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[155] viXra:2411.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 06:50:15
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 9 Pages.
On October 20, 2024, a relatively large-scale seawater inflow occurred in the Bohai Sea region of China. This paper argues that this large-scale influx is mainly caused by the relatively large number of super typhoons that have generated over the entire Pacific Ocean this year. The energy accumulated by several super typhoons caused very long Seiche standing waves throughout the Pacific Ocean. Although the amplitude of the standing wave is not large, about 0.3m, such an amplitude of Seiche may cause the existence of a secondary Seiche phenomenon with a higher amplitude after passing through a relatively narrow bay on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. In some narrow bays, the amplitude of this Seiche standing wave may reach more than 1m, resulting in a more serious seawater inflow problem in the coastal areas of the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, in this paper, we should consider the changes in sea level throughout the Pacific Ocean caused by the accumulation of energy from multiple super typhoons over a relatively long period of time, in addition to the disasters caused by a single typhoon when disasters such as seawater inflow occur.
Category: Climate Research
[154] viXra:2410.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-07 01:50:13
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages.
This article explores the possible place, time, and scale of the Great Flood as recorded in the Bible. The results of this paper conclude that the existence of the Bible-recorded Flood is highly likely. The time was about 4,500 years ago in the plains of Mesopotamia. The flood was caused by the failure of a massive glacial lake dam in the desert region of southern Afghanistan that existed after the end of the last glacial period. Due to the dam failure in the western part of the glacier lake in the Tarim Basin of the western plateau of China, the water of the glacier lake continues to flow into the glacier lake in southern Afghanistan. When the glacial lake in southern Afghanistan overflowed, it continued to wash away the glacial lake dikes made of soft soil, and eventually caused the dam failure of the glacial lake in southern Afghanistan, resulting in huge floods and mudslides. After the energy of these floods and mudslides was released in a concentrated manner at the outlet of the Persian Gulf, part of the energy produced a huge Seiche standing wave phenomenon in the closed interior of the Persian Gulf, which caused a tsunami in the Mesopotamian Plain that lasted for about seven days, up to one or two hundred meters, and then soaked the Mesopotamian Plain in the 50 meters deep flood for dozens of days.
Category: Climate Research
[153] viXra:2410.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-02 06:45:36
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 14 Pages.
This paper attempts to use the Seiche phenomenon to explain a huge flood that occurred in the Liangzhu region of Zhejiang Province in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River 4,300 years ago. According to the available archaeological evidence, the height of this flood reached about 100 meters. The cause of this Seiche phenomenon is the dam failure of glacial lakes formed in the Tarim and other basins in the western plateau of China after the end of the last glacial period. This paper estimates that if the dam of the Tarim Basin, which is filled with glacial lake water, fails, the flood water can easily flow into the East China Sea through the Hexi Corridor, causing geological disasters such as earthquakes, leading to a chain of dam failure effects in other basins in the west, and then more massive floods. The potential energy of the floods generated by the dam failure of these glacial lakes is enough to cause Seiche standing waves up to 150 meters high and 5 kilometers in wave length in places such as the East China Sea. Such a high amplitude Seiche standing wave may be the cause of the great flood in the Liangzhu area 4,300 years ago. Considering that the current global climate is rapidly warming and may cause more severe flooding, this paper also estimates that if a 30-kilometer radius of Greenland ice sheet dissolves and dumps into the ocean, the potential energy carried by this ice sheet will propagate to the North Sea in northern Europe, potentially causing Seiche standing waves with amplitudes of up to 50 meters. This Seiche standing wave can last for months, or even years. This will have a very serious impact on the countries bordering the North Sea and require our attention.
Category: Climate Research
[152] viXra:2408.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-26 02:15:09
Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 3 Pages.
This is an op-ed I wrote in July 2024 unfortunately rejected by several majornewspapers. Its goal was to summarize/redo, in a concise way hopefully understandable by andconvincing to people with pre-college education, a much longer and harder to read 2023 scientificpaper by P.& S.Ditlevsen forecasting the imminent end of the "AMOC" — Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The cause is human-caused "climate change"; the consequences for our civilization might be devastating. I have now also appended a short postscript (not present in the original op-ed) asking important questions.
Category: Climate Research
[151] viXra:2408.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-03 08:51:02
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages.
This paper analyzes the effects of the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and ended in 1939, and the impact of the two world wars on global average temperature rise. The paper concludes that the war has accelerated the rise in global average temperatures. The more serious problem of war is that it makes it impossible for mankind to think calmly about the path of green and peaceful development, so mankind should strive to eliminate war.
Category: Climate Research
[150] viXra:2407.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-25 06:59:03
Authors: Zhi Cheng, Jun Luo
Comments: 24 Pages.
This paper explores the impact of rising global temperature on the melting of ice floes and ice sheets in the Arctic Ocean, Greenland and Antarctic. This paper notes that the current understanding of the impact of climate change on Arctic, Greenland and Antarctic ice floes and ice sheets may be significantly underestimated. First, this paper analyzes the relationship between global temperature change and Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) rise after the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The current rate of global temperature rise is now 10 times faster than after the end of the LGM. This also means that the current rate of GMSL rise will also be likely to be 10 times faster than the rate of GMSL rise at that time. In order to better and accurately analyze the relationship between global temperature rise and GMSL rise, a simple macro model of ice sheet dissolution is established. In this model, we believe that the main cause of the dissolution of the ice sheet is the convective heat transfer from the air. Due to the presence of huge glacial lakes in Greenland and Antarctica, most of the meltwater from the ice sheet is temporarily stored in these glacial lakes. If global temperatures continue to rise, these glacial lakes could cause dam failures and cause catastrophe. We used this model to estimate the rate of dissolution of ice floe in the Arctic Ocean, and the estimates were in good agreement with the actual observations. We then used this model to estimate the rate of dissolution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Estimates suggest that the risk of significant GMSL rise and dam failure of glacial lakes is very high in the coming decades.
Category: Climate Research
[149] viXra:2407.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-02 11:20:35
Authors: Zhi Cheng, Jun Luo
Comments: 25 Pages.
This paper explores the impact of rising global temperature on the melting of ice floes and ice sheets in the Arctic Ocean, Greenland and Antarctic. This paper notes that the current understanding of the impact of climate change on Arctic, Greenland and Antarctic ice floes and ice sheets may be significantly underestimated. This article presents evidence from three aspects. The first is the rate of global temperature rise after the end of the last glacial maximum, which is now 10 times faster than after the end of the last glacial maximum. This also means that the current rate of sea level rise will also be likely to be 10 times faster than the rate of sea level rise at that time. The second piece of evidence is the analysis and fitting of curves from the available observation data, and many of the polynomial formulas that fit the curves show that the magnitude of sea level rise due to global climate change is accelerating. Some results suggest that global sea levels are likely to rise to around 10 meters by about 2050. The third piece of evidence is the very simple model of the impact of rising global temperature on Arctic Greenland and Antarctic ice floes and ice sheets. The model's estimates also suggest that global sea level will rise by about 7 meters by about 2050 due to the dissolution of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. In any case, this evidence suggests that the magnitude of sea level rise in the coming decades will be enormous, and this will certainly affect the development of human society. Therefore, this article calls on countries around the world to take proactive measures to respond to this rapid sea level rise as soon as possible. These responses may include, but are not limited to, large-scale population migrations, the construction of coastal dams, and more. Given the drawn-up to rapid global sea level rise, especially in countries like China and the United States, coastal dam construction should begin planning and pre-construction work now.
Category: Climate Research
[148] viXra:2405.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-15 20:02:38
Authors: David M. Bower
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
In this paper I present a heuristic approach to understanding the temperature of aplanet in orbit around a star. To simplify the discussion, I begin by introducing theconcept of the planet’s mean temperature. I proceed to discuss the effect of any atmosphere that might be present and also consider the effect of so- called "greenhousegases" present in this atmosphere. In contrast to the usual discussion of the importance of the effect of the "trapping" of electromagnetic radiation by the greenhousegases, I present the opposing idea that it is the reflection of electromagnetic radiationfrom the sun that is of overwhelming importance. No concepts more advanced thanthose of basic thermodynamics as presented in a high school physics class are used.While the conclusions pertain to any planet in a radiation flux from a star, the obviousapplication is to the so-called global warming experienced by the earth. The conclusions in this brief analysis are not presented as final, but rather open to debate. It ishoped that this analysis will serve as the basis for a detailed understanding of the climate change — if any — that the earth is experiencing. Comments and corrections arewelcomed.
Category: Climate Research
[147] viXra:2405.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-07 06:45:23
Authors: Vasil Korniienko
Comments: 6 Pages.
From Einstein's special theory of relativity, it follows that any matter consists of energies, the interaction of which forms a quantum electromagnetic field (QEF) in matter. Therefore, loads on matter cause perturbation of its QEF in the form of waves of quantum electromagnetic energy (S-radiation), which is confirmed by our experiments. Therefore, all celestial bodies and equipment generate S-radiation, in the spectrum of which we observed how in the summer of 2003 an energy information field (EIF) arrived from Space. Since then, this EIF has been sucking quantum energies from the Sun, technology and people. This reduced the activity of the Sun and caused the death of 80,000 people in Europe and the USA in August 2003, as well as the appearance of high-temperature solar heat in solar S radiation, which accelerates global climate warming, causes forest fires and floods. A comparative analysis showed that EIFs are hybrid weapons of a different civilization, and solar S-radiation can also carry viruses, including Covid-19. In addition, the total impact of EIF and all varieties of S-radiation causes diseases in the population, including coronavirus infection. Spacecraft are not protected from S-radiation and EIF, so when flying to Mars and the moon, the health of astronauts is at risk. But we have developed innovations, equipping with which world technology will reduce the EIF of sucking energy from the Sun and eliminate high-temperature heat in solar S-radiations, which will stop global climate warming, forest fires and floods. We have also developed innovations that are able to protect people in buildings and transport will protect people from viruses that carry cosmic S-radiation and EIF. However, for these innovations to find practical application, science must first master the spectrum of S-radiation for observations of hybrid threats from Space.
Category: Climate Research
[146] viXra:2404.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2024-04-09 20:53:05
Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijt Mitra, Sana Ahmed
Comments: 5 Pages.
Extratropical cyclones are common in the South Atlantic. They generally arise with the passage of cold fronts to the south of the South American continent, crossing the south of Chile and Argentina, in the regions of Puerto Natales, Punta Arenas (Chile), Rio Galegos, Rio Grande, El Calafate and Ushuaia (Argentina). The extratropical cyclone analyzed presented at its peak the very characteristic shape of a Chinese dragon. Many others were also analyzed. They present a mathematical form of a double Cotes Spiral curve. Here called the Dragonhead cyclone (DC), indicate a structural similarity with spiral galaxies, especially NGC 5247, in the constellation Virgo. With an area of influence and a size of around 3,247 thousand km2 at its peak, it moved quickly in a WNW direction, with an average speed of 76 km/h, with winds of 84 km/h at 100 km from the nucleus, as it passed north of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas Islands). In the data collected (Gobato et al., 2018-2023), and analyzed from the Dragonhead cyclone, it is clear that all extratropical cyclones that appear south of the South American continent, below 40° latitude, have the shape of a spiral curve, like the spiral galaxy. Most of these are in the form of a double Cote’s spiral curve.
Category: Climate Research
[145] viXra:2404.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2024-04-02 00:54:39
Authors: V. Korniienko
Comments: 4 Pages. In English and Russian
During the previous solar eclipse, we found that the Sun generates waves of quantum electromagnetic energy (S-radiation), and with them its high-temperature heat. The technique also generates S-radiations, which are consumed by the energy information field (EIF), which occupied the Earth and the Sun in the summer of 2003, [1]. This enhances the EIF, which allows it to increase the suction power of quantum electromagnetic energies from the Sun, which causes perturbation of its quantum electromagnetic field (QEF) in the form of solar S-radiations, which contain its high-temperature heat. This is warm and causes forest fires and global climate warming. Therefore, in order to stop these processes, it is necessary, on the basis of mandatory standards, to exclude the emission of S-radiation from world technology.
Category: Climate Research
[144] viXra:2403.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-26 21:06:26
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite references numerically in the text and list them at the end of the article in the future)
Humanity is radically transforming our biospherewith belching carbon dioxide and other greenhousegases. Beyond our human near future there areclimate surprises ahead for the general population.Climate scientists can calculate and predict muchof what is to happen in future "human time," basedon geological cycles. Modern society will encountera great climate surprise, if any of us are still alive when it arrives.
Category: Climate Research
[143] viXra:2401.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-18 05:13:10
Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 2 Pages.
ANHISHA is an acronym, and stands for "Application of Nuclear Heat Injection System for Heating Atmosphere". The controlled atmospheric low pressure area, created by this process, can be used to modify long term and short term weather patterns. Simulations of Global Circulation Models (GCM), on weather supercomputers, can determine in advance, the result on atmosphere, e.g., precipitation. Various aspects of such anthropic modifications of atmosphere have been discussed in the reference 1. The permanent hurricane like vortex on north and south pole can be modified by ANHISHA, with the aim, of a higher ice precipitation, on the geographic poles. A significant increase in polar ice, would reduce the sea levels and increase land surface area. This in turn, would sustain the burgeoning human population, and restore habitat of various natural land species. In a sense this is reversal of global warming and onset of an artificial, controlled ice age. As we would not like to have ice age in extreme northern latitudes, so we will restrict ANHISHA only to south pole. The extra ice would be confined to Antartica.
Category: Climate Research
[142] viXra:2401.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-04 00:11:00
Authors: Chakir Hamouch, Jamal Chaaouan, Charaf eddine Bouiss
Comments: 16 Pages.
This study was conducted in the upstream Inaouène watershed, one of the largest tributaries of the Sebou River in Morocco. The aim of the study is to assess the risk of rain-induced erosion at two different periods (1984 and 2022) to better understand the trend of this phenomenon in the study area. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was employed to evaluate the soil loss rate, specifically concerning sheet erosion. To carry out this work, various factors of the equation (Rainfall erosivity "R," Soil erodibility "K," Vegetative cover "C," Topography "LS," and Anti-erosion practices "P") were incorporated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) and spatial remote sensing. By overlaying these factors, a quantitative map of soil losses in our watershed was obtained. The results of this study show that the upstream Inaouène experienced a significant erosion dynamic during both 1985 (T1) and 2022 (T2), with a notable decrease in the amount of soil loss over the last year. Soil degradation at T1 averaged about 68 (T/ha/year), with maximum and minimum losses between 2162 and 0.067 T/ha/year. In contrast, losses at T2 recorded an average of 52.4 (T/ha/year), with a maximum of 1850 (T/ha/year). The study area thus represents very high soil loss quantities in both periods compared to several studies conducted on this issue. This is attributed to the fact that the study area is located in a region characterized by very favorable natural and human conditions and factors for recording significant soil losses. These include concentrated and intense thunderstorms, the predominance of fragile rocks, steep slopes, low vegetative cover, and irrational human interference in the area.
Category: Climate Research
[141] viXra:2312.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-13 17:54:59
Authors: Wei Huang
Comments: 26 Pages.
A New Explanation of the Mechanism of Hadley CirculationThe Hadley circulation (or Hadley cell) is traditionally described as a large-scale atmospheric circulation phenomenon driven by differential heating of the Earth’s surface: warm, moist air rises near the equator, diverges poleward in the upper troposphere, and subsides in the subtropics. In this article, the mechanism of the Hadley circulation is revisited and a new model is provided to explain its mechanism. The new model is based on a form of the atmospheric dynamic equation which substitutes pressure with temperature and density; thereby categorizing weather systems into thermal and dynamic systems. Such classification is useful for explaining large-scale weather systems such as the Hadley cell. The proposed explanation for the mechanism of the Hadley circulation argues that subtropical highs are the driving force of the Hadley cell, rather than the conventionally-believed ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone). To support our theory, we analyze the atmospheric air density flux divergence with the results from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and derive a new continuity equation by adding source/sink terms, in which evaporation serves as the air-mass source, and precipitation (condensation) as the air-mass sink. Results found that the equatorial easterlies could be linked to the solar diurnal cycle, demonstrating that the trade wind can be generated by the solar diurnal cycle, especially in the spring and fall seasons, as well as from the equatorial branch of the subtropical high.Keywords: Hadley Cell; ITCZ; solar radiation; dynamic equation; continuity equation; density flux divergence
Category: Climate Research
[140] viXra:2310.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-31 23:28:44
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 28 pages, 180 images
The cause of El Nino-events is hydrothermal-water that rises from submarine-volcanic-areas and tectonic-fractures to the ocean-surface ! On the ocean surface this hydrothermal-water appears in the form of growing-plumes or-blobs (sea-surface-temperature-(SST)-anomalies), which then get distributed by the main ocean-currents and by surface-currents. My study will provide first evidence of the real sources of the SST-anomalies which lead to the development of El Ninos. These are hydrothermal-sources, which are located for example in the Kermadec-Tonga-Arc (e.g. in the Monowai- and Macauley-Volcanic-areas), New-Hebredes-Trench-area, Nankai-Trough- and Philippine-Plate-area, Salado-Fracture-Zone, Falkland-Agulhas-Fracture-Zone, South-West-Indian-Ridge-area, Mid-Atlantic-Ridge, LFZ, Kane-Fracture-Zone and in the Pacific-Plate east of Japan, to name the important locations. With the NASA-Worldview-tool an analysis of the sea-surface-temperature (SST)-anomalies was done for the time-period Oct.2021 to June 2023, and for the time-periods in which the strong El Ninos from 1997-98 and 2014-16 developed. Five areas (1—5) on the ocean-floor were found where large amounts of hydrothermal-water was rising from specific areas on the ocean-floor to the surface at irregular-intervals during the mentioned time-periods ! Note: The irregular hydrothermal-activity in these five areas is a global phenomenon !! The hydrothermal-activity comes and goes in a "wave-like-pattern", which often causes activity in 3-5 areas, which are thousands of km apart, at nearly the same time ! As an example I want to mention the period 9.12.2013 to 21.12.2013 (12 days) in which the hydrothermal-activity reached a maximum level in at least four of the five areas (1-5) in this short time-period ! Note: These areas are located in the northern and southern-Hemisphere. Changes in Earths Magnetic Field seem to be the main cause of this increased Hydrothermal-and Volcanic-Activity ! These changes (e.g. geomagnetic-jerks) in Earths-Magnetic-Field can be caused either by internal-processes which take place near the Core-Mantle-Boundary (CMB), or they can be caused by external-events, which are strong geomagnetic-storms caused by solar-wind (space-weather). First the geomagnetic-changes (e.g. geomagnetic-jerks) seem to increase seismicity in High-Geothermal-Flux-(HGF)-areas, then with a certain delay hydrothermal-activity, especially along tectonic-fractures, is increasing, which then rises the SST and the Ocean-Heat-Content, and finally causes El-Ninos. The key to find the hydrothermal- or volcanic-sources, which cause the strong temperature-anomalies, is the precise observation of the development of every major anomaly in an animation, from the early beginning, when the first small warm-water-blob appears on the surface ! Part-2 of my hypothesis explains the probable causes of the described "global-hydrothermal-activity" in more detail !
Category: Climate Research
[139] viXra:2310.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-14 21:34:32
Authors: Ruben Hugo Martinez
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish
An irrigation system is proposed for the Turfan depression, involving the construction of an aqueduct from the China Sea to said region, in a first phase the aqueduct must be fed with centrifugal electric pumps, in several stagesuntil, due to the difference between the lowest level in the depression and sea level,establish the siphon effect, then the system could also provide electrical energy to thegrid. In the last stage, the drinking water is separated from the sea salt and other elements.unwanted through reverse osmosis devices.
Category: Climate Research
[138] viXra:2309.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-19 21:02:14
Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 13 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0
The current expectation of climatologists is that levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), will correspond, in the 2020s, to an increase in mean annual global near-surface atmospheric temperature of less than 1.5°C above the pre-industrial Holocene norm (1750 baseline; atmospheric CO2 = 278 ppm). This paper will argue, contrarily, that it is not possible to reproduce the atmospheric chemistry of the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (3.3-3 Mya) of the Pliocene Epoch, 5.3-2.588 Mya, without also reproducing its climate, and that — consequently — we can expect to see global warming of 3°C this decade.
Category: Climate Research
[137] viXra:2308.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-21 18:20:19
Authors: Alphonsus J. Fagan
Comments: 13 Pages.
This essay summarizes the physics of climate change and provides commentary around some of the political challenges faced in mobilizing the effective action needed to address it.
Category: Climate Research
[136] viXra:2308.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-02 23:34:49
Authors: Savinov Sergei
Comments: 4 Pages.
The article describes a new kind of cirrus clouds, which has a synoptic value for a short-term thunderstorm forecast with a very high probability
Category: Climate Research
[135] viXra:2307.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-17 23:26:56
Authors: Savinov Sergei
Comments: 2 Pages.
The article relates to atmospheric optics, it describes a field technique for determining the presence in the atmosphere of conditions for the formation of the optical phenomenon of light pillars.
Category: Climate Research
[134] viXra:2305.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-11 00:54:58
Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra, Poulomi Mullick
Comments: 6 Pages.
The work is focused on the comparative analysisof the shape of spiral galaxies and the ubtropical cyclone that formed north of Georgia Island and passed north of the South Sandwich Islands, in the South Atlantic Ocean. Subtropical cyclones with double spirals appear to be common in theseareas of the South Atlantic. A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an extratropical cyclone. They can form between the equator and the 50th parallel. In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point. The characteristic shape of hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons is a spiral. The characteristicequation of which spiral the Extratropical Cyclone (EC) Its double spiral shape, whose mathematical equation has already been defined as Cote’s spiral, Gobato et al. (2022) and similarlyLindblad (1964) show shape of double spiral
Category: Climate Research
[133] viXra:2303.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-20 20:25:57
Authors: Emil Junvik
Comments: 9 Pages.
This is a refutation of the greenhouse effect based on a quote from Planck´s book "the theory of heat radiation". Then follows a simple alternative energy balance based on an equation from Planck´s book, which correctly produces the surface temperature of Earth. Lastly, I present a surprising result involving solar irradiation and gravity, somewhat based on Einsteins L/c^2 =m and the same equation as I use for the energy balance. The relationship shown between luminosity and gravity may be just an illusion.
Category: Climate Research
[132] viXra:2302.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-16 05:22:20
Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 3 Pages.
Application of the sea, mountains, rivers, island model to have freshwater, bring down land temperatures and increase fertility of soil to reduce food shortages and enhance biodiversity of a biome. As availability of energy increases, the model could be scaled up to subcontinental levels to bring arability to the arid regions.
Category: Climate Research
[131] viXra:2211.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2022-11-27 04:55:44
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 5 Pages.
We propose the only viable way to still save the planet for humanity. Indeed we argue that the planet climate and ecosystems has already triggered several trigger points. In such systems, change will change exponentially with time, even without any source of excitation anymore. As a result, all our prediction of climate change impacts are already underestimating the effects, as we observe daily, and feel-good measures like grass root ecology or emission reductions are just too late and risk distracting from what needs to be done, now, not later. There is no time for later.The proposal is as follows: to starve off the exponentials, we must re-absorb CO2, CH4 and any other relevant pollutant to preindustrial levels without re-emitting other fossil fuel. It is a planet scale endeavor that requires nuclear fusion to power it. While we learn to dominate fusion, we must use nuclear fission to start re-absorption now. We can’t wait. We have to start now.
Category: Climate Research
[130] viXra:2211.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2022-11-09 01:02:17
Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra, Lauro Figueroa Valverde
Comments: 8 Pages.
Large storms such as tornadoes and extratropicalcyclones have become increasingly common in southern Brazil. The season of strong storms has been increasingly evident between autumn and winter in southern Brazil, such as hurricane Catarina. Several tornadoes were evidenced in2022 in this region, and the ones discussed here are from It’s and Concodia, which crossed the rural areas of Santa Catarina, causing great damage to their avian production. As the main focus, the one of Concordia was analyzed, classified as category F1, and approximate dimensions of 100m in diameter.
Category: Climate Research
[129] viXra:2210.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-12 09:03:08
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 3 Pages.
I argue that the present global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration of 410 parts per million by volume will increase the global atmospheric temperature by about 4°C above that of the pre-industrial time. This temperature rise is sufficient to completely melt the Greenland ice sheet and the West Antarctic ice sheet and thereby rise the global sea-level by approximately 10 meters within the next one thousand years.
Category: Climate Research
[128] viXra:2204.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2022-04-24 21:19:05
Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Abhijit Mitra, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato
Comments: 4 Pages.
A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that
cyclone. They can form between the equator and
the 50th parallel. In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point. The characteristic shape of hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons is a spiral. There are several types of turns, and determining the characteristic equation of which spiral the Extratropical Cyclone (EC) fits into is the goal of the work. The study demonstrates a double spiral for the EC similarly Lindblad (1964) demonstrates a double spiral, to demonstrate the structure of spiral galaxies. Despite the data obtained in the EC that passed through the southern tip of South America west and east of the Falklands Islands, everything indicates that the short occurrence ECs indicate the double spiral structure, but with the structure of a Cote’s double spiral.
Category: Climate Research
[127] viXra:2204.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2022-04-18 21:15:00
Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra, Alireza Heidari, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato
Comments: 8 Pages.
A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has
some characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an extratropical cyclone. They can form between the equator and the 50th parallel. In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point. The characteristic shape of hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons is a spiral. There are several types of turns, and determining the characteristic equation of which spiral the Extratropical Cyclone (EC) fits into is the goal of the work. The study demonstrates a double spiral for the extratropical
cyclone, similarly Lindblad (1964) demonstrates a double spiral, to demonstrate the structure of spiral galaxies. Despite the data obtained in the EC that passed through the southern tip of
South America west and east of the Falklands Islands, everything indicates that the short occurrence ECs indicate the double spiral
structure, but with the structure of a Cote’s double spiral.
Category: Climate Research
[126] viXra:2204.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2022-04-09 20:38:51
Authors: V. Korniienko, I. Vikulin, M. Turkin
Comments: 29 Pages. In English and Russian
We have experimentally discovered that any stressed matter generates energies (S-radiation) unknown to science, the origin of which is confirmed by STR Einstein, that matter consists of energies. Therefore, their interaction forms a quantum electromagnetic field (QEF) in matter. Therefore, the application of loads to matter causes the perturbation of its QEF in the form of waves of quantum electromagnetic energy, i.e. S-radiation. The presence of QEF in matter causes any generators, together with electric energy, to generate quantum currents, which the technique converts into technogenic S-radiation and emits into the environment. For the same reason, all cosmic bodies, including the Earth, generate cosmic S-radiation, which reveals the origin of geopathic radiation (GR). In the spectrum of S-radiation, we observed how in the summer of 2003 the Earth and the Sun occupied an energy information field (EIF), which sucks energies from these bodies, equipment and people. It has been shown that the total impact of EIFs, man-made and cosmic S-radiation, causes processes that: unprecedented decreased Sun activity, growing CO2 and global climate warming, forests burn en masse, polar ice melts, ecology worsens and diseases occur. In addition, according to astronomers, planet-X is approaching Earth. which will cause a catastrophic growth for people of space S-radiation and GR. This planet approaches Earth every 15,000 years, and the age of the oldest artifacts is 2.8 billion years, it is easy to calculate that over the years it has approached Earth 186,000 times because of which previous civilizations died. To protect these radiation, these civilizations built pyramids, the sides of which form fields reflecting cosmic S-radiation, thereby partially protecting life on Earth. It is proposed, on the basis of standards and innovations, to eliminate the release of technogenic S-radiation, as well as to provide protection against space S-radiation and EIF, which will stop global changes and eliminate the threat of human death.
Category: Climate Research
[125] viXra:2203.0185 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-31 09:07:39
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 3 Pages.
The question of how much reasonable carbon tax should be set in each nation is the biggest problem that cannot be calculated in climate change. In previous study, we have proposed environmental thermoeconomics. From thermodynamics, the minimum electricity required to remove carbon 1 ton from the air is calculated as minimum 424 MJ/tonCO2. The medium that connects nature and human is a power plant, and the unit price of industrial electricity in Korea is about $0.066 / kWh. Multiplying the above two values, the cost required to remove carbon 1 ton from the air is calculated as minimum $7.77. In Korea, 80% of carbon emissions are free, and carbon credits are set for 20% of excess. Therefore, the engineering price of carbon 1 ton for 20% excess is calculated as minimum $38.9. Currently, the trading price of Korean carbon market is about $16.5 ~ $33.0. Judging from the uncertainty of climate change, it can be said that the above calculated unit price and trading unit price are similar. Carbon credits are not a means of profit creation through trade, and it is the cost of human obligations through engineering calculation.
Category: Climate Research
[124] viXra:2203.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-28 10:25:41
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.
In previous study, we have proposed environmental thermoeconomics. Until now, no one has proven that the rights of nature exist. The proof must start from the laws of nature, and the laws of thermodynamics are the truth. From the law of thermodynamics and the principle of economics, it is very easily proved that the rights of nature rights exist. Based on that proof, we propose that “the rights and duties of nature, human and natural intelligence are the same” as Article 0 of the nation constitution.
Category: Climate Research
[123] viXra:2203.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-27 09:59:10
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.
We suggest the environmental thermoeconomics that combines the environmentology of nature conservation, thermal engineering of resource saving, and economics of human development. From this study, the rights and duties of resource saving, human development, and nature conservation can be proven and calculated from accurate interpretations based on thermal engineering knowledge for all changes of around us. The activity energy of nature can be calculated by thermodynamics. Thermodynamic energy is converted into economic money through thermoeconomics. Therefore, the value cost of nature is calculated. This is the cost of rights and duties of human to nature.
Category: Climate Research
[122] viXra:2202.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2022-02-27 20:12:56
Authors: Mikhail Kovalyov
Comments: 24 Pages.
In this review, we demonstrate a striking similarity between instrumentally measured temperature, the speed of the magnetic North Pole as a proxy for the changes in the Earth's magnetic field, seismic activity, and UFO sightings as a proxy for energy transfer between near-Earth space and the Earth's atmosphere. New research (some as recent as 2021) points towards the Van Allen Belts as the main contributor to global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[121] viXra:2111.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-04 21:29:47
Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 6 Pages.
The objective of this work is to analyze the occurrence or not of tornadoes in the city of Guatambu, state of Santa Catarina (SC), southern Brazil, at the end of the night of 13, at dawn on September 14, 2021. Alerts by the official
agencies of the region of the probable occurrence of tornadoes and strong storms in the area between the northeast of Argentina, Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul. A tornado is the most violent windstorm on earth. The tornado is a rotating column of air that extends from a cloud to the ground. The analysis of satellite maps indicated the occurrence of storms, with probable formation of
tornadoes in the municipality of Guatambu. Thus, confirming reports from residents, official bodies such as the Civil Defense of Santa Catarina, and the state’s meteorological system. It is likely that the formation of a tornado in the unicipality of Guatambu occurred between 01:20 UTC on and 02:10 UTC on Sep 14, 2021.
Category: Climate Research
[120] viXra:2110.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2021-10-23 20:02:48
Authors: Xueshi Ji
Comments: 3 Pages.
Carbon dioxide is liquefied at minus 58 degrees. Large refrigeration equipment is used to cool down in extreme cold areas such as the Arctic. In extreme cold areas, it can reach minus 60 degrees as long as it is reduced by a few degrees, so as to liquefy carbon dioxide. It can also be combined with pressurization to accelerate carbon dioxide liquefaction. It can be transported and stored for chemical synthesis polycarbonate, beverage processing, etc., and gas fertilizer for greenhouse planting,Can increase production by at least 50%.Carbon dioxide is collected only in extremely cold areas, but not in other areas. The gas partial pressure of carbon dioxide can make a large amount of carbon dioxide move to the collection area.
Category: Climate Research
[119] viXra:2106.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2021-06-20 20:44:19
Authors: V. G. Korniienko
Comments: 33 Pages. In English and Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
Science does not know the origin of geopathic radiation (GR) and their role in nature. But we found that stressed matter generates C-radiation. This causes the origin of GR and the fact that the technique generates technogenic C-radiation, which, like GR, causes diseases. In addition, in the spectrum of S-radiation, we observed how in the summer of 2003 the Earth and the Sun occupied the energy information field (EIF), which causes melting polar ice and a threat to the Sun, and together the effects of EIF and S-radiation can cause a pandemic. Proposed measures to stop these changes.
Category: Climate Research
[118] viXra:2106.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2021-06-16 21:24:36
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 45 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
By presenting the relevant, in relation to the climate problem, measured variables as exponential functions, truthfully representing the real values, surprising informative mutual relations show up. One of these relations led to the successful investigation of the possibility that the global temperature raise can not be caused by indirect heating, prescribed by the Green House model, but is caused by direct heating, prescribed by the here named Living Room Model. It is of fundamental importance to realize that sun, wind and earth energy that is transformed to energy, intended to be consumed by mankind, also directly heats the atmosphere. Besides that it has been proven that the Sea is heated by the geothermal heat flux. The final outcome therefore is that aiming for reduced CO2 emissions will not result in any improvement of the climate. Only a drastically reduction of the consumed energy, of whichever kind, will help.
Category: Climate Research
[117] viXra:2103.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2021-03-30 00:32:48
Authors: Niteesh Shanbog
Comments: 7 Pages.
The battle between conservation and industrialization gains a new dimension with the recent changes to the EIA brought out by the Government of India. While the Government wants to cut down on the red tape and inefficiency associated with the lackadaisical bureaucracy, the new amendments significantly compromise on the basic principles of environmental conservation. This essay, while exploring the need for the new laws with regards to India’s growing economic aspiration, also discusses why messing around with the environment is not a wise idea. The social and moral aspects of changing environmental laws, which actually accelerates environmental degradation is also looked at. This essay concludes that economic growth by compromising with nature is not sustainable in the long term and that this policy must have a relook.
Category: Climate Research
[116] viXra:2102.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-25 21:01:31
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.
Intelligence is far more than IQ. It characterizes all life forms, and not just in our biosphere. To understand our place within other aspects of
intelligence, and within the history of our species, it is necessary to approach it all within the framework of systems theory. High-level
operational intelligence has brought us toward what we now call the Anthropocene period. However, there are devils within the details, and we need to find out how dysfunctional elements operate within our structural-functional ideals. What we need to learn and embrace will determine the fate of our entire species, and much sooner than later.
Category: Climate Research
[115] viXra:2101.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2021-01-27 23:17:38
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages.
We have developed a new method to assess CO2 forcing estimates using a thermodynamic framework. We study the available work in the CO2 atmospheric system which is bounded by its free energies. This is estimated by assessing the CO2 byproduct due to fossil fuel consumption from 1950 to 2019. This available work must be less than the total CO2 accumulated double bond enthalpy and is further bounded by the single bond dissociation energy. We also add in 15% more CO2 from other sources. As well we consider altitude factors. Our thermodynamic model indicates a total mean forcing of about 0.9W/m2 which is about 51% of IPCC anticipated estimates.
Category: Climate Research
[114] viXra:2101.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2021-01-05 13:08:24
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this paper, we analyze warming data on Urban Heat Islands in dry versus humid environments to estimate their feedback. We find UHI local warming second difference estimate of about 3 W/m2/K and an estimate maximum related difference feedback of 4 W/m2/K for UHI in humid versus dry environments. Relative to global warming water-vapor climate feedback estimates of about 2 W/m2/K, this is a factor of 1.5 to 2 times more feedback for UHIs in humid environments likely due to lapse rate effects. This result is for daytime hours. Water-vapor feedback is known to be one of the most important in our climate system. It is thought that it can double the direct known forcing. In this case we find a much higher UHI water-vapor feedback effect. We suspect that dome heat from urban heat islands and loss of latent heat cooling are key contributor, as warm air holds more water vapor amplifying urban heat especially in humid atmospheres. The only way to mitigate such surfaces is by increasing their reflectivity at least equal to and optimally higher than the average reflectivity of the Earth (≈0.25).
Category: Climate Research
[113] viXra:2012.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-03 10:30:00
Authors: Jose M. Tarraga, Maria Piles, Gustau Camps-Valls
Comments: 12 Pages. 34th ML4D Workshop at Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020), Vancouver, Canada.
In the current context of climate change, extreme heat waves, droughts and floods are not only impacting the biosphere and atmosphere but the anthroposphere too. Human populations are forcibly displaced, which are now referred to as climate-induced migrants. In this work we investigate which climate and structural factors forced major human displacements in the presence of floods and storms during years 2017-2019. We built, curated and harmonized a database of meteorological and remote sensing indicators along with structural factors of 27 developing countries world-wide. We show how we can use Gaussian Processes to learn what variables can explain the impact of floods and storms in a context of forced displacements and to develop models that reproduce migration flows. Our results at regional, global and disaster-specific scales show the importance of structural factors in the determination of the magnitude of displacements. The study may have both societal, political and economical implications.
Category: Climate Research
[112] viXra:2010.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 19:50:18
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages. 181 Figures [Corrections made to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
A solar geoengineering global warming re-radiation model is developed and results provide new insights for the global mean Earth’s energy budget (GMEEB). We apply the model for 1950 and 2019 to illustrate its capability. To obtain equilibrium for the GMEEB, modeling only requires solar energy input, the re-radiation factor, and the amount of GHG forcing. Given these variables, the model predicts the GMEEB with and without forcing. A 61.8% optimum re-radiation factor is found in modeling in the absence of forcing, a self-deterministic result. Above or below this value, equilibrium iterative transition states occur. We demonstrate the possible transitional states and how they may quickly coverage on the maximum forcing state available due to the presence of greenhouse (GHG). Thus, the model provides insight into instability around the nominal 61.8% re-radiation condition. The model also helps supports mitigating global warming using the albedo solution; because there is poor focus in this area, we are compelled to point out several of its advantages supported by this paper. Results suggest that albedo controls should not be overlooked in climate change mitigation having many benefits including a reduced reverse forcing advantage over GHGs by a factor of approximately 1.62.
Category: Climate Research
[111] viXra:2010.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-09 12:55:25
Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Abhijit Mitra, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato
Comments: 5 Pages.
Ae extratropical cyclone” is an at- mospheric phenomenon that occurs when there is a very rapid drop in central atmospheric pressure. This phenomenon, with its characteristic of rapidly lowering the pressure in its interior, generates very intense winds and for this reason it is called explosive cyclone, “cyclone
bomb” CB. It was determined the mathematical
equation of the shape of the extratropical cyclone, being in the shape of a spiral called "Cotes’s Spiral."
In the case of CB, which formed in the south of the
Atlantic Ocean, and passed through the south coast of Brazil in July 2020, causing great damages in several cities in the State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. With gusts recorded of 116 km/h, atmospheric phenomenon – CB hit southern Brazil on June 30, the beginning of winter 2020, causing destruction in its influence over. In five hours the CB
traveled a distance of 257.48 km (159.99 miles), at an average speed of 51.496 km/h (31.998 miles/h) 27.81 knots, moved towards ENE, with a low pressure center of 986 mbar, 07:20 UTC, approximate location 35◦S 45◦W, and 5 hours after 12:20 UTC had already grown and had a low pressure center of 972 mbar, approximate location 34◦S 42◦30’W. The temperatures of the clouds and the surface
near the low pressure center of the CB. The temperature in the center of the CB is approximately 45◦C at 07:20 UTC, July 1, 2020. Five hours later, at 12:20 UTC, in the low pressure center of the CB, the temperature varies from 45◦C to -30◦C, indicating that the CB increases in size and further tapers
its core, sucking a great amount of steam to high altitudes of water where it condenses quickly.
Category: Climate Research
[110] viXra:2010.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-01 11:31:57
Authors: Kenneth Ramsey
Comments: 3 Pages.
A system, using only renewable energy, is described. A pipeline filters and heats the seawater, using solar energy. The water travels along the pipeline and condenses to deliver fresh water.
Category: Climate Research
[109] viXra:2009.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2020-09-20 19:25:10
Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Abhijit Mitra, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato
Comments: 6 Pages.
he characteristic shape of hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons is a spiral. There are several types of turns, and determining the
characteristic equation of which spiral the "cyclone bomb" (CB) fits into is the goal of the work. In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point. An “explosive extratropical cyclone” is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when there is a very rapid drop in central atmospheric pressure. This phenomenon, with its
characteristic of rapidly lowering the pressure in its interior, generates very intense winds and for this reason it is called explosive cyclone, bomb cyclone. It was determined the mathematical equation of the shape of the extratropical cyclone, being in the shape of a spiral called “Cotes’s Spiral." In the case of CB, which formed in the south of the Atlantic Ocean, and passed through the south coast of Brazil in July 2020, causing great damages in several cities in the State of Santa Catarina. With gusts recorded of 116 km/h, atmospheric phenomenon – “cyclone bomb" (CB) hit
southern Brazil on June 30, the beginning of winter 2020, causing destruction in its influence over. In five hours the CB traveled a distance of 257.48 km (159.99 miles), at an average speed of 51.496 km/h (31.998 miles/h) 27.81 knots, moved towards ENE, with a low pressure center of 986 mbar, 07:20 UTC,
approximate location 35◦S45◦W, and 5 hours after 12:20 UTC had already grown and had a low
pressure center of 972 mbar , approximate location 34◦S 42◦30’W.
Category: Climate Research
[108] viXra:2009.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2020-09-19 14:10:03
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 13 Pages.
There is climate change, and there is accelerating climate change. Historical climate change has mostly been cyclical, but emerging 21st-century changes are more exponential. This essay discusses false solutions versus ameliorating actions. The goal will be to preserve our anthropocene world before we join the millions of species we are busy destroying.
Category: Climate Research
[107] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 16:41:51
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model,, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates
In this paper we suggest that a fundamental GHG-albedo hotspot surface theorem, when applied to the reality of today’s climate challenges, appears to indicate that the albedo solution would be the optimum and safest way to mitigate climate change. The theorem also indicates that CO2 solutions has an associated risk in stopping climate change. We also detail the albedo-GHG factor is detailed.
Category: Climate Research
[106] viXra:2006.0198 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-22 12:30:56
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, hotspots mitigation, UHI global warming estimates
Solar geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. This paper focuses on geoengineering and implementation of a surface solar geoengineering solution to global warming. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact for reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly components” that can be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing climate change. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering hotspots with large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and mountain region, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2 and 0.5% of the Earth would require modification to resolve most of global warming. This is highly dependent on the heat capacity and irradiance of the area of interest. The versatile model presented, also shows significant global warming estimates due to UHIs and their coverage.
Category: Climate Research
[105] viXra:2006.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-16 07:48:57
Authors: Edgars Alksnis
Comments: 2 Pages.
Several astrogeophysical cooling factors are overlapping in mid-July.
Category: Climate Research
[104] viXra:2005.0281 [pdf] submitted on 2020-05-30 17:54:02
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Modeling, Albedo solution to global warming, solar amplification, hotspots mitigation
Solar geoengineering is vital in global warming as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point from occurring. As well, the pace and depth of implementing the GHG solution is tenuous. It is of interest in this paper to focus on the implementation of a solar geoengineering solution to global warming. It is obvious that an albedo solution is in theory possible. However, research in this area seems stagnant and implementing even urban heat island cool roofs on a unified worldwide global level has not gone forward. In particular, in this paper we provide some basic modeling and insight into “Earthly components” that one could focus on to increase opportunity for reducing climate change. Modeling illustrates that by solar geoengineering selecting hotspot areas, the effective area could be roughly 13 times smaller than a nominal non-hotspot areas in influencing global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[103] viXra:2005.0248 [pdf] submitted on 2020-05-25 14:22:13
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Modeling, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter
In this paper, we find a 2.6 times advantage in an albedo solution compared to greenhouse gases (GHG) resolution. Using these results along with an albedo-Planck parameter, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in correcting most of the problem.
Category: Climate Research
[102] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2020-05-17 12:02:32
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 4 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Modeling, Plank Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter
In this paper, we show how global warming can be modeled using a re-radiation factor and use the Planck’s feedback parameter to verifying consistency. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the fact that albedo versus a greenhouse gas change will have more impact on global warming. In our simple model we also found an alternate way to assess the Planck parameter. As well we define a handy Plank-Albedo feedback parameter that has a convenient value of 1 W/m2/delta%albedo/oK.
Category: Climate Research
[101] viXra:2005.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2020-05-17 16:05:35
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Modeling, Albedo solution to global warming, solar amplification, hotspots mitigation
In this paper we provide an overview on why the alternate solution to global warming has numerous advantages over greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. This is initially evident in considering that prior to greenhouse gas reemission, LWR must first occur. In the chain of events, initially we have incoming short wave radiation, absorption, long wave emission, then re-radiation from GHGs. In theory, we can focus on any event in order to mitigate climate change. However, reducing absorption also prevents a second event, greenhouse gas (GHG) reemission. Therefore, in comparison, the greenhouse gas effect is less dynamic. As well the pace and depth of the GHG solution is tenuous. It is of interest in this paper to look at the absorption part in the chain of events. It is obvious that an albedo solution is in theory possible. However, research in this area seems stagnant and implementing even urban heat island cool roofs on a global level has not gone forward. In particular, in this paper we provide some basic modeling and provide insight into “Earthly components” that one could focus on to increase opportunity for reducing climate change.
Category: Climate Research
[100] viXra:2005.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2020-05-10 14:33:31
Authors: Olu Joshua, Adesina Majekodunmi
Comments: 12 Pages.
Climate change is a global phenomenon which effects continue to generate attention. Workers are exposed to many types of climate change related hazards depending on the type of work, geographic region, season, and duration of work time. This study aim to evaluate the effects of climate change on workers with respect to their health, safety and productivity. In this study, data was collected from a total of 200 respondents who were workers across four occupational sectors: agriculture, fishing, construction and food production using well structured questionnaires. There was significant difference between the perceptions of climate impact among the workers in the four sectors from the model final χ2(15, N= 200) = 38.211, p= 0.001 Nagelkerke R2 = 0.186. There was no significant relationship between low productivity and climate change related hazards in workplace, from Omnibus χ2(5, N= 200) 8.642, p= 0.124. The climate change related hazard affected the health and safety which subsequently result in a low productivity by the workers. Increased ambient temperature has more significant effect on the workers in their workplace environment.
Category: Climate Research
[99] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2020-04-03 16:33:33
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be substantial and should for many reasons be part of our effort to combat global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also assert that having a lack of IPCC albedo goals is highly risky directive.
Category: Climate Research
[98] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2020-03-03 22:31:28
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of UHI footprint surface coverage amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4.8% and 20% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[97] viXra:2003.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2020-03-04 04:37:00
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 87 Pages.
Scientists do not always live in their ivory tower. In 1837 the Göttingen Seven protested against the abolition or alteration of the constitution of the Kingdom of Hanover. In 1939 the Einstein–Szilard letter suggested that the United States should start its own nuclear program. In 1945 the Franck Report recommended that the United States not use the atomic bomb as a weapon. In 1957 the Göttingen Manifesto protested against arming the West German army with nuclear weapons. In 2017 the March for Science protested in more than 600 cities worldwide against climate change denial. In 2019 Scientists for Future supported the climate activists Fridays for Future. Here I present full lists of the names of the signatories.
Category: Climate Research
[96] viXra:2002.0468 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-23 13:57:37
Authors: Cameron Rebigsol
Comments: 20 Pages.
Before most of the wind turbines on Earth can be converted to function as motorized cooling fans, Europeans and Russians: beware, your land will soon become bone dry!
Through wind farms, we humans have been cooking our atmosphere with the energy that we rob from the atmosphere's circulation, thus keep jacking up the atmospheric temperature year after year.
More wind farms only mean more suicidal facilities to our civilization!
Category: Climate Research
[95] viXra:2002.0364 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-19 17:11:17
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 18 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Humidity Forcing, Ocean Evaporation, CO2 theory
In this paper we provide a novel approach to explaining global warming as being significantly due to Urban Heat Islands (UHI). We present an overview of using two simple equations, Earth's energy budget and the black body equation we can find that with just a quarter percent of albedo decrease due to cities and roads from 1950 to 2019, we can explain 25% of global warming. Add to this the amplification effects and it becomes even more significant. In part this calculation is done since the IPCC and world leaders have not set any albedo goals. We show that this causes a major risk to the Earth's population in only setting CO2 goals.
Category: Climate Research
[94] viXra:2002.0180 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-09 15:57:02
Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 4 Pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2019, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved.
Global warming is not only dangerous, it may bring some localized benefits too. However, more than half of the world's population lives more or less within 60 km of the sea. Rising sea levels and increasingly extreme weather are becoming more frequent and intense and may force the people to move. The lack of supply of fresh water will compromise hygiene and increase the risk of water-borne diseases and diseases transmitted through insects. Even if some are likely to be more vulnerable than others, at the end, the assumption is justified that all populations will be affected by a dramatic climate change. Global warming constitutes a global health threat too, i. e. more than 70,000 additional deaths were documented in Europe during the summer 2003. Of course, it’s clear that the true problems of human mankind are much deeper -- deeper than the consumption of huge proportion of the planet’s natural resources or shortages in long lasting values, deeper even than war or evolutionary disasters. Those who don't reach out to listen to the terrible silent screams of the already extinct are itself doomed to extinction.
Keywords: hurricane, climate change ---
anti dot --- measures --- quick help
Category: Climate Research
[93] viXra:2001.0427 [pdf] submitted on 2020-01-21 06:55:07
Authors: Xue Gong, Weilin Xu
Comments: 6 Pages.
Here we introduce a design of a cost-effective cloud-moving system (CMS) in sky to tune the distribution of water resource in large scale and then regulate the climate on Earth. With it, the extreme weathers, such as drought and flood, could be relieved.
Category: Climate Research
[92] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] submitted on 2020-01-20 13:15:57
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Humidity Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, Rainwater management,, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2 theory
We provide a critical review of current IPCC 2020 CO2 goals which we show are very risky in light of increasing UHI albedo and humidity forcing that remains unaddressed by the IPCC over the years. Specifically we show that UHI albedo radiative forcing is in conflict with CO2 global warming theory. Since many of these issues have been described but still ignored by the IPCC goals, what we do is connect key issues to form a critical review of IPCC past and current direction explaining that their well intentioned goals are likely incomplete putting our population at future risk.
Category: Climate Research
[91] viXra:1912.0373 [pdf] submitted on 2019-12-19 21:53:59
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this paper we provide a feasibility study to show that >95% of global warming could be due to Urban Heat Islands (UHI) with Humidity Forcing (HF) from Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as precipitation evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and city surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM). Such Humidity Forcing (HF) root cause is then albedo forcing due to the creation of HHS. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads could be the main solution to global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[90] viXra:1912.0232 [pdf] submitted on 2019-12-12 01:19:28
Authors: Киров
Comments: 1 Page. Rus lang
Соображения о глобальном потеплении, его причинах, и роли CO2 в нём.
Category: Climate Research
[89] viXra:1912.0231 [pdf] submitted on 2019-12-12 01:37:14
Authors: Kirov
Comments: 1 Page.
Considerations for global warming, its causes, and the role of CO2 in it.
Category: Climate Research
[88] viXra:1911.0298 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-16 20:25:13
Authors: Vikas Ramachandra
Comments: 9 Pages.
In this paper, we predict severity of extreme weather events (tropical storms, hurricanes, etc.) using buoy data time series variables such as wind speed and air temperature. The prediction/forecasting method is based on various forecasting and machine learning models. The following steps are used. Data sources for the buoys and weather events are identified, aggregated and merged. For missing data imputation, we use Kalman filters as well as splines for multivariate time series. Then, statistical tests are run to ascertain increasing trends in weather event severity. Next, we use machine learning to predict/forecast event severity using buoy variables, and report good accuracies for the models built.
Category: Climate Research
[87] viXra:1911.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-09 10:07:59
Authors: Vikas Ramachandra
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this paper, we estimate the effect of heat stress index (a measure which takes into account rising temperatures as well as humidity) on data center energy consumption. We use forecasting models to predict future energy use by data centers, taking into account rising temperature scenarios. We compare those estimates with baseline forecasted energy consumption (without heat stress index or rising temperature correction) and present the result that there is a sizeable and significant difference in the two forecasts. We show that rising temperatures will cause a negative impact on data center energy consumption, increasing it by about 8 percent, and conclude that data center energy consumption analyses and forecasts must include the effects of heat stress index and rising temperatures and other climate change related effects.
Category: Climate Research
[86] viXra:1910.0502 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-24 21:21:36
Authors: Vikas Ramachandra
Comments: 16 Pages.
We propose a method for causal inference using satellite image time series, in order to determine the treatment effects of interventions which impact climate change, such as deforestation. Simply put, the aim is to quantify the 'before versus after' effect of climate related human driven interventions, such as urbanization; as well as natural disasters, such as hurricanes and forest fires. As a concrete example, we focus on quantifying forest tree cover change/ deforestation due to human led causes. The proposed method involves the following steps. First, we use computer vision and machine learning/deep learning techniques to detect and quantify forest tree coverage levels over time, at every time epoch. We then look at this time series to identify changepoints. Next, we estimate the expected (forest tree cover) values using a Bayesian structural causal model and projecting/forecasting the counterfactual. This is compared to the values actually observed post intervention, and the difference in the two values gives us the effect of the intervention (as compared to the non intervention scenario, i.e. what would have possibly happened without the intervention). As a specific use case, we analyze deforestation levels before and after the hyperinflation event (intervention) in Brazil (which ended in 1993-94), for the Amazon rainforest region, around Rondonia, Brazil. For this deforestation use case, using our causal inference framework can help causally attribute change/reduction in forest tree cover and increasing deforestation rates due to human activities at various points in time.
Category: Climate Research
[85] viXra:1910.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-07 03:47:09
Authors: Rainer W. kühne
Comments: 5 Pages.
I review the evidence of natural climate change as given by the Greenland ice core data of the past 120,000 years and the Antarctica ice core data of the past 900,000 years. These data show that the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration never exceeded 300 ppm (parts per million by volume) during the 650,000 years which preceded AD 1900. Only around 1900 did the concentration reach 300 ppm. Afterwards it increased continuously until the present value of over 400 ppm, where since AD 2000 it increases by 2 ppm per year. I predict that within the next one hundred years the global temperature will increase by further 3.6°C only because of the carbon dioxide concentration that is already at present in the atmosphere.
Category: Climate Research
[84] viXra:1909.0338 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-17 00:08:23
Authors: F.M. Sanchez
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Wolf and Milankovich cycles, as well as a 725 years one, are shown to be tightly connected to the invariant Hubble-Sanchez horizon, via the Bohr radius, the background temperature and the Kotov length, implying a liaison between the Mattieu group, the superstring dimension 496 and the Higgs boson mass. The Mattieu group order factorisation 66 × 5! is implied, and leads to a relation implying the Monster Couple, characterising the Tau, Mu Leptons and Proton masses and confirming the Eddington's Proton-Tau symmetry.
Category: Climate Research
[83] viXra:1909.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-05 13:14:18
Authors: Ricardo Gobat, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato, Alireza Heidari
Comments: 8 Pages. Sumerianz Journal of Scientific Research, 2019, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 24-31 ISSN(e): 2617-6955, ISSN(p): 2617-765X Website: https://www.sumerianz.com
A vortex originating from a cumulonimbus cloud, tapering toward the ground, and touching it is called a tornado. Feared and admired by man, the tornado is an atmospheric phenomenon that can cause a catastrophe to pass through. If it reaches an unsuspecting and unprotected population on inhabited urban and rural properties, it can lead to human losses and serious material damage. It causes serious losses with the death of wild and farmed animals. On June 6, 2017, an alleged tornado hit the municipalities of Rio Branco do Ivaí and Rosario do Ivaí, located in the state
of Paraná, southern Brazil. The images of the alleged tornado have been disseminated on social networks and in several newspapers in the country. Local officials reported the damage caused by the alleged tornado, causing a large number of homeless, with the destruction of houses, as well as the killing of animals and the destruction of rural properties. The occurrence of tornado had not been confirmed by the country's meteorological institutes. A search was initiated to verify the probable cause of the losses and damages caused in these counties, by the supposed tornado. The analyzes indicate that not one, but probably more than a tornado hit the counties of the central region of Parana state.
Category: Climate Research
[82] viXra:1909.0110 [pdf] submitted on 2019-09-05 13:17:15
Authors: Ricardo Gobat, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato
Comments: 6 Pages. Journal of Climatology & Weather Forecasting. Gobato et al., Climatol Weather Forecasting 2018, 6:4 DOI: 10.4172/2332-2594.1000242
A vortex originating from a cumulonimbus cloud, tapering toward the ground, and touching it is called a tornado. Feared and admired by man, the tornado is an atmospheric phenomenon that can cause a catastrophe to pass through. If it reaches an unsuspecting and unprotected population on inhabited urban and rural properties, it can
lead to human losses and serious material damage. It causes serious losses with the death of wild and farmed animals. On June 6, 2017, an alleged tornado hit the municipalities of Rio Branco do Ivaí and Rosario do Ivaí, located in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. The images of the alleged tornado have been disseminated on social
networks and in several newspapers in the country. Local officials reported the damage caused by the alleged tornado, causing a large number of homeless, with the destruction of houses, as well as the killing of animals and the destruction of rural properties. The occurrence of tornado had not been confirmed by the country's meteorological institutes. A search was initiated to verify the probable cause of the losses and damages caused in
these counties, by the supposed tornado. They analyzes and indicates that not one, but probably more than a tornado hit the counties of the central region of Parana state.
Category: Climate Research
[81] viXra:1908.0399 [pdf] submitted on 2019-08-20 05:59:18
Authors: Edgars Alksnis
Comments: 6 Pages.
As mainstream do not account for “charge field” and vortical level of matter, it’s geophysical constructions remain infertile and necessary
connected to chaos theory. A broader shematic look to problem is proposed.
Coincidence of Carrington event with start of what mainstream call “geomagnetic pole shift” become more logical. Also acceleration
of this shift in recent years. Underlying mechanics for this connection
however remain obscure.
Category: Climate Research
[80] viXra:1907.0615 [pdf] submitted on 2019-07-31 15:11:36
Authors: Ilija Barukcic
Comments: 8 pages. Copyright (C) 2019 by Ilija Barukcic, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved. Published by
Objective: Hurricanes are natural disasters of epic proportions. An effective help is not in sight.
Methods: Thales' basic proportionality theorem (i.e. intercept theorem) was reviewed and used for the calculations in this publication.
Results: The strategy developed in this paper provides effective measures to control this gigantic monster by an Anti-Hurricane gun. The same machine is equally of use to transform desert into very fertile agricultural land or to protect human mankind against deadly impacts of asteroids.
Conclusion: The technical details of an anti-hurricane gun are ready for use.
Keywords: Climate change, Hurricane, Help
Category: Climate Research
[79] viXra:1905.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-11 05:28:10
Authors: Magnus Carlsson
Comments: 1 Page.
Charcoal can be used for carbon sequestration in soil. Here we investigated if there were some benefits of mixing charcoal with manure.
Category: Climate Research
[78] viXra:1905.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-08 08:28:37
Authors: Sumedha, Anush Bhatia
Comments: 15 Pages. The above manuscript is a technological combine of many related research papers and other related sources. so the reference credit goes to related areas.
Build an IoT soil moisture monitor using Arduino with an IFTTT alert system
Food and water are very precious and driving forces in sustaining our lives. Production in agriculture and optimal use of water both are need of the hour. Efficient irrigation watering helps in saving water, getting better plant yields, reduce dependency on fertilizers and improve crop quality. Various methods, both laboratory, and field including remote sensing are available to measure soil moisture content, but the quickest and better one is with the use of soil moisture sensor electronic devices. For successful irrigation, it is necessary to monitor soil moisture content continuously in the irrigation fields. The selection of soil moisture probes is an important criterion in measuring soil moisture at different soil moisture sensors.
They have their own advantages and disadvantages. The soil moisture sensors are used intensively at present because it gives real-time readings. With that use of renewable resources like solar cells will reduce cost.
Category: Climate Research
[77] viXra:1904.0244 [pdf] submitted on 2019-04-12 07:36:06
Authors: Edgars Alksnis
Comments: 7 Pages.
A brief revisiting of possible astrogeophysical causes of historical climate disasters in medieval North-East Europe and brief look to ongoing climate disaster season of 2019.
Category: Climate Research
[76] viXra:1903.0399 [pdf] submitted on 2019-03-21 10:13:06
Authors: Magnus Carlsson
Comments: 1 Page.
A mixture of black carbon and manure is more pleasant to handle than manure alone. Furthermore, usage of this product sequesters carbon.
Category: Climate Research
[75] viXra:1901.0392 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-26 05:31:13
Authors: Magnus Carlsson
Comments: 1 Page.
Slash-and-burn agriculture has an unexpected bonus. This practice sequesters carbon.
Category: Climate Research
[74] viXra:1901.0309 [pdf] submitted on 2019-01-21 07:27:00
Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 1 Page.
Take on global warming and its significance
Category: Climate Research
[73] viXra:1812.0470 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-30 03:33:46
Authors: Magnus Carlsson
Comments: 2 Pages.
Environmental science studies natural archives. Archival science studies historical archives. Those two disciplines can learn from eachother.
Category: Climate Research
[72] viXra:1812.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2018-12-08 04:56:15
Authors: Magnus Carlsson
Comments: 2 Pages.
A fire has a certain amount of black carbon as rest product. This carbon remains in the ground and is withdrawn from the atmosphere. Examples are given.
Category: Climate Research
[71] viXra:1811.0499 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-30 02:32:45
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 56 Pages.
Greenhouse theory has at its foundation a special group of trace gases and molecules and together these gases are claimed to be the only to absorb infrared radiation. The assumption the remaining gases nitrogen and oxygen do not absorb or emit infrared radiation’ presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics – where all matter above absolute 0 0Kelvin radiates IR photons. In this study the role of thermoelectrics to determine the ‘infrared atmosphere’ was investigated. It was hypothesised current greenhouse theory has misinterpreted the special greenhouse gases (CO2 etc.) for the thermoelectric gases as they and their spectra ‘modes’ are only detected by thermoelectric transducers. It was concluded the special (1%) greenhouse gases, discovered by Tyndall in ca. 1859, are really the thermoelectric gases, detected only by receiving thermo-electric transducers. ‘IR’ spectroscopy is also based on these thermoelectric transducers, and as a consequence ‘IR’ spectrographs show only the spectra modes with electric dipoles and not Raman modes. All Blackbody radiation theory is determined from thermoelectrics alone and requires revision in light of modern Raman laser Spectroscopy. From this thermoelectric understanding in conjunction with modern Raman Spectroscopy, it was concluded current greenhouse theory is incomplete and misconceived – all of the atmosphere radiates IR radiation in compliance of the said laws; the only thing separating the gases are the instruments detecting them.
Category: Climate Research
[70] viXra:1811.0498 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-30 03:47:57
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 83 Pages.
Greenhouse theory’s premise – nitrogen and oxygen are not greenhouse gases as they do not emit and absorb infrared radiation – presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics – where all matter above absolute 00 Kelvin radiates IR photons. It was hypothesised these gases do radiate IR photons at quantum mechanics predicted spectra, and these spectra are observed by IR spectroscopy’s complement instrument, Raman Spectroscopy; and N2 spectra can be demonstrated to absorb IR radiation by experiment, and application of the N2-CO2 laser. It was found the gases do possess quantum predicted emission spectra at 2338cm-1 and 1556cm-1 respectively, both well within the IR range of the EMS, and are only observed – and their temperatures accurately measured – by Raman Spectrometers. Raman spectrometers make IR spectroscopy redundant: they measure, more accurately, the Keeling curve, and have application with meteorological Lidars and planetary atmospheric analysis. The N2-CO2 Laser showed – contrary to current greenhouse theory – N2 absorbs electrons or (IR) photons at its – metastable ‘long lasting’ – said spectra mode. It was argued atmospheric CO2, as a law, is heated by the same mechanism as the N2-CO2 laser: nitrogen (first) and the entire atmosphere absorbs IR radiation directly from the Sun, just as is heats H2O on the ocean surface. With these findings, greenhouse theory as it stands is wrong – all gases are GHGs – and is in need of review.
Category: Climate Research
[69] viXra:1811.0461 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-27 09:57:44
Authors: Sufia Zaman, Utpal Pal, Ricardo Gobato, Alekssander Gobato, Abhijit Mitra.
Comments: 5 Pages. https://sites.google.com/site/pjsciencea/2018/october-v-4-n-7 , Sufia Zaman, Utpal Pal, Ricardo Gobato, Alekssander Gobato, Abhijit Mitra. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.4, n.7, (24-28), October 25, 2018.
The effects of climate change on estuarine system is reflected through the changing salinity level of the coastal and estuarine waters, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water, the levels of pollution and turbidity due to increased rate of erosion etc. In order to get a holistic picture of the climate change we had collected data from two different sectors of Indian Sundarbans (namely western and central sectors) on surface water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen for three decades (1980-2009). Our investigation reflects the rising trend of surface water temperatures in both the sectors reflecting the alarming trend of global warming in this part of the Indian sub-continent at the apex of Bay of Bengal. The scenario of salinity profile is conceptualized in two different ways due to variation in geographical features. The ex situ effect of Himalayan deglaciation is confirmed not only by decreasing trend of salinity in the western sector, but also through gradual increase of dissolved oxygen.
Category: Climate Research
[68] viXra:1811.0379 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-23 09:09:17
Authors: Magnus Carlsson, Olof Andrén
Comments: 2 Pages.
What is an archive? Drawing inspiration from game theory and decision theory, we will here submit this concept to an informal logical analysis. The motive for this study is the use of the composite concept of 'natural archives' within environmental science. We believe that new approaches are necessary in the still chaotic climate issue.
Category: Climate Research
[67] viXra:1811.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2018-11-02 04:32:35
Authors: Edgars Alksnis
Comments: 17 Pages.
Astronomical climate theory is important for sustainable
development of civilisation. Enthusiasm of interested scientists
has kept theory idea alive during decades of doubt. However,
here is danger coming from exaggerated role of mathematics.
We can find physics behind the mathematics with introduction
of vortical celestial mechanics and vortical thermodynamics
as basis of astronomical climate theory.
Three levels of astronomical climate theory- that of Croll/
Milankovitch/Berger, that of Blizard/Landscheidt/Charvátová
and galactic level are discussed here in brief from the point of
DesCartes celestial mechanics and long-range cosmic influences
phenomena.
Category: Climate Research
[66] viXra:1810.0291 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-18 19:51:58
Authors: Cres Huang
Comments: 7 Pages.
Earth is a complex structure of different densities baked in the rotisserie of the Sun. It alters the densities
or air, water, and ground. And, gravity is our natural home energy. Working with the centrifugal force of
spiraling Earth, it drives the circulations of particle, gas, liquid, and matter in a spherical force field of Earth.
Mimicking nature’s circulations of water and energy will benefit all lives greatly. It could be easier than
we think.
Category: Climate Research
[65] viXra:1810.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2018-10-09 01:43:25
Authors: Edgars Alksnis
Comments: 3 Pages.
Time-counting of Mayans likely fit in Mircea’s Eliades schemes for „sacred time” and „ethernal return”.
Category: Climate Research
[64] viXra:1807.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2018-07-05 18:28:16
Authors: Abhijit Mitra, Sufia Zaman, Ricardo Gobato
Comments: 23 Pages. Parana Journal of Science and Education (PJSE) – v.4, n.4, (7-29) June 17, 2018. ISSN: 2447-6153
The stored carbon in dominant mangrove species namely Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinalis,
Sonneratia apetala and Excoecaria agallocha were monitored during December 2009 to March 2010 through seasons in ten selected stations (5 in the western and 5 in the central sectors) of Indian
Sundarbans. The species-wise carbon stored in the Above Ground Biomass (in t/ha) followed almost a similar order in both the sectors throughout the study period. The soil and litter carbon were also simultaneously analysed. The annual litter fall in the western and central sectors has been
extrapolated to 8.05 t ha-1 yr-1 and 5.22 t ha-1 yr-1 respectively. In the present study, the highest litter fall during September, 2009 may be related to heavy rainfall and wind action in the region that accelerates the litter fall in this unique mangrove system of the tropics. The organic carbon in the study area showed a distinct seasonal pattern with highest value in monsoon (September, 2009), followed by postmonsoon (December, 2009) and premonsoon (March, 2010). In the western sector, the mean values were 1.182%, 1.010% and 0.882% in the monsoon, postmonsoon and premonsoon respectively. In the central sector, the mean values were 0.936%, 0.820% and 0.650% in the monsoon, postmonsoon and premonsoon respectively. The surface soil pH in the study area showed a distinct seasonal pattern with highest value in premonsoon (March, 2010), followed by postmonsoon (December, 2009) and monsoon (September, 2009). In the western sector, the mean values were 7.24, 7.30 and 7.36 in the monsoon, postmonsoon and premonsoon respectively. In the central sector, the mean values were 7.32, 7.37 and 7.39 in the monsoon, postmonsoon and
premonsoon respectively. The overall results confirm the potential of carbon scrubbing vegetation in Indian Sundarbans.
Category: Climate Research
[63] viXra:1806.0376 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-26 04:37:47
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 116 Pages.
In this study the role of thermoelectrics and neglect of Raman Lasers to determine the infrared atmosphere was investigated; particularly, whether Nitrogen and Oxygen radiate. That these gases do not absorb or emit infrared radiation’ presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics – where all matter above absolute 0 0Kelvin radiates IR photons. It was hypothesised current greenhouse theory has misinterpreted the special ‘Tyndall’ greenhouse gases (CO2 etc.), for the thermoelectric gases as they and their ‘modes’ are only detected by thermoelectric transducers. These (said) molecules do however possess quantum predicted emission spectra, both well within the IR range of the EMS – at 2338cm-1 and 1556cm-1 respectively – and are only observed – and their temperatures accurately measured – by Raman Spectrometers, ‘IR spectrometers’ complement instrument. A report using a Raman spectrometer to measure jet engine outlet temperatures and gas concentrations was referred to and the following conclusions made: 1) all Raman modes (the non-GHGs) are temperature/radiation equivalent to ‘IR- active modes with respect to – and complying with – the Boltzmann and Planck’s constant, and quantum spectroscopy theory; 2) in support, H2O’s 3659cm-1 mode is both TE-IR and Raman equivalent – supporting the ‘equipartition’ principle; and CO2’s temperature can be measured by both instruments independently through its shared modes; 3) the special (1%) greenhouse gases, discovered by Tyndall in ca. 1859, are really the thermoelectric gases, detected only by receiving (non-radiating) thermo-electric transducers; 4) ‘IR’ spectroscopy is also based on these thermoelectric transducers, and as a consequence ‘IR’ spectrographs show only the spectra modes with electric dipoles and not Raman; 5) N2 , when radiated at it’s 2338cm-1 mode, is ‘long lasting’ - metastable and is essential to the operation of a CO2 Laser. From this mechanism it was concluded – contrary to current greenhouse theory – atmospheric CO2 is heated by the same mechanism; 6) all the atmosphere absorbs heat directly from the Sun – just as with the oceanic euphotic layer; 7) and all Blackbody radiation theory, also determined from thermoelectrics alone, needs revision.
Category: Climate Research
[62] viXra:1805.0487 [pdf] submitted on 2018-05-27 10:24:10
Authors: Pak JongGil1, Jang DongChol1, Kim SuSong2, Ri DuYon1, Choe YongHo1, Ja YongRim1, DokGo HyokChol1
Comments: 12 Pages.
In the paper, the fog formation factors were analyzed at the Monggumpo area of the central coast of Korea. Through the analysis of meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity in atmospheric lower layer, surface wind, and sea water temperature, we revealed the cause of fog formation at Monggumpo water area.
For the analysis, fog observations from 2012 to 2014 (April to August) and RJTD semi-regular analysis data were used.
Category: Climate Research
[61] viXra:1805.0270 [pdf] submitted on 2018-05-13 13:41:29
Authors: V. Korniienko, M.Turkin
Comments: 18 Pages.
In article it is shown that matter has the quantum electromagnetic field (QEF). Therefore the annex to matter of forces of any origin, tension and indignation of her QEF in a wave mode of quantum electromagnetic energy (S-radiations) cause in it. Therefore all space bodies generate S-radiations which on Earth are known as geopathgic radiations. Have established also that properties of S-radiations cause ability of electrical machines and other equipment to generate technogenic S-radiations to the environment. It has caused the hidden processes as a result of which there are global changes and deterioration in health of the population. It is offered to exclude on the basis of standards emission of S-radiations from the world equipment that will stop these processes.
Category: Climate Research
[60] viXra:1805.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2018-05-05 02:55:46
Authors: Pak JongGil, Jang DongChol, Kim SuSong, Ri DuYon, Choe YongHo, Ja YongRim, DokGo HyokChol
Comments: 12 Pages.
In this study, the fog phenomenon occurring at the coast of the Korean west sea was divided into the synoptic type and the cause of fog formation was explained. For this purpose, 81 fog processes from April to August between 2012 and 2014 were classified by the synoptic type and the physical quantities were analyzed in each synoptic type.
Through the analysis, the type of fog can be classified into A cold front type (A cold front approach type and the passage type of a cold front), A deformation field type, A South High North Low type and A Meiyu front type.
Synoptic type was classified by using surface pressure field and analysis of physical quantities was conducted under 850hPa isobaric surface. The data used are RJTD quasi-normal numerical analysis data.
Category: Climate Research
[59] viXra:1804.0354 [pdf] submitted on 2018-04-25 07:22:26
Authors: Blair Macdonald
Comments: 101 Pages.
Current greenhouse theory is incomplete: it does not include Raman spectroscopy and is incorrectly based on the special group of ‘Tyndall’ greenhouse gases, which are really the thermoelectric (TE-IR) gases, as detected only by thermoelectric transducers. It’s premise: ‘the non-GHGs Nitrogen and Oxygen do not absorb or emit infrared radiation’ presents a paradox, it contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics – where all matter above absolute 00 Kelvin radiates IR photons. These (above) molecules possess quantum predicted emission spectra within the IR range of the EMS – at 2338cm-1 and 1556cm-1 respectively – but are only observed, and temperatures from them measured, by Raman Spectrometers, ‘IR spectrometers’ complement instrument. This was investigated by quantum and thermoelectric theory and application. A report of Raman spectrometer measurements on jet engine outlet temperatures and gas concentrations was referring to, and the following conclusions made: 1) all Raman modes (the non-GHGs) are temperature/radiation equivalent to ‘IR- active modes with respect to – and complying with – the Boltzmann and Planck’s constant, and quantum spectroscopy theory; 2) in support, H2O’s 3659cm-1 mode is both TE-IR and Raman equivalent – supporting the ‘equipartition’ principle; and CO2’s temperature can be measured by both instruments independently through its shared modes; 3) the special (1%) greenhouse gases, discovered by Tyndall in ca. 1859, are really the thermoelectric gases, detected only by receiving (non-radiating) thermo-electric transducers; 4) ‘IR’ spectroscopy is also based on these thermoelectric transducers, and as a consequence ‘IR’ spectrographs show only the spectra modes with electric dipoles and not Raman; 5) N2, when radiated at its 2338cm-1 mode, is (long lasting) metastable, and is essential to the operation of a CO2 Laser: from this mechanism, it was concluded – contrary to current greenhouse theory – atmospheric CO2 is heated by the same mechanism; 6) all the atmosphere absorbs heat directly from the Sun – just as with the oceanic euphotic layer.
Category: Climate Research
[58] viXra:1801.0421 [pdf] submitted on 2018-01-30 06:56:51
Authors: Edgars Alksnis
Comments: 4 Pages.
Instead of repelling sunrays, geoengineers should pay attention to advanced electro-magnetism. In theory this approach should offer less dangerous methods for long-range balancing of astrogeophysics.
Category: Climate Research
[57] viXra:1711.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2017-11-04 14:41:13
Authors: Edgars Alksnis
Comments: 9 Pages.
Due to wrong natural philosophy scientists scratch only surface of hurricane and tornado phenomena. Critique of mainstream science and some considerations which result from application of DesCartes philosophy in astrogeophysics are given.
Category: Climate Research
[56] viXra:1707.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2017-07-07 19:00:40
Authors: Islam Atef Aly
Comments: 23 Pages. 5 figures, 1 table
ThispaperoverviewingthedynamicsoftheEarthatmosphereandthechemistrycontentsoftheatmosphericlayers includingsomeexperimentstodescribesomeclimateevents liketornadoes,hurricanes,heatwavesandthunderstorm.
Category: Climate Research
[55] viXra:1707.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2017-07-01 03:11:34
Authors: Edward J Steele
Comments: 7 Pages. A paper currently under submission to Quadrant
The Green Disease and Our Cosmic Connection : A Review of several books with respect to Climate Change and the accretion of carbon at the earth's formation. Namely : a). The Deep Hot Biosphere: The Myth of Fossil Fuels, Thomas Gold, Copernicus, Springer. Verlag, New York, 1999, 243 pages.b). A Journey With Fred Hoyle, Chandra Wickramasinghe 2nd edition Ed. KamalaWickramasinghe, World Scientific, Singapore, 2013, 248 pages. and c). The Search For Our Cosmic Ancestry, Chandra Wickramasinghe, World Scientific, Singapore, 2015, 196 pages. ( Quadrant – Categories Books ->Science->Politics in that order. Corrected 16 Oct 2016)
Category: Climate Research
[54] viXra:1704.0317 [pdf] submitted on 2017-04-24 09:02:56
Authors: R. Gobato, A. Gobato, D. F. G. Fedrigo
Comments: 27 Pages. Parana Journal of Science and Education. PJSE v.2, n.1, 1-27(2016). https://sites.google.com/site/pjsciencea/archives. For Full article: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxkqIa7R4j_RWjc5MkdaczRnSnM/view?usp=sharing
Several tornadoes have solid recorded in the Midwest, Southeast and South of Brazil. The southern region of Brazil has been hit by several of them in the last decade, highlighted the state of Paraná a to record three tornadoes in 2015. The work is a survey of tornadoes that caused major damage to the Paraná population, relevance those who reached the Balsa Nova counties, Francisco Beltrão, Cafelândia, Nova Aurora and Marechal Cândido Rondon. The main cause because it is related to El Niño which has caused a significant rise in temperature and water vapor present in the atmosphere in the state’s regions in surroundings that influence the climate of the state. Another likely factor is the increase in global temperature of the planet, a ripple effect on the warming of Pacific Ocean waters. The meeting is the possibility of the formation of large storms that funnel and reach the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina. Overall fronts storms fall into two, forming a separation channel as a wave, their crests (storms) and valleys (lull), advancing the state of Paraná.
Category: Climate Research
[53] viXra:1611.0309 [pdf] submitted on 2016-11-23 03:41:27
Authors: Edgars Alksnis
Comments: 8 Pages.
Forget mighty Brasilian butterflies that can send tornadoes to Texas with a flap of their wings. There is no chaos in nature - only in some sciences. The connection between the turbulence of Earth’s mantle, outer space, and climate has become more and more obvious. I will revisit old errors, forgotten artifacts, and abandoned theories as a nourishment for independent and interdisciplinary brains.
Category: Climate Research
[52] viXra:1609.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2016-09-03 09:40:03
Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: Pages. Thank you for this great site. Sorry for the mistake in the title
A method for obtaining a reduction of Co2 emissions
Category: Climate Research
[51] viXra:1605.0304 [pdf] submitted on 2016-05-30 21:40:56
Authors: S. J. Nettleton
Comments: 32 Pages.
Mainstream computable general equilibrium analysis developed out of Lief Johansen's regional economic analysis based on the simultaneous settlement of commodity markets in quantity and price. The work of John von Neumann, Paul Samuelson, Wassily Leontief, Anne Carter, Michael Farrell and Thijs ten Raa has combined in an alternative bottom-up Integrated Assessment Model, which embodies Johansen attributes while exploiting the unique property of models having regions that trade and adjust to evolving natural advantages and environmental constraints through regional industry specialization. Such specialization has recently become a major focus in many nations seeking competitive niche business models in intermediate products and capital goods, which today comprise 70 per cent of the global supply chain. This research demonstrates a non-monetary or policy application of the Doctrine of Balanced Growth operates to equalize consumption growth at the policy nexus of international free-trade agreements and specialization of regional industry segments. Our knowledge of domestic industry policy and international trade policy is advanced by this demonstration that model results conform with a non-monetary Doctrine of Balanced Growth. This study is based on 2007 year data from the Global Trade Analysis Project.
Category: Climate Research
[50] viXra:1605.0294 [pdf] submitted on 2016-05-29 21:39:29
Authors: S. J. Nettleton
Comments: 17 Pages.
Presentation: The Australian Bureau of Statistics has projected that Australia's population will double to 46 million by 2075, which could be as early as 2058 under the high growth scenario. Melbourne and Sydney are expected to each have 7.9 million people by 2053. While efficiencies in energy utilisation may contribute to reducing demand by approximately 0.5%pa, the electrical generation capacity of the Eastern Australian market will need to expand considerably to meet the demands population growth, elimination of fossil fuels from the transport sector (eg through electric and hydrogen fuelled vehicles) and water desalination requirements. Renewable energy and passively safe Generation IV (fast breeder) nuclear power generators such as the “Power Reactor Innovative Small Module” (GE/Hitachi Prism Reactor) have the capacity to complement each other. For example, Generation IV nuclear has the ability to vary power to complement the low capacity factor of renewable energy and to operate at night to produce desalinated water and hydrogen by electrolysis. The complementarity between renewable energy and Generation IV (fast breeder) nuclear power is important for three reasons. The first reason is that these two energy sources have significant potential in providing a differentiated mix of energy production to assure East Australia's energy and water security and achieve a sufficient rate of decarbonisation to meet Australia's commitments under the UNFCCC Paris Agreement (April 2016). The second reason is improved economic efficiency. For example, the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission (February 2016) estimated that wholesale South Australian electricity prices would be 24% lower if a single, large, gigawatt-scale nuclear power plant complemented South Australia's predominantly renewable energy by 2030. The third reason is consideration of both the optimal use of land and the remoteness power production. For example, wind farms are necessarily geographically dispersed due to the need for propitious sites and a land area of approximately 300 times that of nuclear energy. Similarly for concentrated solar, which requires approximately 30 times the land area of nuclear energy.
Category: Climate Research
[49] viXra:1605.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2016-05-18 02:05:58
Authors: Marcos Palomo Arroyo, Santiago Ormeño Villajos
Comments: 15 Pages.
The main objective of the present work was to obtain synthetic ETM+ images with improved temporal resolution using MODIS radiometry to expand the applicability of this method to environmental issues that require detailed monitoring over time. To do this, we needed to verify the consistency between the data provided by ETM+ and MODIS.
We used images from these sensors taken on different dates and in different test areas. We designed and validated a spatial resampling method based on statistical parameters and a linear interpolation method for diachronic data.
The results confirm the consistency between MODIS and ETM+ data and their dependence on the spatial variability of the information. They also show that it is possible to obtain images derived from MODIS
with the spatial resolution of ETM+ using a simple and robust linear interpolation method. Both results broaden the scope of these sensors’ application to environmental issues.
Category: Climate Research
[48] viXra:1603.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2016-03-09 11:52:53
Authors: Hasmukh K. Tank
Comments: Single-page letter
This letter attempts to draw attention of global scientific community and political leaders that when natural flow of wind or ocean-waters gets obstructed by wind-mills or tidal-power-stations, it applies a recurring torque to the globe of our earth; and can change the current 23o angle of inclination of the earth’s axis with the plane of orbit, leading to unimaginable and unbearable climate-change. In addition to these, high-rise buildings too obstruct the natural flow of wind, and can contribute to climate-change. Even launching of satellites can apply some torque to the globe, whose cumulative effect can be sizable.
Category: Climate Research
[47] viXra:1601.0358 [pdf] submitted on 2016-01-31 04:29:00
Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 1 Page.
I try to obtain the physical law for the carbon dioxide emission for a nation, so that it can be possible the optimal political choice for its reduction
Category: Climate Research
[46] viXra:1512.0243 [pdf] submitted on 2015-12-06 06:52:46
Authors: Dimitris Poulos
Comments: 2 Pages.
Notes on the 265 year synodic cycle and it's manifestation on sun spot cycles and climate
Category: Climate Research
[45] viXra:1510.0370 [pdf] submitted on 2015-10-24 02:15:34
Authors: Dimitris Poulos
Comments: 6 Pages.
The four planets that influence the most the solar surface through tidal
forcing seem to affect the Earth climate. A simple two cosine model with periods 251
years, of the seasonality of the Earth – Venus syzygies, and 265.4 years, of the
combined syzygies of Jupiter and Mercury with Earth when Earth is in synod with
Venus, fits well the Northern Hemisphere temperatures of the last 1000 years as
reconstructed by Jones et al (1998). Later reconstructions that give too much
emphasis on multy-centenial variation are due to increased error. The physical
mechanism proposed is that planetary gravitational forces derange the Solar
Corona that in turn deranges the planetary geomagnetic field causing
temperature variations. The sun is in a boundary balance state at one hand
collapsing due to gravity and at the other hand expanding due to fusion, and as
such it should be heavily influenced by minimal external forcings such as
planetary gravity. Sound waves in the solar mass, created from the planetary
movement, are responsible for the formation of solar corona and sun spots.
Category: Climate Research
[44] viXra:1509.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2015-09-02 18:26:23
Authors: Andrew Nassif
Comments: 2 Pages.
Abstract: In this paper I will be arguing why I believe Dr. Earle’s point of view on preserving the Ocean as our top priority is completely absurd through reason and statistical facts. I believe her claims can be refuted when you look at the overwhelming statistics that state otherwise or look to the Deontological argument, of treating the Ocean as our top priority. I will also be pointing out what I believe to be better alternatives than Ocean preservation.
Category: Climate Research
[43] viXra:1508.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2015-08-17 15:51:37
Authors: Joel M WIlliams
Comments: 2 Pages.
The "hockey-stick" behavior is plotted on the Vostok Ice Core data for comparison. Plots are made for 0-300 to 0-10000ybp. While the former shows almost no deviation from linearity, the Ice Core data demonstrates that the earth has gone through considerable warm and cold spells since the last Ice Age.
In addition, the Vostok Ice Core data is plotted on a graph containing many modeling methods for the last 2000 years. Typically, the models are not as variant as the Ice Core data, except for the recent few decades.
Category: Climate Research
[42] viXra:1507.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2015-07-19 15:31:40
Authors: Joel M WIlliams
Comments: 4 Pages.
Global sea level behavior is addressed in terms of changes since the last ice age and evaluated in the context of IPCC projections. The NOAA satellite sea level data of the past 20 years is put into perspective with the past 100-year historical data. The seas have been rising for a 100 years. There is no increasing rate of sea level rise with time now, only an offset of data set rates. The current/projected GTA change is compare to the 7.6°C GTA change that led to the 112+ meter sea-level rise since the last ice age.
Category: Climate Research
[41] viXra:1507.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2015-07-07 09:58:16
Authors: Joel M WIlliams
Comments: Pages.
The Global Temperature Anomalies (GTAs) of NOAA land-ocean data, RSS satellite data, and computer modeling give different answers to what might actually be or will be happening. This paper reconciles them on a CO2-scale instead of time-scale.
Category: Climate Research
[40] viXra:1506.0181 [pdf] submitted on 2015-06-25 12:44:16
Authors: Joel M WIlliams
Comments: 2 Pages.
This article illustrates that the rising, but shot-gun-appearing, annual temperatures for the contiguous US since 1900 are not properly described by either a linear or a 2nd degree polynomial.
Category: Climate Research
[39] viXra:1505.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2015-05-07 11:57:33
Authors: Joel M Williams
Comments: 3 Pages.
Observations about global temperatures and modeling are included. The current "global warm period" is compared to those of the previous three with each beginning at 1.5C below the current level and ending 1.5C below this level. Initial warming is rapid (roughly 2C/500-years) while cooling during the last half of the cycle is slow (roughly -2C/6000-years). Planet earth did not see the excessive warming of past cycles during the current heating. It should now be very near the end of a typical 12,000-year "global heat wave", however, since it has been in it for 11,400 years. The analyses in this paper are based on the reported Vostok Ice Core Data.
Category: Climate Research
[38] viXra:1504.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2015-04-21 04:39:04
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 34 Pages.
Climate science's fundamental premise – assumed by all parties in the great climate debate – says the greenhouse gases – constituting less than 2% of Earth’s atmosphere; first derived by John Tyndall‘s in his 1859 thermopile experiment, and demonstrated graphically today by infrared IR spectroscopy – are special because of their IR (heat) absorbing property. From this, it is – paradoxically – assumed the (remaining 98%) non-greenhouse gases N2 nitrogen and O2 oxygen are non-heat absorbent. This paper reveals, by elementary physics, the (deceptive) role thermopiles play in this paradox. It was found: for a special group substances – all sharing (at least one) electric dipole moment – i.e. CO2, and the other greenhouse gases – thermopiles – via the thermoelectric (Seebeck) effect – generate electricity from the radiated IR. Devices using the thermopile as a detector (e.g. IR spectrographs) discriminate, and have misinterpreted IR absorption for anomalies of electricity production – between the sample gases and a control heat source. N2 and O2 were found to have (as all substances) predicted vibrational modes (derived by the Schrodinger quantum equation) at 1556cm-1 and 2330cm-1 respectively – well within the IR range of the EM spectrum and are clearly observed – as expected – with Raman Spectroscopy – IR spectroscopy’s complement instrument. The non-greenhouse gases N2 and O2 are relegated to greenhouse gases, and Earth’s atmospheric thermoelectric spectrum was produced (formally IR spectrum), and was augmented with the Raman observations. It was concluded the said greenhouses gases are not special, but typical; and all substances have thermal absorption properties, as measured by their respective heat capacities.
Category: Climate Research
[37] viXra:1502.0224 [pdf] submitted on 2015-02-25 08:54:54
Authors: Dimitris Poulos
Comments: 2 Pages.
As the Nilometer at Rhoda Island is sinking over time, it's measurements have been corrected to depict the true water level of the river Nile.
Category: Climate Research
[36] viXra:1502.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2015-02-06 23:02:10
Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 7 Pages. This is a rough draft of paper, not yet submitted to any journal. Your comments are welcome
The sunspot data seems to indicate that the Sun is likely to enter Maunder Minimum, then it will mean that low Sun activity may cause low temperature in Earth. If this happens then it will cause a phenomenon which is called by some climatology experts as “The Little Ice Age” for the next 20-30 years, starting from this year (2015). Therefore, the Earth climate in the coming years tend to be cooler than before. This phenomenon then causes us to ask: what can we do as human being in Earth to postpone or avoid the worsening situation in terms of Earth cooling temperature in the coming years? I think this is a pressing problem for the real and present danger that we are facing in the Earth. What I am suggesting in this paper is that perhaps it is possible to model Sun-Earth interaction in terms
of Shannon entropy. Since Shannon entropy can be expressed as bit of information, then it would mean that perhaps we can do something with Earth temperature by controlling the amount of information transfer and storage in the Earth.
Category: Climate Research
[35] viXra:1410.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2014-10-29 08:03:34
Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 1 Page.
We think that the so-called global warming would affect mainly to the north hemisphere, because in part it would be produced by the human action in that area.
Category: Climate Research
[34] viXra:1410.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2014-10-22 11:28:59
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 5 Pages.
Here we show how polluted smoke can be compacted and transformed into a glass similar to amorphous silica glass, by means of gravitational compression produced in a compression chamber, where gravity is strongly increased by using gravity control technology based on the discovery of correlation between gravitational mass and inertial mass [1]. Possibly this process can be a way of storing of CO2, a major contributor to global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[33] viXra:1408.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2014-08-25 13:35:00
Authors: Dimitris Poulos
Comments: 5 Pages. no
The four planets that influence the most the solar surface through tidal
forcing seem to affect the Earth climate. A simple two cosine model with periods 251
years, of the seasonality of the Earth – Venus syzygies, and 265.4 years, of the
combined syzygies of Jupiter and Mercury with Earth when Earth is in synod with
Venus, fits well the Northern Hemisphere temperatures of the last 1000 years as
reconstructed by Jones et al (1998). Later reconstructions that give too much
emphasis on multy-centenial variation are due to increased error. The physical
mechanism proposed is that planetary gravitational forces derange the Solar
Corona that in turn deranges the planetary geomagnetic field causing
temperature variations.
Category: Climate Research
[153] viXra:2407.0149 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-29 20:37:39
Authors: Zhi Cheng, Jun Luo
Comments: 43 Pages. Considering that the impact of rising sea levels on China is huge, a Chinese version is also provided in this article for Chinese readers to read.
This paper explores the impact of rising global temperature on the melting of ice floes and ice sheets in the Arctic Ocean, Greenland and Antarctic. This paper notes that the current understanding of the impact of climate change on Arctic, Greenland and Antarctic ice floes and ice sheets may be significantly underestimated. First, this paper analyzes the relationship between global temperature change and Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) rise after the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The current rate of global temperature rise is now 10 times faster than after the end of the LGM. This also means that the current rate of GMSL rise will also be likely to be 10 times faster than the rate of GMSL rise at that time. In order to better and accurately analyze the relationship between global temperature rise and GMSL rise, a simple macro model of ice sheet dissolution is established. In this model, we believe that the main cause of the dissolution of the ice sheet is the convective heat transfer from the air. Due to the presence of huge glacial lakes in Greenland and Antarctica, most of the meltwater from the ice sheet is temporarily stored in these glacial lakes. If global temperatures continue to rise, these glacial lakes could cause dam failures and cause catastrophe. We used this model to estimate the rate of dissolution of ice floe in the Arctic Ocean, and the estimates were in good agreement with the actual observations. We then used this model to estimate the rate of dissolution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Estimates suggest that the risk of significant GMSL rise and dam failure of glacial lakes is very high in the coming decades.
Category: Climate Research
[152] viXra:2310.0152 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-03 01:23:04
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 30 Pages, 190 images - one pages added to Overview (page 3)
The cause of El Nino-events is hydrothermal-water that rises from submarine volcanic-areas & tectonic-fractures to the ocean-surface ! On the ocean-surface this hydrothermal-water appears in the form of growing-plumes or-blobs (sea-surface-temperature-(SST)-anomalies), which then get distributed by the main ocean-currents and by surface-currents. My study will provide first evidence of the real sources of the SST-anomalies which lead to the development of El Ninos. These are hydrothermal-sources, which are located for example in the Kermadec-Tonga-Arc (e.g. in the Monowai- and Macauley-Volcanic-areas), New-Hebredes-Trench-area, Nankai-Trough- and Philippine-Plate-area, Salado-Fracture-Zone, Falkland-Agulhas-Fracture-Zone, South-West-Indian-Ridge-area, Mid-Atlantic-Ridge, LFZ, Kane-Fracture-Zone and in the Pacific-Plate east of Japan, to name the important locations. With the NASA-Worldview-tool an analysis of the sea-surface-temperature (SST)-anomalies was done for the time-period Oct.2021 to June 2023, and for the time-periods in which the strong El Ninos from 1997/98 and 2014-16 developed. Five areas ( 1—5 ) on the ocean-floor were found where large amounts of hydrothermal-water was rising from specific areas on the ocean-floor to the surface at irregular-intervals during the mentioned time-periods ! Note: The irregular hydrothermal-activity in these five areas is a global phenomenon !! The hydrothermal-activity comes and goes in a "wave-like-pattern", which often causes activity in 3-5 areas, which are thousands of km apart, at nearly the same time ! As an example I want to mention the period 9.12.2013 to 21.12.2013 (12 days) in which the hydrothermal-activity reached a maximum level in at least four of the five areas (1-5) in this short time-period ! Note: These areas are located in the northern- and southern-Hemisphere. Changes in Earths Magnetic-Field seem to be the main cause of this increased Hydrothermal-and Volcanic-Activity ! These changes (e.g. geomagnetic-jerks) in Earths-Magnetic-Field can be caused either by internal-processes which take place near the Core-Mantle-Boundary (CMB), or they can be caused by external-events, which are strong geomagnetic-storms caused by solar-wind (space-weather). First the geomagnetic-changes (e.g. geomagnetic-jerks) seem to increase seismicity in High-Geothermal-Flux-(HGF)-areas, then with a certain delay hydrothermal-activity, especially along tectonic-fractures, is increasing, which then rises the SST and the Ocean-Heat-Content, and finally causes El-Ninos. The key to find the hydrothermal- or volcanic-sources, which cause the strong temperature-anomalies, is the precise observation of the development of every major anomaly in an animation, from the early beginning, when the first small warm-water-blob appears on the surface ! Part-2 of my hypothesis explains the probable causes of the described "global-hydrothermal-activity" in more detail !
Category: Climate Research
[151] viXra:2310.0152 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-27 02:46:09
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 29 Pages, 185 images - one page was added ( the Summary )
The cause of El Nino-events is probably hydrothermal-water that rises from submarine volcanic-areas & tectonic-fractures to the ocean-surface ! On the ocean-surface this hydrothermal-water appears in the form of growing-plumes or-blobs (sea-surface-temperature-(SST)-anomalies), which then get distributed by the main ocean-currents and by surface-currents. My study will provide first evidence of the real sources of the SST-anomalies which lead to the development of El Ninos. These are hydrothermal-sources, which are located for example in the Kermadec-Tonga-Arc (e.g. in the Monowai- and Macauley-Volcanic-areas), New-Hebredes-Trench-area, Nankai-Trough- and Philippine-Plate-area, Salado-Fracture-Zone, Falkland-Agulhas-Fracture-Zone, South-West-Indian-Ridge-area, Mid-Atlantic-Ridge, LFZ, Kane-Fracture-Zone and in the Pacific-Plate east of Japan, to name the important locations. With the NASA-Worldview-tool an analysis of the sea-surface-temperature (SST)-anomalies was done for the time-period Oct.2021 to June 2023, and for the time-periods in which the strong El Ninos from 1997/98 and 2014-16 developed. Five areas ( 1—5 ) on the ocean-floor were found where large amounts of hydrothermal-water was rising from specific areas on the ocean-floor to the surface at irregular-intervals during the mentioned time-periods ! Note: The irregular hydrothermal-activity in these five areas is a global phenomenon !! The hydrothermal-activity comes and goes in a "wave-like-pattern", which often causes activity in 3-5 areas, which are thousands of km apart, at nearly the same time ! As an example I want to mention the period 9.12.2013 to 21.12.2013 (12 days) in which the hydrothermal-activity reached a maximum level in at least four of the five areas (1-5) in this short time-period ! Note: These areas are located in the northern- and southern-Hemisphere. Changes in Earths Magnetic-Field seem to be the main cause of this increased Hydrothermal-and Volcanic-Activity ! These changes (e.g. geomagnetic-jerks) in Earths-Magnetic-Field can be caused either by internal-processes which take place near the Core-Mantle-Boundary (CMB), or they can be caused by external-events, which are strong geomagnetic-storms caused by solar-wind (space-weather). First the geomagnetic-changes (e.g. geomagnetic-jerks) seem to increase seismicity in High-Geothermal-Flux-(HGF)-areas, then with a certain delay hydrothermal-activity, especially along tectonic-fractures, is increasing, which then rises the SST and the Ocean-Heat-Content, and finally causes El-Ninos. The key to find the hydrothermal- or volcanic-sources, which cause the strong temperature-anomalies, is the precise observation of the development of every major anomaly in an animation, from the early beginning, when the first small warm-water-blob appears on the surface ! Part-2 of my hypothesis explains the probable causes of the described "global-hydrothermal-activity" in more detail !
Category: Climate Research
[150] viXra:2309.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-27 03:21:16
Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 13 Pages. Creative Commons License, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
The current expectation of climatologists is that levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), will correspond, in the 2020s, to an increase in mean annual global near-surface atmospheric temperature of less than 1.5°C above the pre-industrial Holocene norm (1750 baseline; atmospheric CO2 = 278 ppm). This paper will argue, contrarily, that it is not possible to reproduce the atmospheric chemistry of the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (3.3-3 Mya) of the Pliocene Epoch, 5.3-2.588 Mya, without also reproducing its climate, and that — consequently — we can expect to see global warming of 3°C this decade.
Category: Climate Research
[149] viXra:2308.0138 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-05 14:27:06
Authors: Alphonsus J. Fagan
Comments: 13 Pages.
This essay summarizes the physics of climate change and provides commentary around some of the political challenges faced in mobilizing the actions needed to address it.
Category: Climate Research
[148] viXra:2106.0096 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-03 16:35:04
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 43 Pages.
By presenting the relevant, in relation to the climate problem, measured variables as exponential functions, truthfully representing the real values, surprising informative mutual relations show up. One of these relations led to the successful investigation of the possibility that the global temperature raise can not be caused by indirect heating, prescribed by the Green House model, but is caused by direct heating, prescribed by the here named Living Room Model. It is of fundamental importance to realize that sun, wind and earth energy that is transformed to energy, intended to be consumed by mankind, also directly heats the atmosphere. Besides that it has been proven that the Sea is heated by the geothermal heat flux. The final outcome therefore is that aiming for reduced CO2 emissions will not result in any improvement of the climate. Only a drastically reduction of the consumed energy, of whichever kind, will help.
Category: Climate Research
[147] viXra:2106.0096 [pdf] replaced on 2022-06-09 04:48:42
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 42 Pages. Version 3 is an esthetical update of version 2.
By presenting the relevant, in relation to the climate problem, measured variables as exponential functions, truthfully representing the real values, surprising informative mutual relations show up. One of these relations led to the successful investigation of the possibility that the global temperature raise can not be caused by indirect heating, prescribed by the Green House model, but is caused by direct heating, prescribed by the here named Living Room Model. It is of fundamental importance to realize that sun, wind and earth energy that is transformed to energy, intended to be consumed by mankind, also directly heats the atmosphere. Besides that it has been proven that the Sea is heated by the geothermal heat flux. The final outcome therefore is that aiming for reduced CO2 emissions will not result in any improvement of the climate. Only a drastically reduction of the consumed energy, of whichever kind, will help.
Category: Climate Research
[146] viXra:2106.0096 [pdf] replaced on 2021-12-08 07:28:00
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 42 Pages. In version 2, only the chapters of version 1 have been rearranged to make it more readable
By presenting the relevant, in relation to the climate problem, measured variables as exponential functions, truthfully representing the real values, surprising informative mutual relations show up. One of these relations led to the successful investigation of the possibility that the global temperature raise can not be caused by indirect heating, prescribed by the Green House model, but is caused by direct heating, prescribed by the here named Living Room Model. It is of fundamental importance to realize that sun, wind and earth energy that is transformed to energy, intended to be consumed by mankind, also directly heats the atmosphere. Besides that it has been proven that the Sea is heated by the geothermal heat flux. The final outcome therefore is that aiming for reduced CO2 emissions will not result in any improvement of the climate. Only a drastically reduction of the consumed energy, of whichever kind, will help.
Category: Climate Research
[145] viXra:2010.0143 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-10 15:00:18
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 17 Pages.
A solar geoengineering re-radiation model is developed for the global mean Earth’s energy budget (GMEEB) and results provide new insights. The GMEEB is depicted in terms of re-radiation events. We apply the model to 1950 and 2019 to illustrate its capability. To obtain the GMEEB, modeling only requires solar energy input, the re-radiation factor, and the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. The model then predicts the GMEEB with and without forcing. A 61.8% optimum re-radiation factor is found in modeling in the absence of forcing. Above or below this value, iterative transition states occur. We demonstrate the possible transitional states and how they may converge to a new GMEEB with its re-radiation GHG change. Results suggest that albedo controls have many advantages in reducing global warming. We find about 38% less reverse forcing would be needed for global albedo increases compared to GHG reductions to mitigate climate change.
Category: Climate Research
[144] viXra:2010.0143 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-10 15:00:18
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 17 Pages.
A solar geoengineering re-radiation model is developed for the global mean Earth’s energy budget (GMEEB) and results provide new insights. The GMEEB is depicted in terms of re-radiation events. We apply the model to 1950 and 2019 to illustrate its capability. To obtain the GMEEB, modeling only requires solar energy input, the re-radiation factor, and the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. The model then predicts the GMEEB with and without forcing. A 61.8% optimum re-radiation factor is found in modeling in the absence of forcing. Above or below this value, iterative transition states occur. We demonstrate the possible transitional states and how they may converge to a new GMEEB with its re-radiation GHG change. Results suggest that albedo controls have many advantages in reducing global warming. We find about 38% less reverse forcing would be needed for global albedo increases compared to GHG reductions to mitigate climate change.
Category: Climate Research
[143] viXra:2010.0143 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-04 22:53:33
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 17 Pages.
A solar geoengineering re-radiation model is developed for the global mean Earth’s energy budget (GMEEB) and results provide new insights. The GMEEB is depicted in terms of re-radiation events. We apply the model to 1950 and 2019 to illustrate its capability. To obtain the GMEEB, modeling only requires solar energy input, the re-radiation factor, and the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. The model then predicts the GMEEB with and without forcing. A 61.8% optimum re-radiation factor is found in modeling in the absence of forcing. Above or below this value, iterative transition states occur. We demonstrate the possible transitional states and how they may converge to a new GMEEB with its re-radiation GHG change. Results suggest that albedo controls have many advantages in reducing global warming. We find about 38% less reverse forcing would be needed for global albedo increases compared to GHG reductions to mitigate climate change.
Category: Climate Research
[142] viXra:2010.0143 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-11 10:19:55
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 11 Pages.
A solar geoengineering re-radiation model is developed for the global mean Earth’s energy budget (GMEEB) and results provide new insights. The GMEEB is depicted in terms of re-radiation events. We apply the model to 1950 and 2019 to illustrate its capability. To obtain the GMEEB, modeling only requires solar energy input, the re-radiation factor, and the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. The model then predicts the GMEEB with and without forcing. A 61.8% optimum re-radiation factor is found in modeling in the absence of forcing. Above or below this value, iterative transition states occur. We demonstrate the possible transitional states and how they may converge to a new GMEEB with its re-radiation GHG change. Results suggest that albedo controls have many advantages in reducing global warming. We find about 38% less reverse forcing would be needed for global albedo increases compared to GHG reductions to mitigate climate change.
Category: Climate Research
[141] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-05 11:59:25
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 12 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Reflectivity Solution, Hotspot Forcing, Hydro-Hotspots Forcing, Re-Radiation Model, Albedo-GHG Interaction
Due to the slow progress being made in climate change mitigation and the threat of tipping points, albedo solutions could be a vital supplement to CO2 reduction efforts. An important aspect to bring to the attention of policymakers is the albedo-greenhouse gas (GHG) interaction strength. We model this interaction which has a major influence in assessing climate change. For example, modeling is used to help exemplify the amount of reverse forcing or albedo surface area modification required to mitigate CO2 GW effects. Additionally, albedo controls are the only way to mitigate impermeable hotspots and hydro-hotspots surfaces that have increased at an alarming rate. We illustrate their growth rate; discuss their historical recognized significance and known correlations to climate change. Our results are directed toward influencing policymakers on the unique practical aspects of albedo solutions and their imminent need.
Category: Climate Research
[140] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-03 14:12:31
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 11 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Reflectivity Solution, Hotspot Forcing, Hydro-Hotspots Forcing, Re-Radiation Model, Albedo-GHG Interaction
Although global warming (GW) albedo solutions are currently not being used worldwide, they are anticipated to be vital as a significant supplement to CO2 reduction efforts. An important aspect to solar geoengineering is to quantify the albedo-greenhouse gas (GHG) interactions. We model this interaction, which has a major influence in assessing climate change. For example, modeling is used to help exemplify the amount of albedo surface area modification required to mitigate CO2 GW effects. Additionally, albedo controls are the only way to mitigate impermeable hotspots and hydro-hotspots surfaces that have increased at an alarming rate. We illustrate their growth rate; discuss their historical recognized significance and known correlations to climate change. Conservatively, albedo surface controls are seriously lacking. Furthermore, without albedo solutions there is a reasonable probability, as many authors have suggested, for a 1.5oC-3oC GW increase, this is expected to be enough for a tipping point to occur. Our results are directed toward influencing policymakers on the unique practical aspects of albedo solutions and their imminent need.
Category: Climate Research
[139] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-30 14:31:42
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Reflectivity Solution, Hotspot Forcing, Hydro-Hotspots Forcing, Re-Radiation Model, Albedo-GHG Interaction
The albedo solution can be vital in global warming as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of the tipping point. Furthermore, when considering the albedo-GHG interactions, the albedo solution is certainly an optimum way to mitigate global warming if all known forcing issues are conservatively considered significant. As well, given the current difficulty in CO2 reverse forcing and the threat of the tipping point occurring, an additional approach to reducing climate change is now needed. Therefore, it is important to clarify and model the GHG-albedo interaction strength to aid in solar geoengineering estimates. This requires a different approach than traditional CO2 doubling theory. Our results are directed toward influencing climate policy, demonstrating the important immediate need for albedo controls and solutions.
Category: Climate Research
[138] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-28 15:25:57
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Reflectivity Solution, Hotspot Forcing, Hydro-Hotspots Forcing, Re-Radiation Model, Albedo-GHG Interaction
In this paper we focus on the albedo-GHG (Greenhouse Gas) interactions and show that the albedo solution is the optimum way to mitigate global warming when considering three known types of forcing issues and current trends in climate change. The GHG-albedo interaction strength is also modeled. Results are directed toward influencing climate policy demonstrating the urgent need for albedo controls.
Category: Climate Research
[137] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-22 16:48:34
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Reflectivity Solution, Hotspot Forcing, Hydro-Hotspots Forcing, Re-Radiation Model, Albedo-GHG Interaction
In this paper we consider the (Greenhouse Gas) GHG-albedo interactions and show that the albedo solution is the optimum way to mitigate global warming when considering three known types of forcing and current trends in climate change. These considerations also indicate that focusing solely on CO2 solutions have many associated risks compared with the albedo solution. The GHG-albedo interaction strength is also modeled.
Category: Climate Research
[136] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-22 09:50:59
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Reflectivity Solution, Hotspot Forcing, Hydro-Hotspots Forcing, Re-Radiation Model, Albedo-GHG Interaction
In this paper we consider the (Greenhouse Gas) GHG-albedo interactions and show that the albedo solution is the optimum way to mitigate global warming when considering three known types of forcing and current trends in climate change. These considerations also indicate that focusing solely on CO2 solutions have many associated risks compared with the albedo solution. The GHG-albedo interaction strength is also modeled.
Category: Climate Research
[135] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-21 12:56:03
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Reflectivity Solution, Hotspot Forcing, Hydro-Hotspots Forcing, Re-Radiation Model, Albedo-GHG Interaction
In this paper we consider the (Greenhouse Gas) GHG-albedo interactions and show that the albedo solution is the optimum way to mitigate global warming when considering three known types of forcing and current trends in climate change. These considerations also indicate that focusing solely on CO2 solutions have many associated risks compared with the albedo solution. The GHG-albedo interaction strength is also modeled.
Category: Climate Research
[134] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-20 10:41:52
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Reflectivity Solution, Hotspot Forcing, Hydro-Hotspots Forcing, Re-Radiation Model, Albedo-GHG Theorem
In this paper we consider the (Greenhouse Gas) GHG-albedo interactions and show that the albedo solution is the optimum way to mitigate global warming when considering three known types of forcing and current trends in climate change. These considerations also indicate that focusing solely on CO2 solutions have many associated risks compared with the albedo solution. The GHG-albedo interaction strength is also modeled.
Category: Climate Research
[133] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-18 09:08:07
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Hotspot Forcing, Hydro-Hotspots Forcing, Re-Radiation Model, Albedo-GHG Theorem
In this paper we consider the GHG-albedo interactions and show that the albedo solution is the optimum way to mitigate climate change when considering three types of forcing and current trends in climate change. These considerations also indicates that CO2 solutions have many associated risks compared with albedo solutions. The GHG-albedo interaction strength is also modeled.
Category: Climate Research
[132] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-15 11:39:52
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 6 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model,, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates, hydro-hotspots
In this paper we suggest that a fundamental GHG-albedo hotspot surface theorem, when applied to the reality of today’s climate challenges, appears to indicate that the albedo solution is the optimum and safest way to mitigate climate change. The theorem also indicates that CO2 solutions have an associated risk in stopping climate change when considering three types of forcing described. The albedo-GHG factor is also detailed.
Category: Climate Research
[131] viXra:2006.0198 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-22 16:55:05
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates
Surface albedo geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact of reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly areas” that might be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing warming. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering select hotspots with aspects like large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and possibly mountain regions, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2% and 1% of the Earth would require an albedo modification to resolve most of global warming. Results are highly dependent on modeling aspects like heat capacity, irradiance, and albedo changes of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates illustrating their importance.
Category: Climate Research
[130] viXra:2006.0198 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-14 14:28:58
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates
Surface albedo geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact of reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly areas” that might be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing warming. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering select hotspots with aspects like large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and possibly mountain regions, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2% and 1% of the Earth would require an albedo modification to resolve most of global warming. Results are highly dependent on modeling aspects like heat capacity, irradiance, and albedo changes of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates illustrating their importance.
Category: Climate Research
[129] viXra:2006.0198 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-19 12:48:36
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates
Surface albedo geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact of reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly areas” that might be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing warming. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering select hotspots with aspects like large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and possibly mountain regions, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2% and 1% of the Earth would require an albedo modification to resolve most of global warming. Results are highly dependent on modeling aspects like heat capacity, irradiance, and albedo changes of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates illustrating their importance.
Category: Climate Research
[128] viXra:2006.0198 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-18 15:09:08
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates
Surface albedo geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact of reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly areas” that might be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing warming. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering select hotspots with aspects like large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and possibly mountain regions, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2% and 1% of the Earth would require an albedo modification to resolve most of global warming. Results are highly dependent on modeling aspects like heat capacity, irradiance, and albedo changes of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates illustrating their importance.
Category: Climate Research
[127] viXra:2006.0198 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-08 12:10:48
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates
Surface albedo geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact of reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly areas” that might be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing warming. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering select hotspots with aspects like large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and possibly mountain regions, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2% and 1% of the Earth would require modification to resolve most of global warming. This represents about a 1.5% global albedo change. Results are highly dependent on modeling aspects like heat capacity, irradiance, and albedo changes of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates illustrating their importance.
Category: Climate Research
[126] viXra:2006.0198 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-01 17:25:23
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates
Surface albedo geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. This paper focuses on geoengineering and implementation of surface solar solutions to global warming. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact of reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly areas” that might be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing climate change. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering hotspots with large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and possibly mountain regions, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2 and 0.5% of the Earth would require modification to resolve most of global warming. This result is highly dependent on the heat capacity and irradiance of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates.
Category: Climate Research
[125] viXra:2006.0198 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-25 12:05:02
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, hotspots mitigation, UHI global warming estimates
Solar geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. This paper focuses on geoengineering and implementation of a surface solar geoengineering solution to global warming. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact for reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly components” that can be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing climate change. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering hotspots with large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and mountain region, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2 and 0.5% of the Earth would require modification to resolve most of global warming. This is highly dependent on the heat capacity and irradiance of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates.
Category: Climate Research
[124] viXra:2006.0198 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-23 12:15:35
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, hotspots mitigation, UHI global warming estimates
Solar geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. This paper focuses on geoengineering and implementation of a surface solar geoengineering solution to global warming. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact for reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly components” that can be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing climate change. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering hotspots with large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and mountain region, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2 and 0.5% of the Earth would require modification to resolve most of global warming. This is highly dependent on the heat capacity and irradiance of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates.
Category: Climate Research
[123] viXra:2005.0281 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-23 11:49:24
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages.
Solar geoengineering is vital in global warming as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. As well, the pace and depth of implementing the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) solution is tenuous. This paper focuses on the implementation of a surface solar geoengineering solution to global warming. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. Often, to the contrary, urbanization and road construction selection of high solar-absorbing materials continues to be the norm. The solar solution is incorrectly overlooked by comparison to GHG mitigation. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation in our UHI assessments by illustrating the potential impact for reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly components” that can be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing climate change. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering hotspots such as UHIs, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. Indications suggest the corrective action area sizes are of the order of UHI coverage. The versatile model presented, also shows significant global warming estimates due to UHIs and their coverage.
Category: Climate Research
[122] viXra:2005.0281 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-07 20:15:37
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Modeling, Albedo solution to global warming, solar amplification, hotspots mitigation, UHI global warming estimates
Solar geoengineering is vital in global warming as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point from occurring. As well, the pace and depth of implementing the GHG solution is tenuous. It is of interest in this paper to focus on the implementation of a surface solar geoengineering solution to global warming. It is reasonable to anticipate that an albedo solution is practical. However, research in this area seems stagnant and implementing even urban heat island (UHI) cool roofs on a unified worldwide global level has not gone forward. In particular, in this paper we provide some basic modeling and insights into “Earthly components” that one could focus on to increase opportunity for reducing climate change. Modeling illustrates that by solar geoengineering selecting hotspots, the effective area could be roughly 13 times smaller than a nominal non-hotspot areas in influencing global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[121] viXra:2005.0281 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-31 15:07:13
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Modeling, Albedo solution to global warming, solar amplification, hotspots mitigation
Solar geoengineering is vital in global warming as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point from occurring. As well, the pace and depth of implementing the GHG solution is tenuous. It is of interest in this paper to focus on the implementation of a surface solar geoengineering solution to global warming. It is reasonable to anticipate that an albedo solution is practical. However, research in this area seems stagnant and implementing even urban heat island cool roofs on a unified worldwide global level has not gone forward. In particular, in this paper we provide some basic modeling and insights into “Earthly components” that one could focus on to increase opportunity for reducing climate change. Modeling illustrates that by solar geoengineering selecting hotspot areas, the effective area could be roughly 13 times smaller than a nominal non-hotspot areas in influencing global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[120] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-07 18:57:58
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates
Surface albedo geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact of reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly areas” that might be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing warming. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering select hotspots with aspects like large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and possibly mountain regions, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2% and 1% of the Earth would require modification to resolve most of global warming. This represents about a 1.5% global albedo change. Results are highly dependent on modeling aspects like heat capacity, irradiance, and albedo changes of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates illustrating their importance.
Category: Climate Research
[119] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-16 18:32:33
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Solution, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter, Albedo-GHG Parameter
A solar geoengineering global warming model is developed with a re-radiation factor and results are shown to be consistent with the Planck parameter. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the relative global warming impact of the albedo effect compared to that of greenhouse gases (GHG). The potential reverse forcing due to a change in the Earth’s global albedo compared to GHGs is illustrated. Results of modeling support solar geoengineering solutions with two key parameters from modeling: an albedo-GHG and a Planck-albedo parameter. Using these, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in a significant resolution to global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[118] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-12 22:51:57
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Solution, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter, Albedo-GHG Parameter
A solar geoengineering global warming model is developed with a re-radiation factor and results are shown to be consistent with the Planck parameter. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the relative global warming impact of the albedo effect compared to that of greenhouse gases (GHG). The potential reverse forcing due to a change in the Earth’s global albedo compared to GHGs is illustrated. Results of modeling support solar geoengineering solutions with two key parameters from modeling: an albedo-GHG and a Planck-albedo parameter. Using these, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in a significant resolution to global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[117] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-05 15:47:01
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Solution, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter, Albedo-GHG Parameter
A solar geoengineering global warming model is developed with a re-radiation factor and the model is shown to be consistent with the Planck parameter. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the relative global warming impact of the albedo effect compared to that of greenhouse gases (GHG). The potential reverse forcing due to a change in the Earth’s global albedo compared to GHGs is illustrated. Results of modeling support solar geoengineering solutions with two key parameters from modeling: an albedo-GHG and a Planck-albedo feedback parameter. Using these, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in a significant resolution to global warming. We also discuss feasibility.
Category: Climate Research
[116] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-04 19:03:48
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Solution, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter, Albedo-GHG Parameter
A solar geoengineering global warming model is developed with a re-radiation factor and the model is shown to be consistent with the Planck parameter. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the relative global warming impact of the albedo effect compared to that of greenhouse gases (GHG). The potential reverse forcing due to a change in the Earth’s global albedo compared to GHGs is illustrated. Results of modeling support solar geoengineering solutions with two key parameters from modeling: an albedo-GHG and a Planck-Albedo feedback parameter. Using these, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in a significant resolution to global warming. We also discuss feasibility.
Category: Climate Research
[115] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-02 19:21:56
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Solution, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter, Albedo-GHG Parameter
A solar geoengineering global warming model is developed with a re-radiation factor and the model is shown to be consistent with Planck’s parameter. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the relative global warming impact of the albedo effect compared to that of greenhouse gases (GHG). The potential reverse forcing due to a change in the Earth’s global albedo compared to GHGs is illustrated. Results of modeling support solar geoengineering solutions with two key parameters from modeling: an albedo-GHG and a Planck-Albedo feedback parameter. Using these, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in a significant resolution to global warming and we also discuss feasibility.
Category: Climate Research
[114] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-31 13:56:14
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Solution, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter, Albedo-GHG Parameter
A solar geoengineering global warming model is developed with a re-radiation factor. The model is shown to be consistent with the Planck’s parameter. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the relative global warming impact of the albedo effect compared to that of greenhouse gases (GHG). The potential reverse forcing due to a change in the Earth’s global albedo compared to GHGs, is illustrated. Results of modeling support solar geoengineering solutions with two key parameters from modeling; an albedo-GHG and a Planck-Albedo feedback parameter. Using these, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in a significant resolution to the global warming problem. Feasibility is discussed.
Category: Climate Research
[113] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-28 17:34:13
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Solution, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter, Albedo-GHG Parameter
In this paper, we model global warming with a re-radiation factor and use the Planck’s parameter to verify consistency. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the relative global warming impact of the albedo effect compared to that of greenhouse gases (GHG). The potential reverse forcing due to a change in the Earth’s global albedo compared to GHGs, is illustrated. Results of modeling support solar geoengineering solutions with two key parameters from modeling, an albedo-GHG and a Planck-Albedo feedback parameter. Using these, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in a significant resolution to the global warming problem. Feasibility is discussed.
Category: Climate Research
[112] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-26 12:49:34
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Modeling, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter
In this paper, modeling finds a 2.6 times advantage in an albedo global warming solution compared to a greenhouse gas (GHGs) resolution. A key difference in our assessment is the inclusion of a fractional re-radiation from GHGs as part of the shortwave length albedo absorption assessment. Using this view, along with an interesting albedo-Planck parameter, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in a significant solution in global warming mitigation and would be vital in preventing a tipping point from occurring.
Category: Climate Research
[111] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-24 13:58:54
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Modeling, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter, global emissivity
In this paper, we model global warming using a re-radiation factor and the Planck’s parameter to verify consistency. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the relative global warming impact of the albedo effect compared to that of greenhouse gases (GHG). Essentially the re-radiation parameter is redefined from the effective emissivity of the planetary system. This parameter found independently in our model has a value of 0.618 (or =0.887). The forcing due to the change in the Earth’s global albedo compared to GHGs is found to have a 2.6 times larger influence on global warming. In our simple model, we additionally define a handy Planck-Albedo feedback parameter. Using these results, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in -4.8 W/m2 of forcing. An alternate way to assess the Planck parameter was also found.
Category: Climate Research
[110] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-22 14:58:11
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 6 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Modeling, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter
In this paper, we model global warming using a re-radiation factor and the Planck’s parameter to verify consistency. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the relative global warming impact of the albedo effect compared to the greenhouse gas (GHG) effects. The forcing due to the change in the Earth’s global albedo compared to GHGs is found to have a 2.6 times larger impact on global warming. In our simple model, we additionally define a handy Planck-Albedo feedback parameter having a convenient value of 1W/m2/oK/%albedo. Using these results, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in -4.8 W/m2 of forcing. An alternate way to assess the Planck parameter was also found.
Category: Climate Research
[109] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-22 00:30:10
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 6 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Modeling, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter
In this paper, we model global warming (GW) using a re-radiation factor and use the Planck’s feedback parameter to verify consistency. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the relative global warming impact of the albedo effect compared to the GHG re-radiation effects. The albedo affect is found to have a 2.6 times larger impact on global warming. In our simple model, we additionally define a handy Planck-albedo feedback parameter having a convenient value of 1W/m2/oK/Delta%albedo. An alternate way to assess the Planck parameter was also found.
Category: Climate Research
[108] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-19 17:19:58
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this paper, we model global warming (GW) using a re-radiation factor and use the Planck’s feedback parameter to verify consistency. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the fact that for the same percent change in the Earth’s albedo compared to greenhouse gases (GHG), the albedo affect has a 2.6 times larger impact on global warming. In our simple model, we additionally define a handy Planck-albedo feedback parameter having a convenient value of 1W/m2/oK/%albedo. An alternate way to assess the Planck parameter was also found.
Category: Climate Research
[107] viXra:2005.0186 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-18 14:53:18
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Modeling, Plank Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter
In this paper, we show how global warming can be modeled using a re-radiation factor and use the Planck’s feedback parameter to verify consistency. The re-radiation factor is important in quantifying the fact that for the same percent change in the Earth’s albedo compared to greenhouse gas, the albedo change will have a 2.6 times larger impact on global warming forcing. In our simple model, an alternate way to assess the Planck parameter was also found. As well, we define a handy Plank-albedo feedback parameter that has a convenient value of 1W/m2/Delta%albedo/oK.
Category: Climate Research
[106] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-05 16:04:44
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 6 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, CO2 doubling theory, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 and other greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our goals in combating global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory though the attrition factor. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also discuss its implications related to a lack of UHI albedo goals by governing climate change organizers.
Category: Climate Research
[105] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-15 09:04:15
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 6 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, CO2 doubling theory, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our goals in combating global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect including its footprint. We also discuss its implications related to a lack of IPCC UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[104] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-12 17:02:36
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, CO2 doubling theory, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our goals in combating global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also discuss its implications related to a lack of IPCC UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[103] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-12 10:15:15
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, CO2 doubling theory, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our effort to combat global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also discuss its implications related to a lack of IPCC UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[102] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-11 15:24:05
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, CO2 doubling theory, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our effort to combat global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also discuss its implications related to a lack of IPCC UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[101] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-10 12:23:00
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, CO2 doubling theory, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice, snow and urbanization albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our effort to combat global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also discuss its implications related to a lack of IPCC UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[100] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-09 17:12:04
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our effort to combat global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also discuss its implications related to a lack of IPCC UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[99] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-09 11:26:09
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, CO2 doubling theory, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our effort to combat global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also discuss its implications related to a lack of IPCC UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[98] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-08 10:02:16
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, CO2 doubling theory, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our effort to combat global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also discuss its implications related to a lack of IPCC UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[97] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-06 18:21:22
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our effort to combat global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also discuss its implications related to a lack of IPCC UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[96] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-05 14:33:27
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be significant and should for many reasons be part of our effort to combat global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also discuss implications related to a lack of IPCC UHI albedo goals
Category: Climate Research
[95] viXra:2004.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-04 11:23:17
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo goals, global warming causes, global warming feedback, global warming amplification effects, CO2 doubling temperature, IPCC albedo goals
Global warming has both root causes and amplification feedback effects. The main root cause, believed to be CO2 greenhouse gas, then creates many feedback amplification mechanisms such as loss of ice and snow albedo decrease, increase in atmospheric water vapor and so forth. The strength of the CO2 mechanism is often assessed by its doubling theory. However, such estimates rely on the fact that CO2 is the primary root cause. Numerous authors including this one have found the Urban Heat Island effect to be substantial and should for many reasons be part of our effort to combat global warming problems. Therefore, if one quantifies the UHI effect, it must affect the CO2 doubling theory. In this paper we provide a short overview to illustrate how the CO2 doubling temperature is influenced by the UHI effect. We also assert that having a lack of IPCC albedo goals is highly risky given the numerous available studies.
Category: Climate Research
[94] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-18 14:57:17
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 21 Pages.
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to the UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This calculation is done with the help of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect, including its extent. Forcing estimates varied approximately between 0.07W/m2 to 0.87W/m2 representing 3% to 36% of global warming (GW) relative to the greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing estimates between 1950 and 2019. Variations in our model are due to the urbanized area and associated UHI amplification estimate uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent values of about 0.16 W/m2/% solar effective amplified areas and 1.6 W/m2/%albedo for the urbanized coverage forcing values. The basic model is additionally used to quantify feedback warming due to Arctic sea ice loss. Feedback estimates contribute to the impact of UHI forcing assessments. From our median estimates, it is concluded that UHIs contribute significantly to global warming trends. The model is versatile and also provides UHI albedo reverse forcing assessments. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective using a global view albedo model compared to prior ground-based measurement studies. It also illustrates the utility of using effective UHI amplification estimates when assessing their warming effect on a global scale.
Category: Climate Research
[93] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-02 13:36:52
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 21 Pages.
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to the UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This calculation is done with the help of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect, including its extent. Forcing estimates varied approximately between 0.07W/m2 to 0.87W/m2 representing 3% to 36% of global warming (GW) relative to the greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing estimates between 1950 and 2019. Variations in our model are due to the urbanized area and associated UHI amplification estimate uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent values of about 0.16 W/m2/% solar effective amplified areas and 1.6 W/m2/%albedo for the urbanized coverage forcing values. The basic model is additionally used to quantify feedback warming due to Arctic sea ice loss. Feedback estimates contribute to the impact of UHI forcing assessments. From our median estimates, it is concluded that UHIs contribute significantly to global warming trends. The model is versatile and also provides UHI albedo reverse forcing estimates. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective using a global view albedo model compared to prior ground-based measurement studies. It also illustrates the utility of using effective UHI amplification estimates when assessing their warming effect on a global scale.
Category: Climate Research
[92] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-04 20:11:15
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 18 Pages. Keywords: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice Warming
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to the UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This calculation is done with the help of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect, including its extent. Forcing estimates varied approximately between 0.07W/m2 to 0.87W/m2 representing 3% to 36% of global warming (GW) relative to the greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing estimates between 1950 and 2019. Variations in our model are due to the urbanized area and associated UHI amplification estimate uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent values of about 0.16 W/m2/% solar effective amplified areas and 1.6 W/m2/%albedo for the urbanized coverage forcing values. The basic model is additionally used to quantify feedback warming due to Arctic sea ice loss. Feedback estimates help put an assessment on UHI forcing implications. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective using a global view albedo model compared to prior ground-based measurement studies. It also illustrates the utility of using effective UHI amplification estimates when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale.
Category: Climate Research
[91] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-21 12:45:46
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 18 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice Warming
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to the UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This calculation is done with the help of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect (including its extent). Forcing estimates varied between approximately 0.07W/m2 to 0.87W/m2 representing between 3% and 36% of global warming (GW) relative to greenhouse (GHG) forcing estimates between 1950 and 2019. Variations in our model are due to the urbanized area and associated UHI amplification estimate uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent values of about 0.14 W/m2/% solar effective amplified areas and 1.6 W/m2/%albedo for the urbanized coverage forcing values. The basic model is additionally used to quantify feedback warming due to Arctic sea ice loss. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective using a global view albedo model compared to prior ground-based measurement studies. It also illustrates the utility of using effective UHI amplification estimates when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale.
Category: Climate Research
[90] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-18 18:26:09
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 18 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice Warming
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This calculation is done with the help of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect (including urban extent). Forcing estimates varied between approximately 0.07W/m2 to 0.87W/m2 representing between 4% and 52% of global warming relative to GHG forcing estimates between 1950 and 2019. Variations in our model are due to the urbanized area and associated UHI amplification estimate uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent values of about 0.9W/m2/% solar effective amplified area and 1W/m2/%albedo for the urbanized coverage forcing values. The basic model is additionally used to quantify warming due to sea ice loss in assessing related feedback temperature rises. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective using a global view albedo model compared to prior ground-based measurement studies. It also illustrates the utility of using effective UHI amplification estimates when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale.
Category: Climate Research
[89] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-13 08:42:34
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice Warming
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This calculation is done with the help of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect (including urban coverage). Variations in our estimates are due to urbanized area assessments and amplification factor uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent estimates of about 0.155W/m^2/%normalized effective amplified area for the urbanized area forcing value. Significance increase when the UHI effective contribution to climate feedback estimates are included. The basic model is additionally used to quantify warming due to sea ice loss in assessing related feedback temperature rises. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective using a global view albedo model compared to prior ground based studies. It also illustrates the utility of using effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale.
Category: Climate Research
[88] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-11 13:56:44
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice Warming
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This calculation is done with the help of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect (including urban coverage). Variations in our estimates are due to urbanized area assessments and amplification factor uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent estimates of about 0.096W/m2/%normalized effective amplified area for the urbanized area forcing value. Significance increase when the UHI effective contribution to climate feedback estimates are included. The basic model is additionally used to quantify warming due to sea ice loss in assessing related feedback temperature rises. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective using a global view albedo model compared to prior ground based studies. It also illustrates the utility of using effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale.
Category: Climate Research
[87] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-08 17:00:28
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice Warming
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This calculation is done with the help of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect (including urban coverage). Variations in our estimates are due to urbanized area assessments and amplification factor uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent estimates of about 0.096W/m2/%normalized effective amplified area for the urbanized area feedback value. Significance increase when the UHI effective contribution to climate feedback estimates are included. The basic model is additionally used to quantify warming due to sea ice loss in assessing related feedback temperature rises. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective using a global view albedo model compared to prior ground based studies. It also illustrates the utility of using effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale.
Category: Climate Research
[86] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-12 10:05:45
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This calculation is done with the help of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect (including urban areas). Variations in our estimates are due to urbanized area assessments and amplification factor uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent estimates of about 0.096W/m2 per % of the normalized effective amplified area for the urbanized area feedback value. These values increase when the UHI effective contribution to climate feedback estimates are included. The model is additionally used to quantify a warming assessment due to sea ice loss. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrate the utility of using effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale.
Category: Climate Research
[85] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-11 10:39:42
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice Warming
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This calculation is done with the help of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect (including urban areas). Variations in our estimates are due to urbanized area assessments and amplification factor uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent estimates of about 0.096W/m2 per % of the normalized effective amplified area for the urbanized area feedback value. These values increase when the UHI effective contribution to climate feedback estimates are included. The model is additionally used to quantify a warming assessment due to sea ice loss. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrate the utility of using effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale.
Category: Climate Research
[84] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-06 15:02:07
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, Global Warming Causes And Amplification Effects, UHI Footprint, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice, and Water-Vapor Feedbacks
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This is done with reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we are able to quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect (including urban area). Variations in our estimates are due to urbanized area assessments and amplification factor uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent estimates of about 0.096W/m2 per % Normalized Effective Amplified Area for the urbanized area feedback value. These values increase when the UHI effective contribution to climate feedback estimates are included. The model is additionally used to quantify a warming assessment due to sea ice feedback. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take effective UHI amplification factors into account when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[83] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-05 11:06:48
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, Global Warming Causes And Amplification Effects, UHI Footprint, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice, and Water Vapor Feedbacks
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This is done with reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we are able to quantify a global warming range due to the UHI effect (including urban area). Variations in our estimates are due to urbanized area assessments and amplification factor uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent estimates of about 0.096W/m2 per % Normalized Effective Amplified Area for the urbanized area feedback value. These values increase when the UHI root-cause assessment of its contribution to climate feedback problems is evaluated. The model is additionally used to quantify a warming assessment due to sea ice feedback. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take effective UHI amplification factors into account when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[82] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-04 14:19:13
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, Global Warming Causes And Amplification Effects, UHI Footprint, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice, and Water Vapor Feedbacks
In this paper, we provide nominal and worst-case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) model. This is done with reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplify estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find between 1.2% and 15% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (including urban area). These values may increase in terms of the root-cause assessment to 2.9% and 27% when climate feedback values are evaluated. These large variations are due to urbanized area assessments and amplification factor uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent estimates of about 0.096W/m2 per %Effective Normalized Area for the urbanized area feedback value. The model is additionally used to quantify an assessment of sea ice feedback warming. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take effective UHI amplification factors into account when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[81] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-03 15:03:32
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, Global Warming Causes and Amplification Effects, UHI Footprint, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice and Moisture Feedbacks
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplified estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find between 1.2 and 15% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas). These values may increase in terms of the root-cause assessment to 2.9 and 27% when climate feedback values are estimated. These large variations are due to urbanized area and UHI area amplification factor uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent estimates of about 0.096(W/m2)/(%Effective Normalized Area) for the urbanized area feedback value. The model is additionally used to quantify an assessment of sea ice feedback warming. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[80] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-02 17:40:23
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, Global Warming Causes and Amplification Effects, UHI Footprint, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice and Moisture Feedbacks
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplified estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find between 1.5 and 21% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas). These values may increase in terms of the root-cause assessment 4.2 and 38% when climate feedback values are estimated. These large variations are due to urbanized area and UHI area amplification factor uncertainties. However, the model showed consistent estimates of about 0.1 (W/m2)/oK/%Normalized Area for the urbanized feedback value. The model is additionally used to quantify an assessment of sea ice feedback warming. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[79] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-05-01 11:08:01
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 13 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, Global Warming Causes and Amplification Effects, UHI Footprint, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice and Moisture Feedbacks
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplified estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find between 1.6 and 7.5% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas). These values may increase to between 5 and 24% when rough climate feedbacks values are estimated. The model also found that the effect was proportional to the UHI amplification area coverage with an area sensitive estimate of about 0.095 (W/m2)/%Normalized Area. This value perhaps increases to 0.3 W/m2/%Normalized Area when rough climate feedbacks values are considered. The model is additionally used to quantify an assessment of sea ice feedback warming. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[78] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-30 13:36:25
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 13 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, Global Warming Causes and Amplification Effects, UHI Footprint, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice and Moisture Feedbacks
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of reported findings from UHI footprint and heat dome studies that simplified estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find between 1.6 and 7.5% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas). These values may increase to between 5 and 24% when rough climate feedbacks values are estimated. The model also found that the effect was proportional to the UHI amplification area coverage with an area sensitive estimate of about 0.095 (W/m2)/%Normalized Area. This value perhaps increases to 0.3 W/m2/%Normalized Area when rough climate feedbacks values are considered. The model is additionally used to quantify an assessment of sea ice feedback warming. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[77] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-29 12:03:49
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 13 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Modeling, UHI Amplification Effects, Global Warming Causes and Amplification Effects, UHI Footprint, UHI Heat Dome, Cool Roofs, Sea Ice and Moisture Feedbacks
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of reported findings from UHI footprint and dome studies that simplified estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find between 1.6 and 7.5% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas). These values may increase to between 5 and 24% when climate feedbacks are estimated. The model also found that the effect was proportional to the UHI amplification area coverage with an area sensitive estimate of about 0.095 (W/m2)/%Normalized Area. This value would also increase when climate feedbacks are considered. The model is additionally used to quantify an assessment of sea ice feedback warming. Results provide insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[76] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-28 14:17:17
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 13 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, UHI footprint, UHI heat dome, cool roofs, Sea Ice and moisture feedbacks
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of reported findings from UHI footprint and dome studies that simplified estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find between 1.6 and 7.5% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas). These values may increase to between 5 and 24% when climate feedbacks are estimated. The model also found that the effect was proportional to the UHI amplification area coverage with area sensitive estimate was about 0.095 (W/m2)/%Normalized Area. This value would also increase when climate feedbacks are considered. The model is also used to provide an assessment of Sea Ice feedback warming. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[75] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-27 19:04:31
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 12 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, UHI footprint, UHI heat dome, cool roofs, Sea Ice and moisture feedbacks
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of reported findings from UHI footprint and dome studies that simplified estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find between 1.6 and 7.5% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas). This may increase to between 5 and 24% when climate feedbacks are estimated. The model is also used to provide an assessment of Sea Ice feedback warming. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[74] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-26 18:38:03
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 12 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, UHI footprint, UHI heat dome, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of reported findings from UHI footprint and dome studies that simplified estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find between 1.6% and 7.5% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas). This would increase due to climate feedback and values are suggested. An estimate is also provided using the model for Sea Ice feedback warming. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[73] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-24 18:32:00
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 11 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of reported findings from UHI footprint studies that simplified estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 0.06 and 0.27 Watts/M2 of radiative long wavelength forcing may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas). This would increase due to climate feedback and values are suggested. We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[72] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-21 14:17:46
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 6 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of radiative forcing due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of reported findings from UHI footprint studies that simplified estimates for UHI amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 0.143 and 0.783 Watts/M2 of radiative long wavelength forcing may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective UHI amplification factors when assessing UHI’s warming effect on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[71] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-15 09:00:56
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of related studies on UHI footprint surface coverage yielding effective amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4% and 22% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[70] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-12 11:08:28
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of related studies on UHI footprint surface coverage yielding effective amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4% and 22% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[69] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-11 14:22:43
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of related studies on UHI footprint surface coverage yielding effective amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4% and 22% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[68] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-09 10:59:56
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of related studies on UHI footprint surface coverage yielding effective amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4% and 22% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[67] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-03-30 08:38:18
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of related studies on UHI footprint surface coverage yielding effective amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4% and 22% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[66] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-03-28 08:22:53
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of related studies on UHI footprint surface coverage yielding effective amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4% and 22% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[65] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-03-22 10:48:34
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of related studies on UHI footprint surface coverage yielding effective amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4% and 22% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[64] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-03-21 12:04:15
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of related studies on UHI footprint surface coverage yielding effective amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4.8% and 20% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[63] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-03-14 10:51:05
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of related studies on UHI footprint surface coverage yielding effective amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4.8% and 20% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[62] viXra:2003.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2020-03-05 18:01:27
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo modeling, UHI amplification effects, global warming causes and amplification effects, cool roofs
In this paper we provide nominal and worst case estimates of global warming due to UHI effect (including urban areas) using a Weighted Amplification Albedo Solar Urbanization (WAASU) Model. This is done with the aid of related studies on UHI footprint surface coverage yielding effective amplification factors. Using this method, we find conservatively between 4.8% and 20% of global warming may be due to the UHI effect (with urban areas).We also provide more aggressive estimates. Results provides insight into the UHI area effects from a new perspective and illustrates that one needs to take into account effective amplification factors when assessing UHI’s to include their footprint on a global scale. Lastly, such effects likely show a more persuasive argument for the need of world-wide UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[61] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-16 11:29:42
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, C02, Humidity Forcing, Rainwater management, Albedo Modeling, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC suggestions. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence indicating that both can predict similar warming trends. In order to provide a more up to date investigate we present alternate results of recent studies. We then reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC CO2 suggestions are not adequate to address the urgent need to reduce the rapid global warming trend. More drastic measures are needed, specifically a concerted worldwide geoengineering solar solution, including cool roofs, better UHI design, and reductions of known hotspots to reverse trends and prevent a tipping point.
Category: Climate Research
[60] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-29 09:19:13
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, C02, Humidity Forcing, Rainwater management, Albedo Modeling, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2Doubling, UHI Amplification
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by the IPCC. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence by a number of authors indicating the difficulty of estimating UHI influences on global trends. This appears primarily due to making local ground temperature measurements and comparing them to more rural trends. However, many authors are in agreement that there are strong UHI influences. In order to investigate this independently, we take a different approach and present a simplified global weighted albedo amplification solar model. We find with a nominal and worst case analysis, that between 5.7-26.7% of global warming may be due to urbanization and the UHI amplification effect. Much of the variance is related to the discrepancies between urbanization global area estimates from many different studies. We also reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot city surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC, which is the responsible world’s climate agency, should also include UHI albedo goals for numerous reasons.
Category: Climate Research
[59] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-28 07:47:52
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, C02, Humidity Forcing, Rainwater management, Albedo Modeling, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2Doubling, UHI Amplification
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by the IPCC. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence by a number of authors indicating the difficulty of estimating UHI influences on global trends. This appears primarily due to making local ground temperature measurements and comparing them to more rural trends. However, many authors are in agreement that there are strong UHI influences. In order to investigate this independently, we take a different approach and present a simplified global weighted albedo amplification solar model. We find with a nominal and worst case analysis, that between 5.7-26.7% of global warming may be due to urbanization and the UHI effect. Much of the variance is related to the discrepancies between urbanization global area estimates from many different studies. We also reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot city surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC, which is the responsible world’s climate agency, should also include UHI albedo goals for numerous reasons.
Category: Climate Research
[58] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-27 18:25:12
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, C02, Humidity Forcing, Rainwater management, Albedo Modeling, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2Doubling
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by the IPCC. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence by a number of authors indicating the difficulty of estimating UHI influences on global trends. This appears primarily due to making local ground measurements and comparing them to more rural trends. However, most authors are in agreement that there are strong influences. In order to investigate this independently we take a different approach and present a simplified global weighted solar albedo model that includes UHI solar surface area assessments. We find that between 5.7-26.7% of global warming may be due to urbanization. Much of the variance is related to the discrepancies between urbanization global area estimates form a number of studies. We then reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot city surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC should also include UHI albedo goals.
Category: Climate Research
[57] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-24 12:20:54
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, C02, Humidity Forcing, Rainwater management, Albedo Modeling, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2Doubling
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by the IPCC. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence by a number of authors indicating the difficulty of estimating UHI influences on global trends. This appears primarily due to making local ground measurements and comparing them to more rural trends. However, most authors are in agreement that there are strong influences. In order to investigate this independently we take a different approach and present a simplified global weighted albedo model that includes UHI solar surface area assessments. In so doing, we show discrepancies with IPCC UHI quoted global areas and CO2 doubling issues. We then reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot city surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC CO2 goals will likely not stop global warming trends without addressing UHI albedo problems.
Category: Climate Research
[56] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-23 17:28:47
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, C02, Humidity Forcing, Rainwater management, Albedo Modeling, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2Doubling
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by the IPCC. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence by a number of authors indicating the difficulty of estimating UHI influences on global trends. This appears primarily due to making local ground measurements and comparing them to more rural trends. However, most authors are in agreement that there are strong influences. In order to investigate this independently we take a different approach and present a simplified global weighted albedo model that includes UHI solar surface area assessments. In so doing, we show discrepancies with IPCC UHI quoted global areas and CO2 doubling issues. We then reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot city surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC CO2 goals will likely not stop global warming trends without addressing UHI albedo problems.
Category: Climate Research
[55] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-14 14:46:26
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, C02, Humidity Forcing, Rainwater management, Albedo Modeling, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2Doubling
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by the IPCC. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence by a number of authors indicating the difficulty of estimating UHI influences on global trends. This appears primarily due to making local ground measurements and comparing them to more rural trends. However, most authors are in agreement that there are strong influences. In order to investigate this independently we take a different approach and present a simplified global weighted albedo model that includes UHI solar surface area assessments. In so doing, we show discrepancies with IPCC UHI quoted global areas and CO2 doubling issues. We then reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot city surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC CO2 goals will likely not stop global warming trends without addressing UHI albedo problems.
Category: Climate Research
[54] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-12 15:18:36
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, C02, Humidity Forcing, Rainwater management, Albedo Modeling, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2Doubling
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by the IPCC. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence by a number of authors indicating the difficulty of estimating UHI influences on global trends. This appears primarily due to making local ground measurements and comparing them to more rural trends. However, most authors are in agreement that there are strong influences. In order to investigate this independently we take a different approach and present a simplified global weighted albedo model that includes UHI solar surface area assessments. In so doing, we show discrepancies with IPCC UHI quoted global areas and CO2 doubling issues. We then reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot city surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC CO2 goals will likely not stop global warming trends without addressing UHI albedo problems.
Category: Climate Research
[53] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-09 11:43:00
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, C02, Humidity Forcing, Rainwater management, Albedo Modeling, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2Doubling
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by the IPCC. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence by a number of authors indicating the difficulty of estimating UHI influences on global trends. This appears primarily due to making local ground measurements and comparing them to more rural trends. However, most authors are in agreement that there are strong influences. In order to investigate this independently we take a different approach and present a simplified global weighted albedo model that includes UHI solar surface area assessments. In so doing, we show discrepancies with IPCC UHI quoted global areas and CO2 doubling issues. We then reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot city surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC CO2 goals will likely not stop global warming trends without addressing UHI albedo problems.
Category: Climate Research
[52] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-08 13:05:54
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, C02, Humidity Forcing, Rainwater management, Albedo Modeling, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2Doubling
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by the IPCC. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence by a number of authors indicating the difficulty of estimating UHI influences on global trends. This appears primarily due to making local ground measurements and comparing them to more rural trends. However, most authors are in agreement that there are strong influences. In order to investigate this independently we take a different approach and present a simplified global weighted albedo model that includes UHI solar surface area assessments. In so doing, we show discrepancies with IPCC UHI quoted global areas and CO2 doubling issues. We then reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot city surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC CO2 goals will likely not stop global warming trends without addressing UHI albedo problems.
Category: Climate Research
[51] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-04 19:50:26
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 12 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, UHI, Albedo Forcing, Humidity Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, Rainwater management,, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2 theory
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by the IPCC. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence by a number of authors indicating that both predict similar warming trends. In order to investigate this independently we present a simplified global weighted albedo model that includes UHI solar surface area assessments. In so doing, we show discrepancies with IPCC UHI quoted global areas. We then reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot city surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC CO2 goals will likely not stop global warming trends without addressing UHI albedo problems.
Category: Climate Research
[50] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-04 02:16:23
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, UHI, Albedo Forcing, Humidity Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, Rainwater management,, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2 theory
In this paper we provide a review Urban Heat Island (UHI) important forcing effects related to albedo, humidity and rain water management issues unaddressed by IPCC goals. We first review historical global warming forcing trends by comparing CO2 prediction to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) complex forcing influences. We provide a timeline of CO2 doubling theory and UHI global warming estimates which show that UHI warming effects should be more accurately accounted for by IPCC global warming initiatives. We review both CO2 and UHI forcing influence indicating that both predict similar warming trends. In order to investigate this independently we present a simplified global weighted albedo model that includes UHI solar surface area assessments. In so doing, we show discrepancies with IPCC UHI quoted global areas. We then reviewed many other complex issues of UHIs pointing out additional related solar heating problems including humidity forcing and warm rain-water management from highly evaporating hot surfaces. Our review concludes that IPCC CO2 goals will likely not stop global warming trends without addressing UHI albedo problems.
Category: Climate Research
[49] viXra:2001.0415 [pdf] replaced on 2020-01-21 11:26:50
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 9 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Humidity Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, Rainwater management,, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2 theory
We provide a critical review of current IPCC 2020 CO2 goals which we show are very risky in light of increasing UHI albedo and humidity forcing that remains unaddressed by the IPCC over the years. Specifically we show that UHI albedo radiative forcing is in conflict with CO2 global warming theory. Since many of these issues have been described but still ignored by the IPCC goals, what we do is connect key issues to form a critical review of IPCC past and current direction explaining that their well intentioned goals are likely incomplete putting our population at future risk.
Category: Climate Research
[48] viXra:1912.0373 [pdf] replaced on 2020-01-24 19:06:16
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Humidity Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, Rainwater management,, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2 theory
In this paper we provide a feasibility study to show that global warming could be largely due to Urban Heat Islands (UHI) with Humidity Forcing (HF) from Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as precipitation evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and city surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM). Such Humidity Forcing (HF) root cause is then albedo forcing due to the creation of HHS. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads could be the strong solution to Global Warming (GW).
Category: Climate Research
[47] viXra:1912.0373 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-21 09:13:57
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this paper we provide a feasibility study to show that global warming could be largely due to Urban Heat Islands (UHI) with Humidity Forcing (HF) from Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as precipitation evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and city surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM). Such Humidity Forcing (HF) root cause is then albedo forcing due to the creation of HHS. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads could be the strong solution to Global Warming (GW).
Category: Climate Research
[46] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-28 08:10:34
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 16 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces (often called urban heat islands), including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM) where billions of gallons of water is into rivers and the ocean each year causing numerous concerns. This is Humidity Forcing (HF) related to albedo forcing and the creation of HHS. Most significant is land albedo forcing. Modeling provided are in agreement with other authors that albedo forcing due to cities and roads are a major effect on global warming. This also feeds most of the HHS.
We show in this article that such surfaces, while seemingly covering only about 1% of the Earth, can have very large effective solar and evaporation areas many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is a potent GreenHouse (GH) gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, active hydro-hotspots will decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. We are able to estimate the large percentage of global warming contribution due to albedo and humidity HHS forcing compared to CO2 increase. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads is a main solution to global warming.
This paper, then points to numerous concerns including the lack of IPCC albedo goals for cities and roads. Specifically, it is concluded that there is not enough proof that CO2 goals will be enough to stop global warming trends in light of the complex influences on global warming from Cities and Roads.
Category: Climate Research
[45] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2020-01-24 09:34:48
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, UHI, Albedo Forcing, Humidity Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, Rainwater management,, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2 theory
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces (often called urban heat islands), including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM) where billions of gallons of water is into rivers and the ocean each year causing numerous concerns. This is Humidity Forcing (HF) related to albedo forcing and the creation of HHS. Most significant is land albedo forcing. Modeling provided are in agreement with other authors that albedo forcing due to cities and roads are a major effect on global warming. This also feeds most of the HHS.
We show in this article that such surfaces, while seemingly covering only about 1% of the Earth, can have very large effective solar and evaporation areas many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is a potent GreenHouse (GH) gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, active hydro-hotspots will decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. We are able to estimate the large percentage of global warming contribution due to albedo and humidity HHS forcing compared to CO2 increase. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads is a main solution to global warming.
This paper, then points to numerous concerns including the lack of IPCC albedo goals for cities and roads. Specifically, it is concluded that there is not enough proof that CO2 goals will be enough to stop global warming trends in light of the complex influences on global warming from Cities and Roads.
Category: Climate Research
[44] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2020-01-22 17:09:39
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Humidity Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, Rainwater management,, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2 theory
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces (often called urban heat islands), including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM) where billions of gallons of water is into rivers and the ocean each year causing numerous concerns. This is Humidity Forcing (HF) related to albedo forcing and the creation of HHS. Most significant is land albedo forcing. Modeling provided are in agreement with other authors that albedo forcing due to cities and roads are a major effect on global warming. This also feeds most of the HHS.
We show in this article that such surfaces, while seemingly covering only about 1% of the Earth, can have very large effective solar and evaporation areas many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is a potent GreenHouse (GH) gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, active hydro-hotspots will decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. We are able to estimate the large percentage of global warming contribution due to albedo and humidity HHS forcing compared to CO2 increase. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads is a main solution to global warming.
This paper, then points to numerous concerns including the lack of IPCC albedo goals for cities and roads. Specifically, it is concluded that there is not enough proof that CO2 goals will be enough to stop global warming trends in light of the complex influences on global warming from Cities and Roads.
Category: Climate Research
[43] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2020-01-14 17:31:41
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces (often called urban heat islands), including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM) where billions of gallons of water is into rivers and the ocean each year causing numerous concerns. This is Humidity Forcing (HF) related to albedo forcing and the creation of HHS. Most significant is land albedo forcing. Modeling provided are in agreement with other authors that albedo forcing due to cities and roads are a major effect on global warming. This also feeds most of the HHS.
We show in this article that such surfaces, while seemingly covering only about 1% of the Earth, can have very large effective solar and evaporation areas many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is a potent GreenHouse (GH) gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, active hydro-hotspots will decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. We are able to estimate the large percentage of global warming contribution due to albedo and humidity HHS forcing compared to CO2 increase. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads is a main solution to global warming.
This paper, then points to numerous concerns including the lack of IPCC albedo goals for cities and roads. Specifically, it is concluded that there is not enough proof that CO2 goals will be enough to stop global warming trends in light of the complex influences on global warming from Cities and Roads.
Category: Climate Research
[42] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-23 21:08:59
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces (often called urban heat islands), including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM) where billions of gallons of water is into rivers and the ocean each year causing numerous concerns. This is Humidity Forcing (HF) related to albedo forcing and the creation of HHS. Most significant is land albedo forcing. Modeling provided are in agreement with other authors that albedo forcing due to cities and roads are a major effect on global warming. This also feeds most of the HHS.
We show in this article that such surfaces, while seemingly covering only about 1% of the Earth, can have very large effective solar and evaporation areas many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent GreenHouse (GH) gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, hydro-hotspots will decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. We are able to estimate the large percentage of global warming contribution due to albedo and humidity HHS forcing compared to CO2 increase. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads is the main solution to global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[41] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-19 21:47:33
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 16 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces (often called urban heat islands), including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM) where billions of gallons of water is into rivers and the ocean each year causing numerous concerns. This is Humidity Forcing (HF) related to albedo forcing and the creation of HHS. Most significant is land albedo forcing. Modeling provided are in agreement with other authors that albedo forcing due to cities and roads are a major effect on global warming. This also feeds most of the HHS.
We show in this article that such surfaces, while seemingly covering only about 1% of the Earth, can have very large effective solar and evaporation areas many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent GreenHouse (GH) gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, hydro-hotspots will decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. We are able to estimate the large percentage of global warming contribution due to albedo and humidity HHS forcing compared to CO2 increase. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads is the main solution to global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[40] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-17 10:39:19
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 17 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). This is Humidity Forcing (HF) related to Albedo forcing and the creation of HHS. Most significant is land albedo forcing. Modeling provided are in agreement with other authors that Albedo forcing due to cities and roads are a major effect on global warming. This also feeds most of the HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas (as well there is combustive areas such as car engine hoods), which could account for most of global warming trends.
We show in this article that such surfaces, while seemingly only covering only about 1% of the Earth, can have very large effective solar areas, and evaporation areas many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered. For example, we find that it is nontrivial to look at changing the albedo of cities and roads as possibly a major solution to global warming.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to streams/ocean water, 2) loss of wetland storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer drought-prone regions. This is key as change in global warming goes as the change in specific and relative humidity which are functions of CO2, other GHGs, and as described here, HHS.
Category: Climate Research
[39] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-14 12:08:17
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 17 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). This is Humidity Forcing (HF) related to Albedo forcing and the creation of HHS. Most significant is land albedo forcing. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This also feeds most of the HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas (as well there is combustive areas such as car engine hoods).
We show in this article that such surfaces, while seemingly only covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective solar areas, and evaporation areas many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered. For example, we find that it is nontrivial to look at changing the albedo of cities and roads as possibly a major solution to global warming.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to streams/ocean water, 2) loss of wetland storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer drought-prone regions. This is key as change in global warming goes as the change in specific and relative humidity which are functions of CO2, other GHGs, and as described here, HHS.
Category: Climate Research
[38] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-14 00:10:01
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 17 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). This is Human Humidity Forcing (HHF)related to albedo forcing and the creation of HHS. Most significant is land albedo human forcing. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This also feeds most of the HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas (as well there is combustive areas such as car engine hoods).
We show in this article that such surfaces, while semingly only covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective solar areas, and evaporation areas many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered. For example, we find that it is nontrivial to look at changing the albedo of cities and roads as possibly a major solution to global warming.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to streams/ocean water, 2) loss of wetland storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer drought-prone regions. This is key as change in global warming goes as the change in specific and relative humidity which are functions of CO2, other GHGs, and as described here, HHS.
Category: Climate Research
[37] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-13 11:15:48
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 17 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). This is Human Humidity Forcing (HHF) from HHS. Most significant is land albedo change. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This feeds most of the HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas (as well there is combustive areas such as car engine hoods).
We show in this article that such surfaces, while covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective areas, many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered. For example, we find that it is nontrivial to look at changing the albedo of cities and roads as possibly a major solution to global warming.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to streams/ocean water, 2) loss of wetland storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer drought-prone regions. This is key as change in global warming goes as the change in specific and relative humidity which are functions of CO2, other GHGs, and as described here, HHS.
Category: Climate Research
[36] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-12 11:48:20
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 16 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). This is Human Humidity Forcing (HHF) from HHS. Most significant is land albedo change. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This feeds most of the HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas (as well there is combustive areas such as car engine hoods).
We show in this article that such surfaces, while covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective areas, many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered. For example, we find that it is nontrivial to look at changing the albedo of cities and roads as possibly a major solution to global warming.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to streams/ocean water, 2) loss of wetland storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer drought-prone regions. This is key as change in global warming goes as the change in specific and relative humidity which are functions of CO2, other GHGs, and as described here, HHS.
Category: Climate Research
[35] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-11 10:13:38
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 16 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS) and its effect on Human Forcing of Humidity change (HFH). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). Most significant is land albedo change. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This feeds most of the HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas (not include hot combustive areas).
We show in this article that such surfaces, while covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective areas, many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered. For example, we find that it is nontrivial to look at changing the albedo of cities and roads as possibly a major solution to global warming.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to streams/ocean water, 2) loss of wetland storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer drought-prone regions. This is key as change in global warming goes as the change in specific and relative humidity which are functions of CO2, other GHGs, and as described here, HHS.
Category: Climate Research
[34] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-09 22:33:03
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 16 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS) and its effect on humidity change. We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). Most significant is land albedo change. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This feeds most of the HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas (not include hot combustive areas).
We show in this article that such surfaces, while covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective areas, many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered. For example, we find that it is nontrivial to look at changing the albedo of cities and roads as possibly a major solution to global warming.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to streams/ocean water, 2) loss of wetland storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer drought-prone regions. This is key as change in global warming goes as the change in specific and relative humidity which are functions of CO2, other GHGs, and as described here, HHS.
Category: Climate Research
[33] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-06 12:16:41
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS) and its effect on humidity change. We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). Most significant is land albedo change. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This feeds most of the HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas (not include hot combustive areas).
We show in this article that such surfaces, while covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective areas, many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered. For example, we find that it is nontrivial to look at changing the albedo of cities and roads as a partial solution to global warming.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to streams/ocean water, 2) loss of wetland storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer drought-prone regions. This is key as change in global warming goes as the change in specific and relative humidity which are functions of CO2, other GHGs, and as described here, HHS.
Category: Climate Research
[32] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-04 14:09:30
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS) and its effect on humidity change. We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). Most significant is land albedo change. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This feeds most of the HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas (not include hot combustive areas).
We show in this article that such surfaces, while covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective areas, many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to streams/ocean water, 2) loss of wetland storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer drought-prone regions. This is key as change in global warming goes as the change in specific and relative humidity which are functions of CO2, other GHGs, and as described here, HHS.
Category: Climate Research
[31] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-04 09:36:20
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS) and its effect on humidity change. We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). Most significant is land albedo change. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This feeds most of the HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas (not include hot combustive areas).
We show in this article that such surfaces, while covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective areas, many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to streams/ocean water, 2) loss of wetland storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer drought-prone regions. This is key as change in global warming goes as the change in specific and relative humidity which are functions of CO2, other GHGs, and as described here, HHS.
Category: Climate Research
[30] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-03 09:43:32
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 14 Pages.
In this article we discuss the possible contributions of global warming from Hydro-hotspots. We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo asphalt type roads and cities surfaces. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). We show in this article that such surfaces, while covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective areas, many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas and data on specific humidity shows it is increasing yearly while relative humidity is not following this trend. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to ocean water, 2) followed by loss of wet land storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer regions with drought-prone areas. This is key to global warming as decreasing land albedo of cities and streets translates effectively to more water vapor greenhouse gases due the growth of hydro-hot spots with large effective areas.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have slight decrease in land albedo, growth of hydro-hotspots, and change in the specific and relative humidity. Most significant is land albedo change. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF temperature rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This feed HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas. Most think that solving the CO2 problem will cure climate change problems, other major issues need to be studied and addressed as well.
Category: Climate Research
[29] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-02 10:42:44
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 13 Pages.
In this article we discuss the possible contributions of global warming from Hydro-hotspots. We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo asphalt type roads and cities surfaces. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). We show in this article that such surfaces, while covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective areas, many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas and data on specific humidity shows it is increasing yearly while relative humidity is not following this trend. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to ocean water, 2) followed by loss of wet land storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer regions with drought-prone areas. This is key to global warming as decreasing land albedo of cities and streets translates effectively to more water vapor greenhouse gases due the growth of hydro-hot spots with large effective areas.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have slight decrease in land albedo, growth of hydro-hotspots, and change in the specific and relative humidity. Most significant is land albedo change. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF temperature rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This feed HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas. Most think that solving the CO2 problem will cure climate change problems, other major issues need to be studied and addressed as well.
Category: Climate Research
[28] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-01 14:47:33
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 13 Pages.
In this article we discuss the possible contributions of global warming from Hydro-hotspots. We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo asphalt type roads and cities surfaces. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm Rain Water Management (RWM). We show in this article that such surfaces, while covering less than 2% of the Earth, can have very large effective areas, many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas and data on specific humidity shows it is increasing yearly while relative humidity is not following this trend. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. Hydro-hotspots generate high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor, but in this paper other issues are considered.
Also alarming is warm rain water management. For example, New York City dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. This water is often warmed by hot city streets and buildings having high heat capacities. This is also lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to ocean water, 2) followed by loss of wet land storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer regions with drought-prone areas. This is key to global warming as decreasing land albedo of cities and streets translates effectively to more water vapor greenhouse gases due the growth of hydro-hot spots with large effective areas.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have slight decrease in land albedo, growth of hydro-hotspots, and change in the specific and relative humidity. Most significant is land albedo change. An Earth albedo change from 0.29 to 0.288, corresponds to a 0.32oF temperature rise, due to growth in cities and roads. This feed HHS’ which are concentrated hot areas. Most think that solving the CO2 problem will cure climate change problems, other major issues need to be studied and addressed as well.
Category: Climate Research
[27] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-12-01 00:41:06
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 12 Pages.
In this article we will discuss the possible contributions from Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and Rain Water Management (RWM) to global warming. We describe high evaporation surface rates during precipitation periods from areas like asphalt type roads and cities surfaces. We show in this article that such surfaces without proper irrigation drainage to soil areas have a very high evaporation rates. Reducing wet lands with an effective area many times the size of the HES area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas and data on specific humidity shows it is increasing yearly while relative humidity is not following this trend. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. Such high evaporation rates higher entropy into the atmosphere often with high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. It is thought that global warming ocean evaporation-CO2 feedback is the key contributor. However, here we look at other issues.
Also alarming is rain water management. New York City for example dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. One might ask, what percentage of this water before the industrial revolution made its way to our oceans. The percentage change is lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) warmer runoff to ocean water, 2) followed by loss of wet land storage in vegetative areas, 3) loss of land evaporation and precipitation, 4) increase in ocean precipitation creating higher land temperatures, and 5) dryer regions with draught prone areas. This is key to global warming as rain cools off land, without precipitation over land, global warming will run havoc.
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have slight decrease in land albedo, change in the specific and relative humidity, changes in the ocean rising levels with city ocean drainage not helping, followed by changes in lost land water storage and natural evaporation rates,. We all tend to think that solving the CO2 problem will cure climate change problems. However, we see that other major issues need to be studied and addressed.
Category: Climate Research
[26] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-11-29 15:33:34
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 12 Pages.
Data on specific humidity shows it is increasing yearly while relative humidity is not following this trend. It is thought that global warming ocean-CO2 feedback is the key contributor. Furthermore, rising ocean water similarly is viewed from this cycle effect on expanding oceans and melting glaciers. However, there are other contributors besides CO2 that are alarming. In this article we will discuss the possible contributions from Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and Rain Water Management (RWM). We describe high evaporation surface rates during precipitation periods from areas like asphalt type roads and cities surfaces. We show in this article that such surfaces without proper irrigation drainage to soil areas have a very large evaporation rate. Their effective area is many times the size of the HES area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. Such high evaporation rates tax the atmosphere often with high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere which can also affect relative humidity.
Also alarming is rain water management. New York City for example dumps an estimated 27 billion gallons of waste water into the ocean each year. This pattern is followed by cities all over the world. One might ask, what percentage of this water before the industrial revolution made its way to our oceans. The percentage change is lost land water storage as urban impermeable surfaces increase. Numerous concerns are pointed out: 1) increases in ocean water and rising oceans, 2) loss of natural land evaporation and precipitation, 3) ocean precipitation that doesn’t reach land creating higher earth temperatures, 4) lost land water storage in vegetative areas and 5) draught prone areas due to dryness.
An understanding root causes, is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have slight decrease in land albedo, change in the specific and relative humidity, changes in the ocean rising levels from cities drainage, followed by changes in land water storage, and lost land water storage and natural evaporation rates,. We all tend to think that solving the CO2 problem will cure climate change problems. However, we see that other major issues need to be studied and addressed.
Category: Climate Research
[25] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-11-28 23:19:54
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages.
Data on specific humidity shows it is increasing yearly while relative humidity is not following this trend. It is thought that global warming feedback is the key contributor. However, in this article we will discuss the possible contribution from Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) that likely contribute to Global Warming problems. We describe high evaporation surface rates during precipitation periods from areas like asphalt type roads and cities surfaces. We show in this article that such surfaces without proper irrigation drainage to soil areas have a very large evaporation rate, and their effective area is many times the size of the HES area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. Such high evaporation rates tax the atmosphere often with high kinetic energy molecules in the troposphere and have replaced vegetative areas so there is significant reduction of water soil storage compared with vegetative soil areas.
An understanding root causes, is always needed to find proper solutions. Therefore, we start in climate change, by asking the question, what has historically changed? We note that besides CO2, slight decrease in land albedo, there is a major change in the increase of specific humidity. This is thought to be an effect of CO2 global warming feedback where this warming causes an increase in evaporation and higher specific humidity which in turn acts as a greenhouse gas creating more warming. However we assert that at least part of the evaporation rate, must be due to the yearly increase in cities and roads expansions creating HES areas that we show has very high effective evaporation surface areas. There is no doubt that such an effect would increase specific humidity. This then contributes as a greenhouse gas in the lower troposphere. One key question is the contribution significant and we will show that it is possibly a major issue.
Category: Climate Research
[24] viXra:1910.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2019-11-28 00:12:06
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages.
Data on specific humidity shows it is increasing yearly while relative humidity is not following this trend. It is thought that global warming feedback is the key contributor. However, in this article we will show that hydro-hotspot emission likely plays a significant role. This is a term we denote in this paper for high evaporation rates from asphalt type roads and cities surfaces. We show in this article that such surfaces without proper irrigation drainage to soil areas have a very large effective evaporation area that is many times the size of the hotspot’s area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas. Such high evaporation rates reduce water soil storage compared with say farm or grass land.
In climate change, we asked the question, what has historically changed? Without a full understanding of root causes, one cannot come up with proper solutions. We note that besides CO2, slight decrease in land albedo, there is a major change in the increase of specific humidity. This is thought to be an effect of CO2 global warming feedback where this warming causes an increase in evaporation and higher specific humidity which in turn acts as a greenhouse gas creating more warming. However we assert that at least part of the evaporation rate, must be due to the yearly increase in cities and roads expansions creating hydro-hotspot evaporation areas that we show has very high effective evaporation surface area. There is no doubt that such an effect would increase specific humidity. This then becomes an already absorbed greenhouse gas in the lower troposphere capable of emitting back absorbed radiation.
Category: Climate Research
[23] viXra:1909.0338 [pdf] replaced on 2019-09-18 00:24:55
Authors: F.M. Sanchez
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Wolf and Milankovich cycles, as well as a 725 years one, are shown to be tightly
connected to the invariant Hubble-Sanchez horizon, via the Bohr radius, the
background temperature and the Kotov length, implying a liaison between the
Mattieu group, the superstring dimension 496 and the Higgs boson mass. The
Mattieu group order factorisation 66 × 5! is implied, and leads to a relation implying
the Monster Couple, characterising the Tau, Mu Leptons and Proton masses and
confirming the Eddington's Proton-Tau symmetry.
Category: Climate Research
[22] viXra:1811.0499 [pdf] replaced on 2019-10-13 01:20:38
Authors: Blair D Macdonald
Comments: 83 Pages.
Greenhouse theory has at its foundation a special group of trace gases and molecules. Together these gases are claimed to be the only ones that absorb infrared radiation. The assumption that the remaining gases, nitrogen and oxygen, do not absorb or emit infrared radiation presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and the laws of thermodynamics which prescribes that all matter above absolute zero degrees Kelvin radiates infrared photons. In this study, the role of thermoelectric detectors as used to determine the ‘infrared atmosphere’ was investigated. This study hypothesises that current greenhouse theory has misinterpreted the significance of those special greenhouse gases (CO2 etc.) since they and their spectral ‘modes’ are detected only by thermoelectric transducers: that they are the thermoelectric gases. It was concluded that the special (1%) greenhouse gases, discovered by Tyndall in ca. 1859, are really only those detected by thermo-electric transducers. ‘IR’ spectroscopy is also based on these thermoelectric transducers, and as a consequence, ‘IR’ spectrographs show only the spectral modes with electric dipoles and not Raman modes. All current Blackbody radiation theory is determined from thermoelectric measurements alone and requires revision in light of complementary modern Raman laser Spectroscopy measurements. From this thermoelectric understanding in conjunction with modern Raman Spectroscopy, it was concluded that current greenhouse theory is incomplete and misconceived. All of the atmosphere radiates IR radiation in compliance with the said laws. The only thing separating the gases are the instruments detecting them.
Category: Climate Research
[21] viXra:1811.0499 [pdf] replaced on 2019-04-24 06:02:56
Authors: Blair D Macdonald
Comments: 62 Pages. Latest update
Greenhouse theory has at its foundation a special group of trace gases and molecules. Together these gases are claimed to be the only ones that absorb infrared radiation. The assumption that the remaining gases, nitrogen and oxygen, do not absorb or emit infrared radiation presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and the laws of thermodynamics which prescribes that all matter above absolute zero degrees Kelvin radiates infrared photons. In this study the role of thermoelectric detectors as used to determine the ‘infrared atmosphere’ was investigated. This study hypothesises that current greenhouse theory has misinterpreted the significance of those special greenhouse gases (CO2 etc.) since they and their spectral ‘modes’ are detected only by thermoelectric transducers: that they are the thermoelectric gases. It was concluded that the special (1%) greenhouse gases, discovered by Tyndall in ca. 1859, are really only those detected by thermo-electric transducers. ‘IR’ spectroscopy is also based on these thermoelectric transducers, and as a consequence ‘IR’ spectrographs show only the spectral modes with electric dipoles and not Raman modes. All current Blackbody radiation theory is determined from thermoelectric measurements alone and requires revision in light of complementary modern Raman laser Spectroscopy measurements. From this thermoelectric understanding in conjunction with modern Raman Spectroscopy, it was concluded that current greenhouse theory is incomplete and misconceived. All of the atmosphere radiates IR radiation in compliance with the said laws. The only thing separating the gases are the instruments detecting them.
Category: Climate Research
[20] viXra:1811.0499 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-01 06:24:24
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 56 Pages.
Greenhouse theory has at its foundation a special group of trace gases and molecules and together these gases are claimed to be the only to absorb infrared radiation. The assumption the remaining gases nitrogen and oxygen do not absorb or emit infrared radiation’ presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics – where all matter above absolute 0 0Kelvin radiates IR photons. In this study the role of thermoelectrics to determine the ‘infrared atmosphere’ was investigated. It was hypothesised current greenhouse theory has misinterpreted the special greenhouse gases (CO2 etc.) for the thermoelectric gases as they and their spectra ‘modes’ are only detected by thermoelectric transducers. It was concluded the special (1%) greenhouse gases, discovered by Tyndall in ca. 1859, are really the thermoelectric gases, detected only by receiving thermo-electric transducers. ‘IR’ spectroscopy is also based on these thermoelectric transducers, and as a consequence ‘IR’ spectrographs show only the spectra modes with electric dipoles and not Raman modes. All Blackbody radiation theory is determined from thermoelectrics alone and requires revision in light of modern Raman laser Spectroscopy. From this thermoelectric understanding in conjunction with modern Raman Spectroscopy, it was concluded current greenhouse theory is incomplete and misconceived – all of the atmosphere radiates IR radiation in compliance of the said laws; the only thing separating the gases are the instruments detecting them.
Category: Climate Research
[19] viXra:1811.0498 [pdf] replaced on 2020-01-25 13:54:51
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: Pages.
Greenhouse theory (and radiation theory as a whole) presents a paradox and contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics. Its premise claims molecular nitrogen and oxygen (99 percent of the dry atmosphere) do not transfer (emit or absorb infrared) radiation at any temperature; however, all matter above absolute zero Kelvin radiates IR photons, and ‘air’ is a very poor thermal conductor of heat (0.0262 W/(m K)) – so how does it transfer heat? It was hypothesised these gases do radiate IR photons at their quantum mechanics predicted spectra at 2338cm-1 and 1556cm-1 respectively, and these predicted spectra are observed by (thermoelectric based) IR spectroscopy’s complement instrument, the Raman Spectrometer. It was found the nitrogen and oxygen do possess quantum predicted emission spectra both within the IR range of the EMS, and these are only observed – and their respective temperatures and concentrations accurately measured – by Raman laser Spectrometers. It was concluded: using thermoelectric (IR) instruments alone without the complement Raman constitutes a systematic error and that greenhouse theory is misconceived. Raman spectrometers make IR spectroscopy redundant: they measure, more accurately the Keeling curve, and have application with meteorological Lidars and planetary atmospheric analysis. By the equipartition principle, all spectra are equal through the Boltzmann Constant. The N2-CO2 Laser showed – contrary to current greenhouse theory – N2 absorbs electrons and/or (IR) photons at its said– metastable ‘long-lasting’ – spectra mode. It was argued atmospheric CO2 is heated by the same mechanism as the N2-CO2 laser, as by physical law. N2 and the entire atmosphere absorbs IR radiation directly from the Sun and other matter. With these findings, greenhouse theory as it stands is misconceived – all gases absorb and emit IR radiation at their said QM predicted spectra – and demands review.
Category: Climate Research
[18] viXra:1811.0498 [pdf] replaced on 2020-01-11 01:52:51
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 117 Pages.
Greenhouse theory (and radiation theory as a whole) presents a paradox and contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics. Its premise claims molecular nitrogen and oxygen (99 percent of the dry atmosphere) do not transfer (emit or absorb infrared) radiation at any temperature; however, all matter above absolute zero Kelvin radiates IR photons, and ‘air’ is a very poor thermal conductor of heat (0.0262 W/(m K)) – so how does it transfer heat? It was hypothesised these gases do radiate IR photons at their quantum mechanics predicted spectra at 2338cm-1 and 1556cm-1 respectively, and these predicted spectra are observed by (thermoelectric based) IR spectroscopy’s complement instrument, the Raman Spectrometer. It was found the nitrogen and oxygen do possess quantum predicted emission spectra both within the IR range of the EMS, and these are only observed – and their respective temperatures and concentrations accurately measured – by Raman laser Spectrometers. It was concluded: using thermoelectric (IR) instruments alone without the complement Raman constitutes a systematic error and that greenhouse theory is misconceived. Raman spectrometers make IR spectroscopy redundant: they measure, more accurately the Keeling curve, and have application with meteorological Lidars and planetary atmospheric analysis. By the equipartition principle, all spectra are equal through the Boltzmann Constant. The N2-CO2 Laser showed – contrary to current greenhouse theory – N2 absorbs electrons and/or (IR) photons at its said– metastable ‘long-lasting’ – spectra mode. It was argued atmospheric CO2 is heated by the same mechanism as the N2-CO2 laser, as by physical law. N2 and the entire atmosphere absorbs IR radiation directly from the Sun and other matter. With these findings, greenhouse theory as it stands is misconceived – all gases absorb and emit IR radiation at their said QM predicted spectra – and demands review.
Category: Climate Research
[17] viXra:1811.0498 [pdf] replaced on 2019-08-19 04:34:54
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 123 Pages.
One of greenhouse theory’s key premises – N2 and O2 are not greenhouse gases as they do not emit and absorb infrared radiation – presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics – where all matter above absolute zero Kelvin radiates IR photons. It was hypothesised: these gases do radiate IR photons at quantum mechanics predicted spectra, and these predicted spectra are observed by IR spectroscopy’s complement instrument, Raman Spectroscopy. Also, N2 spectra can be demonstrated to absorb IR radiation by experiment and application of the N2-CO2 laser and others. It was found the gases do possess quantum predicted emission spectra at 2338cm-1 and 1556cm-1 respectively, both within the IR range of the EMS, and these are only observed – and their respective temperatures and concentrations accurately measured – by Raman laser Spectrometers. It was concluded: using thermoelectric (IR) instruments alone constitutes a systematic error. Raman spectrometers make IR spectroscopy redundant: they measure, more accurately the Keeling curve, and have application with meteorological Lidars and planetary atmospheric analysis. There is also an equation invoking the Boltzmann Constant supporting the findings. The N2-CO2 Laser showed – contrary to current greenhouse theory – N2 absorbs electrons and/or (IR) photons by its – metastable ‘long-lasting’ – said spectra mode. It was argued atmospheric CO2 is heated by the same mechanism as the N2-CO2 laser, as by physical law. N2 and the entire atmosphere absorbs IR radiation directly from the Sun and other matter. With these findings, greenhouse theory as it stands is misconceived – all gases absorb and emit IR radiation at their said QM predicted spectra – and demands review.
Category: Climate Research
[16] viXra:1811.0498 [pdf] replaced on 2019-04-24 06:08:39
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 84 Pages. Latest update.
One of greenhouse theory’s key premises – N2 and O2 are not greenhouse gases as they do not emit and absorb infrared radiation – presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics – where all matter above absolute zero Kelvin radiates IR photons. It was hypothesised: these gases do radiate IR photons at quantum mechanics predicted spectra, and these spectra are observed by IR spectroscopy’s complement instrument, Raman Spectroscopy; and N2 spectra can be demonstrated to absorb IR radiation by experiment and application of the N2-CO2 laser. It was found the gases do possess quantum predicted emission spectra at 2338cm-1 and 1556cm-1 respectively, both within the IR range of the EMS, and these are only observed – and their respective temperatures and concentrations accurately measured – by Raman laser Spectrometers. It was concluded Raman spectrometers make IR spectroscopy redundant: they measure, more accurately the Keeling curve, and have application with meteorological Lidars and planetary atmospheric analysis. The N2-CO2 Laser showed – contrary to current greenhouse theory – N2 absorbs electrons and/or (IR) photons by its – metastable ‘long lasting’ – said spectra mode. It was argued atmospheric CO2 is heated by the same mechanism as the N2-CO2 laser, as by physical law. N2 and the entire atmosphere absorbs IR radiation directly from the Sun and other matter. With these findings, greenhouse theory as it stands is misconceived – all gases are greenhouse gases – and the theory is in need of review.
Category: Climate Research
[15] viXra:1811.0498 [pdf] replaced on 2019-02-18 04:47:34
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 84 Pages.
One of greenhouse theory’s key premises – N2 and O2 are not greenhouse gases as they do not emit and absorb infrared radiation – presents a paradox; it contradicts both quantum mechanics and thermodynamics – where all matter above absolute zero Kelvin radiates IR photons. It was hypothesised: these gases do radiate IR photons at quantum mechanics predicted spectra, and these spectra are observed by IR spectroscopy’s complement instrument, Raman Spectroscopy; and N2 spectra can be demonstrated to absorb IR radiation by experiment and application of the N2-CO2 laser. It was found the gases do possess quantum predicted emission spectra at 2338cm-1 and 1556cm-1 respectively, both within the IR range of the EMS, and these are only observed – and their respective temperatures and concentrations accurately measured – by Raman laser Spectrometers. It was concluded Raman spectrometers make IR spectroscopy redundant: they measure, more accurately the Keeling curve, and have application with meteorological Lidars and planetary atmospheric analysis. The N2-CO2 Laser showed – contrary to current greenhouse theory – N2 absorbs electrons and/or (IR) photons by its – metastable ‘long lasting’ – said spectra mode. It was argued atmospheric CO2 is heated by the same mechanism as the N2-CO2 laser, as by physical law. N2 and the entire atmosphere absorbs IR radiation directly from the Sun and other matter. With these findings, greenhouse theory as it stands is misconceived – all gases are greenhouse gases – and the theory is in need of review.
Category: Climate Research
[14] viXra:1512.0243 [pdf] replaced on 2015-12-07 07:01:16
Authors: Dimitris Poulos
Comments: 2 Pages.
Notes on the 265 year synodic cycle and it's manifestation on sun spot cycles and climate
Category: Climate Research
[13] viXra:1509.0035 [pdf] replaced on 2015-09-03 16:16:02
Authors: Andrew Nassif
Comments: 2 Pages.
Abstract: In this paper I will be arguing why I believe Dr. Earle’s point of view on preserving the Ocean as our top priority is completely absurd through reason and statistical facts. I believe her claims can be refuted when you look at the overwhelming statistics that state otherwise or look to the Deontological argument, of treating the Ocean as our top priority. I will also be pointing out what I believe to be better alternatives than Ocean preservation.
Category: Climate Research
[12] viXra:1505.0061 [pdf] replaced on 2015-05-20 11:21:43
Authors: Joel M Williams
Comments: 6 Pages.
An addendum shows that climate modeling programs are exponentially deviating from the relatively constant, observed global temperatures for the past 35-years. A figure shows that all of the recent temperatures fall within 1-sigma of the global mean temperature for the past millennium.
---------------Observations about global temperatures and modeling are included. The current "global warm period" is compared to those of the previous three with each beginning at 1.5C below the current level and ending 1.5C below this level. Initial warming is rapid (roughly 2C/500-years) while cooling during the last half of the cycle is slow (roughly -2C/6000-years). Planet earth did not see the excessive warming of past cycles during the current heating. It should now be very near the end of a typical 12,000-year "global heat wave", however, since it has been in it for 11,400 years. The analyses in this paper are based on the reported Vostok Ice Core Data.
Category: Climate Research
[11] viXra:1504.0165 [pdf] replaced on 2015-12-15 08:14:03
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 32 Pages.
Climate science's fundamental premise – assumed by all parties in the great climate debate – says the greenhouse gases – constituting some 1% of Earth’s atmosphere – first derived by John Tyndall‘s in his 1859 thermopile experiment, and demonstrated graphically today by infrared IR spectroscopy – are special because of their infrared (IR) ‘heat’ absorbing property. From this, it is paradoxically assumed the (remaining 99%) non-greenhouse gases Nitrogen (N2) and Oxygen (O2) are non-heat absorbent. This paper reveals, by elementary physics, the (deceptive) role thermopiles play in this paradox. It was found: for a special group substances – all sharing (at least one) electric dipole moment – i.e. CO2, and the other greenhouse gases – thermopiles – via the thermoelectric (Seebeck) effect – generate electricity from the radiated IR. Devices using the thermopile as a detector (e.g. IR spectrographs) discriminate, and have misinterpreted IR absorption for anomalies of electricity production – between the sample gases and a control heat source. N2 and O2 were found to have (as all substances) predicted vibrational modes (derived by the Schrodinger quantum equation) at 1556cm-1 and 2330cm-1 respectively – well within the IR range of the EM spectrum and are clearly observed – as expected – with Raman Spectroscopy – IR spectroscopy’s complement instrument. The non-greenhouse gases N2 and O2 are relegated to greenhouse gases, and Earth’s atmospheric thermoelectric spectrum was produced (formally IR spectrum), and was augmented with the Raman observations. It was concluded the said greenhouses gases are not special, but typical; and all substances have thermal absorption properties, as measured by their respective heat capacities.
Category: Climate Research
[10] viXra:1504.0165 [pdf] replaced on 2015-04-22 08:25:00
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 32 Pages.
Climate science's fundamental premise – assumed by all parties in the great climate debate – says the greenhouse gases – constituting less than 2% of Earth’s atmosphere; first derived by John Tyndall‘s in his 1859 thermopile experiment, and demonstrated graphically today by infrared IR spectroscopy – are special because of their IR (heat) absorbing property. From this, it is – paradoxically – assumed the (remaining 98%) non-greenhouse gases N2 nitrogen and O2 oxygen are non-heat absorbent. This paper reveals, by elementary physics, the (deceptive) role thermopiles play in this paradox. It was found: for a special group substances – all sharing (at least one) electric dipole moment – i.e. CO2, and the other greenhouse gases – thermopiles – via the thermoelectric (Seebeck) effect – generate electricity from the radiated IR. Devices using the thermopile as a detector (e.g. IR spectrographs) discriminate, and have misinterpreted IR absorption for anomalies of electricity production – between the sample gases and a control heat source. N2 and O2 were found to have (as all substances) predicted vibrational modes (derived by the Schrodinger quantum equation) at 1556cm-1 and 2330cm-1 respectively – well within the IR range of the EM spectrum and are clearly observed – as expected – with Raman Spectroscopy – IR spectroscopy’s complement instrument. The non-greenhouse gases N2 and O2 are relegated to greenhouse gases, and Earth’s atmospheric thermoelectric spectrum was produced (formally IR spectrum), and was augmented with the Raman observations. It was concluded the said greenhouses gases are not special, but typical; and all substances have thermal absorption properties, as measured by their respective heat capacities.
Category: Climate Research
[9] viXra:1502.0053 [pdf] replaced on 2020-04-04 22:05:43
Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper has been accepted and published byBulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences. Vol.38 F (Geology), No.2, July-December 2019: P.225-231. Your comments are welcome
The sunspot data seems to indicate that the Sun is likely to enter Maunder Minimum, then it will mean that low Sun activity may cause low temperature in Earth. If this happens then it will cause a phenomenon which is called by some climatology experts as “The Little Ice Age” for the next 20-30 years, starting from the next few years. Therefore, the Earth climate in the coming years tend to be cooler than before. This phenomenon then causes us to ask: what can we do as human being in Earth to postpone or avoid the worsening situation in terms of Earth cooling temperature in the coming years? We think this is a more pressing problem for the real and present danger that we are facing in the Earth. What we are suggesting in this paper is that perhaps it is possible to model Sun-Earth interaction in terms of Shannon entropy. Since Shannon entropy can be expressed as bits of information, then it would mean that perhaps we can do something with Earth temperature by controlling the amount of information transfer and storage in the Earth. This proposal is somewhat in resemblance with message of a 2012 movie “A Thousand words” where we shall strive to love our neighbours and nature, instead of being absorbed in a culture of less-meaningful fast-talk (starred by Eddie Murphy).
Category: Climate Research
[8] viXra:1410.0126 [pdf] replaced on 2014-10-29 17:23:53
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 5 Pages.
Here we show how polluted smoke can be compacted and transformed into a glass similar to amorphous silica glass, by means of gravitational compression produced in a compression chamber, where gravity is strongly increased by using gravity control technology based on the discovery of correlation between gravitational mass and inertial mass [1]. Possibly this process can be a way of storing of CO2, a major contributor to global warming.
Category: Climate Research
[7] viXra:1410.0126 [pdf] replaced on 2014-10-29 12:55:54
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 5 Pages.
Here we show how polluted smoke can be compacted and transformed into a glass similar to amorphous silica glass, by means of gravitational compression produced in a compression chamber, where gravity is strongly increased by using gravity control technology based on the discovery of correlation between gravitational mass and inertial mass [1]. Possibly this process can be a way of storing of CO2, a major contributor to global warming.
Category: Climate Research
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