Astrophysics

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Recent submissions

Any replacements are listed farther down

[2909] viXra:2403.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-16 02:23:03

Stellar Black Holes Do Not Exist

Authors: Mario Everaldo de Souza
Comments: 4 Pages.

Considering the importance of rotation during the collapse of a type II supernova of a very massive star, the metric that must be considered for the possibility of black hole formation is, of course, the Kerr metric. On the other hand, there are many different types of matter that are possible for neutron matter under high densities, such as a Fermi gas of neutrons, a superfluid of neutrons, etc. And the latest LHC data (from the TOTEM Collaboration) on the nucleon hard core indicate that when two nucleons get at distances smaller than 0.5 fm, there is a gigantic repulsion between them which has been observed at energies of up to 13 TeV. When we take all this information together into account, we find out for the first time that stellar black holes do not exist at all. It is also shown that stars made up of a quark-gluon plasma are not generated by means of the core-collapse mechanism of a massive star.
Category: Astrophysics

[2908] viXra:2403.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 12:38:44

Can Fluid Dynamics Describe the Behavior of Vacuum Space?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 4 Pages.

Yes, I claim that the ether that fills the vacuum space is a type of fluid that permeates everywhere in the vacuum space. Therefore, fluid dynamics can be used to describe the entire structure of the universe according to general relativity and quantum physics for describing subatomic particles.
Category: Astrophysics

[2907] viXra:2402.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-28 11:27:16

A New Explanation for the Red Shift

Authors: Ronald Hall
Comments: 25 Pages.

The concept of a universal ideal elastic medium is developed to show that protons, neutrons and stars can be represented as stress patterns whose characteristics are determined by the structure of the hydrogen atom and the nature of thermal radiation. One characteristic of the stress pattern of a star such as the sun is the radial velocity of light in the pattern, which is shown to be a function of both the distance from the star and the mass of the star. This velocity is equivalent to Hubble's velocity of recession.
Category: Astrophysics

[2906] viXra:2402.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-27 03:05:52

Correlation Between μ0ε0 and Time Course

Authors: Yake Li, Juan Zhou, Jianlin Ning
Comments: 13 Pages.

In nature, matter and its motion take precedence. Time serves merely as a conceptual tool and a method utilized by people to gauge the rate of motion of matter. μ0ε0 constitutes an intriguing pair of physical quantities. When directly measured, they remain constant. However, they can vary when indirectly measured. Research has revealed that μ0ε0 influences the motion rate of all matter within a local area. Correlated with the passage of time, μ0ε0 affects and reflects the motion rate of matter. Time, like other physical concepts, has a specific scope of applicability and is not universally valid across all physical phenomena under study.
Category: Astrophysics

[2905] viXra:2402.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 12:03:56

The New Cosmology and the New Gravity

Authors: John R. Rix
Comments: 117 Pages.

Traditional cosmology and gravity feature dark matter, dark energy, and an expanding universe. These features (plus general relativity) generate predictions for observations. Recent observations by the James Webb space telescope and improved observations of the Hubble parameter have generated a tension with traditional predictions that has passed the breaking point. The time has come to consider a replacement for tradition—this document (NCNG). NCNG studies a wide range of astrophysics topics of interest. NCNG is structured as a textbook or as a series of lecture notes for graduate students. A good starting point for a new reader is Appendix A, where there is a brief history of traditional development. There is also a brief history of how my ideas for NCNG were born, and why I believe I am qualified to launch this revolution.
Category: Astrophysics

[2904] viXra:2402.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 21:23:53

The Structure and the Density of a Quark Star in a Cold Genesis Theory of Particles

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 25 Pages.

Based on a semi-empiric relation for the current mass of quarks specific to a Cold genesis theory ofparticles (CGT) but with the constants obtained with the aid of the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner formula and giving values close to those obtained by the Standard Model, by a current quark’s volume obtained as sum of theoretic (apparent) volumes of preonic kerneloids, a maximal density of the current quarks: strange (s), charm (c), bottom (b), top (t), resulted in the range (0.8/4.2)x1018 kg/m3 , as values which could be specific to possible quark stars —in concordance with previous results. [] The theoretically resulting cold quark stars could explain a part of the Universe’s dark matter. [The unreadable portion is omitted by viXra Admin]
Category: Astrophysics

[2903] viXra:2402.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 04:35:03

Interaction Between Force, Energy and Mass

Authors: Giustino Travaglini
Comments: 7 Pages.

The purpose of this article is to show that energy, force and mass are a single entity which I will refer to as "energy force" furthermore general relativity can harmonize with quantum mechanics in a single theory but needs to be expanded. To arrive at this result, I used recent studies carried out on some phenomena of quantum mechanics, in particular on the existence, nature and characteristics of "quantum entanglement". The results obtained from the observation and study of "quantum entanglement" show that energy, force and mass are one and that light is to be considered not as an entity that moves with a constant speed but as a accelerating variable entity.
Category: Astrophysics

[2902] viXra:2402.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-18 20:06:16

Does Newton’s Ether Exist?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 7 Pages. [Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references at the end of the paper)

Newton's ether theory, where the ether is a medium through which light travels and celestial bodies move has been largely rejected in the scientific community because it failed to explain observations. Nevertheless, I claim that this rejection is problematic.
Category: Astrophysics

[2901] viXra:2402.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-05 20:22:07

Dark Matter Versus Dark Energy in Clusters Using the Dark Matter by Gravitation Theory

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper develops the Dark Matter by Gravitation theory, DMbG theory hereafter, in clusters of galaxies. I have been developing this theory in galaxies since 2013 and I have published more than 20 papers most of them using rotation curves of galaxies, especially the ones belonging to M31 and Milky Way. So to understand this paper is compulsory to consult the paper A DM theory by gravitation for galaxies and clusters-V2. Vixra:2312.0002where it is fully developed the DMbG theory.An important results got by DMbG theory is that total mass associated to a galactic halo up to a specific radius depend on the square root of radius without limit. Apparently, this result would be absurd because of divergence of the total mass. However it is the Dark energy the responsible to counterbalance the DM, see the chapter 5.Also it is defined the zero gravity radius as the spherical space needed by the dark energy to counter balanced the total mass (baryonic and DM).In the framework of DMbG it is possible to calculate such radius depending on virial mass and the amount of total mass enclosed into the sphere with zero gravity radius, being proportional to virial mass with a numerical factor approximated by 2.6657. As the virial mass is a value able to be measured into a cluster, these formulas are highly valuables. In order to illustrate all the important formulas got in the paper, it has been chosen a sample of cluster of galaxies, whose virial radius and masses have been published recently. Namely calculus has been made for Virgo and Coma clusters.But the most important result found in this work, see the last chapter, is the ratio zero gravity radius versus virial radius which is equal to the fraction of 100 divided by the universal fraction of DE, both of them to the power 0.4. This ratio is 7.277. This ratio is universal as it does not depend of virial mass or any other local parameter. For example if Virgo virial radius is 1.7 Mpc then its zero gravity radius will be 12.4 Mpc and if Coma virial radius is 2.8 then its zero gravity radius will be 20.4Mpc. This ratio is quite easy to check experimentally as it is related to distances between neighbour clusters.Consequently this result is a crucial test in order to check the rightness of the DMbG theory.
Category: Astrophysics

[2900] viXra:2402.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-01 23:04:35

Beyond the Multiverse

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 17 Pages.

One way to comprehend the very smallest frames ofreference is to model the largest. Boundaries of the universe of universes help us better understand the smallest real dimensions, plus intermediate local universe visible dimensions. Challenges regarding infinity, plus the Second Law of Thermodynamics, gravity, and other physics puzzles are more easily resolved.
Category: Astrophysics

[2899] viXra:2401.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-31 01:31:02

Gravity as Longitudinal Waves

Authors: Carl R. Cato
Comments: 3 Pages.

Describing the world as a sea of dots, this article presents a theory on the nature of gravity.Calculated gravity is proportional to the square root of Newton's before length adjustment.Knowing gravity at short distance, it is shown that it has the characteristics of strong force.
Category: Astrophysics

[2898] viXra:2401.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-24 21:14:02

Gravitational Energy and the Casimir Effect

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

The part of the vacuum energy that we associate with "dark matter" is assimilated to the classical gravitational potential energy (reference 1), this energy is at the origin of the Casimir effect and can be measured by it. Here we provide additional information to demonstrate this proposition and clarify what "dark matter" could be in our universe.
Category: Astrophysics

[2897] viXra:2401.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-20 18:34:30

Discrete Models of the Universe

Authors: Alexander Evako, Ekaterina Shurygina
Comments: 13 Pages.

In paper [16], we developed the local and global structure of a discrete physical space, and constructed and investigated discrete black and white holes using methods developed in the field of digital topology. In this paper, we develop various discrete models of the universe, as well as explore the discrete structure of wormholes.
Category: Astrophysics

[2896] viXra:2401.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-06 22:20:09

Wave Length and Gravitation

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future submission without scientific references will not be accepted!)

If we assume that photonic energy curves space time, we will reach a conflict which requires a whole new approach to anti-matter and anti-gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

[2895] viXra:2312.0166 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-31 16:23:50

Universe of Photons and Dark Matter

Authors: Giuseppe Cimino
Comments: 5 Pages.

An alternative hypothesis to the dark matter theory is analysed, using the Photon Universe model to give an explanation to the "missing gap" phenomenon in the rotation curves of some galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

[2894] viXra:2312.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-23 23:42:31

Calculating the Curvature of Space-Time

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin)

We are working on concrete applications of the relativistic Schwarzschild metric to the cosmos. In this report we calculate the Gaussian curvature of space-time. The relativistic Schwarzschild metric solves Einstein's equations exactly assuming a point gravitational mass and empty space in its vicinity. This metric leads to a static and symmetric solution 2D of the mathematical equation of space-time that allows to calculate the Gaussian curvature at each point. We have calculated some curvature values and found a simple equation to calculate them which allows us to extend the results to a wider range of distances. Finally using this equation and the Birkhoff—Jebsen theorem we have studied the curvature in a homogeneous and isotropic universe with a constant energy density and obtain a value very close to zero for the curvature at any inner point of that universe.
Category: Astrophysics

[2893] viXra:2312.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-16 22:23:51

Gravitational Waves Background, as Well as Some UFO, FRB and Supernova Flares, Are Due to Compressibility of the Spacetime

Authors: Evgeny A. Novikov
Comments: 4 Pages. Accepted for publication in JHEPGC

The recently observed gravitational wave background is explained in terms of the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger). Some UFO, FRB and supernova flares also can be explained in terms of Qmoger.
Category: Astrophysics

[2892] viXra:2312.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-12 21:26:05

The Classical Derivation of the Remnant Mass of a Quasi-Binary Black Hole

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 7 Pages.

In the present article, we classically derive an analytic formula of the Remnant Mass of a Quasi-Binary Black Hole. The Quasi Black Hole concept comes from a Theory Of Everything we have developed few years ago.
Category: Astrophysics

[2891] viXra:2312.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-10 01:49:26

Generalized Newtonian Gravity and Dark Matter

Authors: Adnan Choudhary, Abdur Rahim Choudhary
Comments: 8 Pages.

We use dark matter as a mass complement to the central galactic mass in Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity. The generalized Newtonian gravity thus obtained puts on theoretical footing many of the observations obtained only experimentally.
Category: Astrophysics

[2890] viXra:2312.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-02 23:59:35

Rotation of a Spiral Galaxy Without Dark Matter

Authors: Sergo Rekhviashvili
Comments: 2 Pages.

The star emits electromagnetic waves intensely, so its motion must be different from that of the planet. Centripetal acceleration during star rotation around the galactic center and the resulted radiative friction creates a valid alternative to the dark matter concept.
Category: Astrophysics

[2889] viXra:2312.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-01 00:31:55

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation for Galaxies and Clusters

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 37 Pages.

This paper develops carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the gravitational field [itself]. This work introduces the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, which has been developed and published since 2013.The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. This work has two newness: it is demonstrate that Direct mass comes from Bernoulli mass formula when it is considered an initial point belonging to the Buckingham halo curve, (ideal curve related to dynamical equilibrium), to calculate the parameter C. The second one is two astonishing calculus of masses in LG. This work begins studying the Rotation curves, from M31 and MW, published by Sofue,Y.2015 and 2020 . The regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponents are the same for both galaxies.By the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a DM density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at such moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the Universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas for DM density and for total mass, including DM.In chapters 11, 12 and 13 are calculated the parameters a2 for MW, M33 and LCM galaxies. In chapter 14 is calculated the mass of the Local Group, which match with results got by prestigious researchers. In chapter 15 is shown two methods to solve the Poisson equation. In chapter 16, is shown a method to extend the theory to cluster of galaxies and chapter 17 is dedicated to show how DM is counter balanced by dark energy with negative mass.
Category: Astrophysics

[2888] viXra:2311.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-29 21:53:24

Anthropocosmos: from Analogy to Solanthropy in a Billionth-Precision Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 44 Pages. In French

Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws, the Holographic Principle and Arthur Haas's forgotten Principle of Coherence induce a steady-state cosmology down to the billionth precision, which explains the observation of "impossible galaxies", and predicts the isothermicity of the background radiation at temperature 2.725820456 Kelvin. The connections of parameters with those of the solar system impose the Solanthropic Principle: we are alone in the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

[2887] viXra:2311.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-29 15:27:01

Can Special Relativity, General Relativity, and Quantum Physics Unify Into One Theory?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 5 Pages.

Can special relativity, general relativity, and quantum physics unify into one theory? I claim that unification is possible if the correct physical structure of the entire universe is used.
Category: Astrophysics

[2886] viXra:2311.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-25 05:10:26

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this article we present the gravitational field equations of the Self-Variation Theory. There is a characteristic value in the field action distance. Before and after this distance the field equations are completely different. We formulate the differential equation for the orbits of the planets. Self-Variation Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. A constant of physics appears in the gravitational field Equations. The measurement of this constant from the available observational data will give the exact prediction of the Self-Variation Theory for gravitational field of the large structures of matter. Further investigation of the Equations of this article will give the complete, accurate prediction of the Theory for the gravitational interaction.
Category: Astrophysics

[2885] viXra:2311.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-23 04:27:41

Solar Core and Photosphere Temperatures

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.

Understanding how the ethereal solar corona hashyper-hot temperatures also points us to the sun’sextremely energetic core. How do hyper-hot corephotons appear to radically cool as they rise topopulate the much cooler photosphere? This heatmystery (with the sun’s photosphere at the coolerbottom of the "v" ) helps reveal how its corona heatsup so much far above the surface. In this way twogreat questions are resolved by one eloquent model.
Category: Astrophysics

[2884] viXra:2311.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-24 02:21:34

Black Hole Cosmology:Entropy,Holography and Dark Energy

Authors: Alberto Coe
Comments: 16 Pages.

This is a short article in which we present some curious results based on the concepts of black hole entropy, the event horizon of the observable universe and the cosmic microwave background.By means of an arithmetic quantifier parameter two cosmological parameters are deduced: the fraction of what is known as dark energy and the fraction of what corresponds to baryonic matter b. A variation is observed over time in the ratio between and b ,which is in accordance with what the cosmological standard model proposes, namely, that dark energy varies throughout the life of the universe from its initial moments (when it was very low) to the current moment in which it predominates and constitutes something more than 2/3 of the total of what the universe is made of.
Category: Astrophysics

[2883] viXra:2311.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-23 14:27:54

On a Possible Explanation of the Increased Star Velocities at the Outskirts of Galaxies

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 8 Pages.

Self-Variation Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. The same Equation also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. Comparison with observational data requires the measurement of a constant of physics that appears in the gravitational field equations.
Category: Astrophysics

[2882] viXra:2311.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-22 21:42:55

A Classically Consistent Theory of Gravitation I: the Assumption and Its Application in Astrophysics

Authors: Qiubao Pan
Comments: 16 page

Abstract: Based on the assumption that mesons mediating the gravitation travel like photons in the space-time defined by gravitation and gravitational strength is proportional to the number density of the mesons, a non-Newtonian theory of gravitation is proposed. In part I of this paper, the application of this theory to the dynamics of the Milky Way galaxy and our solar system is presented. This new theory may lead to a new explanation of dark matter in spiral galaxies and the young star formation in the center of galactic center. By observing the Saturn motion when it is in the shadow of Jupiter, the validation of the assumption presented by the author can be tested. In part II of this paper, Dirac’s big number principle is discussed. In Part III, a possible new field equation of gravitation is presented in the Kropinia geometry.
Category: Astrophysics

[2881] viXra:2311.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-10 23:16:30

Tired Light Hypothesis Possibly Got Confirmation by Direct Observation of Light Scattering

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 13 Pages.

The hypothesis of Big Bang is still predominates today but have more and more difficulties. Too many galaxies, galaxies too mature, galaxies have active nucleus due to very big black holes appeared faster than galaxy may be formed — all those facts discovered by James Webb Space Telescope seems to bring the Big Bang idea to the end. But the important question appears: what is instead? One of the old ideas resurrected now is tired light hypothesis. Indeed, there is no process found in the nature so far that has absolutely zero friction — the slow loss of energy by that or this mechanisms is present everywhere. Why would light be an exception (and the present understanding of light is counting on this assumption). However, the initial idea of tired light is not possible — the electromagnetic path to lose energy will not help (see the article). So the idea is to have light losing energy in very small steps — in this situation the energy loss is possible to explain while preserving the other properties of the observed light from the far galaxies. This idea also easily explains the "active" nuclei of the far galaxies by the direct observation of the light scattering in the vacuum. This scattering is actually too strong for gravitation and way too weak for electromagnetic force, so the fifth force is possibly involved here.
Category: Astrophysics

[2880] viXra:2311.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-08 23:39:36

CMB, Hawking, Planck and Hubble Scale Relations Consistent Wth Recent Quantization of General Relativity Theory

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 14 Pages.

We are demonstrating new relationships between the Hawking temperature, the CMB temperature, and the Planck scale. When comprehended at a deep level, this is in line with recent developments in the quantization of cosmology and its connection to the Planck scale. This is also entirely consistent with a recently published approach to quantizing Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
Category: Astrophysics

[2879] viXra:2311.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-07 06:07:01

Polysingular Model of the Universe

Authors: Ilya Alexandr Boldov
Comments: 17 Pages.

The article deals with the processes associated with the time of formation of our Universe. An assumption is made that the formation of the matter of the universe occurred not from one, but from many singularities . A mechanism for the formation of galaxies by ejection of "protostars" from a rotating singularity - "grain of the galaxy" is proposed. An assumption is put forward about the spatial and temporal fluctuations of this process, which explains the entire spectrum of possible shapes and sizes of galaxies.A similar mechanism is proposed for the formation of all structural elements of the solar system from a "protostar" by planet formation waves . It is assumed that the main source of energy in stars is not the thermonuclear reaction of the hydrogen-helium cycle, but the fission of supermassive nuclei, and the decay of neutrons on the surface of the dense core of the star. An explanation is given for the presence of heavy chemical elements in the Solar System. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of the entire spectrum of stable atomic nuclei by chains of their fission from massive and supermassive nuclides. The rotation of the Galaxy as a whole is explained not by the presence of "dark" matter, but by the fact that each star is connected with neighboring stars by gravitational forces, which are very strong in statics.A hypothesis has been put forward about the origin of the Universe as conjugated three-dimensional and two-dimensional spaces, the uneven conjugation of which led to the emergence of points of occurrence of singularities that form the " three-dimensional craquelure" of galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

[2878] viXra:2311.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-07 06:59:39

A Simple Alternative Explanation for Dark Matter

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 31 Pages.

Dark matter is invoked in those astronomical scenarios where there is a discrepancy between the baryonic mass and the dynamical mass. Such scenarios include the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the high velocities of galaxies in galaxy clusters. For our alternative explanation we assume there is no dark matter and guess that the dynamical mass is a weighted sum of the baryonic mass. When we do this, it turns out that the required weighting function has a simple power law structure, and this is sufficient to explain both disk galaxies and galaxy clusters. The weighting function also enables us to predict the dynamical mass distribution from the baryonic mass distribution, so we can predict the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the velocities of galaxies in galaxy clusters. This basic observational result is difficult to ignore as it is so simple, and surpasses what dark matter and modified gravity theories can do. We make no use of dark matter and we make no changes to Newtonian gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

[2877] viXra:2311.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-07 17:53:00

Cote’s Spiral in Neptune Great Dark Spot (GDS)

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 3 Pages.

The characteristic equation of which spiral theCyclone its double spiral shape, whose mathematical equation has already been definedas Cote’s spiral, Gobato et al. (2022) and similarly Lindblad (1964) show shape of double spiral galaxies. In physics and in the mathematics of plane curves, a Cotes’s is one of a family of spirals classified by Roger Cotes. The image captured by Voyager 2, the Neptune’s Great Dark Spot (GDS) presents a characteristic that resembles a Cote’s Spiral. Its ellipsoidal shape is due to the rotation of the differentplanetary rotation layers in opposite directions, increasing and compressing the GDS, from the lower to upper layers of Neptune’s atmosphere.
Category: Astrophysics

[2876] viXra:2311.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-06 07:07:31

Is it Possible to Reconcile Space and Time with Spacetime?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 3 Pages.

Is it possible to reconcile Newton’s claim that space and time in the universe are two distinct and not related entities, whereas Einstein claimed that space and time are inextricably linked in one entity called space-time?Yes, it is possible to reconcile these two claims that at first glance seem to be contradictory. I claim that these terms can be reconciled when taking into account the structure of the entire universe.
Category: Astrophysics

[2875] viXra:2311.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-06 23:48:22

Quantum Geometry Conserves Baryon Symmetry: the Matter-Antimatter Universe

Authors: Gary Barham, Christine van Blokland
Comments: 40 Pages.

The Universe that we live in is a universe of matter, even though we know that there must be just as much antimatter around that will balance the matter it appears that the antimatter is no where to be found. We know this to be simply true, as a matter-antimatter universe would vanish in one annihilation event, which is what apparently happened very, very soon after the big bang. We are here by grace of a very small imbalance in favor of matter, one particle of matter surviving for every one billion matter-antimatter pairs.Other than the mirror matter-antimatter universe hypothesis, or matter-antimatter bubble universe, most research in baryon asymmetry, baryogenesis, is directed at finding a good mechanism for symmetry breaking, following the three conditions set by Sakharov in 1967. To date there are no viable theories, and the matter-antimatter imbalance remains as one of the great unsolved mysteries in physics. However, this then implies that nature has created a universe that is so out of balance that the dance partner is nowhere to be found. Quantum Geometry is a new proposal to allow baryon symmetry to be conserved, and a universe with 50% matter and 50% antimatter, to actually exist, everywhere. At the lowest level of existence, that of the fundamental particles, both quarks and antiquarks can be used to construct the composite particles of the second level, the subatomic particles, without annihilation. In the heart of the sub-atomic particles, the proton and neutron, the geometry of the gluon equilibrium allows these particles to contain quarks and antiquarks, the proton holding four quarks and one antiquark, the pentaquark, and the neutron being made up of three quark-antiquark pairs. These sub-atomic particles then interact further as particles of matter, avoiding annihilation in the world of matter.Then, Quantum Geometry is used to propose a composite electron. This sub-atomic particle would be made of four antiquarks and one quark, an antimatter pentaquark. The atom then becomes the third level building block of matter, made of protons with a baryon number of +1, neutrons with a baryon number of 0, rather than also +1, and a composite electron with a baryon number of -1, rather than being a point-particle fermion. This allows the universe we see to have a baryon number of 0, to have baryon symmetry, without having to search for the antimatter or to consider that it has all disappeared in an explosion of light.Every atom contains an equal amount of matter and antimatter, held in equilibrium by a powerful geometry that is fully explained in this new theory of Quantum Geometry that will take us beyond relativity theory. Our universe is a balanced geometric matter-antimatter universe, at all levels, each balanced through a zero-point that is anchored in absolute time.
Category: Astrophysics

[2874] viXra:2311.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-05 23:48:48

Gravitational Redshift and Curvature of Space-Time According to the Schwarzschild Model

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 8 Pages.

We are working on concrete applications of the relativistic Schwarzschild model to the cosmos. In this report we relate the Gaussian curvature of space-time according to the Schwarzschild model with the gravitational redshift. The relativistic Schwarzschild model solves Einstein's equations exactly assuming a point gravitational mass and empty space in its vicinity. This model leads to a static and symmetric solution of the mathematical equation of space-time that allows its Gaussian curvature to be calculated at each point. We have calculated some curvature values and found an equation to calculate them which allows us to extend the results to a wider range of distances. We have quantitatively related this Gaussian curvature equation to the gravitational redshift equation by establishing a new equation between these two magnitudes. Finally, we carefully studied this found equation and applied it to the assumption of the supermassive black hole in our galaxy SAGITTARIUS A*.
Category: Astrophysics

[2873] viXra:2311.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-05 00:32:52

The Search for Gravitational Waves: Fundamentals of Reception Technology

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

In order to detect and decode the phase-modulated signals of gravitational waves in noise, you need an antenna and a receiver in the $mu$Hz range with special properties. The necessary technology is described in detail.
Category: Astrophysics

[2872] viXra:2311.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-05 00:35:07

Die Suche Nach Gravitationswellen, Grundlagen Der Empfangstechnik (The Search for Gravitational Waves: Basics of Reception Technology

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

Um die phasenmodulierten Signale von Gravitationswellen im Rauschen zu entdecken und zu dekodieren, benötigt man einen Empfänger im $mu$Hz-Bereich mit speziellen Merkmalen. Die notwendige Technik wird ausführlich beschrieben.

In order to detect and decode the phase-modulated signals of gravitational waves in noise, a receiver in the $mu$Hz range with special features is required. The necessary technology is described in detail.
Category: Astrophysics

[2871] viXra:2311.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-05 00:25:22

[speculation On] Sub-Photon (Magnetic) Rocket Propulsion

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 2 Pages.

This is an illustrated concept for rocket propulsion using the magnetic lines of force of the earth's magnetic field. This author's previous papers on sub-photon behavior may be helpful to understand the proposed concept.
Category: Astrophysics

[2870] viXra:2310.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-29 22:12:49

What if White Dwarf Stars Are Actually Earth Like Planets

Authors: Daniel Archer
Comments: 9 Pages.

Some objects currently classified as 'White Dwarf stars' are reclassified according to their givenradius as per Stellar Metamorphosis in a 'what if' scenario; explanations provided.
Category: Astrophysics

[2869] viXra:2310.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-22 21:49:16

Solar Neutrinos and Photons

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 12 Pages.

Six years ago I published a major essay on how ourbeautiful and ethereal solar corona is many timeshotter than the photospheric surface of its sun.The coronal heating puzzle today persists amongastrophysicists, despite increasing hard data.Photospheric surface temperatures are only about9,900 degrees Fahrenheit. Coronal temperature istypically about 1.8 to 4.0 million degrees F, andeven hotter, but from where? Ideas about magneticinteractions among solar neutrinos and photonswithin the corona help describe, but do not fullyexplain, what is going on. This essay is a neededupdate for my seminal 2017 essay referencedherein. My updated coronal heating model remainsthe only one that elegantly explains this hotastrophysics puzzle.
Category: Astrophysics

[2868] viXra:2310.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-17 02:50:24

Antimatter Enigma Solved: Astronomical Data Allows Identification of 77 Supermassive Antimatter Black Holes and 23 Antimatter Galaxies

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 18 Pages.

This article analyzes astronomical data that correlates the mass of 100 supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with the mass of the galaxies in which they are situated. A theoretical value is presented to calculate the logarithmic relationship log (Galaxy Mass / SMBH Mass), which equals 2.963 for SMBHs composed of antimatter and 2.285 for galaxies of antimatter containing matter SMBHs. This theoretical relationship was calculated by the authors within the Ulianov Theory, considering the hypothesis of galaxy formation from matter (protons and electrons) expelled by antimatter SMBHs during cosmic inflation, as well as the hypothesis of galaxy formation from antimatter (antiprotons and positrons) expelled by matter SMBHs, also occurring during cosmic inflation. This value was experimentally observed based on the masses of 100 SMBHs and the masses of 100 galaxies in which they are situated. From this total, it was observed that 77% of the SMBHs are composed of antimatter, measuring a value of (2.931±1.8%) for the logarithmic relationship log (Stellar Mass / SMBH Mass), and that 23% SMBHs are of matter (located in antimatter galaxies), measuring a value of (2.290±5.6%) for the logarithmic relationship log (Stellar Mass / SMBH Mass). Thus, two relationships were obtained that are nearly equal to the expected theoretical value (with a final error of less than 1.0%), something that is likely not a mere coincidence. A metrological analysis of the results indicates the practical validity of the used model and also highlights the fact that the mass measurement errors reported by astronomers are very precise, with only 3 cases showing actual measurement errors (as pointed out by the theoretical model) above the predicted range. This result is highly significant as it suggests that the models predicted in the Ulianov Theory are capable of generating new predictions, as in the case of this model, which originates from a cold and empty universe and defines the process of galaxy mass generation through the growth of SMBHs that extract energy from cosmic inflation, transforming it into particles of matter and antimatter in a model coined "Small Bang" by the authors.
Category: Astrophysics

[2867] viXra:2310.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-18 00:29:45

Concept: Faster-Than-Light Communication Using Sub-Photon Wavefronts

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper proposes a concept of electromagnetic wave propagation that allows for the possibility of faster communication speeds than are currently achievable. This paper bases the concept on principles described in a previous paper. Included are experiment proposals that can help support or refute the concepts described.
Category: Astrophysics

[2866] viXra:2310.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-15 01:49:28

Sub-photon Concept and Experimental Proposals

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper proposes experiments that may help support or refute the concept of sub-photons. These include both earth-based and space satellite experiments. Propositions are made for the existence of a sub-photon "shield" around the earth, the measurement of power in extremely low frequency waves in space and using atmospheric or crustal voltage gradients as proxies for gravitational waves.
Category: Astrophysics

[2865] viXra:2310.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-15 21:43:22

Physics in the Vicinity of Sagittarius a, Gauss Curvature Values of Spacetime in Its Vicinity

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 5 Pages.

The relativistic Schwarzschild model solves Einstein's equations exactly for the assumption of a point gravitational mass and empty space in its vicinity. This model leads to a static and symmetric solution for the mathematical equation of space-time that allows its Gaussian curvature to be calculated at each point. We have calculated some curvature values and found an equation to calculate them that allows us to extend the results to a wider range of distances. Finally, we have applied these results to the real case of the black hole of our galaxy SAGITTARIUS A*, obtaining values of Gaussian curvature of the space-time in its vicinity that are valid if it is correct to apply this model.
Category: Astrophysics

[2864] viXra:2310.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-12 13:00:00

The Sunrise Meridian, Zenith Meridian, Sunset Meridian, Apparent Daytime Length Ratio, Punctual Daytime Length Ratio, Numerical Equation of Time.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the present article, we derive an analytic formula of the Apparent Daytime Length Ratio with respect to the Earth's orbit angle $alpha(t)$ between the orbital position of the Earth's perigee and the orbital position of the Earth at a given $t$, with respect to the latitude, with respect to the Earth's axial tilt $epsilon$ and with respect to the solar apparent diameter $theta_{AS}$. That formula is simplified a lot under the approximation of a punctual Sun ($theta_{AS}=0$) and we name it the Punctual Daytime Length Ratio. The first steps for the derivation of the Apparent Daytime Length Ratio is to consider the parametric curve on the Earth's surface satisfying a tangent sunlight with respect to the parametric angle $theta$, the Sunlight obliquity angle $Omega$ (the equatorial declination of the Sun) and with respect to a solar apparent diameter $theta_{AS}$. The second part of the present article is about the precise numerical derivation of the Zenith Time Angle and the precise numerical derivation of the Equation Of Time in the following both cases : at the Meridian Plane $S_{JS}$ parallel to the sunlight at the exact time of the June Solstice, and at the Meridian Plane $S_{ME}$ parallel to the sunlight at the exact time of the March Equinox. For both Zenith Time angles and for both Equations Of Time, there is a tiny latitude dependency/variation of $17$ seconds.
Category: Astrophysics

[2863] viXra:2310.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 22:09:47

Non-Universal Reference Point for Velocity Concept

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper describes a concept that sub-photons (described in a previous paper) contribute to a "zero reference point" for velocity. This paper also describes how this "zero reference point" can vary in the universe. Also proposed is a variable speed of light depending on the reference, based on a comparison of the origin of electromagnetic or gravitational waves to the point of measurement. Also described is a proposal to explain the controversial subject of high velocities of celestial objects in the outer portions of rotating galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

[2862] viXra:2310.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-09 22:13:27

Sub-photons Create Gravitational and Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper proposes that both gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves are created by the same small particles which are referred to here as sub-photons. These sub-photons cause a "pushing" or repulsive type gravity described by Le Sage and many other researchers. Proposals are given to describe how sub-photons contribute to gravity, electrical current, magnetism, inductance and the energy generation of celestial objects.
Category: Astrophysics

[2861] viXra:2310.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-03 23:31:46

Inhomogeneous Distribution of the Universe’s Matter Density as a Physical Basis for MOND’s Acceleration A0, Cosmological Redshift and Expansion

Authors: Antonio Francino, Gabriel Simón
Comments: 13 Pages.

One of the most effective theories for dark matter is Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics, where a modified law of gravity based on a fixed acceleration scale a0 is postulated that provides a correct description of the gravitational fields in galaxies. However, the significance of a0 is unknown, and the whole theory is generally viewed as a phenomenological description of the observations. Based on Newton’s gravitational law as applied to a uniform continuous mass we posit a non-homogeneous distribution of mass at cosmological scales that would give rise to a constant acceleration that agrees with MOND’s a0. The implications for MOND as a viable theory of dark matter and for the problem of dark energy are discussed. In particular, relativistic high rotational velocities would be achieved at the border regions of the universe that would generate a transverse Doppler redshift that scales linearly with distance and migh provide an alternative explanation for the observed redshifts and expansion.
Category: Astrophysics

[2860] viXra:2309.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-30 22:40:43

Exploring the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Tony Yuan
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Real author name is required - Please conform!)

The relative velocity between objects will affect the effect between them. The effect caused by the chase between objects is called the general Doppler effect. The speed of gravitational field energy transmission is limited, so there is also a chase relationship between the gravitational field energy and the object. This paper explores whether the Doppler effect of the gravitational field can cause the slow expansion of planetary orbits, and then thinks whether the accelerating expansion of the universe also comes from the Doppler effect of this gravitational field.
Category: Astrophysics

[2859] viXra:2309.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-29 20:47:20

Unveiling the Anisotropic Nature of Universal Gravity under the Influence of Gravitational Waves

Authors: Tony Yuan
Comments: 23 Pages.

Applying Newton’s universal gravitational equation, we have been able to calculate the orbit and orbital precession data of the planets in the solar system more accurately, but there are deviations between these data and astronomical observations. For example, the orbital precession of Mercury has a deviation of 43" per century. LIGO has discovered gravitational waves (GWs) from the depths of the universe, confirming that GWs are real, which brings us some new ideas for studying planetary orbits. We know that the disturbance of the gravitational field(GF) will cause GWs, then the sun’s shuttle in the Milky Way will also cause disturbances to the GF of the Milky Way, thus forming GWs around the sun, although it is very weak. But because the planets in the solar system are not far from the sun, the planets will feel the influence of GWs, which will affect the orbits of the planets. This article will analyze the specific distribution of GWs around the sun, and derive the dynamic gravitational equation under the influence of GWs, and apply it to the calculation of planetary orbits, and verify the correctness of the dynamic gravitational equation by comparing it with the astronomical observation data released by NASA, and the dynamic gravitational equation shows the anisotropic nature of gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

[2858] viXra:2309.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-19 21:09:50

Systematic Byass in Celestial Mechanics (In English)

Authors: Jose J. Astorkia
Comments: 6 Pages.

An eigenexperiment shows systematic byass and miscalculation in celestial mechanics when relative velocity is greater than escape velocity. Evidences and consequences are presented.
Category: Astrophysics

[2857] viXra:2309.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-15 03:01:57

Proof of Kepler's Third Law

Authors: Haijun Liu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The motion trajectories of planets are divided into static trajectories and dynamic trajectories. It was proposed that planets revolve around the center of mass of stars and other planets. It suggests that the center of mass of a planet, or the center of mass of an entire galaxy, is not a closed curve in the plane of the galaxy, but a solid spiral curve around that closed curve. It was proposed that the planet and its orbiting moons were a whole. It was proposed that the orbit of the planets around the star is a closed, irregular spiral curve around the center of mass of the planets and moons, around the center of mass of the stars and other planets. Similarly, the orbit of the satellite around the planet is also a circle of irregular spiral curves. The curve in the closed irregular galactic plane is static, and is the projection of the threaded center of the dynamic spiral curve onto the galactic plane. The closed irregular spiral curve is dynamic. It was proposed that the trajectory of the planets around the star was not an elliptic curve in the galactic plane, but a three-dimensional spiral curve around this irregular flat curve that resembled an ellipse. It turns out that Kepler's third law describes the dynamics of planets. In other words, Kepler's second law, which is a static description of planets, follows the area law. Kepler's third law, which describes the dynamics of planets, also follows the area law and is in perfect agreement with Newton's law of gravitation.
Category: Astrophysics

[2856] viXra:2309.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-13 13:57:19

The Planets of BH1

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 4 Pages.

A star — about the size of the Sun — orbits the nearby black hole BH1. The duo emits a gravitational wave that affects Earth's atmospheric pressure. With this receiving antenna and an extremely narrow-band receiver, we measure and evaluate the signal of the binary system. It is phase modulated with seven different frequencies that obey a simple formation law. The parameters of the PM allow the orbital periods, masses and positions of the planets to be estimated. The unexpectedly high values of the modulation index suggest that gravitational waves propagate slower than the speed of light.
Category: Astrophysics

[2855] viXra:2309.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-01 12:59:14

Photons Experiencing Non-Electromagnetic Interaction Are the Best Explanation of Clumpy Early Galaxies Observed by James Webb Space Telescope.

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 6 Pages.

Recent observations of unusual appearance of galaxies at high Z may be not due to unusual history of them, but rather because the light itself demonstrates a new type of interaction, leading to the unusually weak scattering. This extra-weak scattering only reveal itself on very large distances like 13 billions of light years and possibly means the presence of a new, non-electromagnetic type of interaction of light quanta. Reasons for such conclusion are outlined in the paper.
Category: Astrophysics

[2854] viXra:2308.0201 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-30 22:16:48

An Experiential Astronomy Sees the Photon that Lights the Earth

Authors: Ian Turnbull
Comments: 4 pages, 7 images.

Humanity is entirely adapted to seeing how the Earth, along with the captive Moon, and the inner and outer planets, revolve together around the central Sun. Whereas this conceptual understanding sees our planetary system from the outside, from above, as-it-were, this paper seeks to record the Earth-bound observer's experience of being inside the field of Light coming from the Moon and from the Sun in the course of a year. A year being as a unit of time for this particular lighting effect and therefore the appropriate duration for this experiential form of astronomy.The outcome of this inquiry indicates how the light from the Moon and the light from the Sun combine to create for the observer, and indeed, for all life on Earth, the annual experience of being within a circulating field of waveform and particle energy. An 'energetic effect' that physics has observed at the atomic level and knows as a 'photon'. This inquiry concludes with the perception of how parents traditionally and instinctively conform with this same photon dynamic to create a unified field that conveys their love and light on down to their children. This interpretation blends physical and metaphysical observations which together indicate that 'photons' are universal devices, whose primary function is to transfer quantum units of whole Light (electromagnetism+gravity) from one dimension (or generation) to another.
Category: Astrophysics

[2853] viXra:2308.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-29 10:45:11

The Planets of the Binary Star TZ Mensae

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

The two stars in TZ Mensae emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 2.70 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows eleven companions. The orbital times of the planets fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2852] viXra:2308.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-29 13:25:14

The Planets of the Binary Star Cygnus X1

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

The black hole in Cygnus X1 orbits a supergiant and emits gravitational waves with a frequency of 4.134 $mu$Hz. The GW can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows eight companions. The orbital times of the planets fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2851] viXra:2308.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-29 22:52:57

An Equation that Relates the Energy Density to the Curvature of Space-Time in the ΛCDM Model

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages.

Starting from the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem, some mathematical results on the spacetime curvature of the relativistic Schwarzschild cosmological model have been related to the space-time curvature and energy density in the ΛCDM model. With this result, an equation has been obtained that relates the Gaussian curvature of space-time with the energy density in the ΛCDM model. The equation found can facilitate the resolution of the Friedmann equation in some cases.
Category: Astrophysics

[2850] viXra:2308.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-27 14:20:13

The Planets of the Binary Star RR Caeli

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The two stars in RR Caeli emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 76.22 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows nine companions -- including the planet already discovered with electromagnetic waves. Identical values of the orbital frequency are measured with both methods. The orbital times of the remaining planets fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2849] viXra:2308.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-26 20:46:47

How Large is Our Universe?

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 19 Pages.

Our local universe can be confused with its visibleuniverse. The visible region of our local universe issomewhat smaller than its extended region, mostlybecause of the pre-photonic, hyperluminal momentat the very beginning of our local big bang. Thisessay examines the relative role of light speedversus sketchy 2D concepts of stringy spacetimethat question fourth-dimensional time itself. The4D multiverse is modeled, and hyperluminality’skey role concludes this discussion — along with thecausative differences between common black-holeformation, and formation of rare big bangs.
Category: Astrophysics

[2848] viXra:2308.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-25 11:09:18

The Planets of the Binary Star R Canis Majoris (R Cma, HD 57167)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

The two stars in textit{R Canis Majoris} emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 20.33 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{nine} companions -- one was suspected using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2847] viXra:2308.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-25 16:25:18

Thickenings in the Ring System of the Binary Star V4046 Sagittarii

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The protoplanetary disk orbiting textit{V4046 Sagittarii} may contain planets. The central binary system $A1-A2$ emits gravitational waves with a frequency of 9.56 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW provides evidence that there are textit{twelve} rings that are not rotationally symmetric. Some may contain young planets. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the asymmetry of the mass distribution to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2846] viXra:2308.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-23 00:22:26

The Structure of a Black Hole

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein’s field equations (EFE) have several solutions. I relate here to Kerr’s solution of EFE because Kerr describes a known physical phenomenon — namely, all celestial bodies spin. The Schwarzschild solution is merely a mathematical solution of EFE because it assumes a non-rotating celestial body. I hypothesize that at the center of a black hole, there is a spinning neutron star. A neutron star may reside inside the singularity ring only if the radius of the neutron star is smaller than the singularity ring radius. This hypothesis is verified by analyzing the M87 black hole.
Category: Astrophysics

[2845] viXra:2308.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-21 09:50:32

The Planets of the Binary Star Epsilon Ursae Minoris

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

So far, no planets have been discovered in the binary star system, which is 300 LY away. The two stars emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 586 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{eleven} companions -- unseen by electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2844] viXra:2308.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-19 12:19:42

The Planets of the Binary Star Alpha Coronae Borealis (Alpha CrB)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite has detected an excess of infrared radiation in der Umgebung von textit{Alpha CrB}. This suggests the presence of a large disc of dust and material around the star, prompting speculation of a planetary or proto-planetary system. Although the binary system is only 76.5 light years away, no planets have been discovered so far.The two stars emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 1333.426 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{twelve} companions -- unseen by electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2843] viXra:2308.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-18 09:46:28

The Planets of the Binary Star Kepler-35

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The two stars in textit{Kepler-35} emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 1116 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{twelve} companions -- one was discovered using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2842] viXra:2308.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-17 14:38:03

Special Relativity: Time Dilation Revisited

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

Motion being a relative quantity, the question often asked in Special Relativity (SR) is: which observer is moving, and which one is at rest? How is this to be determined? There are many who have tried to answer this conundrum. Most answers fall into two categories: 1) the use of a Minkowski diagram (space-time coordinates) — but motion is still relative even on a space-time coordinate system; 2) by specifying which observer is accelerating — acceleration like velocity is still a relative quantity. None of these are satisfactory. In this paper we offer a solution. But to answer that question properly we must go back to the derivation of the time dilation equation and focus on what is really at stake. Out of this investigation we get a new look at time dilation as the equivalent of a Doppler effect.
Category: Astrophysics

[2841] viXra:2308.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-16 20:24:12

Calculation of the Space-Time Curvature in the Vicinity of Schwarzschild Black Holes: Application to Sagittarius A*

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages. In Romanian (Correction made by viXra admin - For the last time, please conform!)

We have calculated values of space-time curvature in the vicinity of Schwarzschild black holes. For this we have used the metric and the results of Schwarzschild collected in his study on relativistic gravitation published in 1916 as well as techniques of differential geometry of surfaces. This has allowed us to obtain values of space-time curvature in the vicinity of SAGITTARIUS A*, and thereby giving a physical content to our mathematical approach to the subject. The results are consistent with what was expected.
Category: Astrophysics

[2840] viXra:2308.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-12 16:23:48

The Planets of the Binary Star Kepler-34

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages.

The two stars in Kepler-34 emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 833 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows twelve companions - one was discovered using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2839] viXra:2308.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 08:05:03

The Planets of the Binary Star Toi-1338/bebop-1

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages.

The two stars in TOI-1338 emit gravitational waves with a frequency of $1.58~mu$Hz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows seven companions -- two of which were discovered using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2838] viXra:2308.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-10 23:47:53

Calculation of the Energy Density Parameter ρ in the Cosmological Model ΛCDM and Through Experimental Data

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 4 Pages.

We have calculated the energy density parameter, which appears in the cosmological model ΛCDM in the Friedman equation, using cosmological data values from recent experimental results reported in the literature. A statistical calculation has been performed to determine its uncertainty. Finally, the result is commented linking it with the possible existence of dark energy.
Category: Astrophysics

[2837] viXra:2308.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-09 10:35:58

The Planets of the Binary Star Kepler-16

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The two stars in textit{Kepler-16} emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 563.5 nHz, which can be measured on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{eleven} companions. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law, an improved version of the Titus-Bode rule. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

[2836] viXra:2308.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-08 20:48:02

Notes of Black Holes

Authors: Alexandra B. Chanson
Comments: 178 Pages. The proofs are schockingly accurate, and represents the fundamental backbone of results presented at Strings 2023 and Qubit 2023.

This article invokes non-standard analysis throughout physics to generallygain insight towards how to holographically ``de-centralize" hidden conformalmodes (large central tower OPEs). Ultimately, measurements, continuum, andsingularity mechanics are dualized against Wilson partitions, chaosrepresentation, and RG flow to produce a candidate universal topological fieldtheory. Many results are shown along the way, but the primary resultsestablished are: sub-harmonic chaos in $U(1)$ gauge theory is identified andquantized in the the flat space celestial hologram, a virial model ofcircuit-information is asymptotically probed and found dual to a Hubble-likeequation of state, and a background model of loop-information in Einstein'sgravity is found to be a loop gauge theory of d=4 $2times x2$ Gaussian UnitaryEnsembles, establishing it as a candidate of non-perturbative, loop QCD ingravity. The state preparation of this GUE 2x2 M-gauge simultaneously producesa post-selected supersymmetry algebra (over the canonical log-partition) whichsurvives all possible no-go tests. Finally, the the canonical $2x2$ GUEpartition state identifies a $frac{1}{8}$-BPS topological phase measurementprepared as a quasi-continuous state of information decay; the partiallyconformal background is identified as a $frac{1}{4}$-BPS shadow and given amechanism of spin-entanglement. Notably also, the Cosmological Hierarchy problem is resolved, the finestructure constant is derived (up to 5 orders of magnitude) using analyticblack hole decay, and a new, $21-pt$ emergent universal holographic constraintbound between celestial gravitons, quantum information stability is shown atloop level, which further resolves the naturalness of $d=4$ emergent spacetimeand the directedness of time.
Category: Astrophysics

[2835] viXra:2308.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-07 23:29:49

The Gravity Waves from the Binary Galaxies by JWST

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 13 Pages.

The energy spectrum of gravitons emitted by the black hole binary as a gravity waves iscalculated in the first part of the article. Then, the total quantum loss of energy, is calculatedin the Schwinger theory of gravity. Using analogy with the binary stars, we calculate thegraviton spectrum of the binary galaxies discovered by the JWST of NASA.
Category: Astrophysics

[2834] viXra:2308.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-06 13:27:34

The Planets of the Binary Star HD 75747

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

So far it has been assumed that the star system HD 75747, also known as HR 3524 or RS Chamaeleontis (RS Cha), has only textit{one} companion. A gravitational wave at 13.86 $mu$Hz is calculated from the orbital period of 1.67 days. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{eleven} companions. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law, an improved version of the Titus-Bode rule.
Category: Astrophysics

[2833] viXra:2308.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-07 00:36:06

A Linear Relationship Between the Baryonic and Dynamical Masses of Disk Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 21 Pages.

We present the first linear relationship that explains both the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the dynamical masses of galaxy clusters, without the need for any dark matter. A previous paper analysed the rotation curves of galaxies from the SPARC catalogue and a linear relationship was found. Similar analysis has been applied to recently published data on galaxy clusters and the same linear relationship has been found. This linear relationship is an observational result, not a theoretical one. It rules out the requirement for any dark matter in disk galaxies and galaxy clusters.Given the distribution of baryonic matter (stars, gas) in a spiral galaxy, we can use the linear relationship to predict the rotation curve; something dark matter cannot do. And given the distribution of baryonic matter (gas, galaxies) in a galaxy cluster, we can use the same linear relationship to predict the dynamical mass; again, something dark matter cannot do. The analysis is interpreted as meaning the energy scale varies from location to location. No dark matter is required, and no changes to Newtonian gravitation are required either; just a simple variation of the energy scale.
Category: Astrophysics

[2832] viXra:2308.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-03 20:49:35

How do Stars Shine[?]

Authors: Haijun Liu
Comments: 5 Pages.

The concepts of gravitational field center and sphere layer are put forward. It is proposed that the electromagnetic wave generated by the field control effect generated by the superposition of the spherical layer of the gravitational field of stars returns to their own stars under the action of the potential difference generated by the electromagnetic field cutting, and compensates for the lost kinetic energy. The overall result is that the energy of each star is always constant. It is proposed that the light of the earth is converted into visible light by the kinetic energy of the earth in the superposition region, and the visible light converted by the sun is returned to the sun.
Category: Astrophysics

[2831] viXra:2308.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-01 23:29:38

万有引力与时空弯曲的物理机制探讨 (a Study on the Physical Mechanism of Universal Gravitation and Space-Time Curvature)

Authors: Yake Li
Comments: 13 Pages. In Chinese

研究证明,光速在局域内具有绝对不变的一面,但在局域间又具有相对变化的另一面,随空间相对变化的光速是产生重力加速度g的物理原因, g=-(dc^2)/ds ,在10m空间范围内,光速仅相对变化了△C = -0.000000166782 (m/s) ,就可产生g = 10 m/s²的重力加速度,这是一个令人难以置信的结果。光速变化的原因,是物体质量对真空物理性质μ_0 ε_0的影响,物体的质量使μ_0 ε_0随空间发生变化,尽管也是一个非常微小的变化量,同样使空间中的物体具有了高低能量状态之分,物体就会自发地朝低能态方向运动,在这样的空间中,物体等效于受到了一个重力F_m的作用,F_m=-m_0 (dc^2)/ds。本文解释了空间如何传导引力的物理机制问题,同时也解释了时空弯曲的物理机制问题。

It has been proven in studies that the speed of light remains absolutely constant within a local area, but relative changes in the speed of light can occur between different local areas. The speed of light that changes with space is the physical factor responsible for the generation of gravitational acceleration g ( g=−(��������^2)/�������� ). Within a range of 10 m, it is possible to generate a gravitational acceleration g = 10 m/s² with only a relative change in the speed of light at △ C=-0.000000166782 (m/s), which is a remarkable feat. The change in the speed of light can be attributed to the influence of the mass of an object on the physical properties of vacuum μ0ε0, which changes it with space. Although it is a minor change to the object in space, it results in the establishment of high and low energy states, and consequently, the object will spontaneously move towards the low energy state. In such a space, an object is equivalent to being subjected to the action of gravity ��������, and ��������=−����0��������2��������. In this article, the physical mechanism of the conduction of gravity in space and the physical mechanism of space-time curvature are explained.
Category: Astrophysics

[2830] viXra:2307.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-31 01:58:59

On the Big Split of the Primal Cosmic Substance: Significant Refinement to the Fragmentation and Recombination Pathways

Authors: Bruno R. Galeffi
Comments: 11 Pages.

The emergence of the observable cosmos and non-visible universe(s) from the self-division of a primal and self-existent Substance at high entropy is further developed. In this article, a significant improvement to the partition and recombination pathways driven by the ubiquitous golden ratio is presented. A surprising correlation to the DE, DM, and BM of the standard model for cosmology is found, although some of the vacuum components appear undifferentiated in this later model.
Category: Astrophysics

[2829] viXra:2307.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-28 10:58:42

The Eight Planets of the Kepler-47 Star System

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages.

Eight planets of the binary star Kepler-47 modulate the gravitational wave at 3.1 $mu$Hz. Three of them are already known. The measured orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's rule, an improved version of the Titus-Bode rule. The phase modulation measurement technique is explained in detail.
Category: Astrophysics

[2828] viXra:2307.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-26 22:14:04

A Study on the Physical Mechanism of Universal Gravitation and Space-time Curvature

Authors: Yake Li
Comments: 17 Pages.

It has been proven in studies that the speed of light remains absolutely constant within a local area, but relative changes in the speed of light can occur between different local areas. The speed of light that changes with space is the physical factor responsible for the generation of gravitational acceleration g ( g=−(��������^2)/�������� ). Within a range of 10 m, it is possible to generate a gravitational acceleration g = 10 m/s² with only a relative change in the speed of light at △ C=-0.000000166782 (m/s), which is a remarkable feat. The change in the speed of light can be attributed to the influence of the mass of an object on the physical properties of vacuum μ0ε0, which changes it with space. Although it is a minor change to the object in space, it results in the establishment of high and low energy states, and consequently, the object will spontaneously move towards the low energy state. In such a space, an object is equivalent to being subjected to the action of gravity ��������, and ��������=−����0��������2��������. In this article, the physical mechanism of the conduction of gravity in space and the physical mechanism of space-time curvature are explained.
Category: Astrophysics

[2827] viXra:2307.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-26 22:11:18

Fundamental Forces Are not Fundamental as Our 3-D Universe is Driven by an External Energy Source

Authors: Pushpak N. Bhandari, Nandan M. Bhandari
Comments: 20 Pages.

To find a solution to many unsolved mysteries in physics, a new theory has been proposed. This theory proposes an external source of energy that is responsible for all so-called fundamental forces associated with the elementary particles. New dimensions called O-reality and O- imaginary, which are sources of external energy to our 3-D universe, are introduced. These are energy-filled totally symmetric dimensions wherein time does not exist. Current theory states that the energy of elementary particles is by virtue of an external source and not an intrinsic property. This theory integrates quantum particles with gravitational force and holds the potential to solve most existing unsolved problems. A mathematical model is developed using this theory for the calculation of the gravitational force. The results of the gravitational force obtained by this model, wherein the energy source responsible for the gravitational force has an external origin, are in accordance with Newtonian values. This theory brings quantum physics and gravitational force under one umbrella and opens the door for the reasoning behind many unsolved problems in physics. This theory leads to a new approach towards explaining the origin of Universe, dark matter, dark energy, quantum entanglement, double slit experiment and wave particle duality, superposition, holographic universe, uncertainty principle, origin of time and its unidirectional property, increasing entropy.
Category: Astrophysics

[2826] viXra:2307.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-22 18:58:17

How to Receive Continuous Gravitational Waves

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Kepler space telescope and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) have discovered numerous multiple star systems emitting GW. Some of these have planets that phase modulate the GW and allow the planetary mass to be determined. The detection techniques are explained in detail using examples.
Category: Astrophysics

[2825] viXra:2307.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-22 21:54:25

Verfahren Zum Empfang Von Kontinuierlichen Gravitationswellen (How to Receive Continuous Gravitational Waves)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages. In German

Mit dem Kepler space telescope und dem Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) wurden zahlreiche Mehrfach-Sternsysteme entdeckt, die GW abstrahlen. Manche davon besitzen Planeten, die die GW phasenmodulieren. Die Nachweistechniken werden an Beispielen ausführlich erklärt.

The Kepler space telescope and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) have discovered numerous multiple star systems emitting GW. Some of these have planets that phase modulate the GW and allow the planetary mass to be determined. The detection techniques are explained in detail using examples.
Category: Astrophysics

[2824] viXra:2307.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-21 20:25:52

The Existence of a Physical Phenomenon that Accelerates Particles with Mass to the Speed of Light and Transforms Them Into Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Authors: Zouhair bezzar
Comments: 5 Pages.

The present theory explores the behavior of the expression of relative mass, M(v), with respect to the speed of light (v=c) and suggests that dark matter or dark energy could be composed of ordinary particles with mass that have reached the speed of light. The theory delves into a mathematical analysis of the series representing the relative mass function, M(v), and discusses its divergence at v=c, drawing parallels with the regularization of the Casimir effect using the Riemann zeta function, which gives M(c)=-M(c-1) at v=c. It proposes the existence of a natural phenomenon that accelerates ordinary matter with mass to the speed of light and transforms it into dark matter or dark energy with negative relative mass and finite energy.
Category: Astrophysics

[2823] viXra:2307.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-17 23:23:17

The Relationship Between Gravity and Velocity of Light

Authors: Wei Zhang
Comments: 3 Pages.

The classical Newton formula F=G Mm/r^2 reveals the law of gravity of celestial bodies and everything, but does not explain the cause of gravity. General relativity says that gravity doesn't exist, but is a curvature of space-time. Quantum mechanics suggests the existence of so-called gravitons, but so far none have been found. Quantum mechanics can't explain gravity, relativity can't explain quantum mechanics, and gravity and electromagnetic theory are still not unified. It is pointed out that the gravitational constant G=1/16πc, π is PI, c is numerical value of velocity of light. The essence of gravity is the fluctuating pressure of particles in a vacuum.This paper is also an attempt to unify the theories of gravity and electromagnetism.
Category: Astrophysics

[2822] viXra:2307.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-07 21:28:08

Us[ing] Dark Matter Cherenkov Effect to Explain Why Galaxies For[m]

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 9 Pages.

Based on the cosmic dark matter fluid model, this paper proposes that the visible matter of the cosmic galaxy is formed by various turbulences of the dark matter fluid. This perturbation may be caused by a huge dark matter entity moving faster than the speed of light, which in turn forms Cherenkov radiation of gravitational waves. This paper estimates the size of this dark matter entity, pointing out that this disturbance will form two regions of high and low pressure in the dark matter fluid. The pressure gradient generated around the turbulence can be estimated using the Fujita formula for tropical cyclones. Computational analysis shows that when it reaches the outer periphery of the galaxy, the pressure gradient becomes small, and the effect of the Corio force is not obvious, so the rotation speed of the galaxy material is mainly affected by the speed of the dark matter fluid itself. This can be confirmed by the fact that the peripheral material rotation speed of all galaxies in the local group is basically the same. In addition, because the dark matter entity may have a certain length, just like a jet that produces a sonic boom, a low-pressure region and a high-pressure region will be generated at both ends of the length, which also means that the same dark matter entity may produce multiple galaxies, and there should be at least two galaxies in multiple galaxies with the same structure. This can be confirmed by some observations. Examples include the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy (M31), as well as the Hickson Compact Group.
Category: Astrophysics

[2821] viXra:2307.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-05 16:15:39

The Gravitational Constant G May Decrease Between Millimetre-Sized Masses

Authors: Qinghua Cui
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Newtonian gravitational constant G is one of the most important fundamental constants of nature, but still remains resistant to the standard model of physics and disconnected from quantum theory. During the past >100 years, hundreds of values of G have been measured to be ranging from 6.66 to 6.7559×10-11 m3kg-1s-2 using macroscopic masses. More recently, however, a G value ((6.04±0.06)×10-11 m3kg-1s-2) measured using millimetre-sized masses shows significant deviation (by ~9%) from the reference G value, which the authors explained is resulted from ‘the known systematic uncertainties’. However, based on the observation of historical G values and the protocol of the millimetre-sized masses based experiment, we proposed a theory that this deviation is not from ‘systematic uncertainties’ but actually G will rapidly decrease when masses sphere diameter is less than 0.02 meters. More important, the proposed theory matches the measured data very well, suggesting that G may indeed decrease rapidly when mass diameter smaller than millimetres.
Category: Astrophysics

[2820] viXra:2307.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-05 20:23:24

Generation Mechanism for the Sun’s Poloidal Magnetic Field

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 16 Pages. 10 Figures, 2 Tables

There was established a sequence of physical processes forming the cause-and-effect relationship between the observed alternating poloidal magnetic field of the Sun and a non-electromagnetic factor external to the Sun. It has been shown that nonuniformity of the Sun’s orbital motion about the Solar system barycenter promotes emergence inside the Sun of the conditions for generation of the alternating poloidal component of the Sun’s magnetosphere having a period of about 20 years. Keywords: Sun’s poloidal magnetic field, inversion, flip, Jupiter, Saturn.
Category: Astrophysics

[2819] viXra:2307.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-04 17:23:06

Inhomogeneous Distribution of the Universe’s Matter Density as a Physical Basis for MOND’s Acceleration a0

Authors: Antonio Francino, Gabriel Simón
Comments: 10 Pages.

One of the most effective theories for dark matter is Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics, where a modified law of gravity based in a fixed acceleration scale a0 is postulated that provides a correct description of the gravitational fields in galaxies. However, the significance of a0 is unknown, and the whole theory is generally viewed as a mere phenomenological description of the observations. Based on Newton’s gravitational law as applied to a uniform continuous mass we posit a non-homogeneous distribution of mass at cosmological scales that would give rise to a constant acceleration that agrees with MOND’s a0. The implications for MOND as a viable theory of dark matter and for the problem of dark energy are briefly discussed.
Category: Astrophysics

[2818] viXra:2307.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-05 01:36:17

Early Galaxy Formation with AIV

Authors: Scott S. Neal
Comments: 9 Pages.

With the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), we are now able to make observations earlier into the history of galaxy formation for our Universe. Those observations have shown us that the current models of galaxy formation based on Dark Matter do not seem to be correct. Galaxies have formed much earlier than the current models would predict. These models use the conventional ‘pulling’ gravitational forces of both conventional matter and Dark Matter to predict how soon galaxies would form during the evolution of our Universe. This paper explores an alternative theory of Dark Matter to explain the earlier formation of our galaxies. This alternative theory suggests that antihydrogen atoms in the cosmic voids provide a ‘pushing’ force on all matter around them. This paper shows how, when the ‘pulling’ forces from matter and ‘pushing’ forces from antimatter are combined, they produce the more rapid formation of stars and galaxies.Keywords — AIV, Antimatter, ASPIRE, CEERS, Dark Matter, Galaxy Formation, JWST, JD1, Voids
Category: Astrophysics

[2817] viXra:2307.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-04 21:52:13

Relative and Absolute Stellar Aberration

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 13 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

If we talk about Stellar Aberration, then we think of the form of Stellar Aberration that was first discovered and explained by Bradley. In addition to Bradley's Stellar Aberration, which can also be defined as Relative Stellar Aberration, we will define Absolute Stellar Aberration based on just one measurement. Here after we will refer to the Absolute Stellar Aberration as "ASA". We will try to explain in a few words why it is necessary to measure and interpret Stellar Aberration in this way. Suppose we performed two measurements of the Doppler Effect within six months. If we don't know the results of those measurements, but only difference between them, then we cannot determine the radial velocities with which the observer moves with respect to the star. We will prove that similar reasoning can be applied in the case of Stellar Aberration as defined by Bradley. Knowing only the difference between the two measurements of the Stellar Aberration, we are not able to determine the transverse velocities the observer moves with respect to the line of sight, but only their difference. Using the results of "ASA" measurements, we will determine a Stationary Frame of Reference and after that derive formulas for Relative and Absolute Stellar Aberration.
Category: Astrophysics

[2816] viXra:2306.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-30 03:31:37

A Possible Origin of the High-Energy and Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Bursts

Authors: Qinghua Cui
Comments: 7 Pages.

As highly intensive and brief pulses of light, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most energetic explosive phenomena in the Universe. A few mechanisms could explain the production of some GRB emissions, however, the physical origin of GRBs especially the high-energy (more than one GeV) and very-high-energy (above 100 GeV) ones still remains largely unknown. Based on our previously revealed quantitative relation between the speed of light in vacuum c and the temperature T of cosmic microwave background (CMB), we propose that the mass-energy relation at the redshift z space-time in the Universe should be E=mc2(1+z)2. Then, the mass-loss events such as the annihilation of matter and antimatter at high-redshift space-time will produce more energetic gamma-rays than our present space-time. Finally, we confirmed that this theoretical model is highly compatible with both the observed data and an empirical formula E_iso∝〖(1+z)〗^(〖1.80〗_(-0.63)^(+0.36) ). These results suggest that the events of mass-energy transition such as matter and antimatter collision at distant space-time in the Universe could be a possible physical origin of GRBs including the high-energy and the very-high-energy ones.
Category: Astrophysics

[2815] viXra:2306.0166 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-29 01:49:17

Uncovering the Limited Application Range of the Doppler Effect to Review the Existing Necessity of Dark Energy

Authors: Wei Guo
Comments: 10 Pages.

Today, the scientific community comprehensively accepts the viewpoint of the accelerating expansion of the universe and the existing necessity of dark energy. But, if we trace back to the initial theory that ultimately leads to this conclusion, it is the Doppler effect that assumes an equivalence between the frequency shift of the wave sent from an object and the change in the distance between the object and the observer. We argue that, just like the equivalence in Newton's inertia law that cannot apply to all phenomena but is limited to 'macro, low-speed, inertia system', the equivalence behind the Doppler effect also has a corresponding limited application range and the remote object actually exceeds its application range. If we insist on adopting this unsuitable method to measure the change in the relative distance between remote celestial bodies and us, large-scale red shift inevitably misleads us to the cosmic accelerating expansion. To artificially expand the application range of the Doppler effect and force it to apply to all phenomena, we have to assume the whole universe is flooded with a quite high proportion of dark energy that is defined to be incapable of interacting with the electromagnetic wave.
Category: Astrophysics

[2814] viXra:2306.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-30 00:36:34

The Mirror Dimension Theory

Authors: Tejesh Radhakrishna
Comments: 6 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Most of the physicists and cosmologists believe in the concept of multiverse, In recent times, many physicists started searching for the proof of existence of multiverse and many new theories such as string theory and quantum physics shows a significant signs of existence of multiverse. There are different kinds of multiverse and one of them is mirror universe, there are remarkably very less researches conducted on mirror universe. The mirror dimension or universe is one of the type of multiverse which represents the opposite nature ofour universe. In this paper, I will be discussing in-detail about the mirror dimension and also about the experiment named "The Mirror Experiment" which i conducted for this study to find the answers for the questions including how the laws of physics works in the mirror dimension, the appearance of life in the mirror universe and finally the mirror dimension or universe is completely opposite to our universe or not.
Category: Astrophysics

[2813] viXra:2306.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-28 00:44:26

A Natural Explanation of Cosmological Acceleration

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 7 Pages.

The problem of cosmological acceleration (PCA) is usually considered in the framework of General Relativity and here the main uncertainty is how the background space is treated. In the approaches where it is flat, PCA is usually treated as a manifestation of dark energy and (as acknowledged in the literature) currently its nature is a mystery. On the other hand, if the background space is curved then a problem arises why the observed value of the cosmological constant is as is. Following the results of our publications, we show that the solution of PCA does not contain uncertainties because cosmological acceleration is an inevitable kinematical consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. In this approach, background space and its geometry (metric and connection) are not used and the cosmological constant problem does not arise.
Category: Astrophysics

[2812] viXra:2306.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-23 03:15:51

Magnetism and Gravity

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 10 Pages.

The magnetism aspect of electromagnetism (EM)seems mathematically more related to gravity(through inverse square relationships) than toclassical bipolar electrical fields. An electrical force field drops off quickly at linear distances; whereas both push/shadow gravity and magnetic force fields operate even within cosmological dimensions. All EM "forces" are simultaneously present within each yin/yang sphere as primary EM, based on the emerging 21st-century physics and astrophysics paradigm.
Category: Astrophysics

[2811] viXra:2306.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-17 01:02:59

Nachweis Der Begleiter Algol-D Und Algol-e Und Die Geschwindigkeit Von Gravitationswellen (Detection of the Companions Algol-D and Algol-e and the Speed of Gravitational Waves)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 11 Pages.

In den Langzeitdaten des Luftdruckes findet man die GW des Dreifach-Sternsystems Algol bei 8.073 µHz, die mit vier unterschiedlichen Frequenzen phasenmoduliert ist. Zwei Frequenzen können dem Erdorbit um die Sonne und Algol-C zugeordnet werden. Die beiden anderen könnten durch zwei bisher nicht entdeckte Sterne Algol-D und Algol-E erzeugt werden. Der hohe Modulationsindex aller vier PM lässt sich nur erklären, wenn die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitationswellen deutlich kleiner ist als die Lichtgeschwindigkeit.

In the long-term data of the air pressure one finds the GW of the triple star system Algol at $8.073~mu$Hz, which is phase-modulated with four different frequencies. Two frequencies can be assigned to Earth's orbit around the Sun and Algol-C. The other two could be generated by two previously undiscovered stars Algol-D and Algol-E. The high modulation index of all four PM can only be explained if the propagation speed of the gravitational waves is significantly lower than the speed of light.
Category: Astrophysics

[2810] viXra:2306.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-16 09:47:41

Detection of the Companions Algol-D and Algol-e and the Speed of Gravitational Waves

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 11 Pages.

In the long-term data of the air pressure one finds the GW of the triple star system Algol at $8.073~mu$Hz, which is phase-modulated with four different frequencies. Two frequencies can be assigned to Earth's orbit around the Sun and Algol-C. The other two could be generated by two previously undiscovered stars Algol-D and Algol-E. The high modulation index of all four PM can only be explained if the propagation speed of the gravitational waves is significantly lower than the speed of light.
Category: Astrophysics

[2809] viXra:2306.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-13 11:16:48

Ceres Extinction due to Quantum Gravity Effect

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages.

In recent years, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized to the solar system on planetary scale, this approach provides a new method for testing quantum gravity effects. This paper shows that the generalized matter wave can quantize the orbits of eight planets correctly, but the orbit of Ceres (dwarf) is forbidden in terms of the quantum gravity theory. This forbidden orbit successfully explains why Ceres is almost extinct in the solar system.
Category: Astrophysics

[2808] viXra:2305.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-29 00:19:22

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation Able to Calculate the Mass of Local Group of Galaxies

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 33 Pages.

This paper develops carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the own gravitational field. This work introduces the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, which has been developed and published since 2013.The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. This work has two newness: it is demonstrate that Direct mass comes from Bernoulli mass formula when it is considered an initial point belonging to the Buckingham halo curve, (ideal curve related to dynamical equilibrium), to calculate the parameter C. The second one is two astonishing calculus of masses in LG. This work begins studying the Rotation curves, from M31 and MW, published by Sofue,Y.2015 and 2020 . The regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponents are the same for both galaxies.By the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a DM density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at such moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the Universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas for DM density and for total mass, including DM.In chapters 11, 12 and 13 are calculated the parameters a2 for MW, M33 and LCM galaxies. In chapter 14 is calculated the mass of MW and M31 at 770 kpc (4,97E+12 Msun) that match with current value 5E+12 Msun and the total mass of L.G. at 3 Mpc ( 9,8E+12 Msun), which match with results got by the well known researchers, [17] Fattahi, Navarro.2020. In chapter 15, is shown a method to extend the theory to cluster of galaxies and chapter 16 is dedicated to show how DM is counter balanced by dark energy with negative mass.
Category: Astrophysics

[2807] viXra:2305.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-25 13:05:50

How Can the Sagnac Effect be Explained by Both Special Relativity and Classical Physics?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 5 Pages.

I claim that the Sagnac effect cannot be explained either by special relativity or by classical theory. But, I claim that this effect can be explained by general relativity.
Category: Astrophysics

[2806] viXra:2305.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-21 14:40:52

The Virtual Mass of a Type 1a Supernova

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 31 Pages.

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are crucial cosmic events used for cosmology and understanding the universe's expansion. However, the precise progenitor systems and explosion mechanisms behind SNe Ia remain elusive and subject to ongoing research. This abstract critically assesses the limitations of current progenitor models employed to explain these intriguing stellar explosions. The Single Degenerate Model, involving the accretion of matter onto a white dwarf from a non-degenerate companion star, faces challenges in explaining the observed lack of post-explosion companion stars, known as the "Missing Companion Problem." The Double Degenerate Model, based on the merger of two white dwarfs, lacks a definitive understanding of the exact merger mechanisms and the parameter space for successful explosions. These limitations highlight the need for further theoretical advancements, observational constraints, and computational modeling to refine and expand our understanding of the progenitor systems of Type Ia supernovae. Future investigations will aim to identify the dominant pathways leading to Type Ia explosions, reconcile the inconsistencies among different models, and enhance the accuracy of SNe Ia as cosmological distance indicators.The whole idea of this paper is to show that the white dwarf progenitor of a Type Ia supernova contains a significant portion of dark matter that is attracted to the dwarf until the Chandrasekhar limit of the star is reached. In this model there is no need for a companion star to provide the extra mass needed to exceed the Chandrasekhar limit of the white dwarf.
Category: Astrophysics

[2805] viXra:2305.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-13 09:30:17

The GW of the Vela Pulsar and the Receiving Pattern of the Livingston Interferometer

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 5 Pages.

After compensation for phase modulation and frequency drift, the pulsar's GW can be detected in the records of the interferometer Livingston. The signatures agree with the known values measured with electromagnetic waves. The measured amplitude modulation of the GW in the daily rhythm shows the directivity of the antenna.
Category: Astrophysics

[2804] viXra:2305.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-14 03:29:18

The Greatest Optical Telescopes on Earth and Beyond

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 53 Pages.

"The Greatest Optical Telescopes on Earth and Beyond" is a brief overview of the most impressive optical telescopes in existence, both on Earth and beyond. This abstract provides a glimpse into the contents of the article. The article explores the most advanced optical telescopes currently in use on Earth, including the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, and the Hubble Space Telescope in orbit around Earth. The technical capabilities of each elescope are discussed, highlighting their unique strengths and contributions to the field of astronomy. In addition to Earth-based telescopes, the article also delves into the realm of space-based telescopes, including the aforementioned Hubble, as well as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The article explores the innovative technology used in the design and construction of these telescopes and their expected impact on the field of astronomy. Overall, "The Greatest Optical Telescopes on Earth and Beyond" offers a glimpse into the incredible technology and engineering feats behind the world's most powerful telescopes, and the exciting discoveries they enable in the field of astronomy.
Category: Astrophysics

[2803] viXra:2305.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-12 16:22:19

Detection of the GW of the Crab Pulsar in the Ligo and Virgo O3b Series

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages.

After compensation for phase modulation and frequency drift, the pulsar's GW can be detected in the records of all three interferometers. The signatures agree with the known values measured with electromagnetic waves.
Category: Astrophysics

[2802] viXra:2305.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-11 01:09:50

One of the Causes of the Acceleration of the Universe

Authors: Mario Everaldo de Souza
Comments: 2 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

It is shown that a galaxy inside a cosmic void close to a wall between two cosmic voids is attracted towards the wall by a Hooke's law force. It is also shown that the duration of the universal expansion is about 100 billion years.
Category: Astrophysics

[2801] viXra:2305.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-08 02:56:06

Five Asteroid Impact Events

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 39 Pages.

Asteroid and comet impacts and airbursts can have significant effects on the Earth's environment and can cause major changes to the planet's ecosystems and climate. The effects of these events can vary widely depending on the size and composition of the asteroid or comet: The Great Flood, the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, AD 536, and the Chicago and Midwester fires of 1871.The Great Flood is one of the most debated events in terms of its cause. While some scholars suggest the the flood was a purely mythological or allegorical story, others suggest that there may have been an historical basis for it. Some scientists have suggested that a major flood could have been caused by the impact of a comet or asteroid, although the evidence for this is largely speculative.The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is another event that has been linked to the possibility of an asteroid or comet impact. According to some interpretations of the biblical story, the cities were destroyed by 'brimstone and fire' raining down from the sky, which some researchers suggest could be consistent with as asteroid or comet impact. However, there is little physical evidence to support this hypothesis.The year AD 536 was marked by a sudden and prolonged cooling of the Earth's climate, which has been linked to a variety of possible causes, including a volcanic eruption or asteroid impact. Some researchers have suggested that an asteroid or comet impact could have caused a 'nuclear winter' effect, blocking out the sun's light and causing widespread cooling.Finally, the Chicago and Midwester fires of 1871 were caused by a combination of dry weather, strong winds and human activity, rather than as asteroid or comet impact.
Category: Astrophysics

[2800] viXra:2305.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-04 22:30:24

Globular Clusters

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 13 Pages.

Globular clusters are ancient, spherical groups of stars that are found in many galaxies throughout the universe, including our own Milky Way. These clusters contain some of the oldest stars in the universe and offer important insights into the processes of star formation and galaxy evolution. Globular clusters typically contain hundreds of thousands of stars, packed tightly together in a relatively small region of space. They are gravitationally bound systems, which means that the stars are held together by their mutual gravitational attraction. The stars in a globular cluster are also very old, with ages of up to 13 billion years or more, and are mostly composed of low-mass, metal-poor stars. Despite their small size and relatively simple structure, globular clusters are complex objects that exhibit a wide range of physical and dynamical phenomena. For example, they often contain multiple populations of stars with different chemical compositions, suggesting that they may have experienced multiple episodes of star formation. They also exhibit a variety of dynamical behaviors, including mass segregation, core collapse, and the formation of binary star systems. Observations and simulations of globular clusters have provided important insights into the formation and evolution of galaxies. By studying the properties and distribution of these clusters, astronomers can learn more about the conditions under which they formed, the role they played in the early universe, and the processes that have shaped the galaxies in which they reside. Overall, globular clusters are fascinating objects that continue to offer important insights into the workings of the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

[2799] viXra:2304.0217 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-28 00:38:52

Comment [on] A Solution to the Pioneer Anomalous Annual and Diurnal Residuals}} by E. D. Greaves, et al. in Progress in Physics, 17(2): p168]

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 2 Pages.

A comparison is made between Greaves, E. D., Bracho, C., Gift, S., and Rodrigues, A. N., 2021. A Solution to the Pioneer Anomalous Annual and Diurnal Residuals, Progress in Physics, vol. 17, 2, p. 168. and Hodge, J. C. 2006. Scalar potential model of the Pioneer Anomaly.arXiv: astro-ph/0612567v1. Both papers suggest the Pioneer Anomaly observation is due to the signal being modified by a characteristic of space that is influenced by the Sun and Earth. The papers differ by what that characteristic is and how it influences the signal. The former paper uses "energy density" (a scalar) which is proportional to distance (r^−4) from bodies. All thecharacteristics of the former paper were accounted in the original calculation of the Pioneer Anomaly. The latter paper used a vector proportional to r^−2, a gravitational force exerted on photons that was not accounted. The different treatment of r by the latter provides a more accurate treatment of the periodicities and all 10 anomalous characteristics of the Pioneer Anomaly. The conclusions of the former that the velocity of light is Galilean additive and the use of the "gravitational density" are not supported.
Category: Astrophysics

[2798] viXra:2304.0208 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-27 00:46:27

Messung Der Gravitationswellen Des Krebspulsars (2) in Den Ligo and Virgo O3b Daten
Measurement of the Gravitational Waves of the Crab Pulsar (2) in the Ligo and Virgo O3b Data

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages. In German

Nach Kompensation von Phasenmodulation und Frequenzdrift kann das GW des Pulsars in den Aufzeichnungen aller drei Interferometer nachgewiesen werden. Die Signaturen stimmen mit den bekannten Werten überein, die mit elektromagnetischen Wellen gemessenen wurden. (mit Ergänzungen)

After compensation for phase modulation and frequency drift, the pulsar's GW can be detected in the recordings of all three interferometers. The signatures agree with the known values u200bu200bmeasured with electromagnetic waves. (with additions)
Category: Astrophysics

[2797] viXra:2304.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-21 15:05:31

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation Got in M31 and Milky Way

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 33 Pages.

In this paper is develop carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that dark matter is generated by the own gravitational field. In this work is introduced the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, previously published since 2014.The hypothesis of dark matter by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of dark matter generation has to be the same for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total dark matter goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. Apparently the hypothesis of unlimited haloes would seem impossible but further cosmological studies may demonstrate that dark energy may cancel the growing of dark matter and this balance happens at cluster scale, at 10 Mpc.This paper is similar to one previous paper published in 2019, although there is an important newness, which is the new rotation curve of Milky Way published by Sofue,Y.in 2020. Results got with this new data in Milky Way back strongly the universality of dark matter generation law.Briefly will be explained method followed to develop this work. Rotation curve data come from Sofue,Y.2015 for M31 galaxy and from Sofue 2020 for Milky Way. Thanks these remarkable rotation curves, both regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponent are the same for both galaxiesBy the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a dark matter density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at this moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas such as dark matter density, gravitational field and total dark matter mass.The chapter 10 and 11 are dedicated to apply the theory to M31 and Milky Way galaxies with excellent results.But it is in the chapter 12 where are published the most brilliant results got in this work.The total mass of the Local group of galaxies calculated is 4.5E+12 Msun which match perfectly, if it is considered the range of error, with the dynamical mass currently accepted by the Local Group 5E+12Msun. In addition, the unlimited halo of the theory allows reaching 5.1E12Msun at 1 Mpc and 7.3E+12 Msun at 2 Mpc of distance.
Category: Astrophysics

[2796] viXra:2304.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-20 01:12:18

Systematic Byass in Celestial Mechanics

Authors: Jose J. Astorkia
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish

An eigenexperiment shows systematic byass in celestial mechanics calculations when velocity is greater than escape velocity. Evidences and consequences are presented. In spanish languaje. Un análisis de un caso particular muestra la presencia de errores sistemáticos en los cálculos de la mecánica celeste en determinados casos. Se presentan evidencias observacionales y se hace una valoración de sus consecuencias.
Category: Astrophysics

[2795] viXra:2304.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-15 00:00:11

An Alternative Theory of Black Holes

Authors: Kay Zum Felde
Comments: 2 Pages.

We are critisizing the conventional theories of Black Holes.
Category: Astrophysics

[2794] viXra:2304.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-12 00:26:56

Webb Scores Ringed World with an Image of Uranus and a Halo Enveloping the Planet

Authors: Uri Lachish
Comments: 1 Page.

A halo, observed in Uranus image captured with NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, indicates a layer of icy crystallites enveloping the planet.
Category: Astrophysics

[2793] viXra:2303.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-18 03:33:41

Quantum Entanglement

Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko
Comments: 5 Pages.

The causes and consequences of the properties of a particle and a wave are presented, during the passage of a quantum of space-matter of an electron, a photon, through one and two slits. Causes and consequences of quantum tunneling through any potential barrier. And the properties of entangled particles are presented as quantum properties of space-matter.
Category: Astrophysics

[2792] viXra:2303.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-07 02:34:03

Relativistic Doppler Effect and Relict Radiation

Authors: Yu E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 5 Pages.

Relativistic Doppler effect for uniform particle movement driven by relict radiation is estimated numerically. Obtained results demonstrate that baryon mass is comparable with the energy of relict radiation, divided by с2, absorbed by the matter for the whole period of Universe existence.
Category: Astrophysics

[2791] viXra:2303.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-04 02:55:05

How to See the Remnant Star of Bethlehem

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Biblical Star of Bethlehem has long fascinatedmodern astronomers. My research in 2004, andlater in 2009, has yielded a likely candidate. This essay will assist field astronomers to locate and see its remnant from deep winter to very early spring.
Category: Astrophysics

[2790] viXra:2303.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-02 02:06:02

Gravity Model With Neutrino-like Particles

Authors: Yu E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 3 Pages.

The dynamics of a two-body system in an isotropic radiation medium is considered. Newton's gravitational equations were obtained under the condition that the radiation carriers are neutrino-like particles. The existence of a common particle in the mechanisms of gravitational and weak interactions is proposed.
Category: Astrophysics

[2789] viXra:2302.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-19 11:44:16

Dark Matter and Dark Energy: Specifications that Associate with Data

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 13 pages

This paper suggests a specification for dark matter and an explanation for dark energy. This paper features two key hypotheses. First, this paper assumes that nature includes six isomers of most elementary particles. Five of the six isomers associate with dark matter. Second, this paper assumes that multipole expansions can prove useful regarding gravity. Some terms in the expansions associate with gravitational attraction. Some terms associate with dilution of attraction. Dilution can associate with mutual repulsion between objects and with dark energy. This paper suggests that those two assumptions lead to explanations for data that pertain to the rate of expansion of the universe, the formation of galaxies, and other aspects of cosmology and astrophysics.
Category: Astrophysics

[2788] viXra:2302.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-11 02:07:26

Detection of the Gravitational Wave of the Crab Pulsar in the O3b Series from Ligo

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

After compensation for phase modulation and frequency drift, the pulsar's GW can be detected in the records of all three interferometers. The signatures agree with the known values measured with electromagnetic waves.
Category: Astrophysics

[2787] viXra:2302.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-11 02:21:14

Exploration of the Law of Universal Gravitation with Modern Mathematical Tools

Authors: Oscar Gras Garzon
Comments: 6 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

To demonstrate the law of universal gravitation, Newton started from a system of two bodies, the sun and a planet. In addition, he considered the sun to be at rest, and yet, according to the third law, it must be accelerated by the force exerted on it by the planet. In this article, the acceleration of the planet is recalculated, considering the center of mass of the two bodies at rest, using today's math tools.
Category: Astrophysics

[2786] viXra:2302.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-09 01:34:20

On the Nature of Some Cosmic Radiation.

Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 9 Pages. 5 figures

Frequency distributions of the spectrum of hydrogen and hydrogen-like elements help to determine the most probable excited elements spectral radio lines in outer space. Based on the geometrodynamic concept of J. Wheeler, the reason for the appearance of recombination radio lines is explained, and the background cosmic radiation maximum nature is established. The hydrogen atom limiting quantum number is calculated. It has been established that the wavelength during proton-electron recombination at the limiting quantum level coincides with the known 21 cm cold atomic hydrogen wavelength.
Category: Astrophysics

[2785] viXra:2302.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-03 01:29:49

Could Mercury be the Remnant Core of a Once Hot Jupiter? a Grand Tack Alternate Scenario.

Authors: Robert Craig Murphy
Comments: 1 Page.

An alternate scenario of Dr. Kevin Walsh’s Grand Tack Hypothesis of early Solar System formation is presented focusing primarily on resolving the many as yet unanswered questions regarding the observed anomalous aspects of Mercury by hypothesizing if Mercury was once a Hot Jupiter.
Category: Astrophysics

[2784] viXra:2302.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-01 01:58:43

Propellantless Gravity Assisted Acceleration in Two-Body Systems

Authors: Andris Atteka
Comments: 3 Pages.

Propellantless gravity assisted acceleration is a well known phenomena and has been practically used in spaceflight (e.g. Luna-3 and Voyager probes). However conventional propellantless acceleration in gravity field requires a three-body system. The fact that propellantless acceleration is possible also in two-body systems doesn’t appear to be widely known.
Category: Astrophysics

[2783] viXra:2301.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-26 00:18:18

Model Images for Regolith Light Scattering

Authors: Uri Lachish
Comments: 1 Page.

Model images show that the roughness degree of Regolith, as well as of other materials, does not determine their light scattering properties.
Category: Astrophysics

[2782] viXra:2301.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-25 02:14:06

Studiul Similitudinii Sistemelor Micro si Macrocosmice
The Study of the Similarity of Micro and Macrocosmic Systems

Authors: Ioan Virgil
Comments: 111 Pages. In Romanian

Aceasta lucrare a fost conceputa ca un instrument de studiu, in vederea extinderii orizontului de cunoastere a universului, prin stabilirea unor relatii de asemanare dintre microcosmos si macrocosmos, privind modurile de organizare ale materiei in cele doua niveluri micro si macro cosmice, tinand seama de relatiile de interactiune ale particulelor, respectiv ale corpurilor, existente intr-un anumit spatiu. Daca ne referim la forma de organizare a materiei, observam ca la nivel microcosmic, materia se prezinta sub forma granulara, discreta, precum ; electroni, nucleoni, mezoni si alte particule, in timp ce la nivel macrocosmic materia se prezinta sub forma de sateliti, planete, stele, nebuloase etc. Atat in microcosmos cat si in macrocosmos materia este organizata in sisteme de particule sau de corpuri ceresti, ce sunt caracterizate de o miscare periodica. Cu alte cuvinte, sistemele cosmice de orice marime ar fi, sunt niste oscilatori armonici naturali, aflati in permanenta stare de echilibru energetic fata de mediul inconjurator. Orice abatere de la acest echilibru, conduce la manifestari de absorbtie, sau emisie de energie din partea sistemelor respective, pana la reechilibrarea energetica a acestora, cu mediul inconjurator. Daca in microcosmos aceste schimburi energetice pot fi observate in laborator in timpi reali, in macro cosmos evenimentele se produc in mii sau milioane de ani, devenind imposibil de studiat in ansamblul lor.

This work was conceived as a study tool, in order to expand the horizon of knowledge of the universe, by establishing some relationships of similarity between the microcosm and the macrocosm, regarding the ways of organizing matter in the two micro and macro cosmic levels, taking into account the relationships of interaction of particles, respectively of bodies, existing in a certain space. If we refer to the form of organization of matter, we notice that at the microcosmic level, matter is presented in a granular, discrete form, such as; electrons, nucleons, mesons and other particles, while at the macrocosmic level matter appears in the form of satellites, planets, stars, nebulae, etc. Both in the microcosm and in the macrocosm, matter is organized into systems of particles or celestial bodies, which are characterized by a periodic movement. In other words, the cosmic systems of any size are natural harmonic oscillators, in a permanent state of energetic balance with the environment. Any deviation from this balance leads to manifestations of absorption or emission of energy on the part of the respective systems, until their energetic rebalancing with the environment. If in the microcosm these energy exchanges can be observed in the laboratory in real time, in the macrocosm the events take place over thousands or millions of years, becoming impossible to study in their entirety.
Category: Astrophysics

[2781] viXra:2301.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-20 22:30:53

The Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun: Modelling a Density Profile of the Chromosphere

Authors: Alexander Unzicker
Comments: 6 Pages.

In the last years, the liquid metallic hydrogen model has proven to be a viable alternative to the standard solar model, almost exclusively due to the work of Pierre-Marie Robitaille (2002, 2009, 2011, 2013). By modeling the density of both the liquid metallic and the molecular state of hydrogen from first principles, the pressure at the phase transition can be estimated, resulting in about 550 GPa. In the liquid metallic hydrogen model, this phase transition defines the photosphere which can therefore be considered real surface, as it is consistent with many observations. However, considerable pressure must be exerted by the above chromosphere, which is assumed to consist of molecular hydrogen, albeit in a compressed, liquid form. Deriving a relation between pressure and density from the above considerations, it can be shown that the chromosphere has an approximate thickness of not more than 8000 km, in agreement with observations.
Category: Astrophysics

[2780] viXra:2301.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-11 17:27:08

Is there an Upper Limit on How Big a Black Hole Can Be?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 3 Pages.

There is a limit on the mass and size of the black hole. I calculate the mass and size of a black hole based on two assumptions 1) There is a maximal density possible in the universe, and 2) There is a limit on the acceleration in the universe. The result is that the maximal mass of a black hole is ~1.2 x 10^54kg.
Category: Astrophysics

[2779] viXra:2301.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-06 02:24:48

A New Cosmological Model: Origin and Maintenance of the Universe.

Authors: Andreas Mandelis, J. Howard O. Slater
Comments: 12 Pages.

We wish to suggest an alternative physical origin and organisation of the universe contrasting with the Standard Model of Cosmology. The masses of Standard Model (SM) particles are generated by interactions between a quantum field, and thermal and particle diffusion waves - the Thermon-PDW mechanism - a process which is observationally confirmed. An exact "ensemble" of quantum fields responding to harmonic solutions of interacting thermal and particle diffusion waves solves the problem of particle mass. However, this generates its own complication: an obligatory requirement for a thermal source perfusing continuously throughout the universe. This constraint (and others) is accommodated by several properties of the principal hypothesis. Furthermore, if this interpretation is validated, it eliminates many difficulties due to the orthodox cosmological model, such as reverse engineering fundamental laws of physics, the initial singularity, initial high temperatures and densities and inflation; generally SMC as a whole should be discarded together with other model possibilities, including string theory solutions, multiverse, quantum loop theories and physics beyond the Standard Model of Particles. The property of primary importance - overwhelming importance - for the new cosmological model is establishing a universe-wide flow of thermal energy, how this is done and its consequences.
Category: Astrophysics

[2778] viXra:2301.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-04 02:24:34

Properties of Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 46 Pages.

This paper discusses physics patterns that associate with properties of objects, elementary particle data, dark matter data, and dark energy phenomena. The patterns also associate with solutions to Diophantine equations that involve s, an integer. Electromagnetic properties (such as charge and magnetic moment) associate with solutions for which |s|=1. Gravitational properties (such as gravitational mass) and inertial properties (such as inertial mass) associate with solutions for which |s|=2. All known elementary particles associate with solutions for which s=0. This paper suggests a new notion — instance — that might pertain regarding the property of charge and a new property — isomer — that might pertain regarding most elementary particles. This paper suggests that nature includes six isomers of most known elementary particles. Five isomers associate with most dark matter. This paper suggests that the notions of instances and isomers help explain data. Possibly explained data include ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects for some galaxies and other objects. Suggestions regarding dark energy might help resolve tensions regarding the rate of expansion of the universe and regarding large-scale clumpiness. Suggestions regarding dark matter and dark energy might provide insight regarding galaxy formation.
Category: Astrophysics

[2777] viXra:2212.0226 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-31 09:35:15

Photon-Photon Photoproduction in the Photon Universe Model

Authors: Giuseppe Cimino
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a theoretical analysis of the fundamental hypothesis of the photon universe model: the photon-photon photoproduction.
Category: Astrophysics

[2776] viXra:2212.0220 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-31 00:50:14

Talk About the Evolution of the Universe

Разговор об эволюции Вселенной

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 28 Pages. In Russian

This article comments briefly on the author's views on the evolutionary process of the Universe, which are fully presented in his book "Theory of Nature" (TN).The author hypothesizes that the main factor determining the character of the evolution of the entire Universe is the character of the change in the length quantum.

В этой статье комментируются в кратком изложении взгляды автора на эволюционный процесс Вселенной, которые в полном своём объёме изложены в его книге «Теория Природы» (ТП).Автор выдвигает гипотезу, что основным фактором определяющим характер эволюции всей Вселенной является характер изменения кванта длины.
Category: Astrophysics

Replacements of recent Submissions

[844] viXra:2403.0003 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-16 22:43:29

Can Fluid Dynamics Describe the Behavior of Vacuum Space?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 8 Pages.

I claim that the ether that fills the vacuum space is a type of fluid that permeates everywhere in the vacuum space. Therefore, fluid dynamics can be used to describe the entire structure of the universe according to general relativity and quantum physics for describing subatomic particles.
Category: Astrophysics

[843] viXra:2402.0141 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-18 00:04:56

The Structure and the Density of a Quark Star in a Cold Genesis Theory of Particles

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 34 Pages.

Based on a semi-empiric relation for the current mass of quarks specific to a Cold genesis theory of particles (CGT) but with the constants obtained with the aid of the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner formula and giving values close to those obtained by the Standard Model, by a current quark’s volume obtained as sum of theoretic (apparent) volumes of preonic kerneloids, a maximal density of the current quarks [The unreadable portion is omitted by viXra Admin]
Category: Astrophysics

[842] viXra:2402.0095 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-19 15:08:33

Does Newton’s Ether Exist?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 7 Pages.

Newton's ether theory, where the ether is a medium through which light travels and celestial bodies move has been largely rejected in the scientific community because it failed to explain observations. Nevertheless, I claim that this rejection is problematic.
Category: Astrophysics

[841] viXra:2402.0019 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-03 19:36:52

Dark Matter Versus Dark Energy in Clusters Using the Dark Matter by Gravitation Theory

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 20 Pages.

This paper develops the Dark Matter by Gravitation theory, DMbG theory hereafter, in clusters of galaxies. I have been developing this theory in galaxies since 2013 and I have published more than 20 papers most of them using rotation curves of galaxies, especially the ones belonging to M31 and Milky Way. So to understand this paper is compulsory to consult the paper A DM theory by gravitation for galaxies and clusters-V2. Vixra:2312.0002 where it is fully developed the DMbG theory. An important results got by DMbG theory is that total mass associated to a galactic halo up to a specific radius depend on the square root of radius without limit. Apparently, this result would be absurd because of divergence of the total mass. However it is the Dark energy the responsible to counterbalance the DM. In this paper the DMbG theory finds impressing theoretical results that in the last chapter has been checked with recent data published for the Virgo cluster. As at inter cluster scale the DE is not negligible, in this work it is defined, the total mass as baryonic matter plus DM and the gravitating mass as the addition of the total mass plus the negative mass associated to dark energy.In clusters it is defined the zero gravity radius (ZGR hereafter) as the radius needed by the dark energy to counter balanced the total mass (baryonic and DM). It have been found, as universal formulas, that the ratio ZGR /Virial Radius is close to 7.3 and its Total mass associated at ZGR is close 2.7 times the cluster virial mass. This works postulates that the factor 2.7 may equilibrate the strong imbalance between the local Universe mater density versus the Global matter density. Currently this fact is a big conundrum in cosmology. Also it have been found that the zero velocity radius, ZVR, i.e. the cluster border because of the Hubble flow, is close to 0.8 times the ZGR, and its gravitating mass is close to the virial mass. By derivation of gravitating mass function it is calculated that a half of ZGR this function reaches its maximum whose value is close to 1.5 times the virial mass. Some important theoretical calculus have been checked using recent data for Coma and Virgo clusters. Namely, it is calculated ZGR=20 Mpc and its total mass for Coma and ZVR = 10.3 Mpc and its gravitating mass for Virgo.
Category: Astrophysics

[840] viXra:2402.0019 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-17 11:57:56

Dark Matter Versus Dark Energy in Clusters Using the Dark Matter by Gravitation Theory V2

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 18 Pages. In the second version there is even more awesoming formulas for DM and DE in Cluster of galaxies.

This paper develops the Dark Matter by Gravitation theory, DMbG theory hereafter, in clusters of galaxies. I have been developing this theory in galaxies since 2013 and I have published more than 20 papers most of them using rotation curves of galaxies, especially the ones belonging to M31 and Milky Way. So to understand this paper is compulsory to consult the paper A DM theory by gravitation for galaxies and clusters-V2. Vixra:2312.0002 where it is fully developed the DMbG theory.An important results got by DMbG theory is that total mass associated to a galactic halo up to a specific radius depend on the square root of radius without limit. Apparently, this result would be absurd because of divergence of the total mass. However it is the Dark energy the responsible to counterbalance the DM. In this paper the DMbG theory finds impressing theoretical results that in the last chapter has been checked with recent data published for the Virgo cluster.As at cluster scale the DE is not negligible, in this work it is defined, the total mass as baryonic matter plus DM and the gravitating mass as the addition of the total mass plus the negative mass associated to dark energy.In clusters it is defined the zero gravity radius (ZGR hereafter) as the radius needed by the dark energy to counter balanced the total mass (baryonic and DM). It have been found, as universal formulas, that the ratio ZGR /Virial Radius is close to 7.3 and its Total mass associated at ZGR is close 2.7 times the cluster virial mass. This works postulates that the factor 2.7 may equilibrate the strong imbalance between the local Universe mater density versus the Global matter density. Currently this fact is a big conundrum in cosmology.Also it have been found that the zero velocity radius, ZVR, i.e. the cluster border because of the Hubble flow, is close to 0.8 times the ZGR, and its gravitating mass is close to the virial mass.By derivation of gravitating mass function it is calculated that a half of ZGR this function reaches its maximum whose value is close to 1.5 times the virial mass.Some important theoretical calculus have been checked using recent data for Coma and Virgo clusters. Namely, it is calculated ZGR=20 Mpc and its total mass for Coma and ZVR = 10.3 Mpc and its gravitating mass for Virgo.
Category: Astrophysics

[839] viXra:2312.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-08 23:42:44

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation for Galaxies and Clusters

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 39 Pages. V3 version is focused to study the Dark matter at the disk of Milky Way using the DM by gravitation theory.

This paper develops carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the own gravitational field. This work introduces the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, which has been developed and published since 2013.The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. The newness of this work regarding the previous paper, [13] Abarca,M. 2023, is the chapter 12, where it is studied the DM by gravitation theory at the disk and halo regions. The numerical method used in this chapter is a bit rough but using the rotation curve at disk and its baryonic mass profile has been possible to estimate roughly DM density at disk depending on the field. Three main conclusions have been got in this chapter.1º at the disk region, there is a clear functional dependence between DM density versus field E according a potential function DDM = Au2022E^B, although the exponent of the power is not 5/3 because the baryonic mass density is not zero in this region.2º at the halo region, the parameters A & B got with a quite rude method are similar to the ones got in chapter 11 with the analytical method. This similarity shows that this rude method may be accepted in order to study the function DM density versus a power of field as a first approximation to this law.3º Even with a method so rough it is possible to estimate the Solar DM density. The result got with that method differs only 15% regarding the current value accepted by the scientific community.To study the DM theory more in depth at the disk region it is needed to solve the Poisson equation using together the baryonic density and the DM density, but unfortunately it is required sophisticated software, however at the halo region the Poisson equation is easy to solve, as it was shown in [13] Abarca,M. 2023, chp.15. Fortunately it is the galactic halo the most important region of galaxies to study DM in Cosmology.
Category: Astrophysics

[838] viXra:2312.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-01 22:54:09

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation for Galaxies and Clusters

Authors: Manuel Abarca
Comments: 37 Pages. The solution for Poisson equation for gravitatory potential in halo region is improved.

This paper develops carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the own gravitational field. This work introduces the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, which has been developed and published since 2013.The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. This work has two newness: it is demonstrate that Direct mass comes from Bernoulli mass formula when it is considered an initial point belonging to the Buckingham halo curve, (ideal curve related to dynamical equilibrium), to calculate the parameter C. The second one is two astonishing calculus of masses in LG. This work begins studying the Rotation curves, from M31 and MW, published by Sofue,Y.2015 and 2020 . The regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponents are the same for both galaxies.By the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a DM density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at such moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the Universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas for DM density and for total mass, including DM. In chapters 11, 12 and 13 are calculated the parameters a^2 for MW, M33 and LCM galaxies. In chapter 14 is calculated the mass of the Local Group, which match with results got by prestigious researchers. In chapter 15 is got the solution of Poisson equation. In chapter 16, is shown a method to extend the theory to cluster of galaxies and chapter 17 is dedicated to show how DM is counter balanced by dark energy with negative mass.
Category: Astrophysics

[837] viXra:2311.0150 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-07 19:09:18

Can Special Relativity, General Relativity, and Quantum Physics Unify Into One Theory?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 7 Pages.

Current physics has no answer as to how to unify special relativity, general relativity, and quantum physics into one theory. I claim that this unification is possible if the correct physical structure of the entire universe is considered. I describe in this paper the entire physical structure of the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

[836] viXra:2311.0129 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-11 05:10:07

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Theory of Self-Variation formulates gravity and electromagnetism with the same equations. These Equations concern the field created by the rest mass / electric charge of a particle. The central equation of the Theory relates three physical quantities, the rest mass or charge of the field source, the relative velocity of the field source to the observer, and the propagation velocity of the field relative to the observer. These velocities are directly related to the potential and intensity of the field measured by an observer. The first calculations give consistency of the Theory at the distance scales that we have observational data. Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. In the frame of the Theory, the equations we present in this article apply to all interactions, not just gravity and electromagnetism. Further investigation of the equations will yield the complete, precise prediction of the Theory.
Category: Astrophysics

[835] viXra:2311.0129 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-09 17:43:23

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this article we present the gravitational field equations of the Self-Variation Theory. We formulate the differential equation for the gravitational interaction of two bodies and the orbits of the planets. The first calculations give consistency of the Theory at the distance scales that we have observational data. Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. The properties of the interaction depend on the distance at which it acts and the distribution of the rest mass in space. The Theory of Self-Variation formulates gravity and electromagnetism with the same equations. We obtain an equation relating the rest mass or charge of the field source to the velocity of the source of the field relative to the observer and the propagation velocity of the field relative to the observer. In the frame of the Theory, this Equation applies to all interactions, not just gravity and electromagnetism. Further investigation of the equations will yield the full, precise prediction of the Theory.
Category: Astrophysics

[834] viXra:2311.0129 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-09 18:08:32

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this article we present the gravitational field equations of the Self-Variation Theory. We formulate the differential equation for the gravitational interaction of two bodies and the orbits of the planets. Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. A constant of physics appears in the gravitational field Equations. The measurement of this constant can be made from the available observational and experimental data. Knowing the value of the constant we have the exact prediction of Theory for the gravitational field. The first calculations give consistency of the Theory at the distance scales that we have observational data. Further investigation of the Equations of this article will give the complete, accurate prediction of the Theory of Self-Variation for the gravitational interaction.
Category: Astrophysics

[833] viXra:2311.0129 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-03 20:45:21

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this article we present the gravitational field equations of the Self-Variation Theory. We formulate the differential equation for the gravitational interaction of two bodies and the orbits of the planets. Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. A constant of physics appears in the gravitational field Equations. The measurement of this constant can be made from the available observational and experimental data. Knowing the value of the constant we have the exact prediction of Theory for the gravitational field. The first calculations give consistency of the Theory at the distance scales that we have observational data. Further investigation of the Equations of this article will give the complete, accurate prediction of the Theory of Self-Variation for the gravitational interaction.
Category: Astrophysics

[832] viXra:2311.0062 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-18 02:22:37

Visual Model of Electromagnetic Interactions of Sub-Photons

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper provides a visual based conceptual model and framework to help explain the behavior of electrical, electromagnetic and gravitational phenomenon. The model is conceptual only and the hypothetical particles and interactions presented are simply designed as a way to visualize and understand electromagnetic interactions. Further research needs to be done exploring the possibility that the proposed hypothetical particle and interactions may actually exist. Future improvements to the model may need to be made to help it conform to new scientific discoveries. Examples are provided showing how the framework conforms to many of the behaviors of electricity, electromagnetism and radiation. A hypothetical particle is introduced, referred to as a sub-photon by this paper. The proposed framework relies on previous research in controversial physical models and assumptions such as repulsive gravity and a fractal universe. Despite the reliance on controversial concepts, the model is intuitive in many respects, easy to visualize and not dependent on difficult mathematics. The model can be used as a visual tool to help explain very complex interactions with minimal mental effort. Whether or not the existence of the sub-photon particle and its interactions are later supported by scientific literature, the model can remain a useful way to visualize and understand basic electromagnetic interactions. This paper includes predictions about celestial bodies and gravitational waves that can be used to test the model in future research.
Category: Astrophysics

[831] viXra:2310.0104 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-25 21:02:28

Solar Neutrinos and Photons

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 12 Pages.

Six years ago I published a major essay on how our beautiful and ethereal solar corona is many times hotter than the photospheric surface of its sun. The coronal heating puzzle today persists among astrophysicists, despite increasing hard data. Photospheric surface temperatures are only about 9,900 degrees Fahrenheit. Coronal temperature istypically about 1.8 to 4.0 million degrees F, and even hotter, but from where? Ideas about magnetic interactions among solar neutrinos and photons within the corona help describe, but do not fully explain, what is going on. This essay is a needed update for my seminal 2017 essay referenced herein. My updated coronal heating model remains the only one that elegantly explains this hot astrophysics puzzle.
Category: Astrophysics

[830] viXra:2307.0107 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-25 18:22:56

The Existence of a Physical Phenomenon that Accelerates Particles with Mass to the Speed of Light and Transforms Them into Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Authors: Zouhair bezzar
Comments: 8 Pages.

The present theory explores the behavior of the expression of relative mass, M(v), with respect to the speed of light (v=c) and suggests that dark matter or dark energy could be composed of ordinary particles with mass that have reached the speed of light. The theory delves into a mathematical analysis of the series representing the relative mass function, M(v), and discusses its divergence at v=c, drawing parallels with the regularization of the Casimir effect using the Riemann zeta function, which gives M(c)=-M(c-1) at v=c. It proposes the existence of a natural phenomenon that accelerates ordinary matter with mass to the speed of light and transforms it into dark matter or dark energy with negative relative mass and finite energy.
Category: Astrophysics

[829] viXra:2307.0022 [pdf] replaced on 2023-08-11 00:02:26

Generation Mechanism for the Sun’s Poloidal Magnetic Field

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 17 Pages. 10 Figures, 2 Tables, in Russian

There was established a sequence of physical processes forming the cause-and-effect relationship between the observed alternating poloidal magnetic field of the Sun and a non-electromagnetic factor external to the Sun. It has been shown that nonuniformity of the Sun’s orbital motion about the Solar system barycenter promotes emergence inside the Sun of the conditions for generation of the alternating poloidal component of the Sun’s magnetosphere having a period of about 20 years. Keywords: Sun’s poloidal magnetic field, inversion, flip, Jupiter, Saturn.
Category: Astrophysics

[828] viXra:2307.0017 [pdf] replaced on 2023-08-10 08:11:52

Inhomogeneous Distribution of the Universe’s Matter Density as a Physical Basis for MOND’s Acceleration a0

Authors: Antonio Francino, Gabriel Simón
Comments: 16 Pages. Slightly corrected and improved version, with some necessary references added. Main argument and conclusions unaltered.

One of the most effective theories for dark matter is Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics, where a modified law of gravity based on a fixed acceleration scale a0 is postulated that provides a correct description of the gravitational fields in galaxies. However, the significance of a0 is unknown, and the whole theory is generally viewed as a phenomenological description of the observations. Based on Newton’s gravitational law as applied to a uniform continuous mass we posit a non-homogeneous distribution of mass at cosmological scales that would give rise to a constant acceleration that agrees with MOND’s a0. The implications for MOND as a viable theory of dark matter and for the problem of dark energy are discussed.
Category: Astrophysics

[827] viXra:2307.0017 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-13 00:33:57

Inhomogeneous Distribution of the Universe’s Matter Density as a Physical Basis for MOND’s Acceleration a0

Authors: Antonio Francino, Gabriel Simón
Comments: 13 Pages.

One of the most effective theories for dark matter is Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics, where a modified law of gravity based on a fixed acceleration scale a0 is postulated that provides a correct description of the gravitational fields in galaxies. However, the significance of a0 is unknown, and the whole theory is generally viewed as a phenomenological description of the observations. Based on Newton’s gravitational law as applied to a uniform continuous mass we posit a non-homogeneous distribution of mass at cosmological scales that would gives rise to a constant acceleration and agrees with MOND’s a0. The implications for MOND as a viable theory of dark matter and for the problem of dark energy are discussed.
Category: Astrophysics

[826] viXra:2307.0017 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-08 21:31:11

Inhomogeneous Distribution of the Universe’s Matter Density as a Physical Basis for MOND’s Acceleration a0

Authors: Antonio Francino, Gabriel Simón
Comments: 11 Pages.

One of the most effective theories for dark matter is Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics, where a modified law of gravity based on a fixed acceleration scale a0 is postulated that provides a correct description of the gravitational fields in galaxies. However, the significance of a0 is unknown, and the whole theory is generally viewed as a phenomenological description of the observations. Based on Newton’s gravitational law as applied to a uniform continuous mass we posit a non-homogeneous distribution of mass at cosmological scales that would gives rise to a constant acceleration and agrees with MOND’s a0. The implications for MOND as a viable theory of dark matter and for the problem of dark energy are briefly discussed.
Category: Astrophysics

[825] viXra:2306.0020 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-25 18:36:27

We Live in Eight Dimensions and They Are not Hidden

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 30 Pages.

In this paper, we will show how Geometric Algebra expand the three spatial dimensions into entities of 8 degrees of freedom. It is also explained that one of these degrees of freedom (the trivector) can be considered to be the time (so no ad-hoc extra dimension is necessary). The square of the trivector is negative, solving this way the issue of the negative signature of the time (not necessary any ad-hoc metric indicating this, it is a property of time that appear naturally).Also, we will show that we can try to prove this experimentally looking for the electromagnetic trivector, an entity that should exist according to GA. Also, some comments regarding the similarities with E8 theory are given. Mainly that E8 theory considers 8 dimensions, exactly the same, emerging naturally in this paper. But not only that, also some similarities regarding how gravity can be understood and others are presented.
Category: Astrophysics

[824] viXra:2305.0170 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-03 09:36:29

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation Able to Calculate the Mass of Local Group of Galaxies-V2

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 34 Pages. In V2 the Milky Way direct mass is compared successfully with results got from GAIA DR2 published in JCAP

This paper develops carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the own gravitational field. This work introduces the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, which has been developed and published since 2013.The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. This work has two newness: it is demonstrate that Direct mass comes from Bernoulli mass formula when it is considered an initial point belonging to the Buckingham halo curve, (ideal curve related to dynamical equilibrium), to calculate the parameter C. The second one is two astonishing calculus of masses in LG. This work begins studying the Rotation curves, from M31 and MW, published by Sofue,Y.2015 and 2020 . The regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponents are the same for both galaxies.By the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a DM density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at such moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the Universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas for DM density and for total mass, including DM.In chapters 11, 12 and 13 are calculated the parameters a for MW, M33 and LCM galaxies. In chapter 14 is calculated the mass of MW and M31 at 770 kpc (4,97E+12 Msun) that match with current value 5E+12 Msun and the total mass of L.G. at 3 Mpc ( 9,8E+12 Msun), which match with results got by the well known researchers, [17] Fattahi, Navarro.2020. In chapter 15, is shown a method to extend the theory to cluster of galaxies and chapter 16 is dedicated to show how DM is counter balanced by dark energy with negative mass.
Category: Astrophysics

[823] viXra:2305.0156 [pdf] replaced on 2023-06-02 07:48:00

How Can the Sagnac Effect be Explained by Both Special Relativity and Classical Physics?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 6 Pages.

I claim that the Sagnac effect cannot be explained either by special relativity or by classical theory. But, I claim that this effect can be explained by general relativity.
Category: Astrophysics

[822] viXra:2304.0172 [pdf] replaced on 2023-05-16 23:47:51

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation Got in M31 and Milky Way

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 32 Pages.

In this paper is developed carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the own gravitational field. In this work is introduced the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, previously published since 2014. The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. Apparently the hypothesis of unlimited haloes would seem impossible but further cosmological studies may demonstrate that dark energy may counter balance the growing of DM. This paper is similar to one previous paper published in 2019, although there is an important newness, which is the new rotation curve of Milky Way published by Sofue,Y. in 2020. Results got with this new data in Milky Way back strongly the rightness of DM by gravitation theory. This work begins studying the Rotation curves data come from Sofue,Y.2015 for M31 galaxy and from Sofue 2020 for Milky Way. Thanks these remarkable rotation curves, both regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponents are the same for both galaxies. By the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a DM density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at such moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the Universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas such as DM density and total DM mass. In chapters 10 ,11 and 12 are calculated masses for M31, Milky Way and M33 with excellent results. But it is in the chapter 13 where are calculated the most brilliant results got in this work. (Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Astrophysics

[821] viXra:2304.0172 [pdf] replaced on 2023-04-27 18:16:17

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation Got in M31 and Milky Way-V2

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 32 Pages. Version V2 contain a new chapter about M33 galaxy

In this paper is develop carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that dark matter is generated by the own gravitational field. In this work is introduced the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, previously published since 2014.The hypothesis of dark matter by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of dark matter generation has to be the same for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total dark matter goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. Apparently the hypothesis of unlimited haloes would seem impossible but further cosmological studies may demonstrate that dark energy may cancel the growing of dark matter and this balance happens at cluster scale.This paper is similar to one previous paper published in 2019, although there is an important newness, which is the new rotation curve of Milky Way published by Sofue,Y.in 2020. Results got with this new data in Milky Way back strongly the universality of dark matter generation law.Briefly will be explained method followed to develop this work. Rotation curve data come from Sofue,Y.2015 for M31 galaxy and from Sofue 2020 for Milky Way. Thanks these remarkable rotation curves, both regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponent are the same for both galaxiesBy the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a dark matter density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at such moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas such as DM density and total DM mass.In chapters 10 , 11 and 12 are calculated masses for M31, Milky Way and M33 with excellent results.But it is in the chapter 13 where are published the most brilliant results got in this work.The total mass of the Local group of galaxies calculated is 4.8E+12 Msun which match perfectly, if it is considered the range of error, with the dynamical mass currently accepted by the Local Group 5E+12Msun. The chapter 14 is dedicated to show how dark energy may counter balance DM mass at cluster scale. Namely is calculated that total mass DE+DM is zero at 2,2 Mpc in Local Group whereas in Coma cluster total mass is zero at 16,2 Mpc. In other word the law of growing of DM is counter balanced by the law of growing of DE at cluster scale.
Category: Astrophysics

[820] viXra:2304.0045 [pdf] replaced on 2023-08-05 20:44:45

On the Nature of the Poloidal Component of the Sun's Magnetosphere

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 31 Pages. 17 Fig., 3 Tab. (russian)

In this work we have found out such a sequence of physical processes which allowed us to reveal the cause-and-effect relationship between the observedpoloidal alternating magnetic field of the Sun and a factor of a non-electromagnetic nature, which is external to the Sun. Specific character of the Sun’s orbital motion about the Solar system barycenter promotes emergence inside the Sun of the conditions necessary for generation of the observed poloidal component of the Sun’s magnetosphere without participation of the Sun’s own rotation. Using a pendulum as a model, we have shown in what way the external impact upon the Sun initiates within the Sun itself forced oscillations which are just those that induce the poloidal alternating magnetic field; in its turn, this magnetic field defines the cyclic character of the Wolf numbers. We have also revealed a process which allowed putting into consideration a natural event-time scale that may be quite useful in planning the observations and also in systematizing and synchronizing fragments of the available time series of observations manifesting the Sun’s poloidal magnetic field about 20 years in period. Keywords: Sun’s poloidal magnetic field, inversion, pole flip, barycenter, Jupiter, Saturn, Wolf numbers
Category: Astrophysics

[819] viXra:2304.0045 [pdf] replaced on 2023-04-13 10:42:16

On the Nature of the Poloidal Component of the Sun's Magnetosphere

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 31 Pages. 17 Fig., 3 Tab. In Russian

In this work we have found out such a sequence of physical processes which allowed us to reveal the cause-and-effect relationship between the observed poloidal alternating magnetic field of the Sun and a factor of a non-electromagnetic nature, which is external to the Sun. Specific character of the Sun's orbital motion about the Solar system barycenter promotes emergence inside the Sun of the conditions necessary for generation of the observed poloidal component of the Sun's magnetosphere without participation of the Sun's own rotation. Using a pendulum as a model, we have shown in what way the external impact upon the Sun initiates within the Sun itself forced oscillations which are just those that induce the poloidal alternating magnetic field; in its turn, this magnetic field defines the cyclic character of the Wolf numbers. We have also revealed a process which allowed putting into consideration a natural event-time scale that may be quite useful in planning the observations and also in systematizing and synchronizing fragments of the available observation time series manifesting the Sun's poloidal magnetic field about 20 years in period.
Category: Astrophysics

[818] viXra:2302.0085 [pdf] replaced on 2023-02-22 02:46:13

Omgaan met Myasthenia Gravis

Authors: J. A. J. van Leunen
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!

The author suffers from a rather unknown auto-immune disease. The paper describes the consequences of this disease. The language is Dutch.
Category: Astrophysics

[817] viXra:2301.0130 [pdf] replaced on 2023-01-27 05:10:31

Model Images for Regolith Light Scattering

Authors: Uri Lachish
Comments: 1 Page.

Model images show that the roughness degree of regolith, as well as of other materials, does not determine their light scattering properties.
Category: Astrophysics

[816] viXra:2301.0063 [pdf] replaced on 2023-05-12 20:34:41

Is there an Upper Limit on How Big a Black Hole Can Be?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 3 Pages.

There is a limit on the mass and size of the black hole. I calculate the mass and size of a black hole based on two assumptions 1) There is a maximal density possible in the universe, and 2) There is a limit on the acceleration in the universe. The result is that the maximal mass of a black hole is ~1.2 x 10^54kg.
Category: Astrophysics

[815] viXra:2301.0022 [pdf] replaced on 2023-05-21 18:55:29

Properties of Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy

Authors: Thomas Joel Buckholtz
Comments: 62 pages

This paper points to, proposes explanations for, and extrapolates based on patterns that pertain to the following - properties of objects, elementary particle data, dark matter data, and dark energy phenomena. The paper suggests new elementary particles, a specification for dark matter, a description of dark energy, and insight regarding galaxy formation. Data pertaining to dark matter (especially ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects) and to dark energy phenomena (including aspects that associate with tensions - between data and modeling - that pertain to large-scale phenomena) might tend to confirm the suggestions. The proposed explanations associate with a new elementary-particle internal quantum number - isomer - and with pattern matches that associate with solutions to Diophantine equations. A new principle (conservation of degrees-of-freedom-related aspects) links the Diophantine equations to popular physics modeling that has bases in space-time coordinates. This paper suggests that nature includes six isomers of most known elementary particles. Five isomers associate with most dark matter. Solutions to Diophantine equations suggest means to catalog properties of objects, to interrelate properties of elementary particles and other objects, and to gain insight regarding interactions between objects. Modeling regarding charged lepton anomalous magnetic moments suggests advantages for modeling elementary particles as being other than point-like.
Category: Astrophysics

[814] viXra:2301.0022 [pdf] replaced on 2023-01-30 01:41:35

Properties of Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy

Authors: Thomas Joel Buckholtz
Comments: Pages.

This paper points to, proposes explanations for, and extrapolates based on patterns that pertain to the following - properties of objects, elementary particle data, dark matter data, and dark energy phenomena. The paper suggests new elementary particles, a specification for dark matter, a description of dark energy, and insight regarding galaxy formation. Data pertaining to dark matter (especially ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects) and to dark energy phenomena (including aspects that associate with tensions - between data and modeling - that pertain to large-scale phenomena) might tend to confirm the suggestions. The proposed explanations associate with a new elementary-particle internal quantum number - isomer - and with pattern matches that associate with solutions to Diophantine equations. This paper suggests that nature includes six isomers of most known elementary particles. Five isomers associate with most dark matter. Solutions to Diophantine equations suggest means to catalog properties of objects, to interrelate properties of elementary particles and other objects, and to gain insight regarding interactions between objects. This paper suggests a notion of degrees-of-freedom-related aspects and a notion of tetrads. The notions of degrees-of-freedom-related aspects and tetrads might point to bases for much physics modeling.
Category: Astrophysics