growth approach by optimizing the nucleation-growth step. [35] A newly developed material that is so perfectly transparent you can barely see it could unlock many new uses for solar heat. [34] By energizing precursor molecules using a tiny, high-energy supersonic jet of inert gas, researchers have dramatically accelerated the fabrication of nanometer scale structures. [33]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Double Input Boost/Y-Source DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy Sources

Authors: Niteesh S Shanbog
Comments: 58 Pages.

With the increasing adoption of renewable energy sources by domestic users, decentralisation of the grid is fast becoming a reality. Distributed generation is an important part of a decentralised grid. This approach employs several small-scale technologies to produce electrical energy close to the end users or consumers. The higher reliability of these systems proves to be of advantage when compared to traditional generation systems. Multi-Input Converters (MICs) perform a decisive function in Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). Making use of such MICs prove to be beneficial in terms of size, cost, number of components used, efficiency and reliability as compared to using several independent converters. This thesis proposes a double input DC-DC converter which makes use of a quasi Y-source converter in tandem with a boost converter. The quasi Y-source converter has the advantage of having a very high gain for low duty cycles. The associated operating modes are analysed and the operation of the MIC is verified using simulation result. A hardware prototype is built for large signal analysis in open loop. Different loads are applied and the efficiency of the MIC as a whole as well as the load sharing between the different sources is investigated.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

PV Source Integrated Micro-Grid for Power Quality Improvement using MPPT Technique

Authors: Madhu Palati, Manjunath R D, Nagesh L, Niteesh S Shanbog, Prashanth C
Comments: Pages. Presented and Published in NC3PS (2017)

The demand for Electrical energy is increasing day by day as it can be easily converted to another form of energy. All consumers expect Electrical energy with high power quality. Most of the commercial and industrial loads are inductive in nature and need power electronic circuits/ controllers to get smooth control of the equipment. This, in turn, leads to the injection of harmonics into the system, hence the power quality is affected. The above problem needs to be addressed and eliminated. In this paper, a shunt active power filter is used to mitigate the harmonics. I d-I q control is used to analyse the performance of the filter and is simulated using MATLAB software. The MPPT controller is used to improving the power quality of the system.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Generating Electricity from Waste Heat

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Researchers at Osaka University have been able to enhance the power factor of a promising thermoelectric material by more than 100% by varying the pressure, paving the way for new materials with improved thermoelectric properties. [33] Wearable devices that harvest energy from movement are not a new idea, but a material created at Rice University may make them more practical. [32] Researchers at Cardiff University have shown tiny light-emitting nanolasers less than a tenth of the size of the width of a human hair can be integrated into silicon chip design. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Co-Generation of Power and Distilled Water on Big Land by Solar-Osmosis Closed-Loop System

Authors: Yanming Wei
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper presents up-conversion methods on whatever available big land, e.g. backyard or vacant land or farmland for booming green economy with new invention of solar-osmosis tandem technology so as to maximize multi goals: co-harvest of summer solar distilled or winter frozen potable water + pressure retarded fluid power, as well as pool buffered energy storage. By estimation, 1 km^2 land annual yield: 88 GWH energy + 1 million tons H2O in average zones. Also interlaced with some relevant political views.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Flexible Energy Generators

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

Wearable devices that harvest energy from movement are not a new idea, but a material created at Rice University may make them more practical. [32] Researchers at Cardiff University have shown tiny light-emitting nanolasers less than a tenth of the size of the width of a human hair can be integrated into silicon chip design. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Heat Transport for Thermoelectrics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 44 Pages.

NCCR MARVEL researchers have developed a novel microscopic theory that is able to describe heat transport in very general ways, and applies equally well to ordered or disordered materials such as crystals or glasses and to anything in between. [28] Physicists have demonstrated that energy quantization can improve the efficiency of a single-atom heat engine to exceed the performance of its classical counterpart. [27] A solid can serve as a medium for heat and sound wave interactions just like a fluid does for thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators-resulting in leak-free machines that can stay operating longer. [26] Like watchmakers choosing superior materials to build a fine timepiece, physicists at the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at the National University of Singapore have singled out an atom that could allow them to build better atomic clocks. [25] Yale physicists have uncovered hints of a time crystal-a form of matter that "ticks" when exposed to an electromagnetic pulse-in the last place they expected: a crystal you might find in a child's toy. [24] The research shows that concentrated electrolytes in solution affect hydrogen bonding, ion interactions, and coordination geometries in currently unpredictable ways. [23]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

1/f Phase Noise in Oscillators Modeled with Q and Its Entropy Significance Version 2

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 4 Pages.

Noise in operating systems has been strongly linked to degradation. One such type of noise of interest in this paper is phase noise, which we model and describe its significance in thermodynamic degradation science . Phase noise of an oscillator is perhaps one of the most important oscillator parameters and the source of the noise is not well understood. Phase noise is important as it degrades the purity of the carrier frequency when used in transmission which is only one of the many applications in oscillator usage. It is known that the unloaded Q in phase noise goes as the inverse of Q to the forth power observed in the low frequency area (i.e. near the carrier frequency) as noted in oscillator power noise spectral density. In this paper we provide a model that leads to this observed unloaded Q dependence noted in the power spectral density. We will then provide specific comparison to an LRC oscillator circuit to establish a parametric useful analogy. A second model links Q to entropy which we show produces this type of noise. Although this noise’s origin, is not well understood in terms of reliability, we have previously found that noise is typically attributed to entropy (disorder). This is because temporal coherence of a signal from an operating device can be correlated to disorder in the spatial coherence in the device. Once understood, the phase noise has an entropy explanation that yields the inverse frequency dependence observed. Therefore, this type of noise measurement is of importance in thermodynamic degradation process as it has applications to understanding noise in other areas besides oscillators. Results show consistency with damage entropy principles in terms of purity of materials and measurement methods observed in the literature. Because entropy is an expression of the disorder, or randomness of a system, we anticipate that such results can be applied in assessing stability issues in many fabricated electronic devices.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

1/f Phase Noise in Oscillators Modeled with Q and Its Entropy Significance

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 4 Pages.

Noise in operating systems has been strongly linked to degradation. One such type of noise of interest in this paper is phase noise, which we model and describe its significance in thermodynamic degradation science. Phase noise of an oscillator is perhaps one of the most important oscillator parameters and the source of the noise is not well understood. Phase noise is important as it degrades the purity of the carrier frequency when used in transmission which is only one of the many applications in oscillator usage. It is known that the unloaded Q in phase noise goes as the inverse of Q to the forth power observed in the low frequency area (i.e. near the carrier frequency) as noted in oscillator power noise spectral density. In this paper we provide a model that leads to this observed unloaded Q dependence noted in the power spectral density. We will then provide specific comparison to an LRC oscillator circuit to establish a parametric useful analogy. A second model links Q to entropy which we show produces this type of noise. Although this noise’s origin, is not well understood in terms of reliability, we have previously found that noise is typically attributed to entropy (disorder). This is because temporal coherence of a signal from an operating device can be correlated to disorder in the spatial coherence in the device. Once understood, the phase noise has an entropy explanation that yields the inverse frequency dependence observed. Therefore, this type of noise measurement is of importance in thermodynamic degradation process as it has applications to understanding noise in other areas besides oscillators. Results show consistency with damage entropy principles in terms of purity of materials and measurement methods observed in the literature. Because entropy is an expression of the disorder, or randomness of a system, we anticipate that such results can be applied in assessing stability issues in many fabricated electronic devices.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Design and Calculation of 25MW Steam Turbine Course

Authors: UnChol Ri, GumChol Ri, YongSong Kim, WonZhu Kim
Comments: 13 Pages.

今天，随着科学技术的迅速发展，人类对能源的需求也越来越增加。 在火力电站的发电当中汽轮机是不可或缺的特别重要的发电设备。 在小论文中，计算了对目前在我们国家现在运行的25MW蒸汽轮机的更精确的热计算
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On the Nature of Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

electromagnetic waves are masses that oscillate both ways(up and down and to the sides at the same time perpendicular to its direction of motion
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On the Origin of 1/f Noise due to Generated Entropy - Version 3

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 6 Pages.

Noise measurements analysis has been associated with degradation. In particular one such noise type called 1/f noise is likely the leading indicator. It is important to identify the noise frequency region of the spectrum associated with degradation occurring in materials to aid in noise analysis future reliability testing. The literature on 1/f noise appears to have a broad commonality in explanations and models related to degradation between materials and the measurement environment. It is reasonable in this regard to look at 1/f noise aspects in a broad sense in terms of disorder and the associated spectral content. This lends itself to a thermodynamic entropy framework for analysis. We review some of the key aspects of 1/f noise in the literature and discuss how observations relate to entropy. Once describe, we then suggest two thermodynamics models that one might use to model 1/f noise. Results help provide a broader understanding of 1/f noise, identify the spectral region, and separate out the associated entropy contribution in the noise in the 1/f noise spectrum. Such interpretation suggests that 1/f noise is a good tool for measuring certain aspects of disorder in materials and likely the associated spectral signatures. Experiments are suggested to demonstrate the importance of 1/f noise as a prognostic tool to identify and predict degradation in materials over time. We also suggest using standardized spectral identification methods.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On the Origin of 1/f Noise due to Generated Entropy - Version 2

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages.

Noise measurements analysis has been associated with degradation. In particular one such noise type called 1/f noise is likely the leading indicator. It is important to identify the noise frequency region of the spectrum associated with degradation occurring in materials to aid in noise type of reliability tests. The literature on 1/f noise appears to have a broad commonality in explanations and models related to degradation between materials and the measurement environment. It is reasonable in this regard to look at 1/f noise aspects in a broad sense in terms of disorder and the associated spectral content. This lends itself to a thermodynamic entropy framework for analysis. We review some of the key aspects of 1/f noise in the literature and discuss how observations relate to entropy. Once describe, we then suggest two thermodynamics models that one might use to model 1/f noise. Results help to provide a broader understanding of 1/f noise by using a different framework in terms of thermodynamic degradation processes. Such interpretation suggests that 1/f noise is a good tool for measuring certain aspects of disorder in materials and likely the associated spectral signatures. Experiments are suggested to demonstrate the importance of 1/f noise as a prognostic tool for 1/f noise reliability testing to identify and predict degradation in materials over time. We also suggest using standardized spectral identification methods.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Heat Unified Field Theory

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

is absorbing heat produce magnetism and producing heat producing gravitation?
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Heat Unified Field Theory0

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

heat is the production of gravity and magnetism together termed as electromagnetic radiation if you shoot electromagnetic radiation at the electrons they absorb it vibrating and produce magentism if an electron emits an electromagnetic wave they produce gravity what if you just make heat pumped out of any hot object absorbed by any other object and sustain the heat?
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Energy Carriers

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

you could get a mass and heat it and do pressure on it and then when it cools down heat it up with the heat produced at the beggining carreied by water in a thermo thats a way to keep those atoms carrying energy through midstate vibration of atoms
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Possible Origin of Magnetism

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

magnetism occurs when you achieve high vibration altitudes of masses
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Masses vs Waves

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

waves can contain energy in any volume of space while masses contain the smallest volume possible
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Compton Aand Photoelectric Effect in Atomic Ticles

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

if you increase the energy of a mass it would take more volume in space and then when it ejects the energy it ends up having more volume inside of it if the rate by which the ejection takes place is faster than the rate of the particle returning to its original form due to other electromagnetic waves pushing onto the particle
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Igin of Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

electromagnetic waves are waves that are produced after sound waves are inside a mass they are produced as an effect of producing sound waves then negating them with other sound waves
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Ways to Control Thermal Radiation

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

A consortium of researchers using the unique Molecular Foundry at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) set out to do just that with Planck's Law. [31] Researchers from Drexel University and Trinity College in Ireland, have created ink for an inkjet printer from a highly conductive type of two-dimensional material called MXene. [30] The nano research team led by professors Helge Weman and Bjørn-Ove Fimland at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology's (NTNU) Department of Electronic Systems has succeeded in creating light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, from a nanomaterial that emits ultraviolet light. [29]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On the Origin of 1/f Noise Due to Entropy Damage

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper we provide two thermodynamic models to describe 1/f noise due to microscopic entropy damage fluctuations; that is, minor fluctuations of degradation occurring in system-environment interaction. As such, we find that flicker noise is a sensitive measure of entropy damage. The concepts provided are consistent with the literature on 1/f noise measurement observations in materials and helps provide a uniform understanding of 1/f phenomena.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Mass vs Nothingness Theory

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

if masses and nonexistence are splitting the universe into two then half for existence and half for nonexistence and if so then the amount of electromagnetic waves is huge and its what is used to form the rest of existence or masses
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Thermodynamic Magic Cooling

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

Physicists at the University of Zurich have developed an amazingly simple device that allows heat to flow temporarily from a cold to a warm object without an external power supply. [20] Thermoelectric materials can use thermal differences to generate electricity. Now there is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly way of producing them with the simplest tools: a pencil, photocopy paper, and conductive paint. [19] A team of researchers with the University of California and SRI International has developed a new type of cooling device that is both portable and efficient. [18] Thermal conductivity is one of the most crucial physical properties of matter when it comes to understanding heat transport, hydrodynamic evolution and energy balance in systems ranging from astrophysical objects to fusion plasmas. [17] Researchers from the Theory Department of the MPSD have realized the control of thermal and electrical currents in nanoscale devices by means of quantum local observations. [16] Physicists have proposed a new type of Maxwell's demon-the hypothetical agent that extracts work from a system by decreasing the system's entropy-in which the demon can extract work just by making a measurement, by taking advantage of quantum fluctuations and quantum superposition. [15] Pioneering research offers a fascinating view into the inner workings of the mind of 'Maxwell's Demon', a famous thought experiment in physics. [14] For more than a century and a half of physics, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that entropy always increases, has been as close to inviolable as any law we know. In this universe, chaos reigns supreme. [13] Physicists have shown that the three main types of engines (four-stroke, twostroke, and continuous) are thermodynamically equivalent in a certain quantum regime, but not at the classical level. [12] For the first time, physicists have performed an experiment confirming that thermodynamic processes are irreversible in a quantum system-meaning that, even on the quantum level, you can't put a broken egg back into its shell. The results have implications for understanding thermodynamics in quantum systems and, in turn, designing quantum computers and other quantum information technologies. [11]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Oppsoite Push Theory

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

if you want to produce a great amount of electromagnetic waves push a dense mass from two opposite sides of the mass the atoms will start jerking and then producing electromagnetic waves
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Novel Fusion-Reaction Fuel Technique

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

To capture and control on Earth the fusion reactions that drive the sun and stars, researchers must first turn room-temperature gas into the hot, charged plasma that fuels the reactions. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37] The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) has completed the installation of a novel antineutrino detector that will probe the possible existence of a new form of matter. [36] The MINERvA collaboration analyzed data from the interactions of an antineutrino-the antimatter partner of a neutrino-with a nucleus. [35] The inclusion of short-range interactions in models of neutrinoless double-beta decay could impact the interpretation of experimental searches for the elusive decay. [34]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hidden Order in Disorder

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

Researchers of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and colleagues from several countries have now found that in amorphous, i.e. disordered, systems, optimization of the individual cells gradually results in the same structure, although it remains amorphous. [18] Understanding how these materials mix has implications in industries such as pharmaceuticals and concrete manufacturing, but little is still known about how to best mix them. [17] The scientists identified a shortlist, a kind of "periodic table" of the most designable knot types, i.e. those knots that could easily self-assemble under appropriate physical and chemical conditions. [16] Scientists have now observed for the first time how diamonds grow from seed at an atomic level, and discovered just how big the seeds need to be to kick the crystal growing process into overdrive. [15] The researchers engineered diamond strings that can be tuned to quiet a qubit's environment and improve memory from tens to several hundred nanoseconds, enough time to do many operations on a quantum chip. [14] Intel has announced the design and fabrication of a 49-qubit superconducting quantum-processor chip at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. To improve our understanding of the so-called quantum properties of materials, scientists at the TU Delft investigated thin slices of SrIrO3, a material that belongs to the family of complex oxides. [12] New research carried out by CQT researchers suggest that standard protocols that measure the dimensions of quantum systems may return incorrect numbers. [11] Is entanglement really necessary for describing the physical world, or is it possible to have some post-quantum theory without entanglement? [10] A trio of scientists who defied Einstein by proving the nonlocal nature of quantum entanglement will be honoured with the John Stewart Bell Prize from the University of Toronto (U of T). [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Comments on “Aerothermodynamic Effects of Controlled Heat Release Within the Hypersonic Shock Layer Around a Large Angle Blunt Cone” [phys. Fluids 30, 106103 (2018)]

Authors: Anbuselvan K.K.N.
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recently, Deep and Jagadeesh published a paper on understanding the aerothermodynamic effects of chromium coating over a large angle blunt cone test model at hypersonic flow conditions. The article concludes that the heat-flux at stagnation point increases by 25.6%, the temperature at stagnation region increases by 5%, and the shock stand-off distance increases by 17% with chromium coating. These findings appear to be ambiguous due to inconsistencies in the manner of calculating the free-stream values, the inappropriate use of measurement techniques and incorrect analysis of experimental data which have been elucidated in this comments.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Comments on “Aerodynamic Drag Reduction by Heat Addition Into the Shock Layer for a Large Angle Blunt Cone in Hypersonic Flow” [physics of Fluids 20, 081703 (2008)]

Authors: Anbuselvan K.K.N.
Comments: 1 Page.

The article1 showed a 47% drag reduction and 18% increase in shock stand-off distance with chromium coated surface whereas A.M. Tahsini2 performed numerical simulations of Kulkarni et al.1 work and found a large discrepancy (>50%) with the experimental results. The reason for the discrepancy is found in this comments to be improper data analysis of the experimental drag signals.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Magnetism-Driven Thermal Expansion

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

Computers, cell phones and other devices are built from many small parts and components that are prone to poor performance and damage caused by overheating. [26] An international team of researchers has measured a quantum power increase in a quantum boost engine for the first time. [25] Now, researchers in the UK and Israel have created miniscule engines within a block of synthetic diamond, and have shown that electronic superposition can boost their power beyond that of classical devices. [24]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Fire Theory

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

When you burn fire you have fire if you let it into space the fire would fade out and diminish because there are particles in space now lets assume that the lit fire is in absolute space space that has no particles in it then the fire would keep burning forever in fact it will grow as it burn the material it burns it burns now since fire is an electromagnetic wave we could say that the particles static electricity polarities(from particles)is the one that make the fire fade away but that’s not important the thing that is important is that if fire is attracted to the polarities without absorbtion its own polarity(positive polarity) will not be absorbed by electrons but rather would push the positive polarities of protons in other way since a fast moving fire would push other materials now lets study electrons and how fire spins around it(makes it jiggle as heat) and afterwards its absorbed by the electrons then remitted but lets study how the electron jumps from one level to the other way some of the energy of fire is transmitted into other colors of fire its probably because fire is not absorbed(partially) at all its reproduced by the electron by other colors with different intensities due to several electrons in all orbits but lets study how do several electron change the color of fire after its absorbed then reproduced it seems like the fire is absorbed several times and then produced and as some of the fire is absorbed at one level of electrons inside the atom it needs to pass another level of electrons this leads to the dispertion of fire(due to fire jiggling around electrons) and producing several colors from each electron now lets study explosion explosion happens best and strongest when fire keeps pushing with its polarity the portons the more precise the on hit of photons with proton for the most time (that you can do the on hit forever) without deflection of photons from protons the more you could reach the speed of light with bigger masses you need precision and continued result from precision a continued push to achieve speeds of light for this to happen you need to shoot burning fires away from electrons and onto protons to do this you have to shoot fire at very high speeds and very small amounts timed to intervals and the machine that hurls fire should be very lit very near to the pushed rocket and also you should shoot fire after fire so that the its produced very near to each other and that fire is very small in size but large in magnitude so that they push each other with a fire inducer and also you could make the amount of fire getting out of the rocket much less than the one pushing the fire by burning up fire from one side successively or even two sides if possible
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Current Law of Conservation of Energy in Mechanics is the Greatest Mistake of Physics

Authors: Dubrovskii Petr Ivanovich
Comments: 22 Pages.

The current law of conservation of energy in mechanics is the greatest mistake of physics. mgh and mV^2/2 is not energy Real energy is Ft (impulse) and mV
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Mass Occupation Gravitational Theory

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

Imagine that you have a heave mass this mass occupies space and then you have a heavier mass of the same volume of the first heavy mass imagine that you increase the energy of the two masses the two masses thus increase in mass per volume ratio and thus increase gravitation you can measure mass to volume ratio gravitational force by getting a light element like hydrogen and a heavier mass such as the heaviest nuclear element and fill a volume(maybe a sphere) totally and fully with both of the two elements separately and each and heat each sphere to the point the element accept no more heat then measure the gravitational force of each of the two volumes with heated balls of similar elements to the point that the balls and the heated heavy element spheres are of G^(1/2) or of root of G
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Coffee-Based Solar Absorption

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

Solar energy is one of the most promising resources to help reduce fossil fuel consumption and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions to power a sustainable future. [24] In the latest wrinkle to be discovered in cubic boron arsenide, the unusual material contradicts the traditional rules that govern heat conduction, according to a new report by Boston College researchers in today's edition of the journal Nature Communications. [23] Beyond the beauty of this phenomenon, which connects heating processes to topology through an elegant quantization law, the results reported in this work designate heating measurements as a powerful and universal probe for exotic states of matter. [22]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Solar Cells Buttering Bread

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

"This means that we now have a method for the production of high-quality films for perovskite solar cells using an industrially scalable technique." [40] Organic electronics have the potential to revolutionize technology with their high cost-efficiency and versatility compared with more commonly used inorganic electronics. [39] By using an infrared laser beam to induce a phenomenon known as an electron avalanche breakdown near the material, the new technique is able to detect shielded material from a distance. [38] The light scattered by plasmonic nanoparticles is useful, but some of it gets lost at the surface and scientists are now starting to figure out why. [37] In a new review, researchers have described the fundamental physics that causes magnetoelectricity from a theoretical viewpoint. [36] Physicists at EPFL propose a new "quantum simulator": a laser-based device that can be used to study a wide range of quantum systems. [35] The DESY accelerator facility in Hamburg, Germany, goes on for miles to host a particle making kilometer-long laps at almost the speed of light. Now researchers have shrunk such a facility to the size of a computer chip. [34] University of Michigan physicists have led the development of a device the size of a match head that can bend light inside a crystal to generate synchrotron radiation in a lab. [33] A new advance by researchers at MIT could make it possible to produce tiny spectrometers that are just as accurate and powerful but could be mass produced using standard chip-making processes. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31] Materials scientists at Duke University computationally predicted the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors made from extended organic molecules sandwiched by inorganic structures. [30]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Thermodynamics Super Efficiency

Authors: Jose Iraides Belandria
Comments: 8 Pages.

This article shows a surprising prediction of the global formulation of the second law of thermodynamics that suggests the hypothetical existence of super-efficient thermodynamics processes. Such processes, according to the local formulation of the second law of thermodynamics, may occur as a consequence of an internal entropy coupling between the different systems that make up the universe of the process. In this way, the heuristic combination of the aforementioned formulations predicts the theoretical existence of an operation zone where thermodynamic processes can produce more mechanical work than conventional reversible operations.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Compressed Material Conducts Heating

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

In the latest wrinkle to be discovered in cubic boron arsenide, the unusual material contradicts the traditional rules that govern heat conduction, according to a new report by Boston College researchers in today's edition of the journal Nature Communications. [23] Beyond the beauty of this phenomenon, which connects heating processes to topology through an elegant quantization law, the results reported in this work designate heating measurements as a powerful and universal probe for exotic states of matter. [22]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Quantum Engine Performance

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

Now, researchers in the UK and Israel have created miniscule engines within a block of synthetic diamond, and have shown that electronic superposition can boost their power beyond that of classical devices. [24] In the latest wrinkle to be discovered in cubic boron arsenide, the unusual material contradicts the traditional rules that govern heat conduction, according to a new report by Boston College researchers in today's edition of the journal Nature Communications. [23]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Gravity is a Wrong Idea of Physics

Authors: Gephy Adachi
Comments: 2 Pages. Review of the Tamura theory

Gravity does not exist. This must be replaced by the idea of buoyancy, which is described with Archimedes’ principle. I introduce the notable idea “Tamura’s theory” in this paper and we must reconsider the fundamental physics with the idea.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

High-Speed Surveillance in Solar Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

A research team at Osaka University has developed an improved method for producing microscope images that can spot speedy electrons zipping through nanomaterials used in solar panels. [43] Complex, three-dimensional (3-D) structures are regularly constructed using a reliable commercial method of 3-D laser micro- and nanoprinting. [42] A team led by University of Utah physicists has discovered how to fix a major problem that occurs in lasers made from a new type of material called quantum dots. [41]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Rise and Fall of Evolution

Authors: Hugh Wang
Comments: 2 Pages.

Jeremy England proposed in his “Statistical physics of self-replication” that energy dispersion drives evolution. Such is the explanatory power of his theory that we build on it to rethink the relationship between life and entropy as handed to us by Schodinger, to find a place for the origin and evolution of life within the cosmos, to explain the Cambrian Explosion and the Mass Extinctions from an entropic perspective, hence the title, and finally, to find a way out of the gloom and doom of global warming.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Automatically Cool or Insulate

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.

University of Maryland researchers have created a fabric that can automatically regulate the amount of heat that passes through it. [21] At EPFL, Selman Sakar's research team has developed micromachines able to mechanically stimulate cells and microtissue. [20] Scientists from ITMO in collaboration with international colleagues have proposed new DNA-based nanomachines that can be used for gene therapy for cancer. [19] CRISPR is a technique that is revolutionizing biomedical research through high-precision genome editing. [18]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Energy is not Conserved Masses Like to Act Like Waves and Waves Are Masses

Authors: Adham Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Comments: 1 Page. ty

In this paper we will talk about how masses actually spend their energies in space and how masses actually lose their mass energy masses are relative and are not conserved they lose their mass by radiation spinning and gravity now when we look at a mass we find that it has the same mass at all time which but in fact its because its losing its mass at a rate of c or the speed of light constant and becomes c times smaller after c seconds and all the mass lost is equal to mc or the number of mass multiplied by the c constant or mc^2/c=mc and what is left is the new mc rather than E=mc^2 energy and then we can talk about how mass likes to act like waves when they gain external energy from other masses as when you hit pond water with a ball and watch the ripples the wave is just energy that cant escape from the mass medium and then when its spread across a larger medium and the oscillations hights(peaks and troughs) are still the same unless and the wave is still there and is not lost unless of course if the wave hits air and then the wave disappears after some time but if there are no air and also if there is zero air in a water container and a wave is applied the water vibrates forever unless the energy is absorbed by the masses and are part of the masses and then we talk about waves and why waves are masses its because waves are not electromagnetic waves they are masses that have very much mass absorbed from the star it came from and then photon mass absorbs the energy inside of the mass and then the photon starts losing energy at c constant rate but since the photon has small mass to energy acquired ratio it moves at high speeds for long time
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Using Ambient Photons As A Stator in A Motor

Authors: Simon A. Olanipekun
Comments: 7 Pages.

A magnetic field is the angular momentum of a photon; and an electric field is the linear momentum of the photon. Thus the ambient magnetic fields are photons whose angular-momentum vectors are oscillating continuously and rapidly. Since the ambient magnetic fields possess energy and angular momenta, they are able to exert reactive forces on the rotor and stator of the motor. Thus the ambient magnetic fields serve as the stator.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Recyclable Thermoelectric Paper

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Thermoelectric materials, capable of transforming heat into electricity, are very promising for converting residual heat into electrical energy, as they convert hardly usable or nearly lost thermal energy in an efficient way. [31] Solar rays are a plentiful, clean source of energy that is becoming increasingly important as the world works to shift away from power sources that contribute to global warming. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Unified Field Energy Transducer

Authors: Simon A. Olanipekun
Comments: 27 Pages. This write-up contains the correct numerical analysis of my overunity system...

A unified field energy transducer including a plurality of permanent magnets having an axis of rotation and means mounting the magnets for rotation about the axis of rotation, a magnetic ring disposed around and in close enough proximity to the magnets to produce magnetic interaction therebetween, the magnets and the magnetic ring disrupting the equilibrium of the unified field and producing a net coupling force that rotates the magnets about the axis of rotation.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Dual-band Dielectric Light-harvesting Nanoantennae Made by Nature

Authors: Julian Juhi-Lian Ting
Comments: 8 Pages.

Mechanisms to use nanoparticles to separate sunlight into photovoltaic useful range and thermally useful range to increase the efficiency of solar cells and to dissipate heat radiatively are discussed based upon lessons we learnt from photosynthesis. We show that the dual-band maxima in the absorption spectrum of bacterial light harvestors not only are due to the bacteriochlorophylls involved but also come from the geometry of the light harvestor. Being able to manipulate these two bands arbitrarily enables us to fabricate the nanoparticles required. Such mechanisms are also useful for the design of remote power charging and light sensors.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Computers Produce Less Heat

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Dr. Jan Klaers is a researcher of the Complex Photonic Systems group, part of UT's MESA+ Institute. Within the group, he started his own research direction in the field of experimental quantum thermodynamics. [29] Physicists envision that the future of quantum computation networks will contain scalable, monolithic circuits, which include advanced functionalities on a single physical substrate. [28] Engineering researchers have demonstrated proof-of-principle for a device that could serve as the backbone of a future quantum Internet. [27] If you see a video of a politician speaking words he never would utter, or a Hollywood star improbably appearing in a cheap adult movie, don't adjust your television set—you may just be witnessing the future of "fake news." [26]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Entropy Gradient and Relative Entropy of Physical Systems

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 10 Pages.

Classical thermodynamics is founded on three principles and on the concept of entropy in which heat and temperature are considered physical quantities that are necessary for describing the behaviour of thermodynamic systems. The Principle of Specific Entropy has shown the concept of entropy can be extended to all physical systems with an appropriate choice of energy and of physical quantity that are involved in the physical process. New concepts of entropy gradient and of relative entropy allow to study physical systems from a different viewpoint and to extend their knowledge.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Efficient Harnessing of Solar Power

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

Solar rays are a plentiful, clean source of energy that is becoming increasingly important as the world works to shift away from power sources that contribute to global warming. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Theory of Coolest Temperatures

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Researchers have developed a new theory for recording the lowest temperatures ever measured, with the largest accuracy allowed by the laws of Nature. [25] Nothing in nature is known to hit the temperatures achieved in laboratories like CAL, which means the orbiting facility is regularly the coldest known spot in the universe. [24] There's an oddball in most families, but Rice University physicist Emilia Morosan has discovered an entire clan of eccentric compounds that could help explain the mysterious electronic and magnetic workings of other quantum materials engineers are eying for next-generation computers and electronics. [23] TU Wien (Vienna) and several research groups from China have now developed new ideas and implemented them in an experiment. [22]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Development of a Small 50W Class Stirling Engine

Authors: UnChol Ri, GumChol Ri, ChangIl Ri, YongHuan Kim, SongJin Ri
Comments: 7 Pages.

In order to develop a compact and low cost Stirling engine, a gamma type Stirling engine with simple moving-tube-type heat exchangers and a rhombic mechanism was developed. Its target shaft power is 50 W at engine speed of 4000 rpm and mean pressure of 0.8 MPa using helium as working gas. This paper describes the outline of the engine design and the performance test. The test was done without load, using air in atmospheric condition. Also, a mechanical loss measurement was done in highly pressurized condition, in which the engine was driven by a motor compulsory. Then, methods to get higher performance were considered based on the comparison of experimental and calculated results. The results indicate that a higher performance heat exchanger and decreasing of mechanical loss are needed for the attainment of the target performance.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Effects of Lorentz Force on Water Using Electro Powered Lattice Magnets and Applications of Small Clustered Water

Authors: Saurav L. Chaudhari
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this work we show the after effects of certain amount of magnetic field on a water for a specific amount of time in very calculable way. Here we are passing water between two magnetic poles and in that way, we will magnetize the water and will break its molecular clusters into smaller parts. It is helpful in both agriculture and household.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Technische Anwendungen Zur Umwandlung Der Rotationsenergie Der Erde in Elektrische Energie in Theorie Und Praxis Teil 10

Authors: Robert Stach
Comments: 22 Pages.

Aufgezeigt werden Möglichkeiten zur Umwandlung der Rotationsenergie der Erde in elektrische Energie. Neben einem geschichtlichen Exkurs erfolgt die detaillierte Beschreibung der Anlagen. Verdeutlicht wird, dass durch eine unterschiedliche Anzahl der Freiheitsgrade eines Kreisels auch unterschiedliche Berechnungsalgorithmen für die Winkelgeschwindigkeit der Präzessionsbewegung resultieren. Aufgezeigt werden auch die Unterschiede beim resultierenden Impuls der Präzessionsbewegung zwischen kippenden und parallel ausweichenden Kreiselachsen. Beschrieben wird zudem die Abhängigkeit der Präzessionsbewegung von der Größe der wirkenden Impulse.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

How Does a Light-Mill Work?

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 4 Pages.

This answer to the Frequently Asked Question first appeared in the Usenet Physics FAQ in 1997.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

An Interesting Inspiration to Probe Protein Engineering & its Promising Applications Using Spin Glass Theory & Related Mathematical Concepts - Based on Higher Order Logic(HOL)/Haskell/Scala/Deep Learning(DL)/Java Virtual Machine/JikesRVM(Research Virtu

Authors: Nirmal Tej Kumar
Comments: 4 Pages. Short Communication & Technical Notes

An Interesting Inspiration to Probe Protein Engineering & its Promising Applications Using Spin Glass Theory & Related Mathematical Concepts - Based on Higher Order Logic(HOL)/Haskell/Scala/Deep Learning(DL)/Java Virtual Machine/JikesRVM(Research Virtual Machine) as Future Informatics Platform in Protein Engineering Domains.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Microscopic Heat and First Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Juan R. Gonzalez Alvarez
Comments: 31 Pages. Improved grammar and presentation - Same conclusions

Heat is defined in classical thermodynamics as an energy transfer mechanism, but its fundamental nature is not yet fully understood. After reviewing previous macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic approaches to heat, we propose a fundamental definition of heat in terms of a fully detailed microscopic description and apply this definition to a one-component gas with constant composition for comparison with the usual macroscopic formulae. Using the new definition, we debunk common claims in the literature that associate heat with our ignorance of the microscopic details of a thermodynamic system.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Energy-Momentum Relation in Curved Space-Time

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper, we will obtain a variation of the energy-momentum relation:E2=m2c4+p2c2To:E2=m2c4+p2c2-Rℏ2c2Where the R corresponds to the Ricci scalar curvature. In very small gravitational fields, the last element (which it can be considered a kind of dark energy) is almost neglectable. Anyhow, we will check the consequences of this in big gravitational fields and in the mass at rest, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations. In fact, the value of this R has been found to be equal to the cosmological constant (both in the order of 1E-52) making it a perfect candidate for the Dark Energy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Energy-Momentum Relation in Curved Space-Time

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we will obtain a variation of the energy-momentum relation:E2=m2c4+p2c2To:E2=m2c4+p2c2-Rℏ2c2Where the R corresponds to the Ricci scalar curvature. In very small gravitational fields, the last element (which it can be considered a kind of dark energy) is almost neglectable. Anyhow, we will check the consequences of this in big gravitational fields and in the mass at rest, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Maxwell's Demon that Does not Consume Energy

Authors: Jiarun Deng
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

The second law of thermodynamics has provided significant assistance to the development of science and technology since its inception, but we are skeptical about its universality. In this paper, we use the Michelson interferometer as a Maxwell's demon and use the method of optical interference to demonstrate that the second law of thermodynamics can be violated.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

[a] Maxwell's Demon that Does not Consume Energy

Authors: Jiarun Deng
Comments: 5 Pages.

The second law of thermodynamics has provided great assistance to the development of science and technology since its birth. However, we are skeptical about its universality. In this paper, we used optical interference to demonstrate that the second law of thermodynamics can be violated.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics Are Logically Equivalent

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the September 2022 issue of The Physics Teacher (TPT), Richard Kaufman and Harvey Leff showed the interdependence of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Here, we go further and use the facts that the first law implies the second law, and that the second law implies the first law. This two-way implication establishes the logical equivalence of the first and second laws. Although the laws are logically equivalent (when one is true, then the other must be true), this does not mean that they are the same. The equivalence provides for a deeper and richer understanding of the laws of thermodynamics, as discussed in a section on pedagogy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Does the Clausius Statement of the Second Law, or Its Violation, Have Any Meaning During a Time-Reversed Heat Energy Transfer Process?

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 11 Pages.

We might assume that if time ran backwards, heat energy would be transferred spontaneously from colder to hotter. However, if heat energy actually did flow spontaneously from colder to hotter, then equilibrium states and temperatures required for thermodynamics would not be established. As a simple example, consider if heat energy flow were to flow from colder-to-hotter, such as in a metal rod heated at one end. Any distribution of temperatures in the metal rod causes further colder-to-hotter flow between adjacent layers of the metal. This results in hot regions of undetermined thickness — and an equilibrium temperature is not established for the rod. So, if time were reversed, we argue that during a heat energy transfer process, the Clausius statement of the second law is not merely violated but is meaningless. Yet, based on the initial and final states of a time-reversed process, the Clausius statement does appear to hold overall. We consider the implication that the Clausius statement is not continuously reversible in time - and wonder if the other equivalent forms of the second law have meaning for time reversal.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Limited Amount of Work that can be Generated in the Universe, and the Ironic use of Inexhaustible Energy Transfer from Ideal Temperature Reservoirs to Develop the Principle of Entropy Increase

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider entropy based on its original conceptualization for heat engines. With this historical perspective, we devise a statement of entropy that could be inferred by mechanical engineering students: Entropy generation reduces the amount of work than can be generated in the universe. There is an irony that Clausius developed the Principle of Entropy Increase, which points to a limited amount of work that can be generated in the universe, from a cycle that utilized temperature reservoirs with a seemingly inexhaustible supply of energy capable of producing work.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Universe’s Capability to Generate Work, and the Ironic use of Inexhaustible Energy Transfer from Ideal Temperature Reservoirs to Develop the Principle of Entropy Increase

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider entropy based on its original conceptualization for heat engines. With this historical perspective, we devise a statement of entropy that could be inferred by mechanical engineering students: Entropy generation reduces the universe’s capability for performing work. There is an irony that Clausius developed the Principle of Entropy Increase, which points to a limited capability of the universe to produce work, from a cycle that utilized temperature reservoirs with a seemingly inexhaustible supply of energy capable of producing work. For a universe with an infinite amount of energy that would exist with idealized temperature reservoirs, then the Principle of Entropy Increase is false, because the universe cannot lose any capability for performing work.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Frugal Experiment on Potential Cooling Effect of Potable Water Irradiated with Laser Pen

Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 8 Pages. This article has not been submitted to a journal. Comments and suggestions by readers as welcome.

In previous article, we reported initial findings based on small experiment on potential use of salt-water as cheap source of renewable battery with various kind of metals as anode and cathode. The purpose of these experiments is to find out which combination of anode and cathode is capable to generate the best performance in terms of electric voltage. Following that previous reports, we tried to conduct further simple experiments on possible effect of low intensity laser irradiation on potable water’s electrical features. Nonetheless, an initial version of this report is slightly disappointing, because as an effect, there the system tends to go lower in electrical potential feature. Instead it may support initial reports by others such as Cohen Tannoudji, Alain Aspect et al, on laser cooling effect to molecules [3][4]. Nonetheless, a subsequent experiment shows an improved result.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Proof of the Decrease in Entropy in the Field of the Center of Forces (Доказательство уменьшения энтропии в поле центра сил)

Authors: Dmitry Vatolin
Comments: 8 Pages. In Russian

Here, the existence of a thermal cycle is proved, in which a gas placed in a field of forces, performs useful work without transferring heat to a third-party body.

Здесь доказано существование теплового цикла, в котором газ, помещённый в поле сил, совершает полезную работу без передачи тепла стороннему телу.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Modified Equations for Pressure and Temperature of Ideal Gas

Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 9 Pages.

The universal unitary principle of logic test is used to test the mathematical reasoning of pressure equation of ideal gas, and a negative conclusion is given. The study found that, the classical molecular kinetic theory establishes a physical model of the uniform motion of a molecule under the action of an equivalent constant force, which violates the principle of mechanics, and the classical equations for the pressure and temperature of ideal gas derived from such a model are all incorrect. Here we set up a variety of physical models of molecular interaction in accordance with the principle of mechanics, and consistently derive the modified equation of ideal gas pressure. It is proved that the pressure of ideal gas is equal to the molecular energy in unit volume, and the thermodynamic temperature of ideal gas is equal to the quotient of molecular average kinetic energy and Boltzmann constant. Reasoning accords with the unitary principle. The inferences of these different models accords with the unitary principle. Furthermore, the problem of the definite solution of the gas molecular velocity distribution function satisfying the limit condition of light speed is proposed. Finally, the experimental suggestion to verify the theoretical gas temperature correction equation is given.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Maxwell’s Demon with no Energy Consumption

Authors: Jiarun Deng
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this study, we design two devices that can achieve the function of Maxwell’s demon without consuming energy by making use of upconversion materials (βNaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+).
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Field Theory of Temperature

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 12 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

Motivated by the well-known contradiction of special relativity and the heat equation, a wave equation for temperature scalar field is presented that also resolves the old issue of (Lorentz) transformation of temperature and entropy. As an inductive consequence it is proposed that single particles posses entropy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Planck’s Spectrum as Function of Wavelength is Untenable

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 3 Pages. Version 3 is extended with a remark about Wien's displacement law

Scrutinizing Planck’s spectra as function of frequency and as function of wavelength learns that the last mentioned one leads to baffling results.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Planck’s Spectrum as Function of Wavelength is Untenable

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 3 Pages. Version 2 is extended with an explanation of the integral of the spectrum

Scrutinizing Planck’s spectra as function of frequency and as function of wavelength learns that the last mentioned one leads to baffling results.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Lower Limit $\delta H_{vap}^z$ for the Latent Heat of Vaporization $\delta H_{vap}$ with Respect to the Pressure and the Volume Change of the Phase Transition.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 4 Pages.

We derive a lower limit $\Delta H_{vap}^Z $ for the latent heat of vaporization $\Delta H_{vap}$ with respect to the pressure and the volume change of the phase transition from the study of a heat engine using liquid-gas as working fluid with an infinitesimal variation of the temperature $\delta T$ and an infinitesimal variation of the pressure $\delta P$ and in the vanishing limit of the massive flow rate $Q_m$. We calculate the latent heat index $h^Z= \Delta H_{vap}^Z/\Delta H_{vap}$ of few gas and at few different pressures $P$. Finally, we consider the latent heat index limit $h^Z_{cr}$ as the temperature $T$ approaches the critical temperature $T_{cr}$.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Analysis of Pv/wind Systems by Integer Linear Programming with Neutrosophic Numbers by Taking Into Account Intermittency of Energy Production

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 Pages. This paper has been submitted to IJNS journal. Your comments are welcome.

In a recent paper, we discussed possible use of quadruple Neutrosophic Numbers in order to expand the definition of statistical standard deviation in uncertainty modeling of various engineering systems and elsewhere. In the meantime, in literature there are many discussions on linear programming for various cases, there is only few discussion to take into account the uncertainties involved in the power production of PV/Wind system. In this paper, we consider integer linear programming by considering bi-level values as suggested by Pramanik and Pratim Dey. The purpose of this study is to show that it is possible to consider uncertainties in energy production in the linear programming model.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Dimensional Thermodynamics

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 33 Pages.

The idea of energy carried through space, space as a vacuum, energy presumably in its most basic form through space as a quantum package, is one of the greatest issues in modern physics, namely how can energy as a quantum package be relayed through the vacuum of space without "being" somehow associated to space, without seeming to lose energy in its travel through space, and likewise how can gravity as a field force be related to mass (and therefore energy) through that same vacuum of space and be relayed through space as that field force, a field force that seems to "offer" energy to the mass in that field, and thus have gravity represent, in regard to "0" space, a type of "negative" energy field? Indeed, the idea of the thermodynamics as a type of transposition of energy in space should not be taken lightly. This paper explains the nature of thermodynamics as the result of the relationship between the dimensions of time and space, a specific relationship between a just as specific definition for time and space, explaining all the key concepts of thermodynamics, essentially replacing the idea of the Big Bang and associated metric expansion of space, together with the ideas of dark matter and dark energy. As it shall be demonstrated, although there is a general precedent of indeterminacy in play, there is nonetheless a dimensional enthalpic mechanical order between time and space that acts in alliance with the general indeterminacy carried by time's flow as entropy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Dimensional Thermodynamics

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 33 Pages.

The idea of energy carried through space, space as a vacuum, energy presumably in its most basic form through space as a quantum package, is one of the greatest issues in modern physics, namely how can energy as a quantum package be relayed through the vacuum of space without "being" somehow associated to space, without seeming to lose energy in its travel through space, and likewise how can gravity as a field force be related to mass (and therefore energy) through that same vacuum of space and be relayed through space as that field force, a field force that seems to "offer" energy to the mass in that field, and thus have gravity represent, in regard to "0" space, a type of "negative" energy field? Indeed, the idea of the thermodynamics as a type of transposition of energy in space should not be taken lightly. This paper explains the nature of thermodynamics as the result of the relationship between the dimensions of time and space, a specific relationship between a just as specific definition for time and space, explaining all the key concepts of thermodynamics, essentially replacing the idea of the Big Bang and associated metric expansion of space, together with the ideas of dark matter and dark energy. As it shall be demonstrated, although there is a general precedent of indeterminacy in play, there is nonetheless a dimensional enthalpic mechanical order between time and space that acts in alliance with the general indeterminacy carried by time's flow as entropy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Dimensional Thermodynamics

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 33 Pages.

The idea of energy carried through space, space as a vacuum, energy presumably in its most basic form through space as a quantum package, is one of the greatest issues in modern physics, namely how can energy as a quantum package be relayed through the vacuum of space without “being” somehow associated to space, without seeming to lose energy in its travel through space, and likewise how can gravity as a field force be related to mass (and therefore energy) through that same vacuum of space and be relayed through space as that field force, a field force that seems to “offer” energy to the mass in that field, and thus have gravity represent, in regard to “0” space, a type of “negative” energy field? Indeed, the idea of the thermodynamics as a type of transposition of energy in space should not be taken lightly. This paper explains the nature of thermodynamics as the result of the relationship between the dimensions of time and space, a specific relationship between a just as specific definition for time and space, explaining all the key concepts of thermodynamics, essentially replacing the idea of the Big Bang and associated metric expansion of space, together with the ideas of dark matter and dark energy. As it shall be demonstrated, although there is a general precedent of indeterminacy in play, there is nonetheless a dimensional enthalpic mechanical order between time and space that acts in alliance with the general indeterminacy carried by time’s flow as entropy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Dissipation of Momenergy to a Bose Gas by An Electromagnetic Propulsion Device

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 3 Pages. 2nd version elaborating in few places more than the 1st. I may get more qualitative on the proposed potential between oscillators, I may use a transport equation to show the dissipation in later editions.

Theoretical analysis into the energetics of a novel putative electromagnetic field propulsion device by the author, found that it was able to impart momenergy to the ground state of the electromagnetic field; some rest-energy of the craft was converted to kinetic energy of the craft. Electrical analysis showed that the propulsor was always a net electrical load – if the device accelerated from one frame, then deaccelerated to the original frame, both processes would consume electrical work. The aim of this paper is to look further into this sinking of high-grade electrical energy into the field ground state and to show that an even more pernicious form of 2nd Law of Thermodynamics exists.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Conjecture About Gravitational Waves Based on a Discovery and Its Potential Applications

Authors: Xia CAO
Comments: 23 Pages. This is a new discovery. Patents have been filed to protect the reported inventions.

Scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world. Can you imagine that when an acrylic sheet is tapped by hand, the generated electromagnetic field can produce a voltage of 3600 V? The general theory of relativity predicted the existence of gravitational waves. Here, we found that two objects can generate electromagnetic fields under forces, and high frequency interaction can generate electromagnetic waves. We have deduced that gravitational waves generated by the collision of celestial bodies are the same as the electromagnetic field generated by the collision of small stones. When two small stones collide, the generated electromagnetic field can drive the LED. Wind blowing objects was used to verify that there would be electromagnetic field generated by friction between the object and atmosphere. We speculate that there must be super strong electromagnetic field produced by the friction between the earth surface and atmosphere because of the ultra-high-speed rotation and revolution of the earth. The electromagnetic field generated by friction between the fiber cloth and air can drive 1350 LEDs wirelessly, which indirectly verifies that how strong the electromagnetic field generated by the rotation of earth will be. The generated energy radiates outward in the form of electromagnetic waves and is distributed throughout the out space. This may lead to the formation of earth's ring-shaped gravitational waves. On this basis, it is inferred that the gravitational waves should exist anywhere, anytime and in everything. In addition, several power generation devices including self-powered board for portable devices were designed based on the discovery. These new findings will have far-reaching impact on a range of research fields such as physics, new energy and astronomy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Analysis of Natural Lightning Phenomena and Method for Laboratory Study

Authors: Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev
Comments: 12 Pages. Reported at International conference on Nanotechnology and Materials Science, 2019, Rome, Italy

On Earth, the lightning frequency is approximately 44 times per second, or nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year. The average lightning duration is a few hundred milliseconds made up from a number of shorter strokes. Lightning is a transient process producing very high frequency pulses mostly in MHZ range. The analysis of lightnings using the BSM-SG models indicates that theoretically predicted and experimentally proved “Heterodyne Resonance Mechanism” (HRM) is involved in the transient process of lightning. The physics of HRM effect permits a new understanding on the energy of lightning. This article is focused mainly on lightnings between clouds and ground in which an avalanche process takes place. The enormous energy released during this process could not be only from the potential energy accumulated in clouds. A new technical method for a laboratory study of the lightning is proposed.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Equilibriums in the Planet Atmospheres [Равновесия в атмосферах планет]

Authors: Dmitry Vatolin
Comments: 17 Pages. In Russian

An effective method for deriving and analyzing the equations of gas dynamics is found, which does not depend on therate of kinetic and thermodynamic processes in the gas. The heat flux is correctly determined. Equilibria are found inwhich, in the absence of mass winds, the Maxwellian distribution is violated.[Найден эффективный метод вывода и анализа уравнений газовой динамики, не зависящий от скоростипротекания кинетических и термодинамических процессов в газе. Правильно определён тепловой поток.Найдены равновесия, в которых, при отсутствии ветров масс, нарушено максвеллово распределение.]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Equilibriums in the Planet Atmospheres

Authors: Vatolin Dm.
Comments: 17 Pages.

An effective mathematical method for deriving of gas dynamics equations is found. A correct statistical definition of heat flow is given. Equilibriums are found in which, in the absence of mass transfer, the Maxwell distribution is offended.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Equilibriums in the Planet Atmospheres

Authors: Vatolin Dm.
Comments: 17 Pages. Russian

An effective mathematical method for deriving of gas dynamics equations is found. A correct statistical definition of heat flow is given. Equilibriums are found in which, in the absence of mass transfer, the Maxwell distribution is offended.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hot Spots vs. Green House Gases - Contribution to Global Warming – New Theory and Index

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we provide a simple thermodynamic proof that manmade Hot Spot heat generation would also create global warming even if CO2 emissions were at normal levels. We introduce the concept of global warming industrial revolution equilibrium heat index to establish this proof. We define manmade hot spot emission as unnatural heat emission produced by man that would not have occurred prior to the industrial revolution. The CO2 theory of global warming, while central to the issue as a huge part of the problem, has created a diversion to this other likely major contributor, namely hot spots contribution to global warming. It is obvious that there is a major focus on CO2 emissions and absolutely no focus on hot spot reduction in terms of solving the global warming crisis. This paper will hopefully provide motivation for the mitigation of hot spot creation. Knowledge of the root causes of the global warming problem is important to addressing the problem properly.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hot Spots vs. Green House Gases - Contribution to Global Warming – New Theory and Index

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we provide a simple thermodynamic proof that manmade Hot Spot heat generation would also create global warming even if CO2 emissions were at normal levels. We introduce the concept of global warming industrial revolution equilibrium heat index to establish this proof. We define manmade hot spot emission as unnatural heat emission produced by man that would not have occurred prior to the industrial revolution. The CO2 theory of global warming, while central to the issue as a huge part of the problem, has created a diversion to this other likely major contributor, namely hot spots contribution to global warming. It is obvious that there is a major focus on CO2 emissions and absolutely no focus on hot spot reduction in terms of solving the global warming crisis. This paper will hopefully provide motivation for the mitigation of hot spot creation. Knowledge of the root causes of the global warming problem is important to addressing the problem properly.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hot Spots vs. Green House Gases - Contribution to Global Warming – New Theory

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper we provide a simple thermodynamic proof that man made Hot Spot heat generation would also create global warming even if CO2 emissions were at normal levels. We introduce the concept of global warming equilibrium heat index to establish this proof. We define man made hot spot emission as the excessive unnatural heat emission produced by man that would not have occurred prior to the industrial revolution. The CO2 theory of global warming, while central to the issue as a huge part of the problem, has created a diversion to this other likely major contributor, namely hot spots to global warming. It is obvious that there if a major focus on CO2 emissions and absolutely no focus on hot spot reduction in terms of solving the global warming crisis. This paper will hopefully provide motivation for the mitigation of hot spot creation. Knowledge of the root causes of the global warming problem is important to addressing the problem properly.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Stefan-Boltzmann Constant Incorrect by a Factor 2π

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 3 Pages. Version 2 is an improved and extended version of 1

Due to a wrong conception of Planck’s mathematical presentation of the power density spectrum of a black body radiator, a wrong Stefan-Boltzmann constant has been created. This article explains what that misconception is and how this factor 2π arose from it.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hurricane Suppression Using Salt

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper is a short overview of why adding salt to the eye of a hurricane might be an effective method for suppressing a hurricane by disrupting its electric field which is known to exist in hurricanes. A salt powder absorbed into the moist atmosphere would add a measure of ionic conductivity and could significantly reduce the electric and electromagnetic fields build-up which would change a hurricane’s pressure and ability to stay organized. There is a history of observed strong electric fields inside hurricanes, primarily in the eye. A hurricane’s electric field role is not well understood. We hypothesize some physics of how the electric field’s role can aid in reducing pressure; thus if fields can be discharged, pressure levels should then increase, weakening the hurricane. Considering the damage hurricanes create, and their increase threat due to global warming, rewards could overwhelm risks in a proper investigation of hurricane de-electrification.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hurricane Suppression Using Salt

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper is a short overview of why adding salt to the eye of a hurricane might be an effective method for suppressing a hurricane by disrupting its electric field. A salt powder absorbed into the moist atmosphere would add a measure of conductivity and could significantly reduce the electric and electromagnetic fields build-up which would reduce a hurricane’s ability to stay organized. There is a history of observed strong electric fields inside hurricanes, primarily in the eye. We hypothesize how the electric fields act as the hurricane’s glue; the more it can be discharged, the less organized and weaker it will become.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hurricane Suppression Using Salt

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper is a short overview of why adding salt to the eye of a hurricane might be an effective method for suppressing a hurricane by disrupting its electric field. A salt powder absorbed into the moist atmosphere would add a measure of conductivity and could significantly reduce the electric and electromagnetic fields build-up which would reduce a hurricane’s ability to stay organized. There is a history of observed strong electric fields inside hurricanes, primarily in the eye. We hypothesize how the electric fields act as the hurricane’s glue; the more it can be discharged, the less organized and weaker it will become.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hurricane Suppression Using Salt

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper is a short overview of why adding salt to the eye of a hurricane might be an effective method for suppressing a hurricane by disrupting its electric field. A salt powder absorbed into the moist atmosphere would add a measure of conductivity and could significantly reduce the electric and electromagnetic fields build-up which would reduce a hurricane’s ability to stay organized. There is a history of observed strong electric fields inside hurricanes, primarily in the eye. We hypothesize how the electric fields act as the hurricane’s glue; the more it can be discharged, the less organized and weaker it will become.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On the Origin of 1/f Noise due to Generated Entropy - Version 4

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 6 Pages.

Noise measurements analysis has been associated with degradation. In particular one such type is called 1/f noise and is the most likely measure of subtle degradation occurring in materials. This measurement is done using random vibration methods. It is important to determine if this is the likely region of the spectrum related to degradation occurring in materials to aid in noise type of reliability tests. The literature on 1/f noise appears to have a broad commonality in explanations that can be associated with entropy in materials. It is reasonable in this regard to look at 1/f noise aspects in terms of disorder and the associated spectral content. This lends itself to a thermodynamic entropy frame work for analysis. We review some of the key aspects of 1/f noise in the literature and discuss how observations relate to entropy. Once describe, we suggest two thermodynamics models that might be used to model 1/f noise. Results help to provide a broader understanding of 1/f noise, help to identify the region of the spectrum related to degradation, and use it to do prognostics. Such interpretation suggests that 1/f noise is a good tool for measuring certain aspects of disorder in materials. Experiments are suggested to demonstrate the importance of 1/f noise as a prognostic tool for reliability testing to identify and predict degradation in materials over time.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Rise and Fall of Evolution

Authors: Hugh Wang
Comments: 2 Pages.

Jeremy England proposed in his “Statistical physics of self-replication” that energy dispersion drives evolution. Such is the explanatory power of his theory that we build on it to rethink the relationship between life and entropy as handed to us by Schodinger, to find a place for the origin and evolution of life within the cosmos, to explain the Cambrian Explosion and the Mass Extinctions from an entropic perspective, hence the title, and finally, to find a way out of the gloom and doom of global warming.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy