Quantum Physics

Quantum Wave Entropy

Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 13 Pages.

In quantum mechanics, particles have a new type of probabilistic property, which is quantum wave probability. Corresponding to this new probability, the particle has the property of quantum wave entropy, and it has the property of quantum wave temperature. Based on the quantum wave entropy, the Unruh formula, the black hole entropy formula, and the Verlinde entropy gravitational formula can be easily derived. It proves that these three formulas are not independent of each other, but are related to each other. These three formulas have the same physical origin, which is quantum wave entropy. The quantum wave temperature has similar properties to the Unruh temperature. The quantum wave temperature is not only directly proportional to acceleration, but also inversely proportional to velocity. The Unruh temperature is just a light speed case of quantum wave temperatures. Compared to the Unruh temperature, the quantum wave temperature is significantly larger and easier to test experimentally. All experiments to test the Unruh effect can be used to test the theory of quantum wave entropy. We can use experiments to test whether the theory is true. The quantum wave entropy can solve the contradiction between the time reversal symmetry of the dynamical equation and the law of entropy increase. The action corresponds to quantum wave entropy. The least action principle corresponds to the stationary quantum wave entropy principle. The quantum wave entropy creates a bridge between the dynamical equations and thermodynamics.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin and Detection of the Osmotic Momentum in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: K. H. Sørensen
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper explores the concept of osmotic momentum within quantum mechanics, offering a novel theoretical framework that integrates stochastic mechanics with generalized electrodynamics. Byrevisiting Edward Nelson’s interpretation of the Schrödinger equation, we propose that osmotic momentum arises from interactions with gauge waves an extension to classical field components. Additionally, we outline a method for experimental detection of these waves using a "quantum lens", a device designed to convert gauge waves into detectable photons. This work bridges gaps between quantum mechanics, gravity, and dark energy, suggesting that gauge waves could unify these phenomena under a common theoretical framework.Experimental validation of this model could redefine our understanding of quantum and relativistic systems.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Quantum Entanglement Perspective of the Big Bang: A Symmetric Universe-Anti-Universe Model

Authors: Joel Ryan Ortiz
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: The references are not cited and listed in a schoarlar manner)

This paper introduces a novel hypothesis that reinterprets the Big Bang as a quantum entanglement event connecting our observable, matter-dominated universe to a mirrored anti-universe dominated by antimatter, where time flows in reverse. The framework explores how this entanglement resolves long-standing cosmological questions, including the matter-antimatter imbalance, the arrow of time, and dark matter. Additionally, it provides explanations for anomalies observed in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), such as the Cold Spot and large-scale asymmetries, which may serve as quantum imprints of this dual-universe symmetry. By integrating quantum mechanics and cosmology, this theory offers testable predictions and a unified perspective on the origins and structure of the cosmos
Category: Quantum Physics

Entangled Electron for New [Quantum Mechanics:] Part 1

Authors: Lino Zamboni
Comments: 16 Pages. Extension of viXra 2411.0050

This work advances the theoretical framework of the electron model introduced in a previous paper (viXra: 2411.0050 - Quantum Physics), which describes the electron as composed of entangled mass elements. This model proposes an extension of the de Broglie-Bohm (dBB) paradigm, achieving compatibility with Special Relativity Explicit expressions for Z and ZC are derived , describing the sequence of orbitals and their associated masses, along with a detailed analysis of their physical significance. An innovative interpretation of spin and magnetic moment is presented , viewing them as invariant properties across orbitals , despite variations in the associated parameters. This perspective provides a potential explanation for the experimentally observed phenomenon of spatial spin separation from its particle. Additionally, the Appendix includes applications of the MZ matrix—a conceptual tool integral to the proposed formalism—for estimating particle masses, specifically those of the muon and tauon , with notable accuracy. This work represents the second part of a trilogy. A forthcoming extension will focus on the characteristics of orbitals , with particular emphasis on the definition of attractive and repulsive potentials and the associated Hamiltonian, thereby completing the theoretical framework.
Category: Quantum Physics

Criticizing Pauli Exclusion Principle

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 15 Pages.

I point out that Pauli exclusion principle makes no sense, because it assumes that the wave functions of multi-electron quantum systems would separate into products of wave functions of individual electrons, while in reality the Coulomb repulsion between the electrons prevents this separation. I propose a conjecture that Pauli exclusion principle maybe somewhat works in some situations, because it approximates the Coulomb repulsion between the electrons. I also put under question whether it makes sense to demand that physical quantum systems should always have their eigenenergies bounded from below.
Category: Quantum Physics

Radiation-Mediated Quantum Tunneling: A Zitterbewegung Perspective

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Hartman effect—where quantum tunneling time remains invariant to barrier thickness—presents a fundamental paradox that challenges both classical physics and special relativity. Here, we introduce a theoretical framework that resolves this paradox by proposing a radiation-mediated energy transport mechanism coupled with the electron's Zitterbewegung oscillation occurring at four percent of light speed. Our model introduces a dual-kernel architecture where an electron's thermal potential energy simultaneously occupies two distinct spatial locations, providing a deterministic interpretation of quantum superposition and tunneling phenomena. During barrier traversal, we demonstrate that electrons undergo a particle-to-radiation transformation while kernel dissolution occurs over a duration corresponding to the time it takes to traverse the Compton wavelength at four percent of the speed of light, with radiation propagating at light speed over the Compton wavelength. Since the kernel dissolution period is long compared to the radiation propagation time, the overall tunneling duration remains effectively independent of barrier thickness. This theoretical framework accounts for both the Hartman effect and the experimentally verified absence of electrons within potential barriers, while maintaining consistency with both quantum mechanics and special relativity. Our findings recast quantum tunneling as a deterministic energy redistribution process, offering new insights into the fundamental nature of quantum phenomena while maintaining consistency with established physical principles.
Category: Quantum Physics

E8 and H4 in QM and QC

Authors: J. G. Moxness
Comments: 20 Pages. Mathematica Notebook code link included

This paper ‘with code’ presents several notable properties of the matrix U shown to be related to the isomorphism between H4 and E8. The most significant of these properties is that U.U is to rank 8 matrices what the golden ratio is to numbers. That is to say, the difference between it and its inverse is the identity element, albeit with a twist. Specifically, U.U-(U.U)−1 is the reverse identity matrix or standard involutory permutation matrix of rank 8. It has the same palindromic characteristic polynomial coefficients as the normalized 3-qubit Hadamard matrix with 8-bit binary basis states, which is known to be isomorphic to E8 through its (8,4) Hamming code. This combined with finding the construction of U from the Pauli matrices’ relationships to 2-qubit CNOT, SWAP and 3-qubit Toffoli CCNOT and Hadamard matrices will inform the understanding of group theoretic quantum mechanics (QM), quantum computing (QC), quantum chemistry, and particle physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Derivation of a Generalized Wave Equation for Photons and Its Connection to Maxwell’s Equations

Authors: Nick Navid Yazdani
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This work presents a generalized wave equation for photons derived from theirrelativistic energy-momentum relation. Using a scalar potential, the equation ex-tends to include spatial and temporal variations, providing a comprehensive frame-work for photon dynamics. A parametric formulation simplifies the solution process,and in free space, the equation naturally reduces to Maxwell’s equations. The step-by-step derivation elucidates the connections between classical electrodynamics andquantum-inspired wave mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Photon is Information of Address in Holographic Plane

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 4 Pages.

Photons, the fundamental quanta of light, are widely recognized as carriers of energy and mediators of electromagnetic interactions. This paper proposes that photons also encode the "address" of quantum interactions within the holographic plane, providing a mechanism for coordinating quantum phenomena across spacetime. Building on the framework presented in Emergent Universe from Many Unreal World Interpretation [6], this hypothesis suggests that photons function as messengers of spatial and informational coordinates, offering new interpretations of wave function collapse, quantum entanglement, and delayed-choice experiments. This approach integrates the holographic principle with quantum mechanics, potentially bridging two foundational theories of modern physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Electron Orbitals Are Not Probability Clouds [?] They Are Holographic Planes

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 3 Pages.

The conventional interpretation of electron orbitals as probability clouds has been central to quantum mechanics. However, this paper proposes a novel framework in which electron orbitals are holographic planes defined by the fine-structure constant and relativistic principles. This holographic interpretation provides a deterministic yet flexible description of quantum behaviour, linking the electron's unique spacetime geometry to its interaction with the electromagnetic field. The model explains quantized energy levels, spectral line structures, and interference phenomena while aligning with relativity. The implications for quantum mechanics and the unification of physics are profound, offering testable predictions.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Foundation for Standard Quantum Theory: Extension to Electrodynamics

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper builds upon https://vixra.org/abs/2402.0149 and https://vixra.org/abs/2406.0113, which proposed a novel realist framework for making sense of standard quantum theory. The framework is said to be ``realist'' in that it provides a complete observerless picture of quantum state ontology and dynamics, in conjunction with a mechanistic account of measurement processes, that answers basic questions of what, where, when, and how.The framework embodies a general quantum ontology consisting of two entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- and particle-like aspects of quantum systems. W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state is a non-local hidden variable that constrains the probability distributions governing deferred measurement outcomes, such as in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) thought experiment. The framework features a full solution of the core measurement problem, which pertains to the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The extent of development in those preceding papers amounts essentially to a quantum theory of matter particles. In this paper, it is shown how the realist quantum-theoretic framework for particles can be extended to encompass electromagnetic fields. The paper elaborates upon the implications for quantum gravity and how other interpretations (e.g., Many Worlds, GRW) deepen understanding of the realist framework.
Category: Quantum Physics

Research Progress on the Schrödinger Equation that Can Describe the Earth's Revolution and Its Applications

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 8 Pages.

People believe that the Schrödinger equation cannot be used to describe macroscopic objects like the Earth, and Newtonian mechanics cannot be used to describe microscopic systems. The old concept of the relationship between the existing laws of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics undoubtedly has a serious impact on people's understanding of the natural world, the development of physics theories, and the application of existing physics theories. The continuous development of physics theory requires constant changes to some incorrect old concepts. The Schrödinger equation that can describe planetary motion was successfully obtained by replacing the potential energy in the Hamiltonian operator from electromagnetic interaction potential energy to gravitational interaction potential energy. If the distance between the sun and the earth is approximated as a constant, the energy eigenvalues obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation for the Earth's revolution are completely consistent with the results obtained directly using classical mechanics. The direct significance of establishing and applying such equations is that they can simultaneously use classical mechanics and wave dynamics to describe all objects (no longer limited by the mass of the objects), simplifying the calculation process of quantum mechanics. It has been proven that classical mechanics and wave dynamics are compatible. It has been proven that classical mechanics and wave dynamics are compatible, and there is no insurmountable gap between them. This result has a huge positive impact on the theoretical updates and applications of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Picard—Fuchs Hypergeometric Manifolds: a New Lens on Quantum Entanglement

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 7 Pages.

A unified mathematical framework, referred to as Picard—Fuchs Hypergeometric Manifolds (PFHM), is introduced to integrate modular symmetry, coupled dynamics and energy conservation. PFHM are constructed using a synthesis of Ramanujan’s real period functions, Picard—Fuchs differential equations and Gaussian hypergeometric functions. We argue that PFHM provide an effective representation of two-dimensional coupled subsystems embedded in three-dimensionalmanifolds with dihedral symmetry. These coupled subsystems exhibit constrained energy reciprocity, making PFHM a robust tool for elucidating stable, closed and homoclinic orbits in Hamiltonian systems. An application of the proposed method is explored in the context of quantum entanglement. The intrinsic energetic reciprocity and symmetry of PFHM are shown to be analogous to the nonlocal correlations in entangled quantum systems. Modelling entangled pairs as constrained subsystems, the PFHM framework sheds new light on the energy dynamics and nonlocal correlations underpinning quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Oscillations in the 0-Sphere Model: Bridging Zitterbewegung, Geodesic Paths, and Proper Time Through Radiative Energy Transfer

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 22 Pages.

This paper explores the extension of free electron behavior to general relativity through a closed algebraic Hamiltonian description of electron micro-oscillations. The author's research, which predicted the anomalous magnetic moment of electrons from first principles using closed algebraic equations, for a single electron oscillator, the time difference between rest and laboratory frames can be explained through the anomalous magnetic moment, providing a concrete mechanism for reconciling quantum and relativistic time concepts. The framework unifies seemingly disparate physical principles - energy conservation, geometric structure, and proper time - while offering an exact mathematical description of quantum phenomena that suggests a natural path toward bridging quantum mechanics and general relativity without requiring modifications to Einstein's theory. We present a detailed analysis of how an electron, when moving from point A to B, completely converts its mass energy into kinetic energy and subsequently reconverts it to mass energy at point B. Our analysis reveals that Snell's law governs these microscopic electron motions; this applicability of Snell's law naturally leads to the principle of least action, enabling us to demonstrate that electrons undergo micro-oscillations along geodesic paths. While conventional quantum theory, based on field theory, has struggled to reconcile its inherent absolute time with the relative time of relativity theory, our proposed 0-Sphere model represents individual quantum particles as micro-oscillators through closed algebraic equations. This enables the incorporation of both rest-frame and laboratory-frame time scales, as the model does not rely on the absolute time of field theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Teleport of Quantum Intelligence and Bio-Matters

Authors: Alireza Sepehri
Comments: 34 Pages. (Title corrected by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm)

The instantaneous transfer of biological materials has many applications in medical treatments and other different industries, and for this reason, many scientists are researching the methods of implementing it. It seems that the key element in this discussion is quantum intelligence. This particle is unique for every creature and if is in every point of space and time; intelligent nature will build the body related to it. There are two ways to transfer quantum intelligence instantaneously. The first way is that the intelligent system of nature feels that the presence or absence of this particle causes the loss of order. In this case, it removes this particle at one point and creates it at another point. The second way is to use multidimensional fields. These fields are similar to electromagnetic fields in four dimensional space-time and different in N dimensional space-time. These fields could produce cold fire. Cold fire consists of a large number of bubbles that, by bursting and creating accelerated photons, create curved space-time and open gates to extra dimensions and string tunnels. Quantum intelligence is instantly transmitted to the target point through these string tunnels. It is possible that some transmitters and receivers, such as some types of mobile phones or the central transmitter, have the ability to identify these tensor fields and use them to teleport quantum intelligence. In addition to quantum intelligence teleportation; material teleportation is also possible. If the mass produced by the acceleration of the universe is removed and the particles become massless, they will be able to teleport. In fact, the acceleration of the world at the beginning of creation caused the creation of curved space and the production of additional scalar fields (Higgs bosons), which by connecting to particles; has made them massive. By removing these fields and demassing the particles; obstacles to their teleportation will be removed. To this aim; we use of noninertial frames that accelerate particles in opposite direction respect to acceleration of world.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Novel Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Nick Astraeus
Comments: 24 Pages. Video of the argument and contact information found here: https://youtu.be/obBrMWD1xRA (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this model, I show how quantum mechanics emerges out of two basic propositions: (1) that the universe expands relative to the observer and (2) that there are multiple observers. The game of fundamental physics is to derive as much as possible from the fewest and simplest propositions. Thus, in the context of this game, it is significant that all of quantum mechanics emerges once we define the observer as a reference frame for the universe. Just as significant is how easy and straightforward it is to demonstrate this seemingly audacious claim. Perhaps above all, it is significant that in the context of this model, quantum mechanics functions naturally on both microscopic and macroscopic levels. This model provides a natural opening, and a fertile framework, for physicists to work on the unification of quantum mechanics and spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Quantum Mechanics Study on the Wave-Particle Duality of Light and the Influence of Observational Behavior

Authors: Wenhao Xiong
Comments: 4 Pages.

This study investigates the wave-particle duality of light, exploring how light exhibits wave and particle behavior in different contexts. By drawing a physical analogy of "water waves striking a rock," we analyze how light propagates as a wave in air and behaves as a particle upon interacting with matter. Through an in-depth analysis of the double-slit interference experiment and the photoelectric effect experiment, combined with recent data on quantum measurements, this paper reveals the influence of observational behavior on the wave-particle duality of light, suggesting that human observational methods deeply impact how light manifests at the quantum level. Additionally, the paper discusses the potential applications of wave-particle duality in quantum computing and imaging.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Serious Challenge to Quantum Mechanics (Lecture Slides)

Authors: Eric Stanley Reiter
Comments: 50 Pages. For Lecture delivered at Washington Quantum Computing Meetup 11/16/2024

This is the only serious challenge to quantum mechanics (QM), complete with history, theory and original experiments. Here in lecture slide format you will see offprints of original famous works that reveal how the early loading theory alternative to QM was misunderstood. My repaired loading theory, the threshold model (TM), employs wave properties inspired by famous experiments. Those properties are beats, thresholds, and ratios. Previous beam-split tests are shown to be inadequate to make the QM/TM distinction. Experimental justification for a sub-quantized state is plainly revealed in many original beam-split coincidence tests with gamma-rays and alpha-rays. The sub-quantized state explains how a wave can transmit its identity and deliver a crash-landing particle-like illusion. This was demonstrated by splitting the alpha-ray (helium) in a seemingly two-for-one effect, refuting the probability method of QM. By revealing the flaw of QM and its repair, we transcend the wave-particle problem and entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Universe Explained in Terms of Energy

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 30 Pages.

This paper builds on the results of a series of papers analyzing the foundations of physics, from first principles. Artificial Intelligence and pattern recognition have been used in the studies. The summation of the findings on atomic and molecular structure, potential energy wells and energy fields has led to this new ENERGYconjecture. In the conjecture there is no need for ‘electrical charge’. The movement and behavior of electrons is explained in terms of potential energy and potential gradient. The flow of energy creates energy fields. Photons are potential energy waves. Particles are potential energy standing waves. Particles have rotationalenergy (spin). Potential energy wells, treated as black-boxes, could be the key to the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Paradigm for Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Lino Zamboni
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper introduces a new theoretical paradigm for elementary particles, specifically the electron, proposing an internal structure composed of entangled mass elements. The model extends Bohm’s quantum potential theory ,redefining the quantum potential as an emergent property of intra-particle entanglement, rather than as a purely mathematical non-local function. This framework offers a novel resolution to the problems of wave function collapse and non-locality, while ensuring compatibility with special relativity. Additionally, the model incorporates concentric "s"-type orbitals to describe the spatial arrangement of mass elements, providing a framework that aligns with the principles of quantum mechanics while allowing for a stationary and symmetric configuration of the electron. Though detailed electrostatic and relativistic derivations are beyond the scope of this work, this paradigm suggests a unified and physically grounded interpretation of quantum phenomena that bridges the gap between quantum mechanics and classical physics. Further developments and mathematical formalism will be discussed in subsequent works
Category: Quantum Physics

Brain's Beuronal Planck's Constant

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce following four Ansatz — (1) That the human brain, can be regarded as a set of 100 billion quantum mechanical oscillators — with each oscillator, representing a Neuron. (2) The oscillator’s frequency ν corresponds to the Neuron’s firing frequency. (3) The amplitude A, represents the amount of neurotransmitters released at the synapse via vesicles. (4) Neuron-Quantum-Mechanical-Energy (NQME), of each oscillator/neuron is defined as analogous to the case of photons. We calculate the order of magnitude of the Brain’s Neuronal-Planck’s Constant (BNPC) h_Neuron which is 10^(-16) Joule-Seconds. Excitation level of neurons, are calculated for various brain regions.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Photon Impact

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 6 Pages.

The impact of a photon hitting a surface is determined. Newton law of dynamics is demonstrated from thermodynamics considerations in which Planck oscillator is considered as a 4-space dimensions oscillator. Wave-corpuscle duality is remodeled.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Breather-Breather Interaction in the Sine-Gordon Model

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, we investigate the interaction of two breathers in the Sine-Gordon model. We derive an explicit analytic expression for the two-breather solution of the Sine-Gordon equation and study its dynamics. We show that the breathers behave like classical particles of equal masses upon collision, but with the momentum continuously transferred via their fields. By suitably averaging the oscillations of the solution we derive analytic expressions for the trajectories of the two breathers. It is shown that in the non-relativistic limit, the interaction potential between the two breathers has the same form as the velocity-dependent interaction potentials used for Machian unified theories of gravity and inerita.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Fundamentals and Heuristics

Authors: Mark Syrkin
Comments: 21 Pages.

Reviewing quantum fundamentals and related subtleties, which typically are not discussed sufficiently — even if at all — in standard texts and discussing "paradoxes" arising as a result. The purpose is to expose quantum ideology in manifestly wholesome, yet possibly plain and simple way, without mysterious surrogates. Main topics include: general Quantum Mechanical framework as imaginary "diffusion"; superposition / interference of probability amplitudes, not particles; Statistical vs Copenhagen interpretations of Quantum Mechanics; quantum measurements as mapping from amplitudes to probabilities; wave-ensemble parity instead of wave-particle duality; quantum field theory as a manifestation of quantum vacuum and the ideas of Grand Quantum Canonical Ensemble; entanglement as a consequence of an integrity of the quantum system and "spooky actions" as a mystification of simple conditional probabilities.
Category: Quantum Physics

Relationship Between Electromagnetisms and Gravity

Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 4 pages

This research proposes a new understanding of gravity, diverging from the classical views of both Newton and Einstein. Unlike Newton's gravitational force and Einstein's curvature of space-time, this study suggests that gravity originates from the positive charge force of an atom’s nucleus. It posits that gravity is a result of electrostatic interactions, where the nucleus of atoms exerts a weak attractive force on neutral atoms and repels similarly charged atoms. This framework offers an alternative approach to gravity by explaining it as a function of atomic structure rather than mass or space-time geometry. The study aims to establish a theoretical link between gravitational force and electrostatic force, proposing that nuclear charge at the atomic level is central to gravitational phenomena on Earth and throughout the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Propagation of a Wave Packet in a Dispersive and Dissipative Medium

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 7 Pages.

The propagation of a wave packet in a dispersive and dissipative medium is really complicated. We limit ourselves to an analysis deriving from series expansions truncated to the first order. We will start from a one-dimensional De Broglie wave packet relating to two special cases: 1) free particle; 2) particle in a periodic potential. In these two cases we will refute the assertion according to which the energy is transported with the group velocity, since the observable energy is not defined (the wave packet is a superposition of eigenfunctions of the energy). We will show however that the expectation value of the energy is transported with the group velocity.The conclusions can be immediately generalized to the propagation of a packet of electromagnetic waves in a dispersive and dissipative medium, justifying the expression group delay of a wave packet.
Category: Quantum Physics

Special Relativity and Entropy

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 4 Pages.

String theory and loop quantum gravity defines the elementary blocks of matter and space to be within the size of the Planck length. Einstein’s special relativity requires that any two frames of reference will experience length contraction in the direction of their relative movement one towards the other. Since the Planck length is a universal constant in all frames of reference, and it is the building block of matter and maybe even the fabric of space, how can this length contraction occur? This is the question that this paper will try to answer.
Category: Quantum Physics

Neutron Reinterpretation: A Unified Model for Strong, Weak, and Electromagnetic Interactions

Authors: Alfonso De Miguel Bueno
Comments: 9 Pages. 3 diagrams

This paper proposes a reconceptualization of the neutron as an intermediate state between proton and antiproton transformations, introducing antimatter into nucleon dynamics and challenging traditional Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). It reconsiders the nature of quarks and offers a unified framework for strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions. The model reveals a hidden flaw in the electroweak theory, reinterpreting the role of W and Z bosons in beta decay, and provides an explanation for the neutron's non-zero Electric Dipole Moment (EDM). Additionally, it offers insights into the relationship between matter and antimatter and hints at the connection between these field dynamics and dark matter, contributing to a deeper understanding of fundamental forces and particle transformations.
Category: Quantum Physics

Scalar Lorentz-Minkowski Topology Through Five Dimensions

Authors: Levinus Haines
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper explores a novel approach to differential topology by merging Lorentz-Minkowski space with the conceptual framework of a hypercube, thereby addressing discrepancies that arise in quantum mechanical systems. The model introduces a Scalar Lorentz-Minkowski Transformation (SLMT), extending classical four-dimensional spacetime to five dimensions in order to reconcile retrocausal activity and probabilistic outcomes observed in quantum experiments, such as the Quantum Eraser. By examining causality and the limitations of current Minkowski models, this work proposes a scalar modification to the topology of light cones, suggesting an hourglass-shaped structure to better represent the intersection of causal and retrocausal events. The paper delves into the implications for the Copenhagen and de Broglie-Bohm interpretations, and it provides a foundation for calculating relativistic relationships and probability cones in a five-dimensional space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hypothesis of Hyperconductivity

Authors: Laurence Douglas Fink
Comments: 24 Pages.

Hyperconductivity, a proposed theoretical phenomenon, extends the principles of superconductivity to extreme conditions where materials exhibit perfect electrical conductivity beyond the conventional limits of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. Unlike conventional superconductivity, which typically requires ultra-low temperatures near absolute zero, hyperconductivity is hypothesized to occur in a wider range of materials and environmental conditions, possibly even at room temperature. This theoretical state could fundamentally revolutionize energy transmission, quantum computing, and material science by eliminating energy loss due to electrical resistance entirely, while enabling unprecedented efficiencies in energy storage and generation. This paper proposes the foundational principles of hyperconductivity, exploring quantum mechanical interactions, electron pairing mechanisms, and potential materials where this phenomenon could manifest. Furthermore, it addresses the critical challenges in realizing hyperconductivity, such as the need for exotic material structures, high-pressure environments, or unconventional quantum states that go beyond the current Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum-Classical Evolutionary Optimization: A Hybrid Framework for Quantum Circuit Fidelity and Noise Adaptation

Authors: Damont Combs
Comments: 13 Pages.

Quantum computing faces significant challenges due to quantum noise and gate errors, particularly in noisy intermediate-scale quantum [9] devices. Traditional error mitigation methods often fall short of achieving high circuit fidelity due to inherent system imperfections. This paper introduces Quantum-Classical Evolutionary Optimization [1], a novel hybrid framework that integrates quantum circuit mutation strategies with classical optimization techniques. QCEO adapts quantum circuits in real-time by treating quantum gates as evolutionary genes, iteratively optimizing them for improved noise resistance and fidelity. In experiments on both simulated environments and IBM Quantum hardware, QCEO demonstrates a 10-15% improvement in fidelity compared to traditional methods such as readout error correction and zero-noise extrapolation. Beyond fidelity improvement, QCEO’s ability to dynamically adapt to different noise profiles positions it as a versatile tool that can be integrated with emerging quantum algorithms like Variational Quantum Algorithms [4] and Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithms [10]. This framework opens up new possibilities for advancing quantum computing in fields ranging from cryptography to quantum machine learning by ensuring higher performance in noisy quantum systems.
Category: Quantum Physics

About the Experimental Study of Counterfactual Communication

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 4 Pages.

Counterfactual communication involves the transmission of information without particles traveling in the transmission channel. Here we propose an explanation of the physical nature of the phenomenon of counterfactual communication and a simpler and more convenient protocol for its experimental study based on the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect.
Category: Quantum Physics

Emergence of Space-Time from a Single Point Entity: The Point Universe Model

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper proposes a novel theoretical framework for understanding the nature of our universe, termed the Point Universe Model. Inthis model, the entirety of reality is conceptualized as emerging from the vibrations or pulsations of a single point entity, with our perceived three-dimensional space arising as a Fourier transform of these vibrations. We present the mathematical formalism for this model, discuss its implications for our understanding of space, time, and quantumphenomena, and explore potential experimental predictions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Superconductivity and the Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Understanding the Expulsion of Magnetic Fields

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper introduces the Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) to readers unfamiliar with the theory and explores how it provides a novel explanation for the expulsion of magnetic fields in superconductors. By modeling spacetime asa superfluid with a complex order parameter, the SSH offers a framework where electromagnetic fields emerge from the dynamics of this superfluid. We discuss the fundamental concepts of SSH, provide a rigorous derivation of how known electromagnetic phenomena emerge within this framework, and explore how superconduc-tivity can influence the spacetime superfluid to expel magnetic fields, consistent with the Meissner effect observed in conventional superconductivity. We also propose potential experiments that could validate or refute the SSH, strengthening the scientific merit of the hypothesis. This approach provides new insights into the interplay between superconductivity and the fabric of spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Theory of Quantum Mechamics: The Rebuilding of Quantum Mechanics (In Chinese)

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 43 Pages.

本文从场在势阱中的行为出发，得出场在势阱中以驻波的形式伴随着能量存在的结论，从而找到了量子力学中波动的原因。在本文中只用一个物理模型：场形成波动，它就是波函数，并利用康普顿波长，推导出电磁波能量和机械波能量与频率的关系，得出波函数具有广义场的意义，指出索末菲的量子化通则才是量子力学的基本方程，从而建立了新量子力学理论。分析了波函数的叠加性、正交归一性和等效原理，指出波函数态叠加是不存在的。由此给出的每一个结论都有明确的显而易见的物理意义，使量子力学问题变得简单明了。建立了新原子模型，并讨论了电子的跃迁、电子的自旋、电子的发射和吸收等问题。把物质分为实体物质和场态物质。特别分析了光的本质问题，明确指出光就是电磁波，光不是物质粒子。重新解释了戴维孙-革末实验的电子图样、电子显微镜原理、光电效应、康普顿效应、双缝干涉等等实验。提出了新的不确定关系。明确指出不存在物质波，也不存在"波粒二象性"，更不存在量子纠缠，薛定谔方程不是波动方程等等问题。
Category: Quantum Physics

New Theory of Quantum Mechamics: The Rebuilding of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 57 Pages.

Based on the behavior of field in the potential well, this paper draws the conclusion that the field exists in the form of standing wave with energy in the potential well, thus finding out the reason of fluctuation in quantum mechanics. Only one physical model is used in this paper: the field forms a wave function, By using Compton wavelength, the relationships among electromagnetic wave energy and mechanical wave energy and frequency are deduced, and it is concluded that wave function has the significance of generalized field. It is pointed out that Sommerfeld's general principle of quantization is the basic equation of quantum mechanics, and thus a new theory of quantum mechanics is established. The superposition, orthogonal normalization and equivalent principle of wave function are analyzed, and it is pointed out that the superposition state of wave function does not exist. Every given conclusion has clear and obvious physical significance, which makes the problem of quantum mechanics simple and clear. A new atomic model is established, and the problems of electron transition, electron spin, electron emission and electron absorption are discussed. Matter is divided into solid matter and field matter. In particular, the essence of light is analyzed, and it is clearly pointed out that light is electromagnetic wave, not material particle. The electronic pattern of Davisson-Gemma experiment, the principle electron microscope, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, double-slit interference and other experiments are reinterpreted. A new uncertain relationship is put forward. It is clearly pointed out that there is no matter wave, no wave-particle duality, no quantum entanglement, Schrodinger equation is not a wave equation, and so on question.
Category: Quantum Physics

Fabrication of Fto(p)zns(p)si(n) Heterojunction and Study of Its Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties

Authors: Ahmad Eljader, Mohamed Anwar Batal, Mohamed Bashir Karaman
Comments: 14 Pages.

To make a heterojunction of FTO(p)/ZnS(p)/Si(n), first: FTO(p) was prepared using the thermal spraying method in order to deposit the FTO(P) layer on a glass slide, second: A semiconductor of ZnS(p) was prepared by the electrochemical deposition method in order to deposit it on the FTO(p) layer, and then the sample was treated to FTO(p)/ZnS(p) at a temperature of (150) C0 in a vacuum tube furnace, then it was attached to a Si(n) slide. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed surface images of the FTO(p)/ZnS(p) sample with dimensions of (48.5µm x 48.5µm), where the average atomic clusters appeared (89.3) nm with a semi-homogeneous granular structure, and the average surface heights of the granular cluster on the junction surface were (90.7) nm, indicating the formation of a homogeneous structure. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the FTO(p)/ZnS(p) composite crystallized according to the hexagonal structure by electrochemical deposition method. The optical absorption spectrum of the FTO(p) substrate showed a sharp absorption peak corresponding to the wavelength of 306nm which corresponds to the energy gap (4.05) ev, and the optical absorption spectrum of the semiconductor ZnS(p) showed several optical absorption peaks corresponding to the wavelengths, indicating the presence of multiple impurity levels within the energy gap formed because of doping. The optical absorption spectrum of the FTO(P)/ZnS(p) sample was measured, where the optical absorption spectrum shows the presence of several optical absorption peaks within the visible and infrared range corresponding to several wavelengths, because of the overlap of energy levels during the deposition process in addition to the repositioning of the impurity levels within the forbidden band width of the semiconductor ZnS(p). The type of semiconductor FTO(p)/ZnS(p) was confirmed experimentally by studying the changes in the reciprocal square of the electrical capacitance in function of the applied potential. The I-V characteristic of the FTO(p)/ZnS(p)/Si(n) heterojunction showed a decrease in the threshold potential value when the junction surface is illuminated, with a constant saturation current in the reverse bias condition, which is identical to the diode condition. The ideality factor of the junction was calculated, and its value was very high (n=163), indicating the dominance of tunneling electronic transitions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is the Accelerated Expansion of the Universe Responsible for the Emergence of the Fine-Structure Constant (1/137)?

Authors: Recchia Arcangelo
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this contribution, it is shown how the fine-structure constant emerges when two systems interact, one of which, light, perceives the universe as static due to not experiencing the passage of time, while the other, matter, experiences accelerated expansion. In this way, the fine-structure constant can be related to the rate of expansion of the universe; �� can thus be expressed through the ratio of the theoretical radius of the universe ������ ≈ 13,6 Gly to the measured radius ������ ≈ 46,5 Gly. �� = (������/������)^4 ≈ (13,6 Gly/46,5 Gly)^4 ≈ 1/137 (1.21) From the above, it is clear that, since the rate of expansion of the universe has not remained constant over time, the value of the fine-structure constant must also have changed (unless there is over time a proportional variation of the speed of light ��), as have other physical constants and quantities. This implies that physical laws have not remained unchanged throughout the history of the universe. Regarding the spatial variation of ��, the issue is more complex and falls outside the scope of this work.
Category: Quantum Physics

Reverse Data, Time Inversion, and Quantum Computing: A Path to Superintelligence

Authors: Stan Levandovsky
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper presents a new theoretical framework that integrates the conceptsof time inversion and "reverse data" with quantum computing. We explore the hypothesis that the use of reverse data in quantum systems can lead to breakthroughsin quantum information processing and the creation of superintelligence. A model isproposed that enhances computational capabilities through the utilization of quantum states with reversed time flow, and it is argued that these methods can leadto new levels of self-optimization in intelligent systems. Potential experimental implementations of the proposed methods and their impact on the development ofquantum technologies are also discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Collapse of Indeterminate States: An Alternative Framework for Division by Zero

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 13 Pages.

Division by zero, specifically 0, has been considered undefined due to its indeterminate nature [1]. In this paper, we propose treating 0 as an indeterminate state U, which belongs to a set of undefined states S. Drawing an analogy with quantum mechanics, specifically the concepts of superposition and wavefunction collapse [2, 3], we explore how such mathematical indeterminacies might behave similarly to quantum states prior to measurement. We introduce several types of"collapse"—conjugate, symmetric, asymmetric, and random—to describe the potential resolutionsof U into definite states. The framework presented here demonstrates mathematical consistency in representing and manipulating indeterminacies through (U1·0) = U2. Additionally, we propose hypotheses connecting this framework to quantum phenomena such as entanglement, the uncertainty principle, and cosmological singularities, suggesting that this approach may offer new insights into both mathematics and quantum theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Time Inversion as an Inevitable Element of the Universe’s Structure

Authors: Stan Levandovsky
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper discusses the hypothesis of time inversion as a fundamental component of the universe’s structure. We explore the possibility that time inversion processes are an integral part of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Mathematical models are presented to describe time inversion mechanisms on both micro and macro levels, and the influence of these processes on causality and the evolution of the universe is also discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Connection Between the Darwin Term and a Non-Spherical Charge Distribution

Authors: John French
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper has been published in Physics Essays

A derivation of the Darwin term is given based on assuming a non-spherical charge distribution. The total translational energy of the system is obtained for a static electric field and the corresponding quantum equation is found to contain the Darwin term under certain conditions.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Quantum Theory of Everything: Reshaping Space-Time, Gravity, and Fundamental Interactions

Authors: Nasser Ahani
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper presents a novel theory in quantum physics that explains the creation of space and time at sub-quantum scales(In this theory, the term sub-quantum refers to scales significantly smaller than the Planck length, where the fundamental oscillations of the Zurvan particle occur, and where the conventional rules of quantum mechanics may no longer apply). The theory addresses fundamental mysteries in quantum mechanics, providing a comprehensive explanation of the origin and mechanism of the Big Bang, and revealing the internal structure of black hole singularities. Additionally, it rejects the existence of dark matter and dark energy, while explaining the nature and mechanism of gravitational force and proving the unification of fundamental forces. The theory also defines the structure of light and electromagnetic waves, and challenges the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle by offering a detailed explanation at scales far below the quantum level, ultimately refuting it. Furthermore, it rejects the existence of several accepted fundamental particles, including the Higgs boson, photons, and gluons. This theory proposes a unified framework that revisits foundational concepts of modern physics, offering new insights into the structure of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Two Way Interaction Between the Wave Function of the Universe and the Wigner’s Participators

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 2 Pages.

We develop a formalism to describe the two way interaction between the universe and the "Participators" — a term introduced by Wigner, to replace the usual term "Observers". Role of biological aspects — brain and body in the "Quantum Measurement" or rather as we emphasize, "Perception", is discussed. We cite the experiments on perception of Necker’s cube and confirmation of Quantum Zeno Effenct (QZE) within the brain. Our approach of interaction between the universe and the Participators is a Quantum Mechanical version of the approach in the book "Self and its Brain" by Ecclles and Popper, and is analogous to the Newton’s third law of action and reaction.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Fidelity

Authors: Laure Gouba
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, quantum fidelity is introduced, starting with the Loschmidt echo. The quantum fidelity of teleportation is discussed and computed in an example of teleportation through a nonmaximally entangled channel.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Sedimentation of Photons and Gluons in the Svedberg Ultracentrifuge

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article

We consider the case of rotating black body (including the rotation of the black bath with gluons) where photons and gluons can perform the settling and sedimentation. The Planck formula for photons must be, in this situation, replaced by the Exner solution of the Lamm equation for photons.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Dirac Equation and the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric Theory

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 27 Pages.

In previous papers —specifically A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Potential [2018]—electrons were modelled as longitudinal electromagnetic scalar potentials which generate both electromagnetic waves travelling in R1,3 as well as perfectly spherical charged particles in R3 by satisfying Maxwell’s equations under the Wheeler-Feynman time symmetric theory. In this present paper that model is extended by giving derivations of the Klein-Gordon equation, the Gamma Matrices and the Dirac equation through an examination of the Wheeler-Feynman Time Symmetric theory through an examination of the Parallelogram Law and the Inner Product of the four-vector potentials.Keywords: Dirac’s Equation, Gamma Matrices, Spherical Electrons, Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric Theory, longitudinal electromagnetic scalar potential waves, Wheeler-Feynman electromagnetic four-vector potential time symmetric theory (WFEFVPTST), Parallelogram Law.
Category: Quantum Physics

Tamm-Davydov Algorithm

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Hamiltonian operator of a one-dimensional nonrelativistic quantum system, consisting of a particle of mass m subjected to a periodic potential energy V(x) in the coordinate x, admits exclusively eigenfunctions in the improper sense. In this work, we show that a sufficient condition for the Hamiltonian to be endowed with eigenfunctions in the proper sense is constituted by a suitable local violation of the periodicity of the function V(x).
Category: Quantum Physics

Indeterminism as a Consequence of Changing Quantities

Authors: Greg P. Proper
Comments: 2 Pages.

Quantum Theory is embodied by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP) which states that there is a natural limitation in the measurement of certain paired quantities. Perhaps the most direct explanation for this limitation is that uncertainty is caused by changes in the quantities themselves as the Universe evolves. This short paper references a solution to Einstein`s field equations that forms the basis for a cosmology in which the base quantities of space, time and energy (mass) change monotonically in an opposing manner parameterized by the expansion ($a$).[1} Each instance of $a$ would therefore be defined by its own unique inertial frame. The author postulates just such a possibility and then utilizes the HUP relationship to determine if an identifiable number appears mathematically. In this case a relatively straight forward calculation produces a number within a few percentage points of the empirically derived $h$.
Category: Quantum Physics

Space-Time Torsion as a Manifestation of Magnetism, and the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 4 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin as required)

To show that the speed of light is constant in all reference frames, we need to, First, accept that space-time is granular and, second to entertain the postulate that a mass moving through spacetime affects the space-time. That torsion could be identified with magnetism was suggested by Kaare Borchenius. We will be following his suggestion.
Category: Quantum Physics

Revisiting the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: Why Photons Are Exempt from Quantum Uncertainty

Authors: Albert Saenz Coromina
Comments: 3 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

In this article, we challenge the commonly accepted notion that the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP) applies universally, including to photons (electromagnetic waves). While photons are fundamentally linked to Quantum Mechanics (QM) through the Planck-Einstein relation (E = h⋅u), we argue that certain core aspects of their behavior (specifically their speed, wavelength, frequency, and phase) are fully deterministic and not subject to uncertainty. Through detailed mathematicalexploration and comparison with traditional QM principles, we demonstrate that the HUP, although fundamental to particles with mass (fermions), does not meaningfully apply to massless bosons like photons. This insight paves the way for further exploration of deterministic principles for introducing a new Quantum Gravity Dynamics (QGD) conceptual alternative.
Category: Quantum Physics

Evidence of Simple Harmonic Motion in the Setting of Elementary Electric Charge: A Review of Historical Data and Implications for Future Research

Authors: Lamont Williams
Comments: 37 Pages.

In many early studies of the value of elementary electric charge (e), experimentalists identified what appeared to be substantial discrepancies among results. Some discrepancies were explained; some were not. This investigation provides evidence suggesting that some discrepancies among experimental findings for the value of e may have been the result of the electromagnetic field between interacting particles behaving somewhat like a spring undergoing simple harmonic motion. Here, the standard value of e is associated with the equilibrium position of the field and the other values are associated with displacement from that position. This would have led to higher values of e in some cases and lower values in others, consistent with the experimental findings. Implications for the spatiotemporal nature of electrons in materials, fine-structure constant, and Landau pole are discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics With a Conceptual Conjecture for ‘quantum Gravity'

Authors: Sonali Tamhankar
Comments: 15 Pages.

This work makes three contributions. First, we propose a NEW Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Second, we make a conceptual NEW Conjecture for gravitational interactions of quantum particles, that can serve as a seed for a new line of mathematical investigations into Quantum Gravity. Third, we explore experimentaltests of the NEW Conjecture and the NEW Interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Photons Do Not Exist[?] Light Does Not Move, It is Transmitted by Electromagnetic Resonance

Authors: Luis Rodolfo Cabrera Juarez
Comments: 8 Pages.

A new theory about light is presented, according to which it does not move in space, like particles or self-sustaining waves. It is transmitted as a resonance phenomenon between two tuned electromagnetic oscillators. This is demonstrated by using the helical model of the electron to calculate the frequency of the first quantum transition of the Lymann series of the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Zero Point Energy Module: Proposed Principle and Open Hardware Prototype

Authors: Damien Josset
Comments: 11 Pages. Open Hardware

There is currently no practical way to extract energy from the lowest quantum state of a system, the zero-point energy. A thought experiment is proposed here to define the principles of a current generator that would extract energy from this state. To improve the clarity of the concept, an open hardware prototype is also discussed. This thought experiment may help better understand the quantum fluctuations, the practical limitations involved in extracting zero-point energy, and the interaction of virtual particles with matter. If the concept has any practical applications, there are implications to have an alternative energy source based on matter/anti-matter interactions. Beyond the ideas discussed here, there are charged particles in most places in the universe (plasma, solar winds, cosmic rays), and the concept discussed here can be applied to measure the flux of particles in these environments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Review of Wave Element Material Structure Theory and Its Application

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 12 Pages. In Chinese

Quantum field theory treats particles as fields and cannot describe the composition, structure and intrinsic motion state of electrons very specifically. Exploring the composition, structure and intrinsic motion states of electrons does not conflict with quantum field theory. Through an assumption of "the composition, structure and intrinsic movement of electrons" (photojunction electronic structure model), quantum mechanics - the important equations and operators of quantum mechanics (especially the calculations related to electron spin) has been greatly beautified. symbols) can be deduced based on this assumption. It can provide a reasonable and non-contradictory classical rotation model for electron spin and atomic structure. The classical planetary model of atoms can also be successfully applied to the calculation of the dissociation energy and bond length of hydrogen molecules, lithium molecules, and sodium molecules. Calculations for atoms and molecules can be performed both individually and in combination with wave mechanics methods and classical methods in the context of planetary models. There are hundreds of successful application examples. The successful application of the electronic structure model and its beautification of quantum mechanics have clearly become evidence of this model. "Bohr's planetary model approach and modern quantum mechanical approaches can be widely mixed" suggests that the two approaches are equivalent or compatible with each other. It can prompt humans to re-understand the characteristics of microscopic systems.

量子场论将粒子都看作是场，无法非常具体地描述电子的组成、结构和内禀运动状态。探索电子的组成、结构和内禀运动状态并不与量子场论冲突。通过一个"电子的组成、结构和内禀运动方式"的假设（光结电子结构模型），而大大美化了量子力学——量子力学的重要方程和和算符（特别是有关电子自旋的算符）都可以根据这个假设推导出来。能为电子自旋、原子结构给出合理而无矛盾的经典转动模型。原子的经典行星模型还可以成功地应用于氢分子、锂分子、钠分子的离解能和键长的计算。对于原子和分子的计算既可以分别使用又可以混合使用波动力学方法和行星模型语境下的经典方法。成功的应用事例多达数百个。电子结构模型的成功的应用和对量子力学的美化作用显然又成了该模型的证据。"玻尔行星模型方法和现代量子力学方法可广泛地混合使用"表明这两种方法是等价的或相互兼容的。可促使人类重新认识微观体系的特点。
Category: Quantum Physics

Application of Hooke's Law and Occurrence of Relativistic Orthogonal Harmonic Oscillators in Leptons

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 17 Pages, including 2 figures and 1 table

In 1915 Parson proposed the so-called ring model for the electron. This flat geometry for the electron can also be interpreted as a superposition of two orthogonal harmonic oscillators in the same plane. For these two harmonic oscillators a new relativistic Lagrangian is conjectured from which Hooke’s law follows. Explicit expressions for the spring constant and electron energy are deduced from this simple ring model.

Spring constants and energies for all leptons can also be deduced from the recently postulated more complex toroidal model for leptons. The ring torus model appears to apply to charged leptons and the electron neutrino, whereas the spindle torus model may apply to the muon and tauon neutrino.

It appears that the magnetic dipole moments of the charged leptons predicted by the toroidal model agree with the observed ones, first order anomalous corrections included. Furthermore, explicit expressions for the magnetic dipole moments of all neutrinos are also obtained.

Moreover, a comparison is made between the magnitude of the electromagnetic and elastic contribution to the energy of the electron. It is found that the elastic energy may be dominant.

Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-7s2: The Possible Origins of the Relativistic Length Contraction, E=mc^2, and to Fuse the General Relativity’s Radial Contraction with the Non-Linear {N,n} QM

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 31 Pages.

The newly established {N,n} QM includes the Bohr-QM based part (see in SunQM-1 series, SunQM-2, SunQM-5 series, and SunQM-7), the Schrodinger-equation based part (see in SunQM-3 series and SunQM-4 series), and the {N,n} quantum field part (see in SunQM-6 series). In SunQM-7s1, I used r’rθφ-4D orbital motion to explain the origins of the lightspeed and the constancy of the lightspeed in our universe. In the current article, first, by degenerating a xy-2D circular motion into a x-1D oscillational motion (that mimic a degeneration of a r’rθφ-4D motion into a rθφ-3D motion), I was able to deduce out the Lorentz transformation equation in 3D. From this, I hypothesized that the projection of a group of "4D thermal motion" in a 3D space may be the origin of both the special relativity’s length contraction (SR L-contraction), and general relativity’s radial contraction (GR R-contraction). Second, I showed that on a black hole (BH) surface, the rθφ-3D space may be degenerated into a 1D space (for the velocity), and this 1D space may can be treated as either a r-1D space or a φ-1D space (as you like). Third, using "4D thermal oscillation" (and with several examples), I explained the possible origin of the E = mc^2. Fourth, many kinds of non-linear {N,n} QM effects (that I encountered during the {N,n} QM development, and that may or may not relate to the GR R-contraction) were listed. Furthermore, I was able to construct the non-linear {N,n//q} QM structure near a BH (where q = 6 increased to q = ∞) by fusing the GR R-contraction calculation into the non-linear {N,n//q} QM structure’s calculation. This is a huge achievement in unifying the relativity theory to the {N,n} QM theory. Fifth, (Like that the nLL state vs. nL0 state is a pair of brand new parameters in the physics to describe the RF character), the difference between SR L-contraction and GR R-contraction could be another pair of parameters in the physics to describe the relativistic character. Sixth, by using "4D thermal oscillators", I was able to explain the slower speed of the outmost shell of the 3D wave packet for a propagating photon. Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Review of the Theory of Matter Structure of Wave Elements and Its Applications

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 12 Pages.

Existing theories of material structure and quantum field theory cannot describe the specific sources of fundamental particles. In quantum field theory, the generation of particles is the instantaneous transformation of the field, rather than the true creation of particles. It is necessary to explore the composition (or source) of the next level of elementary particles or fields. The material structure theory of "all fundamental particles mainly originate from photons" has great advantages in combining logic and fact. By utilizing this new theory of material structure, quantum theory, Bohr theory, and classical electromagnetic theory can be mixed to describe the same particle. Both this new theory of material structure and its application examples demonstrate that there is no longer a gap between the micro world and the macro world in calculating the spin angular momentum of basic particles, atomic ionization energy, and molecular dissociation energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Exploration of the Specific Forms of Electron Spin

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The concept of electron spin has a broad application prospect. However, after a century of efforts, the essence and specific form of electron spin have not been revealed. The reason is probably that it is constrained by the concept of point particle material structure. In order to solve the problem, one way to initiate the quantum mechanics revolution on the concept of material structure is to establish the concept of wave element material structure. Assuming that the composition of electrons is waves, the inherent motion of electrons (the spin of free electrons) is "the rotation of mass equivalent to the energy of waves". This rotation is not the rotation of a sphere, but similar to the rotation of a ring-shaped substance along a ring. This assumption breaks the concept of point particle structure. According to it, the angular kinetic energy and spin magnetic moment of electrons can be accurately calculated by classical force electrodynamics method. Other applications are also very successful, which has led to the revolution of quantum mechanics and material structure theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Sine-Gordon Breather in an Infinite Potential Well

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 9 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

In this paper we want to solve the motion of a breather soliton of the Sine-Gordon equation in an infinite potential well. This problem can be solved analytically for a well whose width L is far greater than the size of the soliton d, using the two breather solution of the Sine-Gordon equation. We show that this solution exhibits discrete energy levels with a quantisation condition equivalent to that obtained from quantum mechanics. They do arise in a similar way as standing waves give rise to discrete modes, with a wave and a reflected wave superimposed. The energy levels are given by the same formula as obtained from the Klein-Gordon equation of relativistic quantum mechanics for the same problem, but with a quantum constant h derived from the theory itself.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Erasure Experiment is not a Miracle

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper rejects the common notion that "erasing path information causes interference fringes to reappear". This paper argues that it is a misnomer to call this experiment a quantum "erasure". Instead of "erasing", the diagonal polarizers actually filter the photons, and it is this filtering that causes the interference fringes to reappear.Further, there is no need to introduce anticausality to explain the delay selection experiment. The wavefunction of a photon does not collapse after it comes out of the double slit until it reaches the position of the screen. It is meaningless to ask which slit the photon came through. Therefore, instead of calling this experiment a "quantum erasure experiment", it would be more appropriate to call it a "quantum screening experiment", and it is this means of screening that restores coherence.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Quantum Eraser Experiment

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 32 Pages. In Chinese

This paper rejects the common notion that "erasing path information causes interference fringes to reappear". This paper argues that it is a misnomer to call this experiment a quantum "erasure". Instead of "erasing", the diagonal polarizers actually filter the photons, and it is this filtering that causes the interference fringes to reappear. Further, there is no need to introduce anticausality to explain the delayed selection experiment. The wavefunction of a photon does not collapse after it comes out of the double slit until it reaches the position of the screen. It is meaningless to ask which slit the photon came through. Therefore, instead of calling this experiment a "quantum erasure experiment", it would be more appropriate to call it a "quantum screening experiment", and it is this means of screening that restores coherence.
Category: Quantum Physics

Wave and Particle from Dualism to Unity (English Version)

Authors: Solomon Khmelnik
Comments: 20 Pages.

Examples are given when a macroscopic object manifests itself both as a wave and as a tangible object. It is proven that elementary particles are both waves and particles at the same time, and not alternately. This proof is obtained as new solutions to Maxwell's equations. The proof is not comprehensive - only cubic, spherical and disk particles are considered. This publication is a review and addition to already published articles and books.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-7s1: Space Formation/Transformation, Relativity, and the Possible Origin of the Lightspeed and Its Constancy (Viewed From the {N,n} QM)

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 25 Pages.

The newly established {N,n} QM includes the Bohr-QM based part (see in SunQM-1 series, SunQM-2, SunQM-5 series, and SunQM-7), the Schrodinger-equation based part (see in SunQM-3 series and SunQM-4 series), and the {N,n} quantum field part (see in SunQM-6 series). In the SunQM-7 series, I am going to study the relativity under the {N,n} QM. In the current article, first, I used Schrodinger equation/solution (i.e., the wave function) as a tool to study how the space is formed from x-1D to the flat xy-2D, the point-centered rφ-2D, the flat xyz-3D, the point-centered rθφ-3D, and then the point-centered r’rθφ-4D. The orthogonality of the dimensions was discussed. Many examples of the dimension transformation (that were encountered during the {N,n} development, e.g., "opened-space" versus "closed-space", "straight-space" versus "curved-space", larger size 3D space may allow the higher dimension 4D to be effective, etc.) were discussed. Second, based on the Newtonian mechanics (that in the Earth’s orbit that around the Sun, all mass entities (e.g., a H-atom, a space dust, etc.) have the same constant orbital speed as that of the Earth), and also based on that our 3D universe may be a spherical 3D space on the surface of a 4D ball something, I explained the origin of the lightspeed as that "it is the orbital speed in a r’rθφ-4D space". It also automatically explained the origin of the constancy of the lightspeed. These origin explanations may in turn support the correctness of the two axioms in the modern physics: "the lightspeed is the maximum (effective) speed in our universe", and "the speed of light is constant in our universe". Third, I further hypothesized that a group of (large number) random direction/phase "4D thermal oscillators" forms a massed particle that localized in our 3D universe, and a group of (small number) unified direction/phase "4D thermal oscillators" forms a massless photon that un-localized in our 3D universe. This model made me able to further explain several other properties in the general relativity and the special relativity (see in SunQM-7s2). Fourth, because I believed that (in 3D space) a black hole not only stops the light but also stops the gravitational force to escape from its surface, I hypothesized that a black hole may indirectly exert its gravitational force in 3D space (by projecting of its 4D space G-force through the 4th dimension back into the 3D space).
Category: Quantum Physics

Spherical Electrons and the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric Theory

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper is a follow up to previous work A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Potential [1][2][3][4] where I modelled fermions as longitudinal electromagnetic scalar potential waves travelling in accompanied by perfectly spherical charged and fermions in labelling this as the W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T. model. In this present paper I’m going to suggest these perfectly spherical fermions provide a definitive test for the W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T. model because aspherical electrons would violate a fundamental condition concerning the conservation of phase and energy for the W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T. model thus breaking that model.
Category: Quantum Physics

Wave and Particle — from Dualism to Unity

Authors: Solomon Khmilnik
Comments: 21 Pages. In Russian

Examples are given when a macroscopic object manifests itself both as a wave and as a tangible object. It is proved that elementary particles are both waves and particles at the same time, and not alternately. This proof is obtained as new solutions to Maxwell's equations. The proof is not comprehensive - only cubic, spherical and disk particles are considered. This publication is a review and addition to already published articles.

Приводятся примеры, когда макроскопический объект проявляет себя и как волна, и как осязаемый объект. Доказывается, что элементарные частицы являются и волнами, и частицами одновременно, а не попеременно. Это доказательство получено, как новые решения уравнений Максвелла. Доказательство не является всеобъемлющим - рассматривается только кубическая, сферическая и дисковая частицы. Данная публикация — это обзор и дополнение уже опубликованных статей.
Category: Quantum Physics

Another Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, I postulate a different way to think of quantum interpretation. The concept was first conceived by Freeman Dyson, {https:www.dumtp.com ac.uk/user/long/em/dyson.pdf. } when he described the electric and magnetic fields defined by Maxwell's theory as abstract quantities that exist as a two-layer system. He then suggested that all fields behave the same. Since the quantum wave function is a probability amplitude field, it is also an abstract field that becomes real and measurable when combined with other fields, such as its complex conjugate. This paper follows Dyson's lead and finds a way to bring Einstein and Bohr debate closer together.
Category: Quantum Physics

Calculation of the Wavelengths of the Balmer Series in the Hydrogen Atom Based on the Quantized Space and Time Theory of Elementary Particles

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, by using the quantized space and time and elementary particle theory the all wavelengths of the different spectrum of aroused hydrogen atom he's been calculated. the main reason of disability in comprehensive analysis of aroused atoms radiation is the low understanding of kinetic energy paradox. in such a way that the maximum level of the energy of charged particles by the speed of 299792407.5m/s is exist in the x and y axis, but in the z axis the energy level does not exist and only appears in the transition procedure to the other energy level by radiation of a photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Riemann Zeta Function and the Transcendent Lerch Function

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Elementary notions of quantum statistical mechanics provide a link between the Riemann Zeta function and the transcendent Lerch function.
Category: Quantum Physics

Why Bell’s Theorem Is Inapplicable to a Quantum System

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 4 Pages.

A review of the famous Bell’s theorem leads us to conclude that it addresses one and only one specific issue: whether a body possesses a certain property or does not. The theorem certainly is not a statement about hidden parameters, non-locality or causality.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Soliton Model of Elementary Particles

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper we show that a unification of gravity and inertia, as it comes out of a correct implementation of Mach‘s principle, leads to elementary particles being solitons in the gravitational field (or more general: a unified field including the gravitational one). We show how the properties of elementary particles then give rise to the phenomenology of special relativity as well as quantum mechanics in the usual classical framework and in flat, 3 dimensional euclidean space. The soliton nature of the elementary particles naturally gives rise to elementary quantum phenomena, like their wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, De Broglie relations E=ℏω and P=ℏk . A formula for h can in principle be obtained. This opens up a possibility to explain the origin of quantum mechanics. At the same time, also the special relativistic phenomena like length contraction, time dilation, the relativistic energy-momentum relation and the apparent constancy of the speed of light can be explained. The speed of light is just an apparent constant when measured with co-moving rulers and clocks, provided by the elementary particles themselves. It obeys the usual vector addition, just like all other velocities and vectors do, too. Ultimately, mass itself can be explained as entirely of gravitational origin, as the field-energy of the soliton, which will also yield an explanation for the energy-mass equivalence. No additional scalar field like the Higgs field is needed.
Category: Quantum Physics

From the Svedberg Ultracentrifuge to the Rotating Carbon Nanotube

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages.

The classical and the quantum motion of a massive body in the rotating carbon nanotubeis considered. Photon is included. The spin motion described by the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation is considered in the rotation tube and rotating system. The crucial problemis the Lamm equation in the rotating Carbon nanotube.
Category: Quantum Physics

Problems in the Theoretical Structure of Quantum Electrodynamics

Authors: Eliahu Comay
Comments: 15 Pages.

A careful review of the literature reveals that electrodynamics is not free of theoretical problems. For instance, Peskin and Schroeder say in their book on Quantum Field Theory (QFT): "In fact, we will not discuss canonical quantization of the electromagnetic field at all in this book. It is an awkward subject, essentially because of gauge invariance". Additionally, although many texts treat the components of the electromagneticpotential as a 4-vector $A_mu$, Weinberg arguesin his QFT textbook: "...there is no ordinary four-vector field for massless particles of helicity $pm 1$"". The renormalization procedure is another problematic topic and Feynman called it in his QED book "a dippy process". These alarming quotationsencourage rigorous examination of themathematical framework of electrodynamics, thatthis work undertakes. It proves several quite unknown electromagnetic properties, and one of which explains why Weinberg's previous statement is right.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Causality in EPR Experiments — Taking Everett Interpretation as an Example

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 27 Pages.

This article points out that in the EPR experiment, there is no causal connection between the two sides. If a causal model wants to comply with the principle of common cause, it will lead to faster-than-light information propagation. Even if non-local latent variables are used as common factors, it does not mean that the measurement results on both sides can influence each other. They are only related to each other, but not corresponding causal relationships.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hyperbolic Quantum Time Evolution Kernel

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 30 Pages.

We find calculational evidence supporting the hypothesis that the time evolution of a relativistic quantum wave function can be written using an integral kernel formulation that uses the wave function's past values on a relativistic hyperbola.
Category: Quantum Physics

The MM Theory: Explaining Quantum Mechanics Concepts Through MM Theory

Authors: Morteza Mahvelati
Comments: 13 Pages

This article examines and discusses concepts within the field of quantum mechanics. Specifically, this paper focuses on the idea of wave-particle duality within this field, by further examining the nature of light. The basic premise is rooted in MM theory, previously introduced and expanded upon in literature. Per MM theory, light is viewed as a wave of motion of momenta conveyed by an ensemble of M particles propagating harmonically in space. Through a deep analysis of the double-slit experiment, this paper aims to illustrate the manner by which MM theory provides a complete and thorough understanding of the nature of light and the basic fundamentals of quantum physics.The discussion centres on highlighting how the MM theory offers a comprehensive interpretation of various observations such as interreference patterns and illuminates the underlying mechanisms at play. By viewing light as a wave of momenta, seemingly contradictory observations are logically addressed and reconciled. The theory further demonstrates how the detection process can disrupt the wave pattern and leads to the collapse of the interference patterns observed. Furthermore, this article challenges the fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, such as indeterminism and the role of measurement. Via MM theory’s examination of quantum measurements, the concepts of observer dependency and hidden variables are challenged. This ultimately suggests that quantum phenomena are inherently deterministic and can be predefined using known variables. In conclusion, this paper challenges the fundamental framework of quantum mechanics, offering deeper insights into the nature of light and the wave-particle duality via the deterministic approach derived from the MM theory and paves the way for further experimentation and study in this field.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Epistemology of Quantum Physics

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 258 Pages.

This book is about the epistemology of quantum physics and its interpretation as a scientific theory in its technical form. The contents of the book are essentially of non-formal nature although the formalism of quantum mechanics is also investigated (rather briefly) inline with the needs and requirements of the epistemological investigation and considerations. The reader should note that a general scientific and mathematical background (at the undergraduate level) is required to understand the book properly and appreciate its contents.
Category: Quantum Physics

Zitterbewegung and the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric Theory

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 7 Pages.

A discussion of Zitterbewegung for the [new] model, suggesting Zitterbewegung should not exist for real on-shell matter and might exist for the off-shell virtual particles—giving a test for the Wheeler-Feynman Electromagnetic Four-Vector Potential Time-Symmetric Theory (W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T.). This paper is an extention of a previous paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Potential [O’Brien 2018] in the context of Zitterbewegung.
Category: Quantum Physics

Statistical Foundation of Black-Body Radiation

Authors: Michalis Psimopoulos
Comments: 38 Pages.

We consider the black-body cavity as a closed system consisting of a fixed total number s of quanta that in turn form a random total number N of photons. The states describing this photon gas are equiprobable according to Bose statistics and their number is equal to the number of partitions of the integers. Using the Hardy-Ramanujan formula for large s, Planck's distribution is derived without resorting to Boltzmann's law and to interactions between radiation and matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Root-Finding Problem

Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 4 Pages.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for finding all the roots of a polynomial function$f(x)=x^m +a_{m-1}x^{m-1}+...+a_1x+ a_0$ are studiedin term of quantum computing.We hope our discussions give some insight for future studies for root-finding problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s10: {N,n} QM Field Theory, S/RFs-force, Nuclear Force, Spin-spin Interaction, and the Possible Origin of the Weak-Force and Beta-Decay

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 26 Pages.

In articles of SunQM-6, -6s1, -6s2, 6s3, and -6s4, I had established the framework of a brand new {N,n} QM field theory. In the rest SunQM-6 series articles, I added more detailed developments on the {N,n} QM field theory. In the current article, I added some new developments on the S/RFs-force. 1) A 4He nucleus is constituted with two same neutron-proton binaries that are doing the "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion". Within each one binary, the neutron and proton are doing the "face-to-face tidal-locked orbital binary motion" with the parallel nuclear spin ⇑⇑↑. Between the two binaries, they are doing the "face-opposite-face locked binary orbital motion" in φ-1D bi-direction with the anti-parallel nuclear spin ⇑⇑↑⇓⇓↓, that eventually transformed to be a θ-1D orbital uni-directional motion. Meanwhile, the nuclear proton-1 and atomic electron-1 (in a 4He atom) are paired to do the "face-to-face tidal-locked orbital binary motion", and so does the proton-2 and electron-2 pair. The same model can be used to explain the dynamic structure of the multi-nucleons inside the nuclides of 1H, 2H, 3H, 3He, and α particle. 2) A neutron is formed with two sub-structures, one "u-d" binary and one "d" singlet, and they are also doing the "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion". A proton is also formed with two sub-structures, one "u-d" binary and one "u" singlet, and they are again doing the "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion". The Weak Interaction may be the spin-spin interaction (↑↑ vs. ↓) between the two sub-structures (that made of the three quarks inside a nucleon) with a "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion" in the θ-1D uni-direction; the β decay (in a neutron) may be caused by the crash of the two sub-structures after the disruption of this θ-1D uni-directional motion and goes back to the φ-1D bi-directional motion. 3) The "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion" may be one of the common dynamic structures in the N-body motion under the E/RFe-force, S/RFs-force, and even the G/RFg-force fields. 4) The "face-to-face tidal-locked (spin ↑↑) binary orbital motion" is the root for the "face-opposite-face locked (spin ↑↓) binary orbital motion", for the "single-face tidal-locked binary orbital motion", for the "proton-electron mirror-coupled orbit" model, for the parallel spin of the "mother", the "daughter" and the "newborn" in the "|nL0> Elliptical/Parabolic/Hyperbolic Orbital Transition Model", and, for the "π-bond" spin-spin interaction model in the arm of a galaxy. Therefore, it is also one of the many nature attributions of the QM. 5) The "Fourier transformation" kind of analysis revealed that the "quasi 4He nucleus" is the building block of the high Z# nucleus. The similar analysis revealed that the {N,n//6} QM (in our universe) naturally includes {N,n//2}, {N,n//3}, {N,n//4} and {N,n//6} modes, so it covers the maximum number of modes (for superposition), and q=6 is still a small integer number that does not damage the quantum character of the {N,n//q} QM. Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Energy of an Ideal Fermi Gas and the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

The values assumed by the Riemann Zeta function on even natural integers contribute to the calculation of the total energy of an ideal Fermi gas in a non-relativistic and strongly degenerate regime.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Measurement Problem as Loss of Adiabatic Invariance

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.

The measurement problem of Quantum Mechanics reflects the tension between the deterministic evolution of wavefunctions and their random collapse caused by experimental observations. Here we argue that, in the Hamiltonian picture of quantum dynamics, wavefunction collapse follows from the destruction of adiabatic invariance on ultrashort time scales. We also suggest that, in the long-time limit, action quantization is a result of Arnold diffusion, a process describing the instability of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems with more than two degrees of freedom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Chirality (Electroweak Interaction) Using Geometric (Real Clifford) Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 43 Pages.

In this paper, we obtain the left and the right-handed (chirality) representation of the wavefunction using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra Cl 3,0. We will use both the Chiral representation and the Pauli/Dirac representation. Also, a summary of how all the interactions can be calculated and represented using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra is shown.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clarification of the Theory of Superconductivity and Superfluidity Based on Scientific Philosophy

Authors: Алтаев Намаз Карабалаевич
Comments: 5 Pages.

The development of the results of the theory of superconductivity (BCW) is based on the idea of a deep analogy between some ideas of quantum electrodynamics and quantum hydrodynamics. On the other hand, there are reasons to doubt the basic results of quantum electrodynamics. The reason is that in order to complete the development of quantum electrodynamics, it is necessary to supplement it with the results of reassignment operations. The founder of quantum electrodynamics, Dirac, believed that such a necessity arose because of the defects in this doctrine. In this article, the main results of quantum electrodynamics and quantum hydrodynamics are obtained quite correctly on the way, where the basic ideas of scientific philosophy are taken as a basis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sieve of Eratosthenes as Generating Algorithm and Riemann Zeta Function as Generating Function in Quantum Field Theory, Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 30 Pages.

Relevant to Quantum field theory, Sieve of Eratosthenes (as generating algorithm for all prime numbers) and Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) are infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. We ignore even prime number 2. The complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while fully satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. With these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems. Riemann hypothesis proposes all nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function are located on its critical line. It is separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Causality in EPR Experiments

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 22 Pages.

This article points out that in the EPR experiment, there is no causal connection between the two sides. If a causal model wants to comply with the principle of common cause, it will lead to faster-than-light information propagation. Even if non-local latent variables are used as common factors, it does not mean that the measurement results on both sides can influence each other. They are only related to each other, but not corresponding causal relationships.The "statistical correlation" in the EPR experiment does not have a controllable effect, because the results measured on either side are completely random. The experimenter cannot control the other side to produce the results he wants to transmit by manipulating the instrument. The two experimenters can only discover the correlation between each other's data when comparing them afterwards, and they cannot use this correlation to transmit information, otherwise the incommunicability theorem will be violated.This article draws a causal model diagram to analyze the EPR experiment, and uses the Everett interpretation and the quantum circuit diagram to demonstrate. It shows that the causal paradox in the EPR experiment is actually caused by a misunderstanding of "measurement" and "collapse" in the Copenhagen interpretation. If the Everett interpretation without the concept of "collapse" is adopted, it can be avoided when interpreting the EPR experiment. Paradox of cause and effect.In Everett's interpretation, the physical meaning of "measuring" a particle is to entangle the particle with the measuring instrument. When the local particle is measured, it will only be entangled with the local instrument, so there is no non-local interaction. The state of the particle does not change in any way because the particle on the other side is measured. No matter who measures first on the left or right, there will be no influence on each other. There will be no effect of the result of the first measurement on the result of the later measurement through superluminal action, and there will be no paradox that overturns the order of cause and effect.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Very Simple Proof of the Bloch's Theorem

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

We prove the famous Bloch's Theorem using the symmetry for discrete translationsin Dirac notation.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Concept of a Field as the Basis for the Model of a Quantum Object

Authors: Georgii Khantarzhiev
Comments: 18 Pages.

The model of a quantum object, based on the conception of a field, is presented in this research work. The way suggested allows to construct the model of a quantum object, which owns wave and particle properties simultaneously. The model is developed for the non-relativistic case and applied to three canonical experiments of quantum mechanics. This model describes successfully physical processes, happening at the quantum level, in these experiments. The analysis of some consequences of this model for the relativistic case is made. This model of a quantum object can be verified experimentally and a corresponding experiment is suggested for this goal.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron for Pedestrians

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages.

The causal arrangement of the two extended emission and detection sources and the photon source is considered. The emission source emitts the charged particle (electron) and photon. The photon source which is located betwen emission and detection sources is capable of the transmitting of space-like momenta. The photon propagates undisturbed between emission and detection sources, while the charged particle is reflected by the extended photon source. The result of such process is the modification of the vacumm-to-vacuum amplitude in form of the additional term which can beinterpreted as the additional magnetic moment of electron. The derivation is realized with the mathemathical simplicity and the Schwinger pedagogical clarity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Eigenvalue Density in Hermitian Matrix Models by the Lax Pair Method

Authors: J. B. McLeod, C. B. Wang
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, a new method is discussed to derive the eigenvalue density in Hermitian matrix model with a general potential. The density is considered on one interval or multiple disjoint intervals. The method is based on Lax pair theory and Cayley-Hamilton theorem by studying the orthogonal polynomials associated with the Hermitian matrix model. It is obtained that the restriction conditions for the parameters in the density are connected to the discrete Painleve I equation, and the results are related to the scalar Riemann-Hilbert problem. Some special density functions are also discussed in association with the known results in this subject.
Category: Quantum Physics

Completed Quantum Mechanical Theory

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 24 Pages.

Quantum mechanics is one of the most important theories in modern physics, despite of their predictability and accuracy; it is facing with crucial philosophic problems. Indeed the problems could be solved, and the theory could be improved by using "Vacuum Mechanics" i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium concept.
Category: Quantum Physics

For Roger Penrose the "Negative Frequencies" in Quantum Mechanics Are "Bad News"

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In relativistic quantum mechanics, free particle states with negative energy (negative frequency of the wave function) are not easy to interpret.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Klein-Gordon Equation and the Meson} Pi^{-}

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 8 Pages.

The study of the free motion of the meson $pi^{-}$ through the equation of Klein-Gordon, leads to its antiparticle i.e. the meson $pi^{+}$.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Comprehensive Review of Bosonic Quantum Error Correcting Codes

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 11 Pages.

Abstract—Quantum error correction is essential for reliable fault-tolerant quantum computing, necessitating the encoding of information redundantly into physical degrees of freedom to safeguard it against noise. A prominent approach involves continuous variable quantum informationprocessing using bosonic modes [3], [5], [6], [13], [17], [23]. This technique encodes information within the harmonic oscillator’s occupation number space, expressed throughnumber states {|n⟩}∞n=0 [19], position and momentum eigenstates {|x⟩}x∈R and {|p⟩}p∈R [12], or a selection of coherent states {|α⟩}α∈S (for a finite set S) [9]. The initial continuous variable scheme involving bosonic modes is the two-mode "dual-rail" encoding, introduced in1995 [8]. Presently, numerous bosonic codes are under assessment for their potential in fault-tolerant quantum computation. This review will focus on key contenders: firstly, establishing a pragmatic bosonic error model; proceedingto explore three prominent single-mode codes renowned for their robust protection against this model; evaluating the performance of these codes, considering relevant theoreticalaspects based on the work by [2]; and finally, delving into hardware-efficient multi-mode extensions, notable for their strides towards feasible physical implementation. Theseextensions will be situated within the evolving realm of bosonic quantum error correcting codes.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Solutions of Lorentz Transformation IV

Authors: Tomáš Kafoněk
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper is the fourth part of a hypothesis originally based on the basic assumptions of Lorentz transformation and has various implications. In the first part of the hypothesis [1], I calculated the wave function from the general assumptions of the Lorentz transformation. This wave function describes spacetime deformations and entirely replaces the original Lorentz solution used in special relativity. Importantly, each new solution, for both time and space deformation, has two possible solutions that are equally probable. Therefore, I have used these equations for further calculations, which already have a quantum nature.In the second part of my hypothesis [2], I converted this equation into an electromagnetic one and used it to calculate interference and diffraction. Thus, the resulting equation is not based on complex functions, as in standard calculations. We can further investigate this equation, for example, in the context of electron levels in an atom, as interference and diffraction are phenomena related to Young's experiment, and the wave properties of electrons have been demonstrated. In the third part of my hypothesis [3], I applied the calculations to atomic relations and outlined possible solutions for atomic orbitals. This outline of the potential arrangement of energies in the atomic model arose from the fact that some molecules, such as CH4, have the shape of a Platonic solid tetrahedron, which I consider pivotal within the framework of the VSEPR theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Solution of the Klein-Gordon Equation in a Moving Well and Quantum State of Complex Momentum

Authors: Qiuyu Shan
Comments: 7 Pages.

One-dimensional infinite well is an important model in quantum mechanics, and the solutions of Schrodinger equation and Klein-Gordon equation in this case have been studied extensively. In this paper, we discuss the solution of the Klein-Gordon equation in a moving one-dimensional infinite well, we find that the momentum of the particle should be complex numbers in a particular case.
Category: Quantum Physics

Soliton Interpretation of Quantum Theory

Authors: B. B. Slavin
Comments: 27 Pages. In Russian

This article proposes an interpretation of quantum physics based on the theory of solitons. According to this interpretation, an elementary particle (in particular, an electron) is a soliton solution to a system of nonlinear equations, while the linear equations of quantum mechanics for wave functions represent the boundary conditions for the presence of soliton solutions. It is hypothesized that the nonlinear equations for a quantum electron are ordinary Maxwell equations, in which the charge and current densities are expressed through quadratic combinations of electromagnetic field strengths. The complex wave function, which describes the motion of an electron, in this formulation is an ordinary electromagnetic wave, where the real part is the electric field strength, and the imaginary part is the magnetic field strength. Soliton equations, Maxwell's equations and quantum equations are easily written using 3+1 Pauli matrices, which indicates that the 3+1 coordinate system of space and time is a natural implementation of the world of particles - wave solitons. The proposed interpretation allows us to combine both the Copenhagen interpretation and Bohm’s theory of "hidden" variables.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 15 Pages.

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter pair creation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties. The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unified description of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capable of describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides a solid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

About the Experimental Study of Nonlocality in Quantum Physics

Authors: V. A. Kuz’menko
Comments: 4 Pages.

There is a long-forgotten experiment in quantum physics in which nonlocality manifests itself in a quite direct and obvious way. The basic properties of nonlocality can be experimentally studied there using very simple tools.
Category: Quantum Physics

Weirdness: Quantum Mechanics Versus General Relativity

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

The consensus among physicists is that General Relativity, a Classical theory, is a straightforward deterministic theory and Quantum Mechanics is weird. In this paper we present the alternative: for General Relativity, a classical theory in which the Equivalence Principle requires that a free falling frame - a non-inertial frame by definition - is to be considered as an inertial frame, its weirdness principally lies in its indispensable requirement of a space-time coordinate system in a non-Euclidean geometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Nonlocality of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 7 Pages.

Essentially, the nonlocality of quantum mechanics is manifested between entangled particles that are far enough apart from each other, such that the measurement of an observable in one of them, for example thespin, is correlated with the other particle. Ruling out the transmission of information between these particles not even at the speed of light. This experimental fact being widely confirmed in all the experiments that havebeen repeated throughout all these years since the thought experiment of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.It is therefore a problem not resolved by quantum mechanics to explain how the cause-effect of correlation can be produced. Quantum mechanics simply accepts experimentalfacts without explaining them.We think that there must be an agent that mediates the cause that produces the effect of the correlation. And this agent, we theorize, must be the structure of space. A space of more than four dimensions and that is totally interconnected or intertwined by the own characteristics of this space and that we will show in this article.Themain fact would be how this space moves at the same time and in all its extension.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Double-Slit Experiment is not as Mysterious

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

This paper presents a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics, specifically addressing the mysteries of wave-particle duality and the collapse of the wave function upon measurement. It challenges the notion that consciousness affects wave function collapse, proposing instead that nature inherently performs continuous, observer-independent measurements. The author argues for a universe that operates on a discrete, pixelated spacetime, contradicting traditional views of continuous mo- dels. This is based on the idea that the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics implies a digital, computational framework for the universe, termed the "Random Machine."The concept of the "Random Machine" is applied to explain quantum phenomena, such as the double-slit experiment and entanglement, suggesting that these events are determined by computational processes rather than physical properties. By reinterpreting these foundational experiments, the paper advocates for an indeterministic quantum universe, where events are outcomes of randomly made choices.This approach redefines the understanding of quantum mechanics, proposing a shift from deterministic interpretations to a model where quantum events are dictated by a cosmic random mechanism. The manuscript offers significant implications for the conceptual underpinnings of quantum physics, advocating for a reconsideration of the nature of reality as fundamentally computational.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Sound of the Aeolian Harp in the Madelung Model of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages.

According to Madelung, Bohm and Vigier, Wilhelm, Rosen and others, the original Schroedinger equation can be transformed into the hydrodynamical system of equations by using the so called Madelung ansatz. We derive in such quantum hydrodynamics, the non-relativistic and relativistic Strouhal number from the socalled vortex street. The relativistic derivation of this formula follows from the addition formula for velocities. The Strouhal friction tones are generated also during the motion of cosmic rays in relic photon sea, during the motion of bolids in atmosphere, during the Saturn rings motion in the relic black-body sea, during the motion of bodies in superfluid helium and so on.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Real Value of Vacuum Density and Information Theory

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted!)

The value calculated by quantum field theory for the energy of the vacuum disagrees greatly with the observational value. In this article weshow how to calculate it using information theory and the E8 group.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Measurements Generating Forces with Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle [:] An Alternative Understanding of Quantum Mechanics by Using Concepts From Thermodynamics, Special, and General Relativity.

Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 11 Pages.

According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, changing the uncertainty in a particle's position through measurement changes the particle's momentum. Newton's second law states that a changing momentum is due to a force on the particle. Therefore, changing the uncertainty in a particle's position through measurement changes the particle's momentum and generates a force on the particle. Understanding the consequences of measurements creating forces requires a conceptual derivation using thermodynamics and relativity concepts.Motion is not absolute; a quantum particle requires a second particle to provide a relative position and momentum. A measurement generates a force and creates a non-inertial reference frame. Without a measurement, velocity, momentum, and position are undefined. The particle occupies every possible allowed state simultaneously until a measurement defines the observables, increases entropy, and collapses the wavefunction.Many quantum mechanics interpretations use the complex wavefunction to obfuscate the underlying mechanics. Interpretations describe observable particle properties as consequences of ideas which science cannot falsify. It is impossible to measure imaginary numbers experimentally. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle eliminates the need for the Born rule, as it already contains the squared wavefunctions. Applying oscillating uncertainties provides a logical mechanism for forces and extends into the spherical harmonics of atomic physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spontaneous Disentanglement and Thermalisation

Authors: Eyal Buks
Comments: 10 Pages.

The problem of quantum measurement can be partially resolved by incorporatinga process of spontaneous disentanglement into quantum dynamics. We propose amodified master equation, which contains a nonlinear term giving rise to bothspontaneous disentanglement and thermalisation. We find that the addednonlinear term enables limit cycle steady states, which are prohibited instandard quantum mechanics. This finding suggests that an experimentalobservation of such a limit cycle steady state can provide an importantevidence supporting the spontaneous disentanglement hypothesis.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Foundation for Standard Quantum Theory

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 35 Pages.

This article presents a new way of looking at and understanding quantum physics through the lens of a novel framework. It addresses core issues of realism, locality, and measurement. It proposes a general quantum ontology consisting of two field-like entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- andparticle-like aspects of quantum systems. Unlike Bohmian mechanics, however, it does not take the conjunction of wave and particle literally.W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state enforces entanglement obligations and mediates the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The framework brings quantum theory much closer to general relativity; the ontological foundations of the two share common language, concepts, and principles. It explains the phenomenology of standard quantum theory, but offers a sensible alternative to the Copenhagen dispensation, which actively discourages - indeed, oracularly proscribes - inquiry that seeks to explain quantum mechanics more deeply than the fact that themathematical formalism works.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Structure and the Cause-Mechanism of Energy Levels [of] Quantized Atoms

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

Understanding Quantum Mechanics

Authors: D. J. Larson
Comments: 10 Pages. Submitted to Physics Essays

Quantum mechanics presently has many unanswered questions, paradoxes, and even outright logical contradictions. To make progress in understanding quantum mechanics, we begin by proposing that relativity be set aside in favor of an absolute aetherial theory. Once that step is taken, we can understand quantum collapse as a description of real wave-packets collapsing in a faster-than-light way. By assuming that a partially observable reality exists, we can then extend our analysis of wave-packets into the subquantum, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle then follows from the Fourier uncertainty principle coupled with the de Broglie relation. Further progress in understanding quantum mechanics is possible by modifying the de Broglie and Planck relations. Those modifications lead to matter-waves moving at the speed of light rather than superluminally as presently theorized, and they allow the results of matter-wave two-slit experiments to be understood from any reference frame. A modified time-dependent Schrödinger Equation results from our modifications, but the spatial time-independent Schrödinger Equation is retained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Extreme Oscillation Phenomenon of Relativistic Propagator

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 22 Pages.

We study the relativistic Schrodinger equation of a massive point particle in one dimension both with analytical calculations and with numerical computations, and we find that this equation is almost consistent with Special Relativity, with a problem of small amplitude leaking from outside the past light cone. We find a paradox and a mathematical conjecture related to the relativistic propagator. We find a conjecture about how the relativistic path integrals maybe work, which maybe solves the problems.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum States as Physical Possibilities

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 16 Pages. 7 figures

There is a common back-of-the-mind idea, prompted by the counterintuitiveness of quantum phenomena, that quantum states may represent ``mere possibilities'' in some vague sense. Yet, this idea reflects itself neither in the quantum formalism nor in the way we use it. In this paper, I explore what it entails to take this idea seriously.I begin by showing that already axiomatic probability fails to formally distinguish between possibilities and outcomes, even though it is conceptually supposed to be a unit measure over possibilities. I propose an axiomatic enrichment which introduces the distinction into Kolmogorov's axiomatization and then demonstrate how this provides a more faithful model of reality. Next, I explore an analogous mathematical modification of the standard quantum formalism in which Hilbert Space elements are no longer states of physical systems but mere physical possibilities, each linked to one of a set of actual states of systems we can observe if the possibility is actualized. The modified formalism leaves the rules of quantum mechanics the same as before, but makes it possible to distinguish between what Heisenberg called ``potentialities or possibilities'' and ``things and facts'' at the level of the mathematics. I call this the Heisenberg Interpretation, and while it is not testable within the domain of quantum mechanics itself, it does erect a mathematically well-defined separation between quantum and classical physics. If the classical domain is identified with that of general relativity, then the formalism can be tested by checking for the existence of the boundary via proposed experiments like the BMV effect or by measuring the gravity field of an ultra high energy laser. Finally, I argue that physical possibilities are an overlooked conceptual ingredient critical to all of physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Retro-Causality in Relational Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Ahmed Samir Albezawi
Comments: 5 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

The Wigner-Friend paradox is discussed in the light of relational quantum mechanics (RQM). It’s concluded that RQM requires retro-causality as a logical necessity if quantum mechanics is to be correct with respect to all observers. A more general model of retro-causality in RQM is proposed afterward, in which the entire history of a system changes with time.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Age for Quantum Computing with Dynamic Platforms

Authors: Renju Rajan
Comments: 9 Pages.

Quantum computers are information processing devices which rely on quantum parallelism. Various physical systems such as NMR and ion traps are employed for realizing this parallelism. Specific algorithms which utilize this parallelism are in place. These algorithms make quantum computers outperform their classical counterparts in computational performance for certain class of problems. As and when efficient quantum algorithms are developed, and with a reliable physical system in place, quantum computer are destined to become universal computing platforms in decades to come. This review sheds light on some of the fundamental aspects of quantum computing along with the physical systems which implement them in an unambiguous way.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Quantum Description of Inertia

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 11 Pages. This paper builds on the combined theory of Special Relativity and Quantum: https://viXra.org/abs/2106.0167 Mechanics

By extending the Gaussian gravitational flux theory, it is shown that the inertia of an accelerating object is proportional to the flux of its positional uncertainty in space. The constant of proportionality is found to be c/A where  is the density of the object, c is the speed of light and A is the diameter of the smallest possible black hole in nature - itself another constant of nature. In the case of a rectilinear acceleration, the proposed quantum formulation leads to F_I= -Ma. In the case of a rotational acceleration, the formulation leads to the rotational inertia T_I =-I dΩ/dt; both cases consistent with the predictions of the classical mechanics. In the case of a disc spinning under a constant rotational velocity Ω, the inertia resulting from the centripetal uncertainty of its constituents is found to reduce to T_I = -2/3 M R Ω^2, again identical to that of the classical mechanics. The latter, however, is found to be an underestimation of the actual quantum-relativistic solution wherein rΩ is non-negligible compared to c.
Category: Quantum Physics

Matter is the Representation of Space-Time

Authors: Xiaohan Deng, Zhiyong Deng
Comments: 20 Pages.

The continuous flowing spacetime forms a spacetime group G, one of its fundamental groups is the Poincare group PO(1,3), and the matter and interaction fields are representations of its intrinsic spacetime group. As a kind of quantized space-time unit, space-time group elements generate both space-time manifolds and matter. Matter and fields are aggregates of the quantum space-time within them and determine their type: the Lorentz group SO(1,3) represents a rotating spacetime corresponding to visible matter and the translation group P1,3 represents a translational spacetime corresponding to dark matter and dark energy. The aggregation mode of space-time degrees of freedom in matter reveals that charge conjugation symmetry is the inverse symmetry of internal time of charged particles, and the external parity breaking of neutrinos is also due to their internal spatial aggregation mode.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mathematical Formula of the Pauli Exclusion Principle

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages.

By studying the phase change of relativistic matter wave in the process of electron collision, the interaction formula of strongly correlated electron system is derived, a mathematical formula of the Pauli exclusion principle is proposed, its validity in superconductor is checked. The predicted superconducting gap is in good agreement with the experimental results of 21 typical superconductors. In addition, the interaction formula clearly shows that at very low temperature, the collision between some electrons and lattice will become neither energy gain nor energy loss, which provides a new insight for the study of superconductivity mechanism.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hierarchies of Pertubation Theories as Post-Hartree-Fock and Post-Kohn-Sham Shemes and a Jacob’s Ladder for Pauli Kinetic Energy Density Functional Approximations

Authors: Leon Walter Redeker, Maximilian Bechtel
Comments: 4 Pages.

A hierarchy and comparison of pertubation theories (PT) as Møller-Plesset (MP) pertubation theory, pertubation theory along the adiabatic-connection (AC) such as Görling-Levy pertubation theory (GLPT) and the Pertubation theory along the Pauli contribution by Redeker is presented with a classification as post-Hartree-Fock (HF) and post-Kohn-Sham (KS) method relative to their fundamental framework. Lastly a Jacob’s Ladder is given for approximating the Pauli kinetic energy density functional (KEDF).
Category: Quantum Physics

The [Plausible] Weird Mistake in Planck's Law

Authors: Patrick Marc
Comments: 11 Pages. Licence CC BY 4.0

By examining Planck's equation E=hν, one finds an analogy with accounting billing forelectricity. Frequency and power have a physical dimension T-¹, so one obtains an energyvalue accounted for over a time interval by multiplying them by this time interval. Byinvestigating this analogy, one finds a surprising mistake in Planck's law for the frequency of black body radiation: confusion between two contexts, one for radiation power and one for a timeless energy density. One goes from one to the other by an accounting-typetransformation: A multiplication by 4π/c or c/4π. Correcting this mistake makes a Planckconstant h timeless, invalidating the photon definition and de Broglie’s wave-particle duality. Despite this mistake, one obtains the same value for the black body radiation; it goesunnoticed. Consequently, the Planck relation becomes P=hν, with the energy of a cycle equal to h, whatever the frequency. One can consider this cycle as a new photon, which behaves like aparticle by its radiation pressure. Its energy-mass equivalence h=mɣc² gives a mass of4.134883524·10-¹u2075 eV, in the range referenced by the Particle Data Group. This correction ofPlanck's relation calls quantum physics into question.
Category: Quantum Physics

Rayleigh-Schroedinger Pertubation Theory Sheme Along the Pauli Contribution

Authors: Leon Walter Redeker
Comments: 6 Pages.

A new Rayleigh-Schrödinger pertubation theory (RSPT) sheme along the Pauli (P) contribution is presented, with the unpertubated system being the artificial Kohn-Sham (KS) system of noninteracting fermions, which is linked to the real system of interacting fermions via the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem, with �� = 0, i.e. no Pauli contribution, is scaled up by the coupling strength 0 ≤ �� ≤ 1 to a fictitious system, with �� = 1, i.e. full Pauli contribution, the pertubated system of noninteracting bosons given by the Levy-Perdew-Sahni (LPS) equation. This formalism to introduced in order to give a pathway for constructing novel Kinetic energy density functionals (KEDF) for the Pauli kinetic energy as an (generalized) adiabatic-connection-like (GAC) theorem similar as to for onstructing KS correlation functionals with the adiabatic-connection fluctuation-dissipation (ACFD) theorem or as been done in Görling-Levy pertubation theory (GLPT).
Category: Quantum Physics

The Building Block of Quantized Dirac Field

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 22 Pages.

[The author presents] how to quantize a two dimensional constrained system that functions as the building block of Dirac field.
Category: Quantum Physics

Selected Solved Problems On Quantum Mechanics, Solid State Physics and Computational Physics

Authors: Yunfeng Zhu
Comments: 16 Pages.

The author had selected and worked out these problems by himself. These problems mainly focus on quantum mechanics, solid state physics and computational physics. It can be regarded as a reference for the graduate students, especially those students in condensed matter physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

[On] Gravity-Classical and Quantum Physics

Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this 3rd paper of a triptych in quantum mechanics, a description of quantum gravity is given bottom up from potential theory of the scalar potential Φ(r) for validity at the Planck scale and is validated top down by Einstein’s general relativity results in gravity. The description on quantum level results in an exact, identical description in the transformed curvature frequency (k, r) domain of the Schwarzschild and Droste metric and yields exactly identical curvatures derived in the classical tensor description of general relativity of A.Einstein, i.e. where the twain meet. No mathematical evidence (§4.4) of space deformation by gravity field components (applicable in spacetime as well with a proper definition of time as true 4th dimension, however is not subject of this paper); the deformation is valid in geodesic trajectories caused by properties of objects i.e. quantum particles and massive bodies, exposed to gravity fields caused by mass in space.The gravity field is a potential field interacting on quantum scale with mass as property of elementary massive particles, acquired by the Higgs’ mechanism. The field is emergent from two fundamental vector fields at spatial locations r with scalar field values, §4; in the treatment on quantum scale, strictly Abelian mathematics are maintained.The quantum particle of gravity i.e. the graviton is argued to be a mediating scalar gauge boson of the Higgs-type, by mediating the gravity force FG locally on the mass property by the field values (scalar magnitudes) of the gravitation field: gravitation force FG then is a (very) weak fundamental force, generated on quantum scale with visible effects in the entire universe on extreme scale.In the field descriptions (§4), 1.) no mathematical support is found for (naked) singularities: they disappear by a proper source description i.e. do not exist, and 2.) evidence is found that singularities at rS /r - appearing as well in the derivations by K. Schwarzschild and J. Droste of Einstein’s tensor treatment - are being introduced by violations of variable validity in mathematically integrated combinations of natural- and transformed- domain mathematics, and therefore include far-field approximation (-terms) in equations with validity for r → ∞ in the field in one combined equation, where they should remain separated, see §4.4.1 eq. (4.7a) and J.Droste’s notion in his textual remark in the original 1916 paper.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Paradigm for Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Lino Zamboni
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper introduces a new theoretical paradigm for elementary particles, specifically the electron, proposing an internal structure composed of entangled mass elements. The model extends Bohm’s quantum potential theory ,redefining the quantum potential as an emergent property of intra-particle entanglement, rather than as a purely mathematical non-local function. This framework offers a novel resolution to the problems of wave function collapse and non-locality, while ensuring compatibility with special relativity. Additionally, the model incorporates concentric "s"-type orbitals to describe the spatial arrangement of mass elements, providing a framework that aligns with the principles of quantum mechanics while allowing for a stationary and symmetric configuration of the electron. Though detailed electrostatic and relativistic derivations are beyond the scope of this work, this paradigm suggests a unified and physically grounded interpretation of quantum phenomena that bridges the gap between quantum mechanics and classical physics. Further developments and mathematical formalism will be discussed in subsequent works
Category: Quantum Physics

The Photon Impact

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 7 Pages.

The impact of a photon hitting a surface is determined. Newton law of dynamics is demonstrated from thermodynamics considerations in which Planck oscillator is considered as a 4-space dimensions oscillator. Wave-corpuscle duality is remodeled.
Category: Quantum Physics

Neutron Reinterpretation: A Unified Model for Strong, Weak, and Electromagnetic Interactions

Authors: Alfonso De Miguel Bueno
Comments: 12 Pages. 10 figures

In the context of a novel interacting fields model, this paper presents a reconceptualization of the neutron as an intermediate state between proton and antiproton transformations, incorporating antimatter and dark matter into the nucleon dynamics. By introducing a geometric interpretation of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the model provides a conceptual bridge between QCD and weak interactions, offering a unified framework for strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces. Beta decay is described as a cyclical process involving color charge exchange mediated by gluons, while the roles of W and Z bosons are reassessed within the electroweak theory. Furthermore, this model proposes an explanation for the neutron's Electric and magnetic Dipole Moments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hypothesis of Hyperconductivity

Authors: Laurence Douglas Fink
Comments: 33 Pages.

Hyperconductivity, a proposed theoretical phenomenon, extends the principles of superconductivity to extreme conditions where materials exhibit perfect electrical conductivity beyond the conventional limits of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. Unlike conventional superconductivity, which typically requires ultra-low temperatures near absolute zero, hyperconductivity is hypothesized to occur in a wider range of materials and environmental conditions, possibly even at room temperature. This theoretical state could fundamentally revolutionize energy transmission, quantum computing, and material science by eliminating energy loss due to electrical resistance entirely, while enabling unprecedented efficiencies in energy storage and generation. This paper proposes the foundational principles of hyperconductivity, exploring quantum mechanical interactions, electron pairing mechanisms, and potential materials where this phenomenon could manifest. Furthermore, it addresses the critical challenges in realizing hyperconductivity, such as the need for exotic material structures, high-pressure environments, or unconventional quantum states that go beyond the current Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Theory of Quantum Mechanics - The Rebuilding of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 59 Pages.

This paper starts from the behavior of the field in a potential well and concludes that the field exists in the form of a standing wave with energy in the potential well, thereby finding the cause of the fluctuation in quantum mechanics. Using only one physical model, the field forms fluctuations, which is the wave function, and using the Compton wavelength, the relationship between electromagnetic wave energy and mechanical wave energy and frequency is derived. It is concluded that the wave function has the meaning of a generalized field, and it is noted that Sommerfeld's quantization rule is the basic equation of quantum mechanics, thus establishing a new quantum mechanics theory. The superposition, orthogonality, normalization, and equivalence principles of the wave function are analyzed, and the superposition of wave function states does not exist. Each conclusion given herein has a clear and obvious physical meaning, making the problem of quantum mechanics simple and clear. A new atomic model is established, and problems such as electron transitions, electron spin, electron emission and absorption are discussed. Matter is divided into solid matter and field-state matter. The essence of light is particularly analyzed, and it is clear that light is an electromagnetic wave and that light is not a material particle. Experiments such as the electron pattern of the Davissonu2012Germer experiment, the principles of electron microscopy, the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, and double-slit interference are reinterpreted. A new uncertainty relation is proposed. Notably, there is no wave, no "waveu2012particle duality", no quantum entanglement, and the Schrödinger equation is not a wave equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Photons Do Not Exist[?] Light Does Not Move, It is Transmitted by Electromagnetic Resonance

Authors: Luis Rodolfo Cabrera Juárez
Comments: 8 Pages.

Is exposed a theory, according to which the light no moves, like "photons". Is transmitted as a electromagnetic resonance phenomen. To support this principle, is used the Helical Solenoid Model of the Electron to calcular the quantum transition frecuency of the first line of Lymann serie, of the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Erasure Experiment is not a Miracle

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper rejects the common notion that "erasing path information causes interference fringes to reappear". This paper argues that it is a misnomer to call this experiment a quantum "erasure". Instead of "erasing", the diagonal polarizers actually filter the photons, and it is this filtering that causes the interference fringes to reappear. Further, there is no need to introduce anticausality to explain the delayed-choice experiment. The wavefunction of a photon does not collapse after it comes out of the double slit until it reaches the position of the screen. It is meaningless to ask which slit the photon came through. Therefore, instead of calling this experiment a "quantum erasure experiment", it would be more appropriate to call it a "quantum screening experiment", and it is this means of screening that restores coherence.
Category: Quantum Physics

On-Shel Electromagnetism Asa Step Towards QM Classification

Authors: Gilad Laredo
Comments: 17 Pages.

This study extends the classical theory of electromagnetism to include quantum phenomena, thus creating a bridge between classical EM theory and quantum mechanics. This bridge is facilitated through a mathematical structure that covers both Maxwell equations, Dirac equation and the Proca equation. One outcome of this study is a new Lagrangian that maintains the same fermionic field dynamics generated by the QED Lagrangian while being more compact and symmetric. Additionally, this work introduces a ‘fermionic’ stress-energy tensor that can be integrated into Einstein’s field equations as source of spacetime curvature, demonstrating compatibility with general relativity.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Breather-Soliton Model of Elementary Particles

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 30 Pages.

In this paper we show that a unification of gravity and inertia, as it is achieved in the context of a correct implementation of Mach‘s principle, strongly suggests that elementary particles are oscillatory solitons in the gravitational field (or more general: a unified field including the gravitational one). We show how the properties of elementary particles then give rise to the phenomenology of special relativity as well as quantum mechanics in the usual classical framework and in flat, 3-dimensional Euclidean space. The oscillatory solitons exhibit the same structure as was originally postulated by De Broglie for the quantum wave function in his double solution theory. This structure of the elementary particles naturally gives rise to elementary quantum phenomena, like their wave-particle duality, the uncertainty relation, the De Broglie relations E=ℏω and p=ℏk and discrete energy levels for bound states. A formula for h can in principle be obtained. This opens up the possibility of explaining the origin of quantum mechanics in a purely classical framework. At the same time, also the special relativistic phenomena like length contraction, time dilation, the relativistic energy-momentum relation, and the apparent constancy of the speed of light can be explained from just the structure of the solitons in flat, 3-dimensional space. The speed of light is just an apparent constant when measured with co-moving rulers and clocks, provided by the elementary particles themselves. It obeys the usual vector addition, just like all other velocities and vectors do, too. Ultimately, mass itself can be explained as entirely of (gravitational) field origin, as the field energy which is concentrated within the soliton. This will also yield an explanation for the energy-mass equivalence. No additional scalar field like the Higgs field is needed. Further, also problems like the twin paradox, the measurement problem, and the infinite self-energies of elementary particles can be resolved in a soliton model.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Soliton Model of Elementary Particles

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper we show that a unification of gravity and inertia, as it comes out of a correct implementation of Mach‘s principle, leads to elementary particles being oscillatory solitons in the gravitational field (or more general: a unified field including the gravitational one). We show how the properties of elementary particles then give rise to the phenomenology of special relativity as well as quantum mechanics in the usual classical framework and in flat, 3 dimensional Euclidean space. The oscillatory solitons exhibit the same structure as was originally postulated by De Broglie for the quantum wave function. This structure of the elementary particles naturally gives rise to elementary quantum phenomena, like their wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, the De Broglie relations E=ℏω and P=ℏk and discrete energy levels for bound states. A formula for h can in principle be obtained. This opens up a possibility to explain the origin of quantum mechanics in a purely classical framework. At the same time, also the special relativistic phenomena like length contraction, time dilation, the relativistic energy-momentum relation and the apparent constancy of the speed of light can be explained from just the structure of the solitons. The speed of light is just an apparent constant when measured with co-moving rulers and clocks, provided by the elementary particles themselves. It obeys the usual vector addition, just like all other velocities and vectors do, too. Ultimately, mass itself can be explained as entirely of (gravitational) field origin, as the field-energy which is concentrated within the soliton. This will also yield an explanation for the energy-mass equivalence. No additional scalar field like the Higgs field is needed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Statistical Foundation of Black-Body Radiation

Authors: Michalis Psimopoulos
Comments: 38 Pages.

We consider the black-body cavity as a closed system consisting of a fixed total number s of quanta that in turn form a random total number N of photons. The states describing this photon gas are equiprobable according to Bose statistics and their number is equal to the number of partitions of the integer s. Using the Hardy-Ramanujan formula for large s, Planck's distribution is derived without resorting to Boltzmann's law and to interactions between radiation and matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 103 Pages. Updated/fixed mathematics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics.The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schrödinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this framework, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid.The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter pair creation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid's topological properties. The SSH's implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell's law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unified description of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell's equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH's potential as a generalization of general relativity, capable of describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides a solid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Solution of the Equations of the Galaxy Gravitational Field

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 7 Pages.

The general solution of the equations of the gravitational field of the galaxy with an additional variable parameter n is found. The additional variable parameter n determines in GR the distribution of the average mass density mainly in the friable galactic nucleus. The velocity of the orbital motion of stars is close to Kepler only for n>2^25. At n<2^15, it is slightly less than the highest possible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. The maximum allowable value of the average mass density of a substance outside the friable galactic nucleus negligibly weakly depends on the parameter n in GR. If the energy-momentum tensor is formed not on the basis of external thermodynamic parameters, but on the basis of intranuclear gravithermodynamic parameters of the substance, then the dependence of the average mass of the substance on the value of the parameter n becomes very significant. The permissible value of the average mass density of matter outside the friable galactic nucleus is determined by the value of the parameter, which is responsible for the curvature of space. And it can be arbitrarily small. Therefore, in relativistic gravithermodynamics, in contrast to GR, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Book on Ancient History of Proto-slavic-speaking Sarmatian Super-ethnos and Its Genetic Descendants

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 676 Pages.

The work, which collects both ancient, antique and medieval as well as modern convincing evidence of dark- red-skinnedness of the medieval Slavs and their Sarmatian ancestors and ancient Germanic people, as well as about the Slavic speaking of our ancestors Ukrainians who lived cross-strait together with ancestors of the Chinese and Tungusic people (which is confirmed by the fact that hereditary Slavs preferred to use mainly hard vowel "e", and not the soft Turanian "je", as well as by the numerous Slavic-Chinese, Slavic-Japanese, Slavic-Evenki and Slavic-Manchu isoglosses). This work allows us to look in a new way at the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians and finally give up naive search for the ancestral homeland of the medieval dark- red-skinned Slavs in Europe. So, the work that formed on the basis of the materials of the previously published article "History of the tribes and peoples that formed the Ukrainian ethnos and the state of Ukraine", can be useful both for scientists and students of history and other faculties of higher education institutions, as well as for ordinary citizens of Ukraine who are interested in the history of their ancestors. Refusal of those historical myths imposed by the Turanians of Muscovy will significantly contribute to the formation of civil society in the country. The other thing that can also significantly contribute to this is the recognition of the state of our ancestors Slavic-speaking Goths Greutungi > Hrosi > Rus as the first state of Ukrainians.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Measurement Problem as Loss of Adiabatic Invariance

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

The measurement problem of Quantum Mechanics reflects the tension between the deterministic evolution of wavefunctions and their random collapse caused by experimental observations. Here we argue that, in the Hamiltonian picture of quantum dynamics, wavefunction collapse follows from the destruction of adiabatic invariance on ultrashort time scales. Once adiabatic invariance is lost, Planck’s constant becomes meaningless, and Quantum Mechanics breaks down. We also suggest that, in the long-time limit, action quantization is a result of Arnold diffusion, a process describing the instability of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems with more than two degrees of freedom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Chirality (Electroweak Interaction) Using Geometric (Real Clifford) Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 44 Pages.

In this paper, we obtain the left and the right-handed (chirality) representation of the wavefunction using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra Cl 3,0. We will use both the Chiral representation and the Pauli/Dirac representation. Also, a summary of how all the interactions can be calculated and represented using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra is shown.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sieve of Eratosthenes as Generating Algorithm and Riemann Zeta Function as Generating Function in Quantum Field Theory, Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 35 Pages. Finalized Preprint Version for submission to journal.

Relevant to Quantum field theory, Sieve of Eratosthenes (as generating algorithm for all prime numbers) and Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) are essentially infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. We ignore even prime number 2. The complete set with its derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. Having these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems. Riemann hypothesis proposes complete set of all nontrivial zeros in Riemann zeta function is located on its critical line. It is separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sieve of Eratosthenes as Generating Algorithm and Riemann Zeta Function as Generating Function in Quantum Field Theory, Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 30 Pages.

Relevant to Quantum field theory, Sieve of Eratosthenes (as generating algorithm for all prime numbers) and Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) are infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. We ignore even prime number 2. The complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while fully satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. With these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems. Riemann hypothesis proposes all nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function are located on its critical line. It is separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 52 Pages. Math updates: More details were requested by reviewers

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter pair creation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties. The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unified description of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed.Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capableof describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides a solid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 26 Pages.

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understandingof gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter paircreation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties.The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and lectromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unifieddescription of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed.Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capableof describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides asolid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Atomic Structure

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

Atomic Structure

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Structure and the Cause-Mechanism of Energy Levels of Quantized Atoms

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

Extreme Oscillation Phenomenon of Relativistic Propagator

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 18 Pages.

We study the relativistic Schrodinger equation of a massive point particle in one dimension both with analytical calculations and with numerical computations, and we find that this equation is almost consistent with Special Relativity, with an apparent problem of small amplitude leaking from outside the past light cone. We find a conjecture and a paradox related to the relativistic propagator.
Category: Quantum Physics

Extreme Oscillation Phenomenon of Relativistic Propagator

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 22 Pages.

We study the relativistic Schrodinger equation of a massive point particle in one dimension both with analytical calculations and with numerical computations, and we find that this equation is almost consistent with Special Relativity, with a problem of small amplitude leaking from outside the past light cone. We find a paradox and a mathematical conjecture related to the relativistic propagator. We find a conjecture about how the relativistic path integrals maybe work, which maybe solves the problems.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Quantum Description of Inertia

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 11 Pages. This paper builds on the combined theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics: https://viXra.org/abs/2106.0167

By extending the Gaussian gravitational flux theory, it is shown that the inertia of an accelerating object is proportional to the flux of its positional uncertainty in space. The constant of proportionality is found to be c/A where  is the density of the object, c is the speed of light and A is the diameter of the smallest possible black hole in nature - itself another constant of nature. In the case of a rectilinear acceleration, the proposed quantum formulation leads to F_I= -Ma. In the case of a rotational acceleration, the formulation leads to the rotational inertia T_I =-I dΩ/dt; both cases consistent with the predictions of the classical mechanics. In the case of a disc spinning under a constant rotational velocity Ω, the inertia resulting from the centripetal uncertainty of its constituents is found to reduce to T_I = -2/3 M R Ω^2, again identical to that of the classical mechanics. The latter, however, is found to be an underestimation of the actual quantum-relativistic solution wherein RΩ is non-negligible compared to c.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: Total Quantum Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 61 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor $10^{61}$, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone inthe Universe. The Egyptian length unit, the meter shows that the physical parameters are optimal calculus basis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: Quantum Total Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 61 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant anda return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces theCosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 10^61,which explains at last the enormous vacuum quantum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gaugeboson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: Quantum Total Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 58 Pages. in French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 10^61, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Matter is the Representation of Space-Time

Authors: Xiaohan Deng, Zhiyong Deng
Comments: 27 Pages.

The continuous flowing spacetime forms a spacetime group G, one of its fundamental groups is the Poincare group PO(1,3), and the matter and interaction fields are representations of its intrinsic spacetime group. As a kind of quantized space-time unit, space-time group elements generate both space-time manifolds and matter. Matter and fields are aggregates of the quantum space-time within them and determine their type: the Lorentz group SO(1,3) represents a rotating spacetime corresponding to visible matter and the translation group P1,3 represents a translational spacetime corresponding to dark matter and dark energy. The aggregation mode of space-time degrees of freedom in matter reveals that charge conjugation symmetry is the inverse symmetry of internal time of charged particles, and the external parity breaking of neutrinos is also due to their internal spatial aggregation mode.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravity Subtitle: the Merger of Qantum and Classical-Physics

Authors: A.V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 22 Pages. Version update; minor clarifications, extended conclusions, addition prologue

In this 3rd paper of a triptych in quantum theory, a mathematical description ab initio of gravitational field theory is presented. In this reconciliation description, quantum physics and classical general relativity (GR) merge seamlessly — instead of deviations from general relativity, the treatment results in identical (photon and massive Higgs boson coupled energy) trajectory curvatures in gravitational fields, however with 3 deviating conclusions regarding (naked) singularities, spacetime-curvature and graviton i.e. deviating from predicted by the Einstein tensor metrics of GR. The fundamental gravitation-potential treatment of the field description is developed in the complex Hilbert space. The gravity field then is mathematically identified by the causal relation between two vector-fields in convolution and emerges as scalar field, evolving pre-determined in space from the moment of mass creation i.e. the symmetry breaking. The gravitational field-theory eventually evolves in spacetime curvature, emerging as geodesic-trajectory curvature by energy objects in the spatial field of a gravitation source. In the field, the trajectories of objects are being determined only by the principle of least action (LaGrange, Feynman).
Category: Quantum Physics

Merging of Classical & Quantum Physics

Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: Pages. After editorial adaptation, the article is published in Hyperscience International Journals Title: Gravity: where quantum physics and classical physics finally merge. 2024-03 | Journal article DOI: 10.55672/hij2024pp1-9

In this 3rd paper of a triptych in quantum theory regarding gravity, quantum and classical physics are merged seamlessly - however with deviating from classical physics conclusions regarding singularities, space-curvature and graviton.Mathematically, singularities (Schwarzschild, Droste) vanish by a proper definition of the gravity source. Space(-time) curvature is shown to be geodesic-trajectory curvature by (energy) objects in the field of (a) gravity source(s). The gravity field is found to be a scalar field in which the trajectories are being defined only by the principle of least action (LaGrange, Feynman) by compensation of accelerations due to different physical causal sources of acceleration.The graviton is argued to be a massive Higg’s type scalar boson with ubiquitous presence since the creation of quantum and clustered mass in the universe: the influence of a settled gravity field on mass (in) entering this field therefore is instantaneous, i.e. unlike a vector boson.Gravity waves, occurring in mergers/transitions of mass, are defined by changes in time of the gravity field dM/dt (at max. c m/s) in space and only become observable when substantial mass/energy is involved due to the weakness and spatial decay of gravity fields.All mathematics (e.g. integral transformations, vector space etc) and related used operators in the paper are part of the Abelian group for validity at the Planck scale. Results thus constitute the description of gravity on all scales.
Category: Quantum Physics