Classical Physics

The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics: Classical Mechanics I

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 27 Pages.

In this paper of "The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics" series we investigate the epistemological significance and sensibility (and hence interpretability and interpretation) of classical mechanics in its Newtonian and non-Newtonian formulations. As we will see, none of these formulations provide a clear and consistent framework for understanding the physics which they represent and hence they all represent valid formalism without proper epistemology or sensible interpretation.
Category: Classical Physics

Two Fundamental Physical Laws Are Missing for a Complete Description of Gravity

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 15 Pages.

For over 300 years, the formula for the force of gravitational interaction has been represented by the single law of universal gravitation of Newton. During this period, facts have been revealed that Newton's law of gravitation gives predictions that do not agree with observations. It is shown that Newton's law of gravity is not the single law of gravitational interaction in the Universe. Newton's law of universal gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2) is only one of three laws of gravitational interaction. In addition to Newton's law of gravitation, two new laws of gravitation are given: FK=mR^3/(T*r)^2; FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ. These two laws of gravitational interaction remained undiscovered for more than 300 years. The three laws of gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2, FK=mR^3/(T*r)^2, FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ) revive classical gravity and develop Newtonian dynamics towards a complete model of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation together with the two new laws of gravitation provide a complete and consistent description of gravitational interaction in the Universe.
Category: Classical Physics

The Antigravity on the Lab Bench

Authors: Alfred Schaub, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 8 Pages.

Based on a modified interpretation of Coulomb's repulsive force, the misunderstood Biefeld-Brown effect can be explained and used to demonstrate antigravity.
Category: Classical Physics

Kepler's Constant in Celestial Mechanics, in Electromagnetism and in Cosmology

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is well known that the Kepler constant R^3/T^2 is a constant of celestial mechanics. It is shown here that the ratio of the cube of the distance to the square of time is a constant for many physical objects and is of a universal nature. The cosmological equation GMUTU2=RU3 is obtained, which includes the constant RU^3/TU^2 as a ratio of the parameters of the Universe. The cosmological equation combines 4 parameters of the Universe: mass MU, radius RU, time TU and the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. In the cosmological equation, the constant RU^3/TU^2 is a constant of the Universe. The electrodynamic equation e2t02=mere34πε0 is obtained, which includes the constant re^3/t0^2 as a ratio of the parameters of the electron. The equation combines 4 parameters of the electron: mass me, classical radius of the electron re, characteristic time t0, electric charge e. In the equation containing the electron parameters, the constant re^3/t0^2 is a constant of electromagnetism. These equations show that the limits of applicability of Kepler’s ratio R^3/T^2 go far beyond planetary mechanics. Ratio R^3/T^2 is a constant not only of celestial mechanics, but also a constant of the Universe and even a constant of the electron.
Category: Classical Physics

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation is Only One of the Three Laws of Gravitational Interaction in the Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

t is shown that Newton's law of gravity is not the only law of gravitationalinteraction in the Universe. Newton's law of universal gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2) is only one of threelaws of gravitational interaction. In addition to Newton's law of gravitation, two new laws ofgravitation are given: Fк=mR^3/(T*r)^2; Fcos=(mc^2)√Ʌ. These two laws of gravitationalinteraction remained undiscovered for more than 300 years. The three laws of gravitation(FN=GmM/r^2, Fк=mR^3/(T*r)^2, Fcos=(mc^2)√Ʌ) revive classical gravity and develop Newtoniandynamics towards a complete model of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation together with the two newlaws of gravitation provide a complete and consistent description of gravitational interaction in the Universe
Category: Classical Physics

A Novel and Straightforward Approach to Fundamental Scientific Problems

Authors: Hai-Fei Ma
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces a new approach to solving fundamental scientific problems, such as the origin of gravitation, the nature of Newton’s gravitational force, and what the universe is made of, along with unexpected findings. The core idea of this study is that every mathematical formula in physics must correspond to a physical process or existence. Since Newton’s formula for gravity has been repeatedly validated and proven useful, it is employed in this study. Through a detailed analysis of Newton’s formula, I uncovered many astonishing findings and resolved several long-standing fundamental scientific problems. These findings are significant for a better understanding of the universe. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that this new approach is both useful and effective.
Category: Classical Physics

Electromagnetism Based on the Existence of "Aether" II: About Electromagnetic Induction (in Japanese)

Authors: Yukihiko Hoshino
Comments: 17 Pages.

In our previous report, we investigated the mechanism of generation of magnetic quanta that transmit magnetic force, and found that magnetic quanta with right-hand and left-hand rotation in the direction of travel are generated simultaneously and propagate through space in opposite directions on a straight line. Based on this premise, the mechanism of electromagnetic induction was investigated. As a result, it was found that when a magnet is brought close to a coil, the free electrons in the coil are caused to flow by the flow of "aether" in the same direction as the rotation of the magnetic quantum, which is created by the rotation of the magnetic quantum, and an electric current flows in the coil in the opposite direction to the rotation of the magnetic quantum, but because the movement of the free electrons caused by the flow of "aether" immediately stops based on the "laws of elementary particle motion," the electric current also stops immediately. On the other hand, when the magnet is moved away from the coil, the free electrons that were stabilized and stationary in one direction's flow of "aether" will, due to the cessation of the "aether" flow, momentarily move in the opposite direction of the previous "aether" flow according to the "laws of elementary particle motion", and then stop moving. This results in the generation of a momentary current flowing in the opposite direction to the current generated when the magnet was brought close. In addition, based on the relationship between the magnetic pole approached to the coil and the direction of the generated current, it was found that the magnetic quantum generated from the N pole (N magnetic quantum) rotates right in the direction of travel, and the magnetic quantum generated from the S pole (S magnetic quantum) rotates left in the direction of travel.
Category: Classical Physics

Motion Out of Time: Single Speed Hypothesis

Authors: Temesgen Mechal Degu
Comments: 8 Pages.

This study delves into the concept of velocity within the context of the physical interpretation of acceleration and deceleration for objects in motion through space. A thought experiment involving a marble and a photon is utilized to propose the hypothesis that all objects in space, inherently, do not take time to move from a specific source to a destination. Through a series of methodically structured thought experiments, this hypothesis and the accompanying conclusions are explored and validated. Newton’s first law of motion serves as the basis for these scenarios, enabling logical conclusions to be drawn. Based on the arguments presented, this hypothesis is used to provide a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics. The methodology emphasizes logical reasoning over detailed mathematical formulations, offering a more accessible presentation.
Category: Classical Physics

Are Special Relativity and General Relativity True?

Authors: A. V. Serghienko
Comments: 27 Pages. 2 figures

I would like to talk about the falsity of the theory of relativity. I understand that shouts will now begin: "How long is it possible? Alternatives again." I'll answer this. Let's argue. Just argue without insults. Those who protect Einstein, as a rule, does not provide any evidence and only call names. And their main argument: "You are a fool!" Of course, you can't argue with this. Well, seriously, let's figure it out. Critics of the theory of relativity have appeared since its inception. There has never been such a period in recent history of science when there were no critics of Einstein. Doesn't this worry anyone?! Why are there no critics of Newton and the classical mechanics and mathematical analysis he created?! Not everyone even knows why Einstein received the Nobel Prize. Many people think what kind of theory of relativity. In fact, this is not true. Einstein was given a prize for explaining the two laws of the photoelectric effect. At the same time, the Russian scientist Stoletov made a significant contribution to the research of the photoelectric effect. But in the West they prefer this don't remember. This is understandable. They rarely give Nobel Prizes to Russians. It should be noted that at first no one took the theory of relativity seriously. When Einstein was given Nobel Prize, it was said that the prize was awarded despite the dubiousness of his other theories and the presence serious objections to them. I will not list all the contradictions here. Simply because the number of given the arguments are unlikely to convince the most notorious skeptics.
Category: Classical Physics

The Problem of Newton’s Cannonball

Authors: Herve Le Cornec
Comments: 8 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

Looking at the kinematics of Newton’s thought experiment of the cannonball fired from a mountain, by considering a linear gravitational acceleration we face a non constant angular momentum, thus no Keplerian motion. Nonetheless Newton always referred to his gravitational force as centripetal, therefore the problem can be solved by using Hamilton’s Keplerian velocity, which also forecasts a centripetal acceleration. We might then have misunderstood Newton by considering a linear instead of centripetal gravitational acceleration in some local experiments, like the body falling.
Category: Classical Physics

Michelson-Morley Experiment Explanation

Authors: Harishankar kushwaha
Comments: 8 Pages. 4 figures

Michelson and Morley conducted experiments to investigate the possibility of luminiferous aether being present in the universe for light beam propagation. Is the experiment appropriate for detecting aether in the universe or not? Morley and Michelson conduct such exquisite experiments. However, there seems to be a discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical data. This may be because the derivation of the Michelson and Morley experiment did not include the speed of the light source. The objective of this theory is to use the new derivation of the Michelson and Morley experiment to include the light source speed and to observe the result. The main aim of this theory is to demonstrate that the velocity of light is relative, rather than independent. Interestingly, there has been little discussion about the source speed of light until now. In this paper, we utilize the classical mechanics of relative motion to derive the Michelson and Morley experiment. By introducing the light source speed in the derivation, our theoretical and experimental values will match. However, further experiments are required to fully prove whether the speed of light is constant or relative and whether it is dependent or independent.
Category: Classical Physics

A Logical Physical Theory

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 8 Pages. Essay written for Fqxi.org competition 2009

Logical development of physical theories is hindered by a lack of rational mechanisms of interactions between material bodies. This has led to many illogical assumptions. The concept currently used to facilitate interactions between material bodies—the ‘action at a distance through empty space'—has no mechanism of action. Vague forms of fields and aether, which are also in use, suffer lack of logical structure or mechanisms of action. Until these are replaced by a concept of a rational as well as a real entity to facilitate as a medium between the material bodies, the development of physical theories will continue to become more and more irrational. Matter is the only real entity in the universe. Hence, it is logical to expect the matter to provide structured material bodies as well as a universal medium that interlinks all material bodies in nature. Matter itself has to be in the form of an infinite number of basic matter particles. A logical theory based on only one type of postulated matter particle will lead to the development of an ideal universal medium. This universal medium should be able to account for all physical phenomena in nature, under the same rules and under all conditions.
Category: Classical Physics

The Mechanics of Electrostatic Attraction and Repulsion, a Conceptual Analysis

Authors: Francois Zinserling
Comments: 18 Pages.

Conceptual analysis finds Coulomb attraction and repulsion between integer charged particles from interactions with spin=2 photon-pairs. Primordial pairs transform to electrostatic pairs to form homogeneous (+E) or (-E) photon fields around particles of charge. Asymmetric fields create conditions for repulsion of same charged particles, or attraction of opposite charges. The Coulomb force effect is achieved through momentum transfer from photons to particles, giving the appearance of a force.
Category: Classical Physics

Unification of Gravitation and Electromagnetic Force: Including a New Theory of Gravitation

Authors: Zheng-hua Zhang
Comments: 19 Pages. In Chinese

In the current physics, not only the electromagnetic force and gravity are two different forces, but also the electric force and the magnetic force are obviously different. Starting from the discussion of magnetic force, it is believed that the interaction force between matter is not only due to the intrinsic properties of matter, but also related to some influence of the accumulation of surrounding matter. Thus charged and neutral bodies at rest are logically assigned velocities. The concept of momentum is extended, and the product of the mass of an electrically neutral body and its velocity is called mass momentum. The product of the charge of the charged body and its velocity is called charge momentum. It is assumed that there is a force between moving body, that the magnitude of the force is proportional to the product of their momenta, that (when they may be treated as mass points) is inversely proportional to the square of their distance, and that the direction of the force is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the body being acted upon. Based on the above hypothesis, the gravitational equation including the motion velocity is derived, and the magnetic field of the rotating object is also derived. Moreover, based on the above hypothesis, the electromagnetic force is sorted out and explained, and the electric force is given a new explanation, so that the electric force and the magnetic force become the same force. It also is same that the form of the electromagnetic force as the derived equations of gravity. The expression of gravity includes both attractive and repulsive forces, and the repulsive force cannot be observed (what is called gravity has no repulsive force) can be logically explained. Testable predictions are also presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Relativity's Nontheoretical Inutility: An Argument for the Factual Pragmatism of Classical Physics

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 27 Pages.

Relativity has little practical relevance in our real nontheoretical three-dimensional classical Newtonian environment. Its founding premise, light's (presumed) constancy, is conceptually impossible. It only works theoretically in the one dimension of linear motion and only in one direction. In the three actual dimensions of our tangible physical existence, its required contraction in the forward direction that would maintain its constancy in motion would always be in conflict with its noncontracted velocity to the sides and its necessary expanded velocity to the rear. In reality, light's velocity can only compound mechanically with the motion of its source and that of other bodies/reference frames (which is what all of the Michelson-Morley type experiments actually show). And that's in addition to its factual variability that Einstein also asserts despite the invalidating contradiction. Space doesn't actually exist either. It's the nothingness between objects. And neither does time. It's not an inherent property of the universe. So there can be no such thing as "space-time." But it's preemptively invalidated anyway by its inconceivable four-dimensionality that he also has impossibly curving two-dimensionally as it dents underneath three-dimensional massive bodies to contradictorily cause them to mechanically react instantly at the speed of light while somehow creating an attractive force that pulls them together facilitated by unobservable massless graviton particles. His "principle of equivalence" is just as unworkable. Acceleration/braking's one-dimensional opposite uniform reaction and rotation's two-dimensional outward dispersive centrifugal reaction cannot in any way be interpreted as gravity. Nor are they even remotely equivalent to natural mass-created gravity's three-dimensional inward coalescing/condensing. Einstein's "finite and yet unbounded" universe, that with expansion has become the big bang, is strictly theoretical as well. To maintain its observed uniformity, he has it expressing two-dimensionally like the surface of a sphere. Existence being physically impossible in two dimensions, it also can't be real. With relativity's manifest impracticality and the purely theoretical nature of its fundamental constituents, nearly all of it can be factually qualified as useless. This realization not only renews our appreciation for the commonsense validity of classical physics but also our faith in the innate rationality of the universe in general.
Category: Classical Physics

Inertial, Inertial Law and Inertial Reference System

Authors: Zheng-hua Zhang
Comments: 5 Pages. In Chinese

Analyze the explanation of inertial and inertial reference system by Galileo, Newton, Lange and so on, remove the unreasonable content, analyze the applicable conditions of the laws of Newtonian mechanics, think that: Inertial is the object’s ability to keep the former motion state. The object will keep its former motion state without new forces acting on it. And the object’s former motion state is variable motion. Inertial reference system is the reference system which can separate the motion of the object being studied under specific force out alone from the former variable motion state. If the force f acts on the object being studied rather than the reference object, and the other acting forces besides f don’t cause relative motion of them, or may cause relative motion but can be removed by reasonable ways, then under this condition observe and study the motion law of the object being studied under the force f, the reference system fixed on the reference object is inertial reference system.
Category: Classical Physics

Step Derivative Equations of Inertial Motion in the Classical Mechanics: Conservation Laws

Authors: Bojidar Djordjev
Comments: 15 Pages.

In the Newtonian Mechanics, any force exerted by body A on B accelerates B, while the acceleration of B creates an equal and opposite force accelerating A back. We can accelerate one body only at the expense of the opposite acceleration of another body. Therefore, we can only exchange acceleration for acceleration, because force only creates acceleration (F = ma), and acceleration only creates force (a = F/m). With other words, we can equal mathematically, and respectively exchange physical derivatives of the displacement of two bodies only if they are the same (of the same power). But in Classical Mechanics there are formulas that relate force as a function of the product of two velocities (Fc = mv) instead of the function of acceleration (F=ma). If we substitute the two force expressions into Newton’s Third Law, it turns out that we mathematically equate acceleration as function of the product of two velocities. That is, we equate derivatives of the displacement of the two bodies of different degrees (acceleration = function (speed times speed). We define this dependence as the step derivative equation of inertial motion. If this dependence is not a product of mathematical formalism, but is real physical, inertial, it means that we can exchange real acceleration of one body for real speed of the other. The disproportion in the equations of the step derivatives of inertial motion affects the Laws of Conservation of Angular Momentum and Momentum. The development has been confirmed experimentally.
Category: Classical Physics

One Way Equations in the Classical Mechanics: Conservation Laws

Authors: Bojidar Djordjev
Comments: 4 Pages.

The paper provides analysis that the generation of the gyroscopic torque described by the vector multiplication is one-way inertial phenomenon. Respectively, vector multiplication is one-way equation from the type: If B times C is equal A, A is not equal B times C. Presumably, it affects the Conservation Laws.
Category: Classical Physics

Basic Assumption in Physics

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 4 Pages. Originaly published on http://fqxi.org/data/essay-contest-files/Varghese_Basic_assumption_i.pdf

Lack of a fundamental set of assumptions in physics encourages or often compels physicists to conceive different sets of assumptions (often unrelated) for different phenomena. When taken together, they often contradict each other. Because of numerous contemporary assumptions, physics is no longer an exact science. This affair can be remedied only by sorting out the existing assumptions and tabulating one basic (set of) fundamental assumption(s) on which the explanations for every physical phenomenon should depend. If any assumption in physics is ripe for re-thinking, I will suggest ‘actions at a distance through empty space’ as the first candidate.In our material world, all real entities are made of matter. The existence of matter is a solitary phenomenon without a prior cause. Therefore, the original assumption should be only with respect to the existence of matter. Further development of physics in all spheres should be based on this original assumption. To add to or modify original assumptions whenever certain phenomena are not readily explainable is an incorrect practice. The multitude of assumptions currently used in physics may be substituted by a single and basic assumption: ‘Substance is fundamental, and matter alone provides substance to all physical entities’. Although conclusions may diverge from current beliefs, reasoning based on this single fundamental assumption can logically explain all physical phenomena in nature.
Category: Classical Physics

On Relational Mechanics

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references on other's work)

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is totally in accordance with the general principle of relativity, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces, which is observationally equivalent to Newtonian mechanics, and which establishes the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force ( which is related to the force of inertia -ma , and also to Mach's principle )
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 7: "Electron" and "Positron"

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 54 Pages.

This article is the seventh part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of Signature " [1,2,3,4,5,6]. In this article, the metric-dynamic model of two simplest mutually opposite stable spherical vacuum formations is considered - "electron" and "positron". These stable vacuum formations are an integral part of the hierarchical cosmological model proposed in the previous article [6]. The methods of geometrized vacuum physics and the mathematical apparatus of the Algebra of Signature used in this article to study the metric-dynamic model of "electron" and "positron" are suitable for studying all other more complex stable vacuum formations of the same scale: "quarks", "nucleons", "mesons", "atoms" and "molecules", etc., as well as all stable vacuum formations of any scale, for example, "planets", "stars" and "galaxies". This article examines issues related to deformations and accelerated flows of various vacuum layers inside the "electron" and "positron". Paths for the development of geometrized vacuum electrostatics are outlined. Some aspects of the "electron"-"photon", "electron"-"positron" and "electron"-"electron" interactions are considered. The "еlectron" and "positron" are infinitely complex vacuum formations, but the algorithms and mathematical techniques of the Algebra of signature proposed in the article can allow permanently pushing back darkness into the abyss of the unknown, gradually transforming transcendence into immanence.
Category: Classical Physics

Unification By Correction

Authors: Timothy Lester
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references and avoid using author's name in title etc)

This article presents a unified framework for describing the fundamental forces of gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong nuclear force using a single set of equations. By refining Newton’s classical equations with a new constant L, derived from the gravitational constant G by incorporating the speed of light squared c^2, we derive new expressions for gravitational force and orbital velocity that are inherently scalable. These equations provide a natural link between gravitational, electromagnetic, and strong nuclear interactions. Furthermore, the fine-structure constant α, a fundamental constant in quantum electrodynamics and other known constants and relationships emerge naturally from these refined equations, suggesting a profound connection between these forces. This approach opens up new avenues for exploring unified field theories and may provide a foundation for further theoretical and experimental investigations.
Category: Classical Physics

The Positive Side of Electrons, Electric Current and Electromagnetism

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 27 Pages.

The electron represents one of the most exciting and important particles in atomic science. Electrons are very small and mobile fundamental (or elementary) particles that engage in orbitals around atomic nuclei, or can move as an electric current through a conductor, or can spectacularly jump en masse through dielectric material in the form of lightning or an electric arc. They are also important in atomic bonding and chemical reactions. Electric current is usually understood to be caused by the movement of electrons, but electric charge carriers aren't always electrons, and they aren't always negative. In animals (including humans), electric charge carriers are primarily sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions, which are all positively charged, and when a nerve passes an electric signal, it consists of positive charge movement. For semiconductors, electric current cannot be fully explained simply in terms of the movement of electrons (the negative charge carrier), and a positive charge carrier is required.With like-charges repelling and opposite-charges attracting, we treat negative electric charge as being distinctly different to positive electric charge, or at least that the electric fields associated with each type of charge to be different. This paper considers what electric charge and associated electric fields might consist of, and attempts to explain the reasons why the positive and negative fields of electric charges interact with each other as they do.In terms of like-pole repulsion and opposite pole attraction, magnetic fields are quite similar to electric fields, and are inter-related as implicit in the term ‘electromagnetic’. This paper looks at several models for the electron and its role in electric currents, and explores the nature of and differences between electric and magnetic fields with reference to the STEM electron model.
Category: Classical Physics

The MM Theory: Challenging the Constancy of the Speed of Light Using a Rotary Magnet Accelerator

Authors: Morteza Mahvelati
Comments: 24 Pages. The MM Theory - Part (4)

The speed of light is widely acknowledged as a fundamental constant of nature and as being central to the theories of special and general relativity. This research explores the potential for the acceleration or deceleration of the speed of light in a vacuum via a new machine denoted here as the Rotary Magnet Accelerator (RMA). The RMA, designed and created based on the MM Theory, is shown to induce specific effects on the M particles, which are stated to impact the speed and the direction of propagation of light. The primary objective of this study, then, is to present experimental results and novel theoretical perspectives on this interaction, challenging the traditional notions regarding light's behavior.While recent advancements in optics have shown that light's speed can be altered in various media due to their refractive indices, direct manipulation of light’s speed in a vacuum has not been previously experimented on. Previous experiments conducted by the author, demonstrated that the speed of light can indeed be altered utilizing an alternative longitudinal magnet. Despite this, broader empirical evidence and substantiation remains limited. As a result, in this paper, the aim will be to bridge this gap by utilizing the RMA to examine whether dynamic magnetic effects can influence the speed of light in a vacuum.The experimental setup and arrangements involve a system of rotating magnets to create specific effects on the M particles and consequently on light. Results from trials conducted under various experimental conditions are presented, demonstrating that the speed and the direction of light can be altered in a vacuum. As such, it is suggested that there may be a need for reassessing the foundations of special and general relativity based on these outcomes. Additionally, these findings hold significant implications for cosmology and astrophysics that would potentially revolutionize our comprehension of how the universe operates. By aiming to redefine our understanding of light propagation, this study marks a bold stride into unexplored scientific domains with an ambition to refine our knowledge about light behaviors.
Category: Classical Physics

Duality of Free Fall: Is Force Application Possible?

Authors: Asmit Chaudhary
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper discusses a hypothetical scenario where a person and a massive rock are in free fall. It explores how the person might attempt to decrease the rate of falling and assesses whether such an attempt would be successful. The paper examines the dynamics of force application in free fall and the limitations imposed by weightlessness.
Category: Classical Physics

Lienard-Wiechert Potentials as a Source of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Yuri Mahotin
Comments: 2 Pages.

Liénard-Wiechert potentials describe the electromagnetic field of charged point particle moving along a given trajectory. In the new study,we will try to answer the question of whether a moving charged particle can generate dark matter and dark energy. We get an affirmative answer,yes it can.
Category: Classical Physics

On Gravitational Mass and Inertial Mass

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

Gravity is an impedance of matter to its stable state changes, manifested as attraction to other objects, and gravitational mass is a measure of the magnitude of this property of matter. Microscopic particles and solid particles within a macroscopic object, along with their motion, endow the object with inertial mass. These particles and their motion, along with the relative motion of the object in a gravitational field, collectively endow the object with gravitational mass. Therefore, gravitational mass is the total mass of an object, and inertial mass is only a part of it.The relationship between gravitational mass and inertial mass is derived from the conservation of energy and momentum hypothesis and the modified Newton's gravity formula as follows: gravitational mass=inertial mass+inertial mass * V/C.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 6: Hierarchical Cosmological Model

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 48 Pages.

This article is the sixth part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of signature" [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. This article proposes a hierarchical cosmological model, which is developed based on the solution of the extended Einstein vacuum equation with an infinite number of lambda terms. The solution of a simplified vacuum equation with ten lambda terms is considered in more detail. As a result, a metric-dynamic model of a discrete hierarchical sequence of stable spherical vacuum formations ("corpuscles"), which are nested into each other like nesting dolls, was obtained. From this hierarchical sequence, the level of elementary par-ticles is isolated and examined in more detail. The use of methods and mathematical apparatus of Riemann differential geometry and the Algebra of signature allows us to obtain metric-dynamic models of all elements of the Standard Model of elementary particles: "quarks", "leptons", "nucleons", "mesons", "photons", "gluons" ", as well as the "at-om" of hydrogen and the "atom" of helium. It has been suggested that metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum for-mations ("corpuscles") of the "stellar-planetary" "galactic" and "universal" levels can be constructed in a similar way. The connection between the extended general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics is shown. At the end of the article, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed hierarchical cosmological model are considered and the metaphysical prerequisites for resolving the problems that have arisen are outlined.
Category: Classical Physics

The Foucault Pendulum and LHC on the Rotating Earth

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Lagrange theory of particle motion in thenoninertial systems is applied to the Foucaultpendulum, isosceles triangle pendulum and the generaltriangle pendulum swinging on the rotating Earth.As an analogue, planet orbiting in the rotatinggalaxy is considered as the the giant galactic gyroscope.The Lorentz equation and the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdiequations are generalized for the rotation system.The knowledge of these equations is inevitable for the constructionof LHC where each orbital proton "feels" the Coriolis force caused by therotation of the Earth.
Category: Classical Physics

Babinet-Soleil Interferometers with Zero Walk-Off

Authors: Wei Liu
Comments: 6 Pages.

Babinet-Soleil compensators are routinely used in spectroscopy using Fourier TransformSpectroscopy principles to extract the spectral information of light sources. The Babinet-Soleilcompensator allows for precise control and adjustment of the phase difference between twopolarized light beams. It offers several advantages over other interferometer types such as excellentstability compactness and delay precision. However, the interference signal measured with thiscommon path interferometer is usually degraded by the presence of a displacement between thetwo polarization replicas at the output of the interferometer. This is due to a splitting between the twopolarization paths happening when the light passes through the air-gap of the wedge-shaped crystalsinside the Babinet-Soleil interferometer. This paper explores various modifications to the Babinet-Soleil scheme to mitigate birefringence-induced displacement effects between two interferingreplicas. The proposed schemes enhance the contrast of the interference signal, making itparticularly advantageous for high-precision metrology, optical coherence tomography, and otherinterferometric techniques requiring high visibility and stability.
Category: Classical Physics

Derivation of Maxwell’s Mechanical Formula of Heat Capacity Ratio

Authors: Hejie Lin, Tsung-Wu Lin
Comments: 5 Pages.

The ratio of heat capacity is an absolute necessity for expressing physical properties in various fields including chemistry, physics, thermal dynamics, fluid dynamics, and acoustics. The ratio of heat capacity is defined as the heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp) divided by the heat capacity at constant volume (Cv). James Clerk Maxwell derived a formula for heat capacity ratio in terms of translational and rotational kinetic energies in his paper "On the Dynamical Theory of Gases" published in 1867. A similar derivation of the formula of heat capacity ratio is presented in this note.
Category: Classical Physics

The MM Experiment with Radio Frequencies gives Positive Results

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 8 Pages.

The conversion of the MM experiment (Michelson-Morley) to radio frequencies uncovers a historical construction error, which results in the null result. After its repair, the MM experiment works perfectly even with radio frequencies and achieves a positive and plausible measurement result in the simulation and in reality.
Category: Classical Physics

Extended Law of Universal Gravitation

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 9 Pages.

Besides the forces described by Newtonian dynamics, there is an additional cosmological force in the Universe, which is observed in experiments, but does not follow from Newton's law of gravitation. The additional cosmological force was not represented in Newtonian dynamics. The law of cosmological force Fcos = (mc^2)√Ʌ is derived. The law of cosmological force makes it possible to obtain the extended law of universal gravitation. The extended law of universal gravitation includes two laws of gravitation: Newton's law of gravitation and the law of cosmological force. The extended law of universal gravitation does not have the limitations of Newton's law of gravitation. It describes the full force of gravitational interaction both on small scales and on the scale of the Universe. The coupling constants in the extended law of universal gravitation are two constants: the Newtonian constant of gravitation G and the cosmological constant Ʌ. The equation of the extended law of universal gravitation without using the gravitational constant G is given. The extended law of universal gravitation gives an explanation of the Galaxy rotation curve and the Pioneer anomaly. Extended Newtonian dynamics is able to provide solutions to the problems of astrophysics and cosmology without expecting (and instead of) quantum gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

The Equivalence Principle: is it Rocket Science?

Authors: David Berkahn, James Chappell, Derek Abbott
Comments: 6 Pages.

Beginning with a standard application of the equivalence principle, we examine a simple localized experiment inside a rocket at constant thrust. We show in this case that it is possible to distinguish between this accelerating frame and the same frame sitting stationary on the surface of a source mass causing a gravitational field. We then discuss how this result relates to the equivalence principle. We also explore how the result can converge to a relative equivalence between both frames. Finally, we discuss how this relates to broader questions of relative and absolute motion.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Mechanical Dynamics of Moving Bodies

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 2 Pages.

Dynamic experiments with energy calculations of moving bodies can be carried out with free and widely used electronics simulation software. All you have to do is exchange electrical and mechanical variables. This disproves the statements of an SRT doubter.
Category: Classical Physics

Simple Calculations of Spin Angular Momentum

Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 7 Pages.

In quantum mechanics, students learn that angular momentum has two parts: intrinsic (or spin), and wave (or orbital) contributions. This separation is analogous to the separation of momentum into two parts when analyzing waves: intrinsic momentum associated with motion of the inertial medium, and wave momentum associated with propagation of energy by the wave. However, spin angular momentum can seem mysterious to students because, unlike the moment of momentum, it is independent of any coordinate origin. This difficulty can be overcome by teaching students the coordinate-independent definition of angular momentum density: the vector field whose curl is equal to twice the intrinsic momentum density. This definition of intrinsic angular momentum density, or spin density, is applicable in both classical and quantum physics. This paper gives specific examples illustrating how spin density describes the angular momentum of rigidly rotating objects. The relationships between spin density, velocity, and angular velocity are similar to the relationships between vector potential, magnetic field, and electric current in magnetostatics. Appreciation of the coordinate-independent description of angular momentum will remove one obstacle to students' understanding of quantum mechanics.
Category: Classical Physics

Morse Energy: A Multidimensional Approach

Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper presents an investigation into the multifaceted concept of Morse energy within complex systems. By integrating principles from coordinate calculus and kinetic theory, we explore the implications of energy distribution, conservation, and optimality.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons Offering a Classical Analog to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 5 Pages.

Recently, the total momentum of a numerical field solution of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons was found to rotate instead of being conserved as expected based on Noether's first theorem and Gauss's theorem. This work offers an explanation of this rotation, which is consistent with these theorems. Furthermore, the rotating momentum is interpreted as a classical analog to an electron's quantum-mechanical momentum, which is uncertain due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
Category: Classical Physics

From Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) to Augmented Newtonian Dynamics (AUND)

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

MOND assumes that Newtonian dynamics is not accurate. Therefore, it needs modification. AuND assumes that Newtonian dynamics is accurate but not complete. For more than 300 years, Newtonian dynamics has remained an incomplete mathematical model. The shortcomings of the incomplete Newtonian dynamics have given reason to consider the classical model of gravity to be flawed and limited. Newton's formula FN = GMm/r^2 gives the force of gravitational interaction between two bodies. Accordingly, Newton's law formula gives only a part of the force of universal gravitation and does not apply to the universe. In addition to the forces described by Newtonian dynamics, there is a gravitational force in the Universe, which is observed in experiments, but does not follow from Newton's law of gravitation. Newtonian dynamics "does not see" the additional cosmological force of gravitational interaction of bodies with the mass of the Universe. The additional cosmological force is represented by a new law of gravitation, different from Newton's law. The law of cosmological force is presented using the cosmological constant Ʌ: FCos = (mc^2)√Ʌ. The cosmological force has a linear dependence on the mass of a body and does not obey the law of inverse squares. On small scales, the additional cosmological force is much smaller than the Newtonian force. On the scale of the universe, the cosmological force exceeds the Newtonian force and has a theoretical limit equal to the Planck force FP = c^4/G = 1.21027-10^44 N. This large force is not represented in Newton's law of universal gravitation.A new mathematical formula for the law of universal gravitation is given. The law of universal gravitation is represented by two equations, Newton's law FN = GMm/r^2 and the cosmological force law FCos = (mc^2)√Ʌ. Augmented Newtonian dynamics (AuND) reanimates the classical model of gravitation and provides a solution to the problems of cosmology without involving the hypothesis of "dark matter".
Category: Classical Physics

An Introduction on How Spin, Speed, and Turbulence Affect a Football's Curve

Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 8 Pages. This review has been submitted to a journal (The present review article is an exploration of recreational mathematics, especially in sports. )

The present review article is an exploration of recreational mathematics, especially in sports. The trajectory of a football may be altered significantly in mid-air, clearing out the goalkeeper stranded, could be a thing of excellence within the lovely diversion. But what precisely causes this apparently enchanted deed? The reply can be found in an interesting transaction between turn, speed, turbulence,and a property called the drag coefficient. In this review article we also discuss briefly on negative Magnus effect, with its possible trajectory. (This review has been submitted to a journal.)
Category: Classical Physics

A List of Unresolved Problems in Physics [Which Might Be] Solved by the New Paradigm

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

The goal of this publication is to organize problems from various fields of physics [Which Might Be] resolved by the new paradigm.
Category: Classical Physics

Maxwell's Equations and Three Fundamental Axioms of Electromagnetism

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Based on the axiomatization thought of science proposed by Euclid, this study summarizes hundreds of electromagnetic theorems and formulas in the field of technical application into three fundamental axioms of electromagnetism: Coulomb's law, Lorentz’s law of magnetic field generation and Lorentz’s law of magnetic field force. Through the comparative analysis of the above three axioms of electromagnetism and Maxwell's equations, and it is revealed that the four equations contained in the Maxwell's equations are all wrong.
Category: Classical Physics

Dipole Lattice Mechanics

Authors: Michael Gunning
Comments: 32 Pages.

In this paper I introduce the concept of Dipole Lattice mechanics to explain the structure of space and the origins of matter. It explains the properties of fundamental particles such as mass, charge, spin, magnetic moment etc. It describes what light is and it predicts the existence of what I call a dark photon which readily explains the results of all single photon Mach-Zender type interferometry experiments. It also predicts the existence of Dark energy and Dark matter and explains what they are. It provides an alternative and simple explanation for Stern-Gerlach and Bell Inequality type experiments which are the pillars of Quantum Mechanics. It also proposes explanations for Quantum Tunnelling, Gravity, Superfluidity, Superconductivity, the Casimir effect and many more.
Category: Classical Physics

A Unified Theory of Gravity and Inertia

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, we want to show how the phenomenon of inertia can be explained in classical mechanics in a unified theory of gravity and inertia. This is achieved by correctly implementing Mach’s principle and the idea of inertia being of gravitational origin. As a basis, we use the inertia-free mechanics of H.J. Treder. We want to show that it realises Mach’s principle in the sense that the inertial frames of reference are completely determined by the relative motion of all particles in the universe. The theory is valid in arbitrary frames of reference and yields the exact Newtonian fictitious forces for translational and rotational motion of any non-inertial frame. Inertial mass and fictitious forces can be explained as of gravitational origin while the former at the same time remains isotropic, as demanded by experiment. We will show how inertial and gravitational mass are related to each other, providing an explanation for the weak equivalence principle. In the lowest order v/c of the theory, Newtonian mechanics is obtained, but including the fictitious forces. As correction in the next order, the theory yields Gravitoelectromagnetism. We show, that a Lorentz-type force equation valid in arbitrary accelerated frames can be derived. Ultimately, it is possible to formulate classical mechanics without a priori introducing the gravitational constant. Instead, an expression for it can be derived from the theory itself, allowing for an explanation of the strength of gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

The Universal Formula for Energy: he Fundamental Constant of Energy

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 15 Pages.

A universal energy law is proposed in the form of a formula that includes the energy constant and dimensionless parameters. This way of representing the energy formula is a generalized equation for mechanical, electric, magnetic, gravitational and thermal energy. From one generalized energy equation directly follows: kinetic energy formula E=mV^2/2, quantum energy formula E=hν, Einstein formula E=mc^2, thermal energy formula E=3kBT/2, Joule-Lenz law, gravitational energy formula, electrical energy, magnetic energy, charged capacitor energy, inductance coil energy, rotational kinetic energy. The universal energy formula includes a single energy constant (Eo = 8.18710577... x 10^-14 J). The energy constant is numerically equal to the resting energy of the electron. Despite the electromagnetic status of this constant, it is a constant not only in the laws of electromagnetic energy, but also in the laws of mechanical energy, gravitational energy, and thermal energy. The dimensionless quantities are represented by the ratio of the used characteristics to the constants of these characteristics. The Universal formula of energy will facilitate the study and understanding of the laws of mechanics, gravitation and electromagnetism in the educational process.
Category: Classical Physics

The Reason for the Striking Similarity Between the Formulas of Coulomb's Law and Newton's Law of Gravitation: The Universal Formula of Force

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 17 Pages.

It is shown that the similarity of the formulas of Newton's law of gravitation and Coulomb's law is not a coincidence. The reason for the similarity is that these laws are derived from a single law of force. The forces of inertia, gravitation, electric force, and magnetic force are represented by a single generalized law. A universal formula of force is derived for the generalized law of force interaction. Newton's law of gravity, Newton's second law, Coulomb's law of electrostatics, Ampere's law, Lorentz's law of force, and the centripetal force all follow from the universal formula of force as particular results. The interaction constant in the universal formula of force is the fundamental constant of force Fo = 29.0535101 N. This is the electromagnetic interaction force between two electrons. Despite the electromagnetic status of this constant, it enters both the laws of electromagnetism and the formulas of Newton's laws of mechanics. From the universal formula of force, the equation for calculating the Newtonian constant of gravitation G is derived. The formulas for calculating the Newtonian constant of gravitation G include Planck's constant, Sommerfeld's constant, and the fundamental constants of the electron. This is an unexpected result from the universal formula of force that affects the independent status of the constant G. The dependence of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G on the fundamental physical constants opens the way to obtain a more accurate value of the constant G by calculation. In solving the problem of increasing the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G, an important role is assigned to large Dirac numbers. The universal formula of force allows one to elegantly and simply obtain the equation of any force interaction law in mechanics and in electromagnetism using the fundamental constant of force. The Universal formula of force will facilitate the study and understanding of the laws of mechanics and the laws of electromagnetism in the educational process
Category: Classical Physics

A New Law of Gravitational Force Beyond the Limits of Applicability of Newton's Law of Gravity

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The law of cosmological gravitational force is proposed in addition to Newton's law of gravitation. The law operates beyond the limit of applicability of Newton's law of gravitation and is applicable to the gravitational interaction of the universe. The new law of gravitational force shows that any body of mass m is subject to the cosmological force proportional to the mass of the body and the cosmological constant Ʌ. The formula for the law of cosmological force is:F = (mc^2)√Ʌ.Instead of the gravitational constant G, the cosmological constant Ʌ is included in the cosmological force law. The new law gives the value of the force very close to the value of the Pioneer anomaly.
Category: Classical Physics

Baofeng UV-5R Improvements

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 5 Pages. In Spanish (email: carloschiappini@gmail.com)

This document exposes two problems. One is low voice volume in transmission, another is poor reception when there is electromagnetic noise in the operating band. The ways to alleviate these problems have been used in my equipment.

Este documento expone dos problemas. Uno es el volumen bajo de la voz en transmisión. Otro es la recepción deficiente cuando hay ruido electromagnético en la banda de operación. Las formas de aliviar estos problemas han sido utilizadasen mi equipo.
Category: Classical Physics

Newton's Law of Gravity + Law of Cosmological Force = Law of Universal Gravitation

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

The reason for the limitations of Newton's classical theory of gravitation is that classical gravitation remained an unfinished theory. Newton's formula FN = GMm/r^2 gives the force of gravitational interaction between two bodies. Accordingly, Newton's law formula gives only part of the force of universal gravitation and does not apply to the universe. In classical gravitation the additional cosmological force of gravitational interaction of bodies with the mass of the Universe remained undiscovered. The additional cosmological force is represented by a new law of gravitation, different from Newton's law. The law of cosmological force is presented using the cosmological constant Ʌ: FCos = mu2022c^2u2022√Ʌ. The cosmological force has a linear dependence on the mass of the body and does not obey the law of inverse squares. On small scales, the additional cosmological force is much smaller than the Newtonian force. On the scale of the Universe, the cosmological force exceeds the Newtonian force and has a theoretical limit equal to the Planck force FP = c^4/G = 1.21027u202210^44 N. This large force was not represented in the law of universal gravitation. A new mathematical formula for the law of universal gravitation is given. The law of universal gravitation is represented by two equations, Newton's law FN = GMm/r^2 and the law of cosmological force FCos = mu2022c^2u2022√Ʌ. The law of universal gravitation admits a quantum description of the gravitational interaction. It is shown that extended classical gravity has a high heuristic potential. The law of universal gravitation in extended form explains the mystery of galaxy rotation curves and the Pioneer Anomaly without involving the dark matter hypothesis.
Category: Classical Physics

Gravitational and Inertial Mass

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 10 Pages.

In nature, gravitational and inertial mass appear to be the same. This is know as the equivalence principle in its weak formulation. In this paper, we discuss a possible relationship between gravitational and inertial mass in a Newtonian framework.
Category: Classical Physics

Impact of Propagation of Light on the General Theory of Relativity Influencing Einstein’s Researches on Gravitation

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen
Comments: 10 Pages. 2 Figures; 1 Table

A closer analysis of the mathematical expressions for the description of linear and revolutionary motions reveals that the characteristics of these two motions are interconvertible under appropriate condition. Here, it is proposed that revolutionary motion is the only type of motion that exists in the universe and rectilinear motion is a special case of it. In case of propagation of light, this proposal fails in the terrestrial experiments but at astronomical distances the revolutionary motion of light was reported as experimental observations. Einstein considered the propagation of light rays in straight lines and in his general theory of relativity he proposed the bending of light rays as the effect of gravitational field of the Sun. According to him, force of gravity arises from the curvature of space-time. He tried to place gravitational force in line with electrical and magnetic interactions obeying Newton’s description of universal gravitation. This might be the leading cause that Einstein was not successful in interpreting the gravitation as well as the unified field theory.
Category: Classical Physics

The MM Theory: A Fundamental Revision of the Laws of Motion and Introducing Centrial Motion and Centrial Momentum

Authors: Morteza Mahvelati
Comments: 36 Pages.

In classical physics, linear and angular motion as well as linear and angular momentum have long been defined. In this paper it becomes apparent through analysis that there is much need for the presence and denotation for a new type of motion. As such, centrial motion is introduced and described as another form of motion not previously presented. Furthermore, a new form of momentum called centrial momentum is defined and elaborated. As a result, the motion of complex bodies can be analyzed and studied with much more simplicity and ease than previously done via classical physics. Along with the discussion of centrial motion and momentum, the concepts of linear motion based on the motion of momentum is also studied and analyzed and the law of motion of momentum is defined. Additionally, complex scenarios are introduced where the discussions assist in the much simpler understanding of the classical scenarios of the motions presented. It becomes readily apparent that the use of centrial motion equations and relationships derived are the best suited for the purposes of the study of these types of motions.In addition, in this paper, motion scenarios that cannot be explained by classical physics are discussed and adequately explained by presenting new concepts. Through deeper analyses, it is found that momentum is not conserved. However, the kinetic energy of an isolated system, if not transformed to other forms of energy, remains conserved.
Category: Classical Physics

Basic Electricity And Photon Energy Current

Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 13 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

There is great misconceptions and confusion about how energy is transmitted by electric currents.The electric current carries no energy. It is the photon energy current within current-carrying conductors that transmits electrical energy. The magnetic fields surrounding current-carrying conductors play no part in electrical energy transmission. A simple classical derivation of Ohm's law is given. The working of the Zn/Cu Galvanic cell is examined; it is shown to be a photon generator.
Category: Classical Physics

Glass Reinforced Epoxy (Gre) as an Alternative Pipeline for Onsite Surface Installations: a Structural Integrity and Financial Feasibility Study

Authors: Muhammad Tahir Waqas, Mustafa Ali
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this modern era when every single operation is being optimised for specific improvement, this study focuses on the sustainable alternative pipeline i.e. Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) composite for onsite surface transportation of oil products. To provide a better solution to large maintenance and durability issues and to deliver durable alternative pipeline with lower operation expenditures (OPEX) The significance of the GRE pipeline in contrast to conventional carbon steel (CS) pipeline provides better resistivity to erosion, corrosion and chemical degradation. The 202.5 m GRE pipeline of varying diameters (8’’,6’’& 4’’) in layout network has been analysed for pipeline qualification in which the structural integrity analysis on CAESER-II has been performed. All the analysis performed are in conformance to guidelines of ISO-14692, a standard for composite pipe installations. The life cycle cost analysis and financial feasibility of GRE pipeline is analysed for the designed system in contrast to equivalent CS pipeline. The capital budgeting ratios are calculated to determine the alternative selection. In the analysis the procurement and installation cost, Net Present Value (NPV), Payback (PB) period and Profitability Index (PI) has been comparatively analysed. From the analysis GRE pipeline is concluded to be structurally stable for the designed layout with an extended life time and lower OPEX for transportation, with more NPV and PI along with quick Payback period GRE conforms to be a reliable alternative for installation and provides you enough saving cost to be readily invested on some other projects or to carry out routine maintenance operations.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( III & IV )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 29 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of new universal forces of interaction, called kinetic forces. Additionally, in this paper, we assume that all forces can obey or disobey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

Research Needed on Monopolar Pulsed High Voltage Levitation

Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper is a short review of Samuel Piggott’s experiments in electrogravitation circa 1903. Conclusions and recommendations are also given at the end of this paper.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics (Part I)

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 28 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force. In addition to the above, in this paper, we assume that all forces always obey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

Completed Maxwell Electromagnetic Field Theory

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 16 Pages.

Maxwell electromagnetic field theory originally was born with a mechanical model of the aether. After Einstein special theory of relativity was accepted, the aether was rule out. Only Maxwell equations are being used until now. Since then many important problems in electromagnetic field theory were started, and they still can not be solved until today. Modification using "Vacuum mechanics" will solve all the problems and lead to a more completed theory of electromagnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 5: Stable Vacuum Formations

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 55 Pages.

This article is the fifth part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In this article, Einstein's vacuum equations are used as conservation laws, and their solutions as metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum formations. Sets of metrics-solutions of vacuum equations are considered, and methods of extracting information from these metrics based on Algebra of Signature are proposed. For con-venience of perception of intra-vacuum processes, a change in the interpretation of the zero components of the metric tensor was used. Instead of curved space-time continua, "colored" elastoplastic continuous pseudo-mediums are introduced into consideration. In this case, the zero components of the metric tensor determine not the change in the rate of flow of local time, but the speed of flow of intra-vacuum current in the local region of the elastoplastic pseu-do-medium. At the end of the article, an extended (third) Einstein vacuum equation is proposed, which allows us to consider metric-dynamic models of a variety of stable corpuscular vacuum formations. Alsigna's infinitely deepening intertwined fabric of space-time continuum, taking into account all 16 signatures (i.e. 16 types of topologies), is in many ways similar to the spin network of loop quantum gravity and to 6-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds. In this sense, the Algebra of Signatures can serve as a link that unites different directions in the development of quantum gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons as Moving Clocks

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 11 Pages.

A recently proposed modified Born-Infeld model of electrons includes an internal clock. De Broglie and other researchers have argued that such an internal clock may explain quantum-mechanical properties of electrons and other particles. Motivated by this hypothesis, this work proposes an interpretation of single-electron wave functions in terms of the mentioned model of electrons. Future numerical experiments that could test whether the model may be used to describe quantum-mechanical phenomena are also discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modification of Newton's Formula of Universal Gravitation

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on the assumption of Conservation of Energy-Momentum, this article proves that the static mass of an object is equivalent to the inertial mass, and the total mass of the object is composed of inertial mass and moving mass. The gravitational mass of a passive gravitational object is the total mass, and the gravitational mass of an active gravitational object is the static mass. An object without static mass moving at the speed of light has inertial mass, and its total mass is twice its inertial mass. For an object with static mass, motion does not change its inertial mass, but only increases its gravitational mass. This article proposes a modified formula for Newton's universal gravitation formula, that is, a dynamic correction coefficient (1+V/C) is added in front of the original formula. The modified formula is: F=(1+V/C) G m M/r^2.
Category: Classical Physics

Deriving the Pythagorean Theorem Using Physics Conservation Laws

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Pythagorean Theorem is derived using conservation of energy and linear momentum that involves an elastic collision between two equal masses.
Category: Classical Physics

Classical Mechanics Of Charge, Space [&] Time Without Mass Dimension

Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper continues from the author’s earlier paper of Simple Unified Theory (SUT).It extends the new electric classical mechanics basedon electric charge, space and time without mass as an independent physical dimension. Mass is now a defined concept as magnitude of charge times volume of charge. New definitions of an electric unified atomic unit and an electric kilogram have been introduced. A complex Coulomb’s law is developed with a formal analytical extension of the electric charge as a complex quantity; a charge Q of magnitude q is represented as z = Q + iqk where the constant k is dependent on the system of units. The complex Coulomb’s law for the forces between two charges z1 , z2 at distance r apart is: F = 1/(4πεu2080)zu2081zu2082/r² r̂. The forces acting between two Hydrogen-1 atoms would be shown to have a net attractive force; this explains how gravity is the result of a slight excess of Coulomb attractions over repulsions.
Category: Classical Physics

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether — Part 4: The Mechanical Origin of the Electrostatic Force

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 44 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

This work is a further development of the theory that explains electrostatic attractions and repulsions by the molecular vibration of objects acting on one another through the liquid aether that fills the vacuum and the interatomic spaces of substances. The physical origin of the electric field is that of a to-and-fro motion of the aether. The 2000-year-old problem of a mechanical explanation of the laws of electrostatics is answered by the behavior of coupled oscillators. Light and radio waves are shown to be longitudinal waves consisting of to-and-fro motions of the aether along the direction of wave propagation, which makes them essentially electric waves. The 100-year-old problems of the photoelectric effect and of the wave-particle duality are solved by uncovering the direct link between voltage and frequency of vibration, by a new interpretation of de Broglie equation, and by advancing the new theory of light propagation in channels.
Category: Classical Physics

Hidden Nonlinearity of Weak Field Sound Wave in (2+1)-Dimensional Empty Space-Time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 7 Pages.

We propose that the weak field sound wave derived from Newton's second law of gravitation in (2+1)-dimensional empty space-time, a linear equation, could have hidden nonlinearity.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 3 Pages.

This study builds on a previous publication entitled "a formula for electron mass calculation based on new fundamental concepts" (ref.1), it shows that the relationship obtained between the mass of the electron and the four fundamental constants of physics, including fine structure constant, is precisely satisfied (to the millionth) if we take the inverse of the latter equal to the whole number 137. This value is interpreted as "ideal" for a Vacuum which would be free from radiation and other particles, therefore consisting exclusively of dark energy, this would imply a slight modification of the speed of light and Planck's constant, in this medium.
Category: Classical Physics

[On] Cosmogenesis: Initial Stage

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 24 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite scientific references!)

In this paper, I attempt to suggest a model of physical genesis that excludes the idea of the big bang and proposes a different hypothesis. The basic hypothesis attributes to the cosmos a lower limit of density that cannot be be violated, since space collapses when the density reaches that limit.
Category: Classical Physics

Unfringing Interference of Cross-Polarized Slits

Authors: W. Michael Feuerstein
Comments: 2 Pages. https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/659378 (Note by viXra Admin: Please make the article printable and remove the blocked texts!)

I project a diagonally-polarized (D) monochromatic complex plane-wave(1) electric field onto cross-polarized slits. (1) What is the instantaneous behavior of the electric field versus diffraction angle in the far field(2)? (2) The time-parametric vector sum of crossed-polarized slits’ electric fields in a fixed plane about normal to the slits’ rays traces Lissajous curves(3) particular to the diffraction(4) angle. (3) These uniform-brightness, diffraction-angle-dependent lines, circles, and ellipses constructively constitute unfringing interference of transverse field undulations(5) summed in parallel and falsify the first Fresnel-Arago Law(6,7) since the vector sum(1), somewhat ironically, predicts the outcome. This result essentially retro-extends Fresnel optics (transverse vibrations) upon the Young’s Double-Slit via the (parallel and direct) lineages of Maxwell, Heaviside, and Poynting, supporting Young’s original assertion(8.9).
Category: Classical Physics

Control of Propulsion in Horizontal Direction for EHD and Electrostatic Propulsion Device

Authors: Taku Saiki
Comments: 8 Pages.

Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices has no moving parts and, in the air, operates on electrical energy. It is expected to develop electric propulsion systems without future moving parts of airplanes and helicopters propellers in the future. When a high voltage is applied to the EHD device, levitaion force is generated and the EHD device levitates. I have already revealed the levitation property of the EHD device in the gravitational direction. I had also demonstrated a control method for hovering, ascent, and descent by applying pulse voltage to the EHD propulsion device. However, the method for horizontal propulsion was not yet demonstrated. In this time, with the object of controlling propulsion in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the direction of gravity, I proposed a method of dividing the upper wire electrode of the double ring electrodes, or adding a new single-pole capacitor composed of multiple electrodes to the lower part. Experiments had been conducted to proof that the two methods actually work.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part I: Algebra of Stignatures

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 24 Pages. doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0765.v1

This article is the first part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics". This study is based on two main postulates: 1) independence of the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves in vacuum from their frequency; 2) the constancy of the averaged zero vacuum balance, associated with the assertion that only mutually opposite formations are born from vacuum, so that on average they completely compensate for each other’s manifestations. In this part of the "Geometrized Vacuum Physics" the foundations of the Algebra of Stignatures are laid, which is the mathematical and logical foundation of the entire project. In the next articles of this project it will be shown that the Algebra of Stignatures can be used for the development of "zero" (vacuum) technologies, algebraic genetics, vacuum cosmology, the vacuum standard model of "elementary particles", vacuum gravity and levitation, vacuum energy, ethics and aesthetics and many other branches of knowledge. At the end of this article, one of the many possible applications of the Algebra of Stignatures is given, in particular, the basics of the stignature-spectral analysis are outlined, with the help of which the possibilities of communication channels can be significantly expanded.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part II. Algebra of Signatures

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 27 Pages. doi: 10.20944/preprints202307.0716.v1

This article is the second part of a scientific project under the general name "Geometrized vacuum physics". On the basis of the Algebra of Stignatures presented in the previous article [1], this article develops the main provisions of the Algebra of Signatures. Both of the above algebras are aimed at studying the properties of an ideal vacuum, but at the same time they are universal and can be applied in various branches of knowledge. It is shown that the signature of a quadratic form is related to the topology of the metric space for which the given quadratic form is a metric. Conditions are given under which an additive imposition of metric spaces with different topologies (or signatures) leads to a total Ricci flat space similar to a Calabi-Yau manifold. A spin-tensor representation of metrics with different signatures is considered and a Dirac bundle of quadratic forms is presented. This article does not contain physical applications of the Algebra of Signatures, but the potential power of this mathematical apparatus will be demonstrated in subsequent articles of this project.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part III. Curved Vacuum Area

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 28 Pages. doi: 10.20944/preprints202308.0570.v3

This article is the third part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In the first two papers [1,2], the ideal (i.e., non-curved and immobile) local region of vacuum was studied and the foundations of the Algebra of Signatures were laid. This article considers the possibilities of describing the curved and moving state of the same vacuum region on the basis of the mathematical apparatus of the Algebra of Signatures. The reasons for the multilateral consideration of vacuum and twisting of intra-vacuum processes into spiral bundles are disclosed. The 4-tensor is introduced for two-sided and 16-sided consideration of the curvature of the local vacuum region. On the basis of kinematic models, the following assumptions were made: about the inert properties of vacuum layers; about the possibility of displacement of vacuum layers relative to each other at a speed significantly exceeding the speed of light; about the possibility of "rupture" of the local region of vacuum. The proposed kinematic models of the movement of vacuum layers can be a theoretical basis for the development of "zero" (i.e., vacuum) technologies.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part IV: Dynamics of Vacuum Layers

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 25 Pages. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.1244.v3

This article is the fourth part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In the first three articles [1,2,3], the foundations of the Algebra of Stignatures were laid and the main aspects of the kinematics of vacuum layers were considered. This article continues the development of the mathematical apparatus of the proposed project, in particular, the dynamics of vacuum layers is developed based on the Algebra of Signatures. The development of this direction of research (with simplifications related to Riemann's differential geometry) led to the possibility of a geometrized representation of the electric field strength and magnetic field induction. This geometrized mathematical apparatus allows one to interpret the electromagnetic field as an interweaving of accelerated and rotational flows of the adjacent layers of vacuum. The proposed dynamic models of accelerated movements and rotations of vacuum layers can provide a theoretical basis for the development of "zero" (i.e. vacuum) technologies.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons with Intrinsic Angular Momentum

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 4 Pages.

This work analyzes a recently reported numerical solution to a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons by computing its energy, momentum, invariant mass, and intrinsic angular momentum. While the invariant mass is used to improve the model's Born-Infeld parameter, the computed energy and intrinsic angular momentum provide new insights into the model. Specifically, the computed energy is negative, which might be a consequence of the model describing a bound state in the form of a massive particle. The computed intrinsic angular momentum agrees with the spin of electrons within the accuracy of the numerical approximations; however, the actual predictive power of the model remains unclear because one of the parameters of the model is the reduced Compton wavelength of electrons.
Category: Classical Physics

Addition of Velocities: An Adjusted Equation

Authors: Teimuraz Bregadze
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using the ideas of the constancy of speed of light and time dilation, a revised equation of addition of velocities is obtained, which coincides with Einstein’s similar equation only in one-dimensional cases. The necessity of abandoning the idea of a ruler as a tool for instant measuring of distances, which is tantamount to instant transfer of information, is discussed. In the absence of a ruler, electromagnetic waves remain the only tools for measuring distances, and a quantum, the smallest portion of an electromagnetic emission, becomes the smallest portion (i.e. the smallest unit of measurement and the size of uncertainty) of space-time as well.
Category: Classical Physics

磁场应该用能量流重新来定义而不是矢量势的旋度
The Magnetic Field Should be Redefined in Terms of Energy Flow Rather Than the Curl of Vector Potential

Authors: shuang-ren Zhao
Comments: 77 Pages. In Chinese

本文从两个载流线圈之间的能量的纽曼公式推导了准静态电磁场方程，然后讨论了3种方法从准静态方程过度到辐射电磁场方程。1）Maxwell提出的位移电流方法，2）洛伦兹的滞后势方法，3）作者提出的基于能量守恒的包含超前波的方法。作者分析了磁场的不同定义，按照安培力，洛伦兹力，矢量势的旋度，滞后矢量势的旋度，法拉第电磁感应，坡印廷矢量，互能流定义的磁场。磁场定义还分在环路上和在直线上求平均值两种不同类型定义方法。在这些不同方法中，作者认为用互能流定义的磁场是正确的。按照这个磁场定义电磁波的磁场和电场保持90度相位差。不是像麦克斯韦电磁理论那样磁场和电场保持同相位。这样电磁波的确是无功功率的波。这种波的能量是不会溢出宇宙的。单独靠电磁波并不能传递能量。传递能量得靠互能流。互能流由同步的滞后波和超前波构成。互能流具有光子的性质，作者认为互能流就是光子。本文的重点是由互能流定义了磁场。由于互能流不管是在准静态条件下，按照麦克斯韦电磁理论，还是按照作者的电磁理论都成立。因此这样定义的磁场是合理的。这个定义和麦克斯韦按照磁矢量势定义磁场是不相同的。

This article derives the quasi-static electromagnetic field equation from the Newman formula of the energy between two current-carrying coils, and then discusses three methods to transition from the quasi-static equation to the radiation electromagnetic field equation. 1) The displacement current method proposed by Maxwell, 2) Lorentz's hysteresis potential method, 3) The method based on energy conservation and including advanced waves proposed by the author. The author analyzes different definitions of magnetic fields, including magnetic fields defined in terms of Ampere force, Lorentz force, curl of vector potential, curl of hysteresis vector potential, Faraday electromagnetic induction, Poynting vector, and mutual energy flow. The definition of magnetic field is also divided into two different types of definition methods: averaging on a loop and averaging on a straight line. Of these different approaches, the authors consider the magnetic field defined in terms of mutual energy flow to be correct. According to this magnetic field definition, the magnetic field and electric field of electromagnetic waves maintain a phase difference of 90 degrees. It is not like Maxwell's electromagnetic theory that the magnetic field and the electric field remain in the same phase. In this way, electromagnetic waves are indeed waves of reactive power. The energy of this wave will not overflow into the universe. Electromagnetic waves alone cannot transmit energy. The transfer of energy depends on mutual energy flow. The mutual energy flow consists of synchronized delayed waves and advanced waves. Mutual energy flow has the properties of photons, and the author believes that mutual energy flow is photon. The focus of this article is on the magnetic field defined by mutual energy flow. Since the mutual energy flow is established no matter under quasi-static conditions, according to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory or according to the author's electromagnetic theory. Therefore the magnetic field defined in this way is reasonable. This definition is different from Maxwell's definition of magnetic field in terms of magnetic vector potential.
Category: Classical Physics

Visual Representation of Differential Forms and Pseudo-Forms

Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: 80 Pages. In Russian

It is widely believed that the example of electrodynamics shows how physical laws are naturally expressed in terms of external differential forms and integrals of them. However, in practice, the authors of popular textbooks avoid using the mathematical apparatus of differential forms [1—4]. Differential forms are not mentioned in the popular Handbook of Mathematics [5]. Physicists ignore the remarkable works of Schouten, carried out in the first half of the last century [6, 7], in which visual images of differential forms are given. Only occasionally do publications appear on this topic [8]. However, even in the book [6] only one page is devoted to the equations of electrodynamics.On the other hand, the strict formalism of differential forms, expounded in detail and repeatedly by mathematicians [9, 10], is not suitable for the formulation and explanation of physical laws. It loses when compared with the traditional style of presentation, and the notation of mathematicians fatally prevents the use of the theory of differential forms in physics. True, a remarkable and almost successful attempt to bring mathematics and physics closer was made by Schutz [11]. However, in our opinion, the notation used in the book [11] is not yet fully adapted for successful use by physicists. This also applies to the section of the book devoted to electrodynamics.We hope to introduce external differential forms into ordinary electrodynamics primarily by changing the notation. We also use conjugation [12] instead of the traditional Hodge operation [13]. This makes it possible to connect various fields of electrodynamics into single chains. Moreover, the depiction of differential forms makes this connection very clear. In particular, the representations of fields related by Maxwell's equations made these equations self-evident. A particularly long chain of fields is shown in Fig. 9.Field chains contain both known exotic fields [14] and many hypothetical fields. The use of field chains allowed us to take a new look at the action of the Laplace operator, the action of the "second-order generation operator" inverse to the Laplace operator, and the Helmholtz expansion procedure. In particular, the Helmholtz expansion of the singular delta function turned out to be related to the expansion of magnetic induction into the magnetization vector and magnetic field strength [15]. We hope to show the simplicity and naturalness of the proposed approach.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Mass

Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 7 Pages. 7 pp., English, Brest, Belarus

Using the mass model, the article examines the thesis about the fundamental nature of the eld form of matter in physics. A eld model of inert and heavy mass is constructed and on this basis the mechanism of inertia and gravity of massive bodies is revealed. The mass model is compared with the Dirac equation.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Basic Interactions That Occur as the Early Universe Evolved

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 11 Pages.

The basic forces that govern the universe are repulsive force, gravity, quark interaction, and electromagnetic force. All forces except repulsive force are attractive forces.Among these forces, repulsive force or expansive force is a force that acts between pure energies, which is the force that dominates the universe. As the universe expands, the temperature decreases and changes into dark energy and dark matter when it reaches 〖10〗^13 K.Dark matter is an invisible material called imp (invisible material particle) and consists of imps and quarks. Imp liberates gravity and creates a gravitational field. As the universe continues to expand and the temperature decreases, at 〖10〗^10 K, an imp interacts with quarks to create neutron, and the force acting at this time is quark interaction. Quark interaction is involved in creating all particles such as neutrons and protons, and is also involved in creating and closing electromagnetic force fields.Electromagnetic force is a force made by creating an electromagnetic force field inside the proton and emitting electrons during the process of converting neutron into proton. It is also involved in closing the electromagnetic force field during the process of converting proton into neutron.
Category: Classical Physics

Keplerbahnen (On Kepler Orbits)

Authors: Thomas Heiko Günther
Comments: 11 Pages. In German (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Die Bahnen von Planeten um die Sonne sind Ellipsen. Die Sonne liegt dabei in einem Brennpunkt der Ellipse. Dies gilt ganz allgemein für die Bewegung eines Objekts im Gravitationsfeld einer zentralen Masse. Dieses Skript enthält eine mathematische Herleitung der Bahnkurven eines Massepunktes im sphärisch symmetrischen Gravitationsfeld auf Basis des Lagrange-Formalismus. Als Grundlage wird zunächst die Ellipsengleichung behandelt. Weitere Grundlagen werden in Kurzform im Anhang aufgeführt. Aus der Theorie ergeben sich schließlich die drei Keplerschen Gesetze.

The orbits of planets around the sun are ellipses. The sun lies at a focal point of the ellipse. This applies generally to the movement of an object in the gravitational field of a central mass. This script contains a mathematical derivation of the trajectories of a mass point in a spherically symmetrical gravitational field based on the Lagrange formalism. The ellipse equation is first treated as a basis. Further basics are briefly listed in the appendix. The theory ultimately gives rise to Kepler's three laws.
Category: Classical Physics

Nonlinear Maxwell Equations

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 30 Pages. English translation from Russian. Original paper: "Нелинейные уравнения Максвелла", https://vixra.org/abs/2109.0213

Based on the analysis of biquaternionic quadratic forms of the field, it is shown that Maxwell's equations arise as a consequence of the principle of conservation of the energy flow-momentum of the field in space-time. It turns out that this principle presupposes the existence of more general nonlinear field equations. The classical linear Maxwell equations are embedded in new nonlinear equations in a special way and are a special case of them. It is shown that in a number of important cases, nonlinear equations, unlike linear ones, allow solutions with a swirling energy flow. The solutions of the equations obtained by us make it possible to describe charged particles in waves within the framework of nonlinear classical electrodynamics. Special attention is paid to the problem of dividing the field into the "own" field of a charged particleand the "external" field with respect to it.Both the classical Maxwell equations themselves and the equations of charge motion underthe action of the Lorentz force follow from the nonlinear field equations. Thus, the problem of finding nonlinear field equations involving interaction is solved. Within the framework of our approach, the charge of a particle is electromagnetic (complex-valued), periodically passing through various linear combinations of electric and magnetic charges from purely electric to purely magnetic. In real processes, it is not the charge of the particle itself that plays a role, but its phase ratio with other charges and fields.
Category: Classical Physics

Effective Mass of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Yuri Mahotin
Comments: 2 Pages.

Theoretically, we discovered very unusual properties of the effective mass of dark matter and dark energy. If dark energy increases the effective mass, as is currently assumed, then dark matter reduces it. In the extreme case, the effective mass of an object can be zero and therefore can move at incredibly high speed, comparable to the speed of light.
Category: Classical Physics

How an Airplane Flies: [An] Explanation

Authors: Guillermo Ayala-Martinez
Comments: 3 Pages.

The way an airplane wing acts has given rise to multiple popular explanations with erroneous and incomplete theories. Here it is explained simply with physical principles applied to aeronautics and without errors.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Planck LT System of Units

Authors: Konstantin Nikonenko
Comments: 46 Pages.

The article presents the Planck LT system of units, formed on the basis of the dimensions of physical quantities of the kinematic system of units by R.O. di Bartini. The values of units of measurement, basic constants, conversion coefficients in relation to the International SI and Gaussian system are given, ensuring the transfer of initial data and calculation results between these systems of units without loss of calculation accuracy.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Charged Leptons Part 1: Foundations

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 4 Pages.

This work proposes and outlines a generalization of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons that includes all charged leptons, i.e., electron, muon, tau, and their antiparticles. In the proposed model, all charged leptons are based on linearly scaled versions of a single field solution. Due to the nonlinear nature of the modified Born-Infeld field equations, these linearly scaled versions themselves do not satisfy the field equations. A quantized excitation is hypothesized to compensate for the nonlinear effects and satisfy the nonlinear field equations such that electron and positron correspond to the ground state of the excitation, and heavier leptons correspond to excited states. While the proposed model is assumed to be testable, an actual test is beyond the scope of this work.
Category: Classical Physics

The Effect of the Earth's Rotation and Gravity on the Speed of Light

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 12 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Based on the results of the "Michelson—Morley" experiment and the direct measurement of the speed of light in two directions, we can conclude that the movement of the Earth in relation to the Sun and the movement of the solar system in relation to the center of the galaxy do not affect the measurement of the speed of light in the vicinity of the Earth. But on the other hand, based on results of the "Michelson—Morley" experiment and the direct measurement of the speed of light in two directions we cannot know with certainty whether the Earth's rotation around its axis affects the measurement of the speed of light in one direction. Thus, instead of the motion by which the Earth's surface moves in relation to the Sun, we will observe the angular motion by which the Earth rotates on its axis relative to distant stars. Instead of measuring the speed of light in two directions, we will measure the speed of light in one direction.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons Featuring a Lorentz-Type Force

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 6 Pages.

This work analyzes the interaction of a rotating field solution of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons with a weak, low-frequency electromagnetic field. The interaction is shown to be of the same type as the Lorentz force on a charged particle in an electromagnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Solving the Monty Hall Problem using Information Theory

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Monty Hall Problem, which involves probability, uncertainty and information is solved using information theory. When the host opens one or more doors that don’t contain the prize, he adds information to the remaining unselected doors. Information theory shows that the added information increases the likelihood that the prize is behind an unselected door. The method was applied to a generalization of the Monty Hall Problem and showed that the probability or winning the prize is increased by switching doors.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons and a Numerical Solution Procedure

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 8 Pages.

This work presents a modified Born-Infeld field theory and a numerical solution procedure to compute electron-like solutions of this field theory in the form of rotating waves of finite self-energy. For the well-known constants of real electrons, the computed solution results in a Born-Infeld parameter of 5x10^22 V/m, which is consistent with previous work.
Category: Classical Physics

Newton’s Theory of Universal Gravitation — A Critique Leading to A Revised Version

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 16 Pages; 3 Figure

A close look into Newton’s theory of gravitational attraction reveals some controversial statements. The theory does not corroborate with the experimental observations on the properties of gravitational constant. An ‘external push’ is suggested instead of the well accepted theory of ‘attractive pull’ between two masses. This new concept is able to resolve the inconsistencies and drawbacks present in Newton’s theory. An alternative approach is proposed for the theory of evolution of the Universe (Big Bang), that can account for the lacunas noticed in the existing theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Theory of Ultra Particle

Authors: Gjelard Karrica
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Amdin: Please list scientific references and stop using grandiose words!)

This paper aims to present new ideas in the field of physics; the content is tailored to be easily comprehensible by readers of diverse backgrounds and expertise. This [] hypothesis offers a fresh perspective that may challenge current scientific beliefs. However, it seeks to make a meaningful contribution to our understanding of quantum particles and the fundamental principles of matter across all scales. While the prevailing knowledge about electrons is that they are elementary particles since they are not composed of smaller particles, this theory proposes otherwise. It suggests that electrons, like protons and neutrons, are composed of other components, so our current understanding of elementary particles needs to be revised. This paper proposes that everything in the universe, including electrons, protons, neutrons, quarks, and everything else, comprises something much smaller called the "ultra-particle" (UP). The reason it is called "ultra" is because its scope is quite remote from ordinary particles. The ultra-particle is a fundamental particle that explains all the forces and fields of the universe, quantum behaviors, and the motion of celestial bodies, including black holes. Although unimaginably small, the ultra-particle permeates the universe, making everything we know of possible.
Category: Classical Physics

Electrokinetic Thermonuclear Reactor (Электрокинетический термоядерный реактор)

Authors: Gennady Rudominsky
Comments: 10 Pages. In Russian

In article the concept of the electrokinetic thermonuclear reactor on the facing plazmoids is offered. For ignition of thermonuclear reaction of synthesis it is used as energy of the electric currents flowing in plazmoids and kinetic energy of their headway.

В статье предложена концепция электрокинетического термоядерного реактора на сталкивающихся плазмоидах. Для зажигания термоядерной реакции синтеза используется как энергия электрических токов, текущих в плазмоидах, так и кинетическая энергия их поступательного движения
Category: Classical Physics

[proof] that the Half Retarded and Half Advanced Electromagnetic Theory is Equivalent to Maxwell's Classical Electromagnetic Theory

Authors: Shuang-ren Zhao
Comments: 13 Pages.

Abstract Dirac, Wheeler Feynman, and Cramer proposed the electromagnetic theory idea of current element generating half retarded wave and half advanced wave. The author further refined this idea. Proposed the laws of mutual energy flow and conservation of energy. And thus established a new set of electromagnetic theories. For calculating electromagnetic wave radiation of current elements, Maxwell's electromagnetic theory requires electromagnetic radiation to meet the boundary conditions of Sliver Muller. In the author's new theory, this boundary condition is replaced by the charge of the absorber covering the infinite sphere. The author assumes that these absorbers are sinks and will generate advanced waves. The radiation of the current element is a retarded wave. This retarded wave and advanced wave form a mutual energy flow. The author believes that these mutual energy flows are photons. The sum of the energy of countless photons is the macroscopic electromagnetic radiation of the current element. This radiation should be consistent with the Poynting energy flow in classical electromagnetic theory. If the two are indeed consistent, it indicates that the two theories of electromagnetic radiation are equivalent. The author proves that the two theories are indeed equivalent. In this proof, the author also addresses an inherent loophole in Poynting's theorem. In addition, the author found that due to the introduction of sinks, both the field and potential must be compressed to the original %50. This corresponds precisely to the current generating either a %50 retarded wave or a %50 advanced wave. In this way, the author's electromagnetic theory can be seen as the lower level electromagnetic theory of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. This macroscopic electromagnetic wave is composed of countless photons. Photons are mutual energy flows, which are composed of retarded waves emitted by the sources and advanced waves emitted by the sinks.
Category: Classical Physics

Yes, Real Work is Done to Accelerate a Car; Pseudowork as Real "Work"

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 9 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future)

The work-energy theorem states that the work done on a system is equal to the change in translational and rotational kinetic energy of the system. However, there are cases in which the work-energy theorem provides for so-called paradoxes. In these situations, there is no work done by an external static force (which does not act through a distance) and yet the kinetic energy of the system has increased. To help patch up the discrepancy between both sides of the work-energy equation, the literature discusses "pseudowork", which is identified as not real work. Although the literature states or implies that energy within a system is directly transformed into kinetic energy, we argue that real work must actually be performed to increase the kinetic energy. That is, we argue that real work is performed because energy within a system is transformed into work done on the system. In these cases, a system interacts with an external object (with sufficient inertia to remain static) through equal and opposite forces. Although an external static force does not act through a distance at the system’s boundary, the external static force is transferred within the system, imparting an unbalanced force that acts through a distance to perform external work within the system itself. This is somewhat similar to the way in which the external force of gravity can act within a system to perform work, where the force of gravity is taken to act at the center of mass.
Category: Classical Physics

[Critical Analysis of] Maxwell's "Displacement Current" Hypothesis and "Electromagnetic Waves" Theory

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 18 Pages.

Maxwell's equations introduced "displacement current" theoretical hypothesis, which stated that a changing electric field could induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. Furthermore, Maxwell extended Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction from metal circuits to vacuum, and theoretically concluded that a changing magnetic field could induce a changing electric field in a vacuum. Then, Maxwell predicted the existence of "electromagnetic waves" in a vacuum and claimed wireless communication could be achieved by "electromagnetic waves". This study reinterprets Hertz's "electromagnetic waves" verification experiment, and reveals that Hertz’s experiment did not prove the existence of "electromagnetic waves", but rather proved that wireless communication was achieved by independent electric field waves. Based on Coulomb's law and mathematical derivation, this paper proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is inconsistent in theory, and directly demonstrates through experiment that the "displacement current" hypothesis is not true, that is, a changing electric field cannot induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. In a modern wireless broadcasting system, there are only electric field signals without magnetic field signals. Wireless radio signals are the transmission, propagation, and reception of independent electric field waves in the air. In the application of microwave technology, when a microwave oven is turned off or on, the energy density of the electric field wave and the energy density of the magnetic field wave are not equal, which violates the principle of energy conservation. In EMC engineering testing, a magnetic field probe cannot directly detect magnetic field signals in a changing electric field environment. Based on theoretical analysis and experiments, this study proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is incorrect and denies the existence of "electromagnetic waves," which will have a profound impact on modern scientific discoveries and technological advancement.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons with Realistic Magnetic Dipole Moment

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 3 pages

The original Born-Infeld model of electrons has been used to describe static electrons without magnetic dipole moment. It is not obvious how to include the magnetic field of a realistic magnetic dipole moment in the original model. This short work proposes a small modification to the original model that might allow for experimentally observed values of electric charge and magnetic dipole moment of electrons.
Category: Classical Physics

Visual Model of Electromagnetic Interactions of Sub-Photons

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by vXra Admin: Scientific references are required in a scholarly article - Please conform in the future!))

This paper propovides a visual based conceptual model and framework to help explain the behavior of electrical, electromagnetic and gravitational phenomenon that is consistent with basic knowledge in the field. This model both reinforces current electrical behavior and introduces new possibilities for further research. A conceptual paticle is introduced, referred to as a sub-photon by this paper. The proposed framework relies on previous research in controversial physical models such as repulsive gravity and a fractal universe. Despite its reliance on controversial models and assumptions, the model is intuitive in many respects, easy to visualize and not reliant on difficult mathematics. If this model is adopted by teaching institutions, it may help students learn more visually and intuitively.
Category: Classical Physics

Localization of Energy-Momentum and Spin of Electromagnetic Radiation

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 18 Pages. In Russian; Submitted to JETP Letters.

The spin theory of electrodynamics, dating back to the work of Sadovsky, Poynting and others, is called in the article the classical spin theory, in contrast to the currently widespread spin theory, which is a gradient theory. The uniqueness of the local densities of energy-momentum and spin of the electromagnetic field is demonstrated, and the energy-momentum is determined by the Maxwell tensor, which does not allow change. In particular, the Belinfante-Rosenfeld procedure is meaningless. The existence of spin as an internal angular momentum is confirmed experimentally. Mathematically, spin arises from the Principle of Least Action in the form of a spin tensor, along with energy, momentum and moment of momentum relative to some point. The use of the spin tensor made it possible to obtain new results concerning the emission and absorption of spin angular momentum. It is shown that the use of the spin tensor is the same natural process as the use of the energy-momentum tensor. The adequacy of the spin tensor provides the violation of the gauge equivalence of various vector potentials. In particular, it is demonstrated that the standard vector potential gives an incorrect value for the spin emission from a rotating dipole. Vector potentials related to each other by a gauge transformation are equivalent to each other only when calculating energy-momentum. The gradient theory of spin has been criticized. In particular, it separates the internal spin angular momentum from the energy and momentum of the radiation.
Category: Classical Physics

Drag Coefficient Estimation of Low Density Objects by Free Fall Experiments

Authors: Thomas Heiko Günther, Khoi Anh Hoang
Comments: 13 Pages. Published in Annals of West University of Timisoara - Physics, Vol. LXV, 2023 https://sciendo.com/de/article/10.2478/awutp-2023-0005

The present article investigates whether the drag coefficient of low density objects can be determined by free fall experiments with sufficient accuracy. Among other things, the drag coefficient depends on the flow velocity, which can be controlled in wind channels experiments. Free fall experiments do not offer an experimental environment with constant flow velocity. Especially the later part of the movement gets relevantly influenced by air drag deceleration. We theoretically estimate an average sphere drag coefficient for the relevant part of the movement of falling spheres. The results are verified by examining the drag coefficient from experimental data. Finally, we determine the drag coefficient of a model rocket, which is compered to the result of the corresponding wind channel experiment.
Category: Classical Physics

FDTD Computer Modelling of a Half Wavelength (4pi) Toroidal Cavity Mode With Spin and Angular Momentum

Authors: Michael Glen
Comments: 28 Pages. 19 figures

The properties of a resonant half wavelength mode, sometimes called a 4pi mode, is investigated in a toroidal cavity of large aspect ratio. No dividing wall is used but instead the field is given a poloidal (in the direction of the smaller circumference) twist. The toroidal cavity resonator equations are derived by bending a length of cylindrical waveguide into a toroid and changing the field equations from cylindrical to local toroidal. If the toroid aspect ratio is large the errors are small but the equations must still be considered to be approximate and so in order to confirm the stability and form of the resonant modes a finite difference time domain (FDTD) program was written to model the propagation of the fields. This also confirms that no false assumptions have been made, particularly regarding how the fields behave where the two ends of the half wave join. This is believed to be the first confirmation of the existence of a half wave toroidal mode without a dividing wall. FDTD simulations of both a toroidal (in the direction of the larger circumference) and a poloidal spinning 4pi mode were also carried out. It was observed that the presence of twist would prevent either a pure toroidal or poloidal spinning mode being produced and that the poloidally spinning field produced a stable mode with both spin and angular momentum.
Category: Classical Physics

Absolutionism: the Relationship Between Matter, Space, Time and Movement

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 21 Pages. In Chinese (Note by viXra Admin: Watermark is not permitted - Please conform)

In this paper, the absolute static reference frame of the universe is established, Galileo's relativity principle and the essence of light are analyzed, and the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment is re-recognized. The conclusion is that the light in two directions reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and when the interferometer is rotated at any angle, the light in two directions still reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and the interference fringes will not move, so the zero result of the experiment is inevitable. This paper analyzes Lorenz's explanation of the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and points out many contradictions and mistakes in it. Because Michelson's wrong calculation result is not consistent with the zero result of the experiment, Lorenz had to set up "length shortening", "clock slowing down" and a Lorenz transformation factor to piece together the zero result of the experiment. It is precisely because these assumptions are incorrect that all the relations and related theories that use Lorentz transformation factors are incorrect. Only Galileo's relativity principle can correctly explain the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and galilean transformation is the theory that correctly describes motion. This paper also re-understands the relationship between matter, space, time and motion, inertia, field, field wave, force and energy, analyzes the essence of nuclear energy, and establishes a new model of the universe. It makes physics return to the correct track of classical theory and deepens and develops classical theory.
Category: Classical Physics

[Speculation on] Dynamic Aether from Spin 2 Bosons

Authors: Francois Zinserling
Comments: 22 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)

It is postulated that the vacuum of space is filled with a dynamic primordial aether; boson particles moving at the speed of light, forming a tensor flux of spin=2 massless bosons. Each aether particle consists of two destructively interfering spin=1 bosons. This dynamic aether is compatible with known concepts of spacetime, and further leads to an understanding of the unstoppable arrow of time, and the mechanisms that slow clocks at velocity or in a gravity well. Mass, energy and momentum is understood, Fermions that interact with the aether gain the property of mass. From the well-known equation E=mc2, E is seen as only the portion of aether that interacts with mass. When a mass is set in motion, the aether bosons traversing an object is perturbed to not only reflect its energy and momentum, but the aether also perpetuates the motion. Further, an equivalence exists; a mass which finds itself in an asymmetric aether, is driven by the aether toward a constant velocity. This may lead to further investigations into the mechanics of gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

A Classical Mechanism for Creation of Magnetic Moment in a Particle

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose a classical mechanism for the creation of magnetic moment in a particle.
Category: Classical Physics

Multi-Channel Illumination Optical System

Authors: Lev Ryzhikov
Comments: 5 Pages.

Most optical systems used in lithography include both illumination and imaging parts. The illumination part projects the light source into the plane of the objects of the optical system. In most cases, illuminators use the Kohler type of illumination, when the light source is projected to infinity. However, in some cases in illuminators, it is necessary to use the "Critical" type of illumination when the light source is projected directly into the plane of the objects of the optical system. In this case, it becomes possible to control the plane of objects, that is, to change the configuration of the object without reticle change. That is, in this case, it will be possible to change the configuration of the object without changing the reticle. In this case, the object must include a set of SLM (special light modulators) that form the desired configuration, which must be transferred to the image plane. Thus, by managing the SLM set, you can change the configuration of the object and thus exclude its replacement. That means that one reticle can be used to obtain different images. In this case, the SLM kit makes it possible to eliminate the replacement of the reticle when changing the geometric configuration of the object, which is achieved by changing the transmission (reflection) of the light flux.
Category: Classical Physics

Fictitious Currents as a Source of Electromagnetic Field

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we introduce the idea of fictitious currents for the electromagnetic field. Fictitious currents are currents that arise in electrodynamics when we change the topology of space. We show, with a specific example, how fictitious currents may be the source of magnetic moment and charge of a singularity.
Category: Classical Physics

From Coulomb’s Force to Magnetic Force and Experiments that Show Magnetic Force Parallel to Current

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Lorentz force law is fundamental for electromagnetism. However, it is known long ago that the Lorentz forces between two current elements do not respect the Newton's third law. This seemingly harmless flaw had never been corrected. In physical sciences a discrepancy often hides in it new understanding or unexpected breakthrough. For solving this problem, we give a purely theoretical derivation of magnetic force which respects the Newton's third law in the case of current elements and is identical to the Lorentz force in the case of coils. This new law reveals how electric force is transformed into magnetic force by velocity and is supported by experimental evidences that we will explain and compute with the new law
Category: Classical Physics

Explain the Photoelectric Effect and Derive the Planck Constant from the Perspective of Volatility

Authors: Demin Liu
Comments: 2 Pages. (Name correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

When the photoelectric effect was discovered, it was found that only photons could explain the effect, so everyone thought that light was for particles.However, if light is a particle, it cannot explain the independent propagability of light，the particle velocity is superimposed with the emission source, and the loss of light is to loss the photon mass or the velocity.In order to solve these contradictions, I try to explain the photoelectric effect from the volatility of light.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 3:) Submerged Circular Cylinder and Arbitrary Shaped Submerged Body

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 21 Pages. 2 Figures, 45 Equations, 61 References

We recently proved that " the center of buoyancy is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure " for floating bodies. This subject was an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating body with heel angle. In that state, the forces and moments due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it could be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As mentioned above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them here on viXra.org in English. Following that, in the 2nd report, semi-submerged circular cylinder and triangular prism were also published here. Thus, we have completed the proof for floating bodies, so in this 3rd report, we aim to prove for submerged bodies. We first prove for a submerged circular cylinder, and then apply Gauss's integral theorem to prove it clearly for an arbitrarily shaped submerged body.
Category: Classical Physics

Using Three [Plausible] Light-related Conclusions to [Attempt to] Explain 76 Light-related Physical Phenomena and Experimental Results

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 48 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

Through my long-term research on dozens of physical phenomena and experimental results related to light, I have summed up three related conclusions, which respectively explain the nature of light, the law of interaction between light and medium, the nature of light speed and the main factors that determine light speed. At the same time, it also shows that many physical phenomena and experimental results related to light can be explained only by using the most basic Coulomb law and Biot-Savart law in electromagnetism. This paper uses these three conclusions to explain the following 76 common physical phenomena and experimental results related to light at the same time, and has achieved unexpected success. Please correct your mistakes if you are interested. At the same time, I hope to collect more questions related to light through this paper to further test the applicability, reliability and correctness of these three conclusions. If these three conclusions can explain more physical phenomena and experimental results related to light without exception, it can be proved that the closer these three conclusions are to objective reality, the closer they are to truth. These three conclusions will be more accurate, objective and true in understanding and summarizing the nature of light, the law of interaction between light and medium, the nature of light speed and the main factors that determine light speed.
Category: Classical Physics

Redefining Gravity

Authors: Felipe Wescoup
Comments: 12 Pages. copyright license CC0

The purpose of this paper is to present a hypothesis that redefines gravity. The current definition for gravity is: The natural force of attraction between any two massive bodies, which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.The current definition explains the force of attraction between two massive bodies. Einstein’s well-known equation, E = mc2, relates mass and energy. So, this paper expands upon that premise and proposes that gravity is not the force of attraction between two massive bodies but is rather the force of attraction between two energy bodies.Gravity — the natural force of attraction between any two energy bodies, which is directly proportional to the product of their energies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.This proposed definition of gravity predicts the bending of light by a massive body. And may also be used to improve our understanding of how galaxies rotate. If supported by experimentation, we may then be able to combine gravity into a Grand Unified Theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Computing Solid Angle Using Perimeter Points

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 8 Pages.

The solid angle of a region can be computed as the rotational transformation of an axis after its tip slews about the solid angle region once while its base remains fixed at the observer location. The transformation can be achieved by moving the tip of the axis from perimeter point to point sequentially using great circle arcs until it returns to its original orientation. This method works very well for spherical polygon shapes, but has reduced accuracy when the perimeter is curved. Increasing the number of points that define the perimeter improves accuracy but can also introduce numerical roundoff error. The proposed method uses both slewing and rotational motion of the axis to define the contour of the solid angle region more accurately. This new method results in greater accuracy while using fewer perimeter points. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the method.
Category: Classical Physics

The New Law of Motion — Revisited

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 3 Pages.

In a previous paper a new law of kinematics was proposed: given an inertial frame, in every elastic collision, it will always be the case that after an elastic collision the higher kinetic energy body will lose kinetic energy and the lower kinetic energy body will gain kinetic energy. The arguments given came from similar arguments in Special Relativity with different observers in different inertial frames of reference and thermal equilibrium concepts. In this paper, we give a proof of this law that is more in line with simple conservation laws and mathematical logic.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 2:) Semi-Submerged Circular Cylinder and Triangular Prism

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 26 Pages, 4 Figures, 65 Equations, 60 References.

We prove that "the center of buoyancy of floating bodies is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating bodies with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it can be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As noted above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them here on viXra.org in English. Although the case of a semi-submerged circular cylinder and a triangular prism are also included in the proof of arbitrary shapes, we prove for each shape separately in this 2nd report, since they are two typical cross-sectional shapes along with rectangles. However, there is an essential difference in the proof between the two shapes. The reason is why the former does not change its underwater shape when inclined laterally, while the latter, like the rectangle, changes its cross-sectional shape when inclined. The present paper provides clear proofs for both shapes.
Category: Classical Physics

The Circular Current Loop as a Model of Fundamental Particles

Authors: Günther Landvogt
Comments: 26 Pages.

The presented circular current loop model reveals that charged fundamental particles such as the electron consist essentially of electric and magnetic energy. The magnetic properties have the same order of magnitude as the electric ones. The electromagnetic field energy is the origin of the inertial mass. The Higgs boson, existing or not, is not needed to "explain" particle mass. The magnetic moment of fundamental particles is not anomalous! The "anomaly" indicates the existence of a small additional amount of kinetic energy. Thus, fundamental particles are not purely field-like such as photons and not (essentially) mass-like such as atoms, they represent a special kind of matter in between. Their kinetic energy is obviously not due to any relativistic effect but is related to an independent physical law that provides, together with the magnetic energy, the angular momentum exactly to be . Fundamental particles are (at least) two-dimensional. In the simplest case their core consists of two concentric, nearly identical current loops. Their relative design details, the "anomaly" factor, and the rotational velocity of the uniformly distributed elementary charge follow from the stability condition, i.e. electric and magnetic force balance, and do not depend on the particle’s rest mass! Fundamental particles are objects of classical physics. Their magnetic forces are the true origin of the weak and strong nuclear interactions. For their explanation bosons and gluons are not needed.
Category: Classical Physics

Observational Theory: Wave Propagation and Apparent Velocity of Object Motion

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 13 Pages.

This paper deepens and develops Galileo's principle of relativity of motion, and summarizes the Laws of relativity and superposition of motion or wave (light). The essence of light is analyzed. Analyze the characteristics of various waves (sound waves, water waves, electromagnetic waves or light waves, etc.) and their relationship with the motion speed of objects (wave sources). Wave acts as a messenger for people to know things, and uses wave (light) as a signal to receive, perceive and know things far away. The observation of an object is an observation perspective effect, not the real motion of the object. The real motion of the wave source can exceed the wave speed, and the observed speed of the object moving at the super wave (light) speed can be much lower than the wave (light) speed in some visual angles, while the observed speed of the object moving below the wave (light) speed will be much higher than the Apollo speed in some visual angles. Objects moving at super wave (light) speed will produce special phenomena when observed from some angles. Superwave velocity (including superlight velocity) of real motion of objects and inversion of observation time sequence are common phenomena. Finally, the superluminal phenomenon of quasars and the technical application prospect of observation angle effect are discussed. This theory is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observation, microscopic detection, satellite navigation, weather forecast, microscopic observation, medical detection, dynamic identification and so on. All of them are calibrated by the formula of observation angle effect derived in this paper, which can improve the accuracy of observation results. Especially in the observation technology of high-speed moving objects such as high-energy collider, cosmic ray, cosmic radiation and nuclear reaction, the application effect is more remarkable, and more real and accurate results are achieved.
Category: Classical Physics

Lifeguard, Snell's Law, Fermat's Principle and Brachistochrone_ENG+ITA

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 12 Pages.

Lifeguard, Snell's Law, Fermat's Principle and Brachistochrone.
Category: Classical Physics

An Introduction on How Spin, Speed, and Turbulence Affect a Football's Curve: an Exploration in Recreational Mathematics

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 10 Pages. The present review article has been submitted to a journal.

The present review article can be considered as an exploration in recreational mathematics. It is known that trajectory of a football may be altered significantly in mid-air, clearing out the goalkeeper stranded, could be a thing of excellence within the lovely diversion. But what precisely causes this apparently enchanted deed? The reply can be found in an interesting transaction between turn, speed, turbulence,and a property called the drag coefficient. In this review article we also discuss briefly on negative Magnus effect, with its possible trajectory. (the present review has been submitted to a journal)
Category: Classical Physics

A Unified Theory of Gravity and Inertia

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 28 Pages.

In this paper, we show how the phenomenon of inertia can be explained in non-relativistic classical mechanics using a unified theory of gravity and inertia. As a basis, we used the inertia-free mechanics of H.J. Treder. It can implement both Mach’s principle and the idea of inertia having a gravitational origin without the shortcomings of an anisotropic inertial mass. Inertia arises from a velocity-dependent part of the gravitational potential. Thus, it will be possible to formulate classical mechanics with postulating neither the weak equivalence principle, nor a gravitational constant, nor any concept of inertial mass or inertial forces a priori. We will show that all four can be derived from the theory. The theory is valid in arbitrary accelerated frames of reference and the inertial frames are determined by all other particles in the universe, as demanded by Mach’s principle. The exact Newtonian inertial forces will appear in any non-inertial frame, for translational and rotational acceleration, showing that they are not fictitious, but real parts of the gravitational force. In the lowest order v/c of the theory, Newtonian mechanics is obtained. The corrections that appear are shown to be just the terms present in Gravitoelectromagnetism. Ultimately, explaining inertia as a gravitational effect will allow us to derive an expression for the gravitational constant, enabling us to explain the apparent weakness of gravity. Such a unified theory of gravity and inertia has profound implications for the nature of mass and structure of elementary particles, as well as the origin of relativistic and quantum effects. This suggests a very different path towards a combined theory of relativity, gravity, and quantum mechanics, as well as elementary particles. This will be discussed in a subsequent paper.
Category: Classical Physics

Gravitational and Inertial Mass

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 12 Pages.

It is a law of nature that gravitational and inertial mass are the same. This is know as the equivalence principle in its weak formulation. In Newtonian gravity, fields act with an instant action at distance. In this paper, we show that by adding the assumption that fields perturbations propagate at a finite velocity, this lead somehow to the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( III & IV )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 29 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of new universal forces of interaction, called kinetic forces. Additionally, in this paper, we assume that all forces can obey or disobey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( III & IV )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 29 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of new universal forces of interaction, called kinetic forces. Additionally, in this paper, we assume that all forces can obey or disobey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( I & II )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 28 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force. In addition to the above, in this paper, we assume that all forces always obey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( I & II )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 28 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force. In addition to the above, in this paper, we assume that all forces always obey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

The Essential Principle of Universal Gravitation and Its Mathematical Derivation

Authors: Ding Lei
Comments: 21 Pages. In Chinese

This article explores the fundamental principle of universal gravitation and derives a new formula for universal gravitation which can be verified by a variety of experimental methods.
Category: Classical Physics

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether — Part 4: The Mechanical Origin of the Electrostatic Force

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 45 Pages.

This work is a further development of the theory that explains electrostatic attractions and repulsions by the molecular vibration of objects acting on one another through the liquid aether that fills the vacuum and the interatomic spaces of substances. The 2000-year-old problem of a mechanical explanation of the laws of electrostatics is answered by the behavior of coupled oscillators. The physical origin of the electric field is that of a to-and-fro motion of the aether. Light and radio waves are shown to be longitudinal waves consisting of to-and-fro motions of the aether along the direction of wave propagation, which makes them essentially electric waves. Corroboration with results from previous works leads to the conclusion that the complete nature of light and radio waves is that of electro-gravitational waves. The 100-year-old problems of the photoelectric effect and of the wave-particle duality are solved by uncovering the direct link between voltage and frequency of vibration, by a new interpretation of de Broglie equation, and by advancing the new theory of light propagation in channels.
Category: Classical Physics

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether Part 4: The Mechanical Origin of the Electrostatic Force

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 45 Pages.

This work is a further development of the theory that explains electrostatic attractions and repulsions by the molecular vibration of objects acting on one another through the liquid aether that fills the vacuum and the interatomic spaces of substances. The 2000-year-old problem of a mechanical explanation of the laws of electrostatics is answered by the behavior of coupled oscillators. The physical origin of the electric field is that of a to-and-fro motion of the aether. Light and radio waves are shown to be longitudinal waves consisting of to-and-fro motions of the aether along the direction of wave propagation, which makes them essentially electric waves. Corroboration with results from previous works leads to the conclusion that the complete nature of light and radio waves is that of electro-gravitational waves. The 100-year-old problems of the photoelectric effect and of the wave-particle duality are solved by uncovering the direct link between voltage and frequency of vibration, by a new interpretation of de Broglie equation, and by advancing the new theory of light propagation in channels.
Category: Classical Physics

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether Part 4: The Mechanical Origin of the Electrostatic Force

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 45 Pages.

This work is a further development of the theory that explains electrostatic attractions and repulsions by the molecular vibration of objects acting on one another through the liquid aether that fills the vacuum and the interatomic spaces of substances. The physical origin of the electric field is that of a to-and-fro motion of the aether. The 2000-year-old problem of a mechanical explanation of the laws of electrostatics is answered by the behavior of coupled oscillators. Light and radio waves are shown to be longitudinal waves consisting of to-and-fro motions of the aether along the direction of wave propagation, which makes them essentially electric waves. The 100-year-old problems of the photoelectric effect and of the wave-particle duality are solved by uncovering the direct link between voltage and frequency of vibration, by a new interpretation of de Broglie equation, and by advancing the new theory of light propagation in channels.
Category: Classical Physics

Unfringing Interference of Cross-Polarized Slits

Authors: W. Michael Feuerstein
Comments: 2 Pages. fixed inconsistent coordinates/wrong constants, misc/minor edits, upgrade to html abstract

Iproject a diagonally-polarized (D) monochromatic complexplane-wave⁽¹⁾ electric field ontocross-polarized slits. (1) What is the instantaneous behavior of theelectric field versus diffraction angle in the far field⁽²⁾? (2) The time-parametric vector sum of crossed-polarized slits’electric fields in a fixed plane about normal to the slits’ raystraces Lissajous curves⁽³⁾particular to the diffraction⁽⁴⁾angle. (3) These uniform-brightness, diffraction-angle-dependentlines, circles, and ellipses constructively constitute unfringinginterference of transverse field undulations⁽⁵⁾summed in parallel and falsify the first Fresnel-Arago Law^(6,7)since interference (the 3-d vector sum)⁽¹⁾,somewhat ironically, predicts the outcome. This result essentiallyretro-extends Fresnel optics (transverse vibrations) upon the Young’sDouble-Slit via the (parallel and direct) lineages of Maxwell,Heaviside, and Poynting, supporting Young’s original assertion oflight as a wave^(8.9).

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part III: Curved Vacuum Area

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 30 Pages.

This article is the third part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In the first two papers [1,2], the ideal (i.e., non-curved and immobile) local region of vacuum was studied and the foundations of the Algebra of Signatures were laid. This article considers the possibilities of describing the curved and moving state of the same vacuum region on the basis of the mathematical apparatus of the Algebra of Signatures. The reasons for the multilateral consideration of vacuum and twisting of intra-vacuum pro-cesses into spiral bundles are disclosed. The 4-tensor is introduced for two-sided and 16-sided consideration of the curvature of the local vacuum region. On the basis of kinematic models, the following assumptions were made: about the inert properties of vacuum layers; about the possibility of displacement of vacuum layers relative to each other at a speed significantly exceeding the speed of light; about the possibility of "rupture" of the local region of vacuum. The proposed kinematic models of the movement of vacuum layers can be a theoretical basis for the development of "zero" (i.e., vacuum) technologies.
Category: Classical Physics

Nonlinear Maxwell Equations

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 32 Pages. Improved translation to English

Based on the analysis of biquaternion quadratic forms of field, it is shown that Maxwell equations arise as a consequence of the principle of conservation of the energy-momentum flow of field in space-time. It turns out that this principle presupposes the existence more general nonlinear field equations. Classical linear Maxwell equations are embedded in a special way into new nonlinear equations and are their special case. It is shown that in a number of important cases nonlinear equations, in contrast to linear ones, allow solutionsthat have a swirling energy flow. Solutions of the equations we obtained make it possible to give wave description of charged particles, common for quantum mechanics, within the framework of nonlinear classical electrodynamics. Special attention in the work is paid to the problem of dividing the field into "own" field of a charged particle and a field "external" to it. From the nonlinearfield equations follow both the classical Maxwell equations themselves and the equations of charges moving under the Lorentz force. In this way, the problem of finding nonlinear field equations that include interaction is solved. In our approach, the particle charge is electromagnetic (complex-valued), passingthrough periodically changing linear combinations of electric and magnetic charges - from purely electric to purely magnetic. In real processes, it is not the particle charge itself that plays a role, but its phase relationship with other charges and fields.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons and a Numerical Solution Procedure

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: Revision fixes equations (2), (5), (6), (16), and adds footnote on page 4.

This work presents a modified Born-Infeld field theory and a numerical solution procedure to compute electron-like solutions of this field theory in the form of rotating waves of finite self-energy. For the well-known constants of real electrons, the computed solution results in a Born-Infeld parameter of 5x10^22 V/m, which is consistent with previous work.
Category: Classical Physics

Critical Analysis of Maxwell's "Displacement Current" Hypothesis and "Electromagnetic Waves" Theory

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 18 Pages. version2.0

Maxwell's equations introduced "displacement current" theoretical hypothesis, which stated that a changing electric field could induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. Furthermore, Maxwell extended Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction from metal circuits to vacuum, and theoretically concluded that a changing magnetic field could induce a changing electric field in a vacuum. Then, Maxwell predicted the existence of "electromagnetic waves" in a vacuum and claimed wireless communication could be achieved by "electromagnetic waves". This study reinterprets Hertz's "electromagnetic waves" verification experiment and reveals that Hertz’s experiment did not prove the existence of "electromagnetic waves", but rather proved that wireless communication was achieved by independent electric field waves. Based on Coulomb's law and mathematical derivation, this paper proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is inconsistent in theory, and directly demonstrates through experiment that the "displacement current" hypothesis is not true, that is, a changing electric field cannot induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. In a modern wireless broadcasting system, there are only electric field signals without magnetic field signals. Wireless radio signals are the transmission, propagation, and reception of independent electric field waves in the air. In the application of microwave technology, when a microwave oven is turned off or on, the energy density of the electric field wave and the energy density of the magnetic field wave are not equal, which violates the principle of energy conservation. In EMC engineering testing, a magnetic field probe cannot directly detect magnetic field signals in a changing electric field environment. Based on theoretical analysis and experiments, this study proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is incorrect and denies the existence of "electromagnetic waves," which will have a profound impact on modern scientific discoveries and technological advancement.
Category: Classical Physics

Guessing that the Riemann Hypothesis Is Unprovable

Authors: T. Nakashima
Comments: 7 Pages.

Riemann Hypothesis has been the unsolved conjecture for 164 years. This conjecture is the last one of conjectures without proof in "Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grosse"(B.Riemann). The statement is the real part of the non-trivial zero points of the Riemann Zeta function is 1/2. Very famous and difficult this conjecture has not been solved by many mathematicians for many years. In this paper, I guess the independence (unprovability) of the Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Classical Physics

Absolutism: the Relationship Between Matter, Space, Time and Motion

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 27 Pages. English Edition

In this paper, the absolute static reference frame of the universe is established, Galileo's relativity principle and the essence of light are analyzed, and the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment is re-recognized. The conclusion is that the light in two directions reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and when the interferometer is rotated at any angle, the light in two directions still reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and the interference fringes will not move, so the zero result of the experiment is inevitable. This paper analyzes Lorenz's explanation of the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and points out many contradictions and mistakes in it. Because Michelson's wrong calculation result is not consistent with the zero result of the experiment, Lorenz had to set up "length shortening", "clock slowing down" and a Lorenz transformation factor to piece together the zero result of the experiment. It is precisely because these assumptions are incorrect that all the relations and related theories that use Lorentz transformation factors are incorrect. Only Galileo's relativity principle can correctly explain the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and galilean transformation is the theory that correctly describes motion. This paper also re-understands the relationship between matter, space, time and motion, inertia, field, field wave, force and energy, analyzes the essence of nuclear energy, and establishes a new model of the universe. It makes physics return to the correct track of classical theory and deepens and develops classical theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Fictitious Currents as a Source of Electromagnetic Field

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we introduce the idea of electric fictitious currents for the electromagnetic field. Electric fictitious currents are currents that arise in electrodynamics when we change the topology of space. We show, with a specific example, how fictitious currents may be the source of magnetic moment of a singularity.
Category: Classical Physics

Fictitious Currents as a Source of Electromagnetic Field

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper we introduce the idea of electric fictitious currents for the electromagnetic field. Electric fictitious currents are currents that arise in electrodynamics when we change the topology of space. We show, with a specific example, how fictitious currents may be the source of magnetic moment and charge of a singularity.
Category: Classical Physics

From Coulomb’s Force to Magnetic Force and Experiments that Show Parallel-to-Current Magnetic Force (Letter)

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 17 Pages.

It is known that the Lorentz forces between two current elements do not respect the Newton's third law. This discrepancy hides an unknown property of electromagnetism. For solving this problem, we will derive a new law of magnetic force which respects the Newton's third law. This new law reveals the mechanism that transforms Coulomb’s force into magnetic force. We will also present experimental evidence that supports this new law.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 3:) Submerged Circular Cylinder and Arbitrary Shaped Submerged Body

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 22 Pages, 2 Figures, 47 Equations, 62 References.
Published on the Bulletin of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science in Japan, 2024 (June), Vol.64, No.1, pp.27~48, https://nias.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2000047.

We recently proved that " the center of buoyancy is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure " for floating bodies. This subject was an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to create the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating body with heel angle. In that state, the forces and moments due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it could be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As mentioned above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them on this viXra.org in English. Following that, in the 2nd report, separate proofs for a semi-submerged circular cylinder and triangular prism were also published here. Thus, we have completed the proof for floating bodies, so in this 3rd report, we aim to prove for submerged bodies. We first prove for a submerged circular cylinder, and then apply Gauss's integral theorem to prove it clearly for an arbitrarily shaped submerged body.
Category: Classical Physics

Redefining Gravity

Authors: Felipe Wescoup
Comments: 14 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to present a hypothesis that redefines gravity. The currentdefinition for gravity is: The natural force of attraction between any two massive bodies,which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional tothe square of the distance between them.The current definition explains the force of attraction between two massive bodies.Einstein’s well-known equation, E = mc2, relates mass and energy. So, this paperexpands upon that premise and proposes that gravity is not the force of attractionbetween two massive bodies but is rather the force of attraction between two energybodies.Gravity — the natural force of attraction between any two energy bodies, which is directlyproportional to the product of their energies and inversely proportional to the square ofthe distance between them.This proposed definition of gravity predicts the bending of light by a massive body. Andmay also be used to improve our understanding of how galaxies rotate. If supported byexperimentation, we may then be able to combine gravity into a Grand Unified Theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 2:) Semi-Submerged Circular Cylinder and Triangular Prism

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 27 Pages. 4 Figures, 65 Equations, 60 References.

Published in the Bulletin of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science in Japan, 2023 (December), Vol.63, No.2, Research Notes in Mathematical and Physical Science, pp.117~143.

We prove that " the center of buoyancy of floating bodies is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure ". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating bodies with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it can be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As noted above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them here on viXra.org in English. Although the case of a semi-submerged circular cylinder and a triangular prism are also included in the proof of arbitrary shapes, we prove for each shape separately in this 2nd report, since they are two typical cross-sectional shapes along with rectangles. However, there is an essential difference in the proof between the two shapes. The reason is why the former does not change its underwater shape when inclined laterally, while the latter, like the rectangle, changes its cross-sectional shape when inclined. The present paper provides clear proofs for both shapes.
Category: Classical Physics

Observation Theory: Wave Propagation and Apparent Velocity of Object Motion

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 12 Pages. In Chinese

This paper deepens and develops Galileo's principle of relativity of motion, and summarizes the Laws of relativity and superposition of motion or wave (light). The essence of light is analyzed. Analyze the characteristics of various waves (sound waves, water waves, electromagnetic waves or light waves, etc.) and their relationship with the motion speed of objects (wave sources). Wave acts as a messenger for people to know things, and uses wave (light) as a signal to receive, perceive and know things far away. The observation of an object is an observation perspective effect, not the real motion of the object. The real motion of the wave source can exceed the wave speed, and the observed speed of the object moving at the super wave (light) speed can be much lower than the wave (light) speed in some visual angles, while the observed speed of the object moving below the wave (light) speed will be much higher than the Apollo speed in some visual angles. Objects moving at super wave (light) speed will produce special phenomena when observed from some angles. Superwave velocity (including superlight velocity) of real motion of objects and inversion of observation time sequence are common phenomena. Finally, the superluminal phenomenon of quasars and the technical application prospect of observation angle effect are discussed. This theory is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observation, microscopic detection, satellite navigation, weather forecast, microscopic observation, medical detection, dynamic identification and so on. All of them are calibrated by the formula of observation angle effect derived in this paper, which can improve the accuracy of observation results. Especially in the observation technology of high-speed moving objects such as high-energy collider, cosmic ray, cosmic radiation and nuclear reaction, the application effect is more remarkable, and more real and accurate results are achieved.
Category: Classical Physics

Observation Theory: Wave Propagation and Apparent Velocity of Object Motion

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper deepens and develops Galileo's principle of relativity of motion, and summarizes the Laws of relativity and superposition of motion or wave (light). The essence of light is analyzed. Analyze the characteristics of various waves (sound waves, water waves, electromagnetic waves or light waves, etc.) and their relationship with the motion speed of objects (wave sources). Wave acts as a messenger for people to know things, and uses wave (light) as a signal to receive, perceive and know things far away. The observation of an object is an observation perspective effect, not the real motion of the object. The real motion of the wave source can exceed the wave speed, and the observed speed of the object moving at the super wave (light) speed can be much lower than the wave (light) speed in some visual angles, while the observed speed of the object moving below the wave (light) speed will be much higher than the Apollo speed in some visual angles. Objects moving at super wave (light) speed will produce special phenomena when observed from some angles. Superwave velocity (including superlight velocity) of real motion of objects and inversion of observation time sequence are common phenomena. Finally, the superluminal phenomenon of quasars and the technical application prospect of observation angle effect are discussed. This theory is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observation, microscopic detection, satellite navigation, weather forecast, microscopic observation, medical detection, dynamic identification and so on. All of them are calibrated by the formula of observation angle effect derived in this paper, which can improve the accuracy of observation results. Especially in the observation technology of high-speed moving objects such as high-energy collider, cosmic ray, cosmic radiation and nuclear reaction, the application effect is more remarkable, and more real and accurate results are achieved.
Category: Classical Physics