History and Philosophy of Physics

On Intelligence and Limits

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

A short informal philosophical essay proposing an algorithmic framework or a matrix of steps that define intelligence. Thus, it is argued that the human genome system (DNA) can be considered intelligent as well as gene pools of organisms in Nature. Concepts like minds, the multiverse, and even the existence of the past, are proposed as derivative of an existential algorithm of intelligence.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Not Your Father's Physics

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 14 Pages. Essay written for the APS 2024 history of physics competition.

Two essential conceptual structures - impedance quantization and geometric representation of Clifford algebra - were lost in physics. Background independent analysis of Mach’s principle makes possible calculation of quantum impedance networks of wavefunction interactions in the background independent geometric representation. Their synthesis fills gaps in the history of physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

How the Simulation Hypothesis Answers, "Why the Quantum?"

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

A short essay suggesting that the nature of computer programs, involving structure and sequence, may be a direct analogy to quantum mechanical canonical pairs e.g., the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle with position and momentum, thus supporting the Simulation Hypothesis that our reality is a programmed simulation. Additional examples are provided from modern physics that support the Simulation Hypothesis and an idea is proposed where conscious minds are synonymous with a computer gate residing at the boundary of future and past existing to constantly create relations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics: Introduction

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 23 Pages.

This is the first of a series of papers that we intend to publish about the epistemology of fundamental physics in its current state. One of the main objectives of these papers is to improve our understanding of fundamental physics (and modern physics in particular) from an epistemological and interpretative perspective (i.e. versus formal perspective). Another main objective is to investigate and assess the merit of searching for a unified physical theory (the so-called "theory of everything") considering the fact that contemporary physics is a collection of theories created and developed by different individuals and groups of scientists in different eras of history reflecting different levels of scientific, philosophical and epistemological development and dealing with largely separate physical phenomena and hence such unification may mean "stitching together" an inhomogeneous collection of theoretical structures which may be clumsy (if not impossible) at least from an epistemological viewpoint.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Materialism as a Gnosiological and Methodological Principle and the "Hierarchy" of Dmitry Krivenko

Authors: Yaroslav D. Krivenko-Emetov
Comments: 5 Pages. keywords: alternative philosophy in the USSR, methodology of science. Philosophy, dialectical materialism, hierarchical logic, hierarchics

On the 30th anniversary of the death of Dmytro Tarasovych Krivenko (October 30, 1941, the village of Velyka Racha, Radomyshl district, Zhytomyr region — October 4, 1994, Kyiv) — philosopher, methodologist of science, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (1976), one of the developers of alternative Ukrainian philosophy during Soviet times.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Simple Guide to Free-Fall Motion in General Relativity

Authors: A.J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.

The free-fall behaviour of a test object near a static point mass hasbeen calculated for two cases: the first is the usual black-hole solutionin general relativity resulting from using Schwarzschild coordinates,and the second is for a model described in previous papers, in whichspacetime is completely regular with no event horizon. The predictionsare presented and discussed.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Fracture and the Existential Relation

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 41 Pages.

The fundamental element of everything, of nature as well as life, is an existential relationship here called Intention. It is the culmination and fulfilment of the natural sciences and philosophy, and their foundation.This research investigates intention and its three ingredients: the original I, being and the called I.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Brain Scale Free Criticality and Renormalization Extended for Unification and Consciousness Theories

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recent articles summarizing research noting the proclivity of renormalization techniques to solve brain self-organized criticality and deep learning could intimate that the challenges with the unification of Quantum Mechanics and Relativity, and with finding a formal solution for quantum decoherence or even consciousness, could be chimeras if the human observed nature of reality itself are renormalizations of an infinite fractal space-time that is intractable with current techniques.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Forces, Hierarchy, Unification

Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 21 Pages.

Force or energy is both a relationship and a pulse between objects (relational physics). Based on this idea, I have succeeded in unifying the gravitational and electromagnetic forces, as well as the strong and weak forces, using the same framework. Through this verification work, I have also been able to determine the radius and mass of the neutrino. In my deep consideration of the background of the formation of the weak and strong forces, I also succeeded in unifying alpha and beta decay by combining radioactive decay with the vision of the pulse.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Platonic Supremacy and Unorthodox Takes on Reality

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 5 Pages.

A short speculative philosophical essay resenting some unique or unorthodox descriptions of the nature of reality. A few example interpretations of reality are discussed, extending arguments from scientists including Julian Barbour, Donald D. Hoffman, and Roger Penrose involving the nature of time, consciousness, and fundamental reality. The idea of Platonic Supremacy is proposed where our reality coexists in a single universe with Platonic ideals. A universe without time is considered as well as one where Platonic ideals actually drive all conscious actions - instead of free will - as they interact with our minds.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Paradox of the Quintuplets: Why the Twin Paradox of Special Relativity Cannot be Resolved

Authors: David M. Bower
Comments: 8 Pages.

By introducing three reference frames in addition to the the two reference frames typically used todiscuss Einstein’s special relativity (i.e., a "laboratory" frame and a boosted frame), we can show the utter futility of trying to explain (or to resolve) the absurdities of the twin paradox.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

In Support of the Expedited Development of Artificial General Intelligence

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 7 Pages.

A short essay suggesting that humanity should expedite the creation of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). A psychological arc or meta-history analysis of modern human history is noted suggesting that the creation of Artificial General Intelligence, beyond a technological advancement, is a profound leap that is an ultimate taming of mankind’s primordial psychological drives and not an existential threat to human existence. Global political events, actual existential threats like climate and nuclear weapon disasters, and cyclical trends against science and toward warfare like the rise of fascists leaders, often driven by excess economic inequality, drive the recommended expediting in research and development.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Might a Metaphysical Platonic Realm Entail Equality of Experience?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short speculative essay postulating that a separate Platonic world does exist and that it may contain every conscious experience. Mankind’s historical progression from equality of rights to equality of opportunity, andeventual attempts at equality of wealth or property, are used to imply a trend toward an eventual final dream or destination of an equality of experience. Literary, scientific, historical, and logical examples are used to support the idea.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Brainstorming Physics: What to do About a Patent Policy that is Hurting Physics

Authors: Peter Horst Rehm
Comments: 11 Pages.

Well-intentioned laws and policy that prohibit the patenting of laws of nature have had unintended consequences. Patenting, with its emphasis on novelty and an objective standard of non-obviousness, is a manner of scientific publication that excels at finding and filling literature gaps. The denial of these benefits to natural laws have slowed progress in the fundamentals of physics. Several specific literature gaps are identified herein, each suggesting material that would be both novel and non-obvious according to patent law standards. These examples include the need to reevaluate the role of the electrical force in the atomic nucleus, overlooked mechanics that may explain how mass bends spacetime, and why a very early theory of inertia deserves reconsideration.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On Shocks

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

A speculative and philosophical essay on the possibility of gene pool regulation of large-scale human population, akin to ant colonies in Nature. Human gene pools are considered as oscillating entities wavering between expansionist, peaceful, and open phases to phases of consolidated, militaristic, and closed societies. Religion is considered as a beneficial evolutionary fitness creation to help safeguard excess extremism during consolidated phases and as a critical archive of techniques to assist populations when presented with rare and dangerous existential shocks.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

New Physics of Our Four Dimensional Space: How it Recognizes the Existence of Fourth Space Dimension?

Authors: Ratikanta Das
Comments: 22 Pages.

[1] How this 4D physics provides simple classical derivations of de Broglie hypothesis, Schrödinger equation and Coulomb’s law? [2] How the puzzle behind matter wave and dual nature of radiation is resolved? [3] Why there are two kinds of charges? [4] How nature dopes exactly equal amount charge (e) into fundamental particle of different mass? [5] How charge of a fundamental particle is forced to concentrate near a point where there are forces of repulsion between its constituent parts? [6] How proton mass is 1836 times the mass of electron? [7] How technique of two exactly reversible processes, emission and absorption of photon, is explained classically? [8] How repulsive Coulomb force becomes strong force as d2w/dx2 changes sign at the point of inflexion? [9] Why electron-positron pair annihilates but electron-proton pair forms a stable combination? [10] Why n-n or p-p combination is unstable in spite of strong attractive force, whereas n-p combination (deuteron) is stable? [11] How spin of a particle is attributed to the existence of extra space dimension? [12] How similar or dissimilar is our 4D universe with Einstein’s universe?

All these above can be explained intuitively or derived classically by this new 4d physics, whereas, our traditional 3d physics cannot achieve these feats. This fact, itself, is a strong proof that 4th space dimension exists.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Is there a Subconscious Cause for Our Love of Music?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

A speculative essay proposing that the human subconscious mind can understand language but, while it can communicate with the sleeping mind via images in dreams, it can only communicate to an individual’s awake mind via what appear to the individual as a random recall of a musical song in working memory. Remarkable lyrics of a given song can thus be used by the subconscious as a means to communicate to the awake mind. A theory of subconscious communication from Cormac McCarthy in his Kekule’ Problem essay and the research of Jeff Hawkins and Numenta Corporation showing the human brain storing sequences of patterns including songs, are used to support the proposal.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Being & Logos → OntoTopoLogia → Big Ontological Revolution

Authors: Vladimir I. Rogozhin
Comments: 10 Pages.

The essay presents the main ideas of the philosophical system «OntoTopoLogia», developed and promoted since 1990 at the I-IV, VIII Russian Philosophical Congresses, the XX World Philosophical Congress (Boston, 1998), Conference «Problems of Consciousness in Philosophy and Science» (Institute of Philosophy RAS, 1996), Conference «Philosophy of Physics: Current Problems» (MSU, 2010), seven International contests The Foundational Questions Institute (USA, FQXi Essay 2012-2020), International scientific conference «Modern Ontology» (St. Petersburg , 2013, 2017, 2019, 2023), Third All-Russian Scientific Conference «Philosophy of Mathematics: Current Problems» (MSU, 2013), International Congress «Fundamental Problems of Natural Science» (St. Petersburg, 2013, 2016, 2022), Conference «Foundations of Fundamental Physics and Mathematics» (RUDN University, 2023). The ideas of the «OntoTopoLogia» system are aimed at overcoming the conceptual-paradigmatic crisis in the metaphysical/ontological basis of fundamental science (mathematics, physics, cosmology) on the basis of a holistic paradigm («paradigm of understanding»), a comprehensive conceptual-figurative synthesis, a method of dialectical-ontological construction, MetaCategory, MetaAxiom, SuperPrinciple and Metasymbol, a new holistic understanding of matter, its ontological unification across all levels of existence of the Universe as eternal holistic process of generating more and more new meanings, forms and structures. A model of the Primordial (absolute) generating structure is being built - a single ontological basis of knowledge: ontological framework, carcass, foundation as an all-encompassing Ideality, a single basis for the «sciences of nature» and «sciences of the spirit».
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Predicting the Daily Temperament of Any Human Using Two Dopamine Cycles

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 19 Pages.

A speculative essay, in the scientific tradition of ever more granular human behaviors falling into a reductionist paradigm, where, in addition to the previously established human behavioral patterns tracked to the annual sunlight-driven dopamine cycle, a second dopamine "clock" or cycle is proposed in the human brain. This measured cycle occurs starts with a 10-day-long "low dopamine" phase (with various stages of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression and then the reverse as dopamine levels climb back up), then a 10-day-long "high dopamine" phase (with hyperactive and manic behaviors), before diminishing to a 20-day-long "normal dopamine" phase (with calm and focus), before the cycle starts again with the "low dopamine" phase. The levels of the primary sunlight-driven cycle and the proposed secondary dopamine cycle aggregated together are considered as the only factors needed to create a calendar map of "human temperament." There are nine 40-day-long cycles in the calendar year with the cycles occurring on the same days every year.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Making Progress by Thinking About Light Differently

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 7 Pages.

A brief history of theories of light is given. New terminology that will be useful in the discussion of matters to do with light or it’s precursor is given, and how it is to be applied is discussed. Thinking about concealed possibilities comes next, considering the material reality that is concealed and what superposition actually represents. A Model with a pre-light binary with divisible photon carrier wave is presented, accounting for the outcomes of double slit apparatus experiments and experiments involving beam splitting and recombination, with an objective material solution. Reason for the speed of ‘light’ being unaffected by speed of source and recipientexplained by using transmission as a pre-light binary model.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Simple Proof of the Absolute Nature of Space

Authors: David M. Bower
Comments: 2 Pages.

A logical extension / extrapolation of Newton's bucket argument shows that space is absolute with respect to translational motion as well as rotational motion.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Mathematicians, Physicists and Technologists

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 6 Pages.

The branch of the science we call physics does not go unnoticed when Einstein published his famous articles. In this article, I reflect on this branch of science.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Mtemáticos, Físicos Y Tecnólogos (Mathematicians, Physicists and Technologists)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish

No pasa inadvertida la mutación de la ciencia que denominamos física cuando Einstein publicó sus artículos famosos. Refiero a esa mutación las reflexiones contenidas en este documento.

The branch of the science we call physics does not go unnoticed when Einstein published his famous articles. In this article, I reflect on this branch of science.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Ancient Scripture Chun-Bu-Kyung for the Philosophy of Nature

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 7 Pages.

Ontological view of natural phenomena, which was introduced as 4-D Complex Space in physics to understand physics comprehensively from classical physics to modern physics, such as quantum physics and theory of relativity, is compared with the ancient oriental scripture called Chun-Bu-Kyung, which is saying that there is immutable one in natural phenomena all the time despite that its appearance keeps being changed in many ways with a cyclical nature. Then, we can say that matters in natural phenomena are just variations of one fundamental entity, energy in physics, and that the variations in phenomena are made through physical interactions, such as gravitational and electromagnetic interactions. In addition, the one intrinsic nature of the physical interactions, which is the tendency to return to the equilibrium state in physical vacuum space, is comparable to the cyclicality mentioned in the scripture.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Consciousness Considered Like Light as a Universal Medium-Free Function

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

A short and speculative philosophical essay proposing consciousness as a singular function of both observation and memory creation that like light, that does not require a medium in which to propagate, is free of a medium.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On United States Mass Shootings

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 20 Pages.

The severity of the effects on organisms, especially human males, of histamine and serotonin biochemical interactions - and their subsequent behaviors - has been vastly underestimated in the scientific community. Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Mentally ill or unstable individuals can be triggered into impulsive and violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Human serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen or pollen levels, but serum serotonin level is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels with human males having 52% more serotonin than females. Data show an association between the dates of violent acts, especially male single shooter mass shootings in the United States, and the dates of dramatic decreases in pollen levels thus indicating pollen and serum histamine level drops as a possible precursor or triggering relationship. This knowledge can be used as a potential predictor for law enforcement and medical agencies for a given city or region. Mental health professionals would be advised to lower serotonin boosting meds and even supplement antihistamine and sedative medications to male patients in the timeframes of March through June, for spring tree pollens especially juniper tree pollen, and from September through November, for fall ragweed weed pollen.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Music as Primordial Change

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

[This is a] short and informal essay considering the significance of music or musical melodies. Music is considered as being equivalent to a fundamental encoding of change in a digital universe. Consciousness is also proposed as being what it feels like to have dopamine levels change in an organic brain. Consciousness is considered as emergent from an agent with sufficient memory and context or a threshold of a vast number of associations in memory. Memory is, thus, noted as existentially primordial and required for any change or consciousness.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

How the Naz[i]s Split Modern Physics, and How It Can Be Reunified

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 9 Pages. Submitted to Foundational Questions Institute (FQXI) Essay Context, March 2023

Everyone knows that the Naz[i]s hated Einstein and relativity. I argue that this hostility had aprofound influence on the development of quantum mechanics in the 1930s, and how it wastaught. Specifically, de Broglie showed that quantum waves derived from special relativity, butpolitical pressures forced German physicists to hide this close connection in the first textbooks.Furthermore, Einstein’s objections to aspects of quantum theory (such as entanglement) wereignored. This led to a split in the foundations of physics that has continued to the present,between relativity on the one hand, and quantum theory on the other. It is past time to reunifyphysics, by reimagining how "quantum relativity" would have developed without the influenceof the Nazis. This may have important implications for the future of physics, particularlyregarding quantum computing.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Theory of Physical Time and its Impact on Physics Applications

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 23 Pages.

The story I wish to tell in this work starts with Newton's mathematical time, which is not a true definition of time but only its measure. It leaves out a deeper understanding of the true nature of time. When applying physics to the broader universe, numerous anomalies appear. One change in the definition of time, and these anomalies, galaxy rotation, dark matter, electric and magnetic properties, the speed of light, Hubble's law, dark energy, the Big Bang, the CMB, and the Pioneer anomaly all disappear, while physical theories are left unchanged.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Reality in the Context of Relativity and Quantum Physics

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 11 Pages.

Consideration of the problem of ambiguous meaning of the word ‘reality’. Clarifying what is being modeled by currently mainstream physics and highlighting what is missing. The way in which sensory awareness is driven by receipt of sensory stimuli is discussed. As well as showing that sensory stimuli exist in the environment, and can be detected (as objective evidence). A reason for the constant speed of ‘light‘ in a vacuum is given. It is proposed that disturbance of the medium filling ‘empty’ space can account for magnetism, effects of electric fields, electrostatic forces, electromagnetism and effect of gravity on matter. Discussion relevant to General Relativity follow. Observer independent passage of time and non simultaneity are considered. Problems in Quantum physics are identified; the relativity (‘seen this way’) nature of measurement, measurement changing the condition of the measured, missing object permanence, vulnerability to illusion, the model of ‘light’ currently used functions to account for result but is probably not correct i.e. does not correspond to observer independent reality The alternative, singular divisible environmental wave and ‘solid-like’ particle, is given as an explanation of curious quantum behaviour. Finally hydrodynamic analogs are mentioned.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Time

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 1 Page.

The article is solely a philosophical consideration regarding the phenomenon ‘time’.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Should We Short Sell the Environment or the Planet

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

A short reflective essay discussing the likelihood of human nature leading to the destruction of our environment if not the entire planet, thus, implying one could actually profit via a financial short sell of these asset resources. The nature of intelligence in our universe and as a tool for "selfish genes" is considered versus capitalism as a driver of excess resource utilization and growth.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Is Space the Only Substance in the Universe?[]: The "Nothing but Space" Model, a Simpler New Theory of Space, Time, Gravity, Dark Energy, and More

Authors: Ronald P. Hattis
Comments: 64 pages double-spaced plus 11 pp references. 10 equations, 4 illustrations. Slide presentation summarizing the article is available for upload at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361538219_Is_Space_the_Only_Substance_in_the_Universe

A new model of the universe, extrapolating from established science and historical precedents, resolves some mysteries of physics. In the "Nothing but Space" model, space is the fundamental substance of the universe. It is quantized, and the medium of gravitational and electromagnetic fields. Waves, additions and deletions, and other processes in space produce the properties attributed to matter and energy. Time is a function of motion, and spacetime an unnecessary concept. Underlying this model, space is known to have physical properties and is expanding. Particles are known to have wave properties, conducted in fields that exist in space. Conceptualizing them as solid bodies is misleading. Problems in current theory that call for new thinking include incompatible quantum and relativity theories, "dark energy" and "dark matter" not satisfactorily explained, and a "standard model" with multiple fundamental particles unstable for even a tiny fraction of a second. "Singularities," points with no dimensions, and infinity are shown to lack physical reality. This model can explain gravitation (space deletion), the Hubble expansion and "dark energy" (space addition), and some aspects of special and general relativity. "Big Bounce" theory is favored over "Big Bang." The Hubble equation is speculatively adjusted. The new concept has implications for mechanical motion, quantum theory, and cosmology. It provides reasons and mechanism for aspects of physics that are currently described by equations merely showing mathematical relationships. New ideas in physics from outsiders have been strongly resisted, but may be needed for further progress. This new model might contribute to progress in both theoretical physics and the philosophy of science.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Alone in the Neguentropic Universe

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 25 Pages. In French

Perfect cosmology is confirmed by the unifying role of the negentropic field at 14.125 Kelvin. The terminal term of the Topological Axis f(30) is thus related to the particle parameters to within a few billionths. The natural theoretical framework of Pythagorean integers is confirmed by the involvement of the Lucas-Lehmer series, rational approximations of pi and sporadic groups. The period 19.137 ms (Neuron), defined by the constants of Newton, Planck and Fermi, is close to the average between the universal period of 13.8 billion years, given by the three minutes calculation, and that of the electron. The gap is identified, to the nearest billionth, with the musical interval 419/417. Highly singular relationships link human and astrophysical parameters, introducing the Solanthopic Principle. It's the end of the several paradoxes: that of Fermi, of information, of the cosmological constant and of vacuum energy.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On the Perception of Scale: Connecting the Scales of Reality & Expanding Our Mathematical Tools

Authors: Donald G. Palmer
Comments: 25 Pages. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27038.69443 License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Over the last several centuries, science has discovered objects in the world along a continuum of scale. In one direction, we have found planets and stars, galaxies and galaxy clusters. In theother direction we have found cells and proteins, atoms and neutrinos. In order to locate and model this world, we use the 3 traditional directions of length, width and height. Howeverinherent in all our measurements is the scale of what we are measuring — a continuum we do not directly see with our eyes. A key reason we do not understand this direction as part of our worldis that we do not know how to measure along this continuum. We do not understand how to measure along this direction because we lack the mathematical tools to do so. Those toolsrequire a numeric representational system with more power than our traditional decimal or positional based numerals. A system that can provide a single value for complex numbers andhas built into it more operations than addition/subtraction, multiplication/division, and exponentiation/logarithms (from whence the new system gets its additional power).The author presents some opening remarks on what is anticipated to be a much larger discussion, looking at a perspective of reality where objects at all levels of scale exist and interact togetherand considers some implications of utilizing more powerful mathematical tools than we have today.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Uncovering the Rigorous Application Range of Any Mathematical Equivalence Between Different Physical Properties to Avoid Adding Extra Unverifiable Things Into Reality for Explaining Inherent Discrepancy in Phenomena Measure

Authors: Wei Guo
Comments: 65 Pages.

Today, the scientific community comprehensively accepts adding many extra unverifiable things into reality, e.g. extra mass: dark matter, extra energy: dark energy, extra position: superposition, extra dimensions, or even extra parallel reality. Considering reality is not understood completely, adding something into reality's unknown part is indeed a shortcut for explaining inherent measured discrepancy, but such behaviors are likely to distort the instinct of reality. Here, we aim to explain all measured discrepancies without distorting reality. We report any inherent measured discrepancy involving an indirect measure method that relies on an artificially-defined equivalence, e.g. inertia mass indirectly measures mass via an equivalence between mass and force/acceleration. Time measure relies on an equivalence between time and some phenomena for reference, e.g. the swing of a pendulum, the fall of sands or electron jumping between two states. Since Galileo, mathematical equal sign is introduced so naturally between different physical properties. We argue that any such equivalence only holds true within a limited phenomena range. Although we summarized some method's application range, e.g. inertia mass can only apply to phenomena meeting 'macro, low-speed, inertia-system', we state such scattered descriptions collected from experience are not rigorous. Instead, we deduct a rigorous application range from principle and hence any inherent measured discrepancy results from the measured phenomena exceeding the method's application range, e.g. remote objects actually exceed the Doppler effect's application range. By ignoring this, large-scale red shift inevitably misleads us to the universe's accelerating expansion and the dark energy's existing necessity. Similarly, dark matter only logically exists to expand the dynamical mass' application range to cover the phenomena of most galaxies.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

How to Relate to Reality, Including the Absolute Nature of Existence Compared to the Relative Nature of Measurement and Observation

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future submission which is not scholarly written, e.g., being grammatically incorrect, not citing scientific references etc will not be accepted)

This short paper provides an overview of the metaphysical background, that resolves a number of issues within physics. In particular, it puts forth the idea of a, here-in called, absolute, external, ‘Object reality’ from which relative ‘Image reality’ component,‘observation products’ (semblances of objects or materials are generated, appearing to be in a space that is not Object reality.) Supporting objective proof is given. The proposed metaphysical background also allows results as found, in quantum particle experiments, without the need to accept faster than ‘light communication, non locality or retro-causality for explanation. This proposal is also relevant to the measurement problem. The paper starts by describing what is Object reality and explaining how the term observer is used in this paper. It is followed by the description of an ‘Image reality’ component, observation products and factors effecting the appearance of such. A blind man and elephant analogy is given likening the scenario to particle testing. Device generated and phenomenal (experienced) reality are considered, touching on issues pertinent to consciousness.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Could a 40-day-long Secondary Brain Dopamine Cycle Lead to a Map of Human Temperament and a Wave Function of Consciousness?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 35 Pages.

A speculative essay, in the scientific tradition of ever more granular human behaviors falling into a reductionist paradigm, where, in addition to the previously established human behavioral patterns tracked to the annual sunlight-driven dopamine cycle, a second dopamine "clock" is proposed in the human brain. This measured cycle starts with a 10-day-long "low dopamine" phase (with various stages of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression and then the reverse as it quickly climbs back up), then a 10-day-long "high dopamine" phase (with hyperactive and manic behaviors), before diminishing to a 20-day-long "normal dopamine" phase (with calm and focus), before the cycle starts again with the "low dopamine" phase. The levels of the primary sunlight-driven cycle and the proposed secondary dopamine cycle aggregated together are considered as the only factors needed to create an annual behavioral calendar or "human temperament map." Daylight Savings Time and evolutionary fitness benefits are discussed as possible causes of the secondary dopamine cycle and its amplitude is considered as driving behaviors due to changes to (or limits to) working memory. The aggregate graph of both dopamine cycles has a striking resemblance to the quantum mechanical Schrodinger wave function leading to a speculative yet possible "wave function of consciousness."
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Our Universe: To Model and To Simulate

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Due to advancements in Quantum Computing, now we can simulate ``Our Universe'', based on observations, experiments and models we already have. A comparison between Low Energy Physics and HEP benefits us understanding the foundations, including the role of vector potential, quantum phase and how Space, Time and classical concepts emerge from the quantum formalism, e.g. The Standard Model.We will focus on the U(1)-gauge theory, as a paradigm not only of Electromagnetism, but also for the quark fields of QCD. The ultimate test: understanding the fine structure constant!
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Missed Physics

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 15 Pages.

Crucial developments in physics, checkable by everyone, have been missed, excluding the Universe expansion and the initial Big Bang model, and restablishing the cosmological steady-state model. The single electron cosmology gives a close estimation of the Hubble length, meaning the matter is in fact a matter-antimatter oscillation in a Permanent Bang cosmology, where dark matter would be out of phase oscillation. The nuclear fusion cosmic model gives the background temperature 2.73 Kelvin, validating the Hoyle's prediction of permanent neutron creation, an ultimate limit of physics. The Diophantine treatment of the Kepler laws induces the Space-Time quantification in a Total Quantum Physics, pushing back the Planck wall by a factor 10^{61}, possibly resolving the vacuum energy dilemma. The three-body gravitational hydrogen model explains the Tachyonic Three Minutes Formula giving half the Hubble radius, thus its critical mass, showing the Universe is a Particle in the Cosmos, whose radius would be deduced from holographic Space-Time Quantification. The Kotov Doppler-free oscillation rehabilitates the tachyonic physics of the bosonic string theory in the Octonion Topological Axis prolonging the Quaternion Periodic Table, implying the string-spin identification and gives the gravitational constant G, compatible with the BIPM measurements but 2 10^{-4} larger than the official value.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A History of Light Deflection with Newtonian and General Relativity Perspectives

Authors: Gerald Malczewski, David Selig
Comments: 50 Pages.

This work delves into three papers that address the topic of light being deflected by gravitating bodies, or alternately, light following geodesic paths through space-time. Einstein achieved public notoriety for his successful prediction that light would be deflected when passing close to the Sun, with his Theory of General Relativity providing the foundation for an accurate estimate of the angle of deflection. However, 200 years prior to this Newton also predicted that light would bedeflected by massive bodies such as our Sun. Newton did not attempt a calculation, but subsequently Johann Soldner and Henry Cavendish used Newtonian principles to study the degree ofdeflection. In this paper we explore the three efforts, providing readers with a consolidated view of this topic, and a comprehensive analysis of the calculations that support the various approaches to estimating the deflection of a photon in the vicinity of a massive body. While it is clear that General Relativity provides the most accurate, and the overwhelmingly accepted solution, we provide details for the Newtonian efforts for historical perspective. We focus on Soldner and Cavendish first for this historic perspective, and then delve into the complexities of the Einstein General Relativity calculation.We envision the target audience for this paper asundergraduate/early graduate students in math, physics, or astronomy, who have an interest in exploring the topic of light deflection. We also view this as a course outline for a professor that would like to offer a seminar on this topic.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A New Approach to the Foundation of Quantum Theory and Mathematics

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 152 Pages. (Abstract shortened by viXra Admin)

...I understand that, as a rule, physicists face problems that can be solved within the framework of conventional approaches. And I am by no means suggesting that all physicists should switch to finite mathematics. But, in any case, I think that physicists should not be aggressively opposed to attempts to build quantum physics without infinitesimals...In addition to the infinitesimal problem, I describe other problems in which I proposed new approaches...It would seem that it is generally accepted in physics that when new experimental data appear, one must first try to explain them on the basis of existing science. Only if this does not work out, then you can attract some kind of exotic. But here it's the opposite: they immediately began to attract dark energy, quintessence and other exotic...And in all my articles on this topic (for example, in the last popular article [17]) and in my book [22] I explain that there are no problems with explaining the cosmological acceleration, everything is explained based on known science, and therefore dark energy and quintessence are nonsense. It would seem that if the establishment is honest, then they should at least read [17] and directly say that I do not understand something or they. But they pretend that they do not notice my publications on this topic.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Philosophical Inadequacy of Modern Physics and the Need for a Theory of Space

Authors: Henry H. Lindner
Comments: 47 Pages.

Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are not what physicists think they are. They are not physical theories; they are mathematical models of the observers’ experiences and measurements—of the contents of consciousness. They relate physical phenomena to observers and arbitrary frames, not to Cosmic entities or frames. Since they do not model the Cosmos, they cannot be used to theorize about Cosmic entities or processes; attempting to do so produces paradoxes and confusion. These subjectivistic models and the Science of which they are archetypes are products of Berkeleyan subjective idealism and Machian positivism—archaic spiritualistic-idealistic theories of the nature of consciousness and its contents. In order to understand the Cosmos we must relate all physical phenomena to the causal substrate—to Cosmic space. When we do so, gravity immediately appears to be the flow of inertial-electromagnetic space into all matter. The flow’s acceleration (GM/r^2) produces gravity’s ballistic effects and its velocity (√(2GM/r)) produces gravity’s electromagnetic ("relativistic") effects. This theory directly implies plausible mechanisms for black holes and for the galaxial rotation and recession anomalies (a.k.a. "dark matter" and "dark energy"). Its quantized space allows us to theorize about the microcosmic entities and processes that underlie the hierarchical evolution of complexity. Space theory restores the Cosmos and causality to both physics and philosophy.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Expanded Science

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland De Barcellos
Comments: 14 Pages. Unification of Science and Philosophy

initially, in this article, we present the foundation on which current science stands. Next, we explain the main stream of modern science, the "Popperian Falsificationism", and show why the current criticism to the system is flawed. Later, we will prove that the "falsificationism" is logically inconsistent and we will propose a new concept of science, unifying it with philosophy.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Jocaxian's Theorems

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

We will show 3 new theorems and one principle: (1) Jocaxian Theorem of First Cause (JTFC); (2) Time Leakage Jocaxian Theorem (TLJT); (3) The Existence Theorem; and (4) The Philosophical Uncertainty Principle (PUP).
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Rational Interpretation of Zeno’s Paradoxes

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 8 Pages.

Many have attempted a solution to the Zeno’s paradoxes, including Peter Lynds in his papers "Time and Classical and Quantum Mechanics: Indeterminacy vs. Discontinuity" and "Zeno’s Paradoxes: A Timely Solution". Peter Lynds’ solutions have been widely accepted by the peers. To me, Lynds and others have overlooked the moot point. Even if the uncertainties in measurement of distance and time interval were removed Zeno’s paradoxes would still stand unsolved. The actual events satisfying Zeno’s implicit conditions are totally different — Achilles does never catch the tortoise, it is never possible to complete a journey (the dichotomy problem) or the arrow can never be in motion since it is frozen in a box at any instant. This is because Zeno is, and we are, attempting something that is not permitted in nature — Zeno’ paradoxes assume the improbable — that we could change and control our ability to observe an event, spanning an interval of time, arbitrarily, from an infinitesimally small value to a infinitely large value.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

4 Brain Theory

Authors: Daniel Reed Cook
Comments: 2367 Pages.

This 4 Brain Theory is a new scientific attempt to create a Theory of Everything. This 4 Brain Theory of Everything can be viewed as a Scientific Expansion of Plato’s Cave to create a new Physical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, with a Quantum Scattering Dark-Matter Theory of Quantum Gravity, Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Information, Quantum Computing, and Quantum Consciousness.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A New Perspective on the Fabric of Space-Time

Authors: A. M. Khadjibaev
Comments: 7 Pages.

Space and time hold the main and leading positions among these fundamental categories, since all forms of matter, existing as physical reality (PR), lie and exist in space and in time. Before the end of the nineteenth century, for more than three millennia, science had dominated by the view of a kind of continuous medium referred to as "ether", which fills all space and penetrates all objects, but remains intangible for a human being.However, by the early twentieth century, the situation in science had dramatically changed. Following the famous Michelson and Morley's experiments, and according to A. Einstein's "special theory of relativity" (STR), the concept of "ether" was completely expunged from science because it was "unprovable" and later "unnecessary".
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Analysis of the Question ‘Is the Moon there When Nobody Looks?’

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 2 Pages.

In brief, the usefulness of the analysis. Two questions are asked about the meaning of the starting question. Each of those questions is addressed in turn. Further evidence of unseen and unmeasured existence is given.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Basketball Game Thought Experiment

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 5 Pages.

A shorter paper focused on the basketball thought experiment, assuming familiarity with the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, to which there is reference. Analysis of’ Is the Moon there when nobody looks?’ Has been left out as it can be separately read. As has other evidence of the unseen and unmeasured existing.Rules of the game are set out as is the apparatus. Where there is logical similarity to the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment it is pointed out. The game ending either by stopping it before a basket is scored or after the first basket is scored is considered. As is the implication of having an observer observe the observer . I.e. not directly observing the outcome sent from the game
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Physics of Mathematics

Authors: Pankaj Mani
Comments: 8 Pages.

I try to expand the horizon of archaic mathematics leading to the Unified Theory of mathematics and physics. I explore the implications of my newly propounded Mathematical Structure Hypothesis (MSH), which explains naturally the Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in Physics/Natural Sciences. .It will concentrate on what governs the physics behind mathematical structures of equations itself which is considered to be just existing in Level IV multiverse of Max Tegmark. It will unify External reality with Copenhagen as a matter of Eternal Vibration. It explains the relevant topics like randomness, complexity, Gödel’s Incompleteness, Consciousness,Paradoxes among others based on MSH. That paves way to evolution of mathematics as how to fundamentally remove inconsistencies by allowing time and reference dimension to make maths dynamic in contrast to perception that mathematics exists in timeless space unlike physics even if causation is experienced. Abstract: MSH Unifies Maths & Physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Why Gravity Cannot be a Classical Force

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 7 Pages.

Some properties of general fields are reviewed. Electrostatics is a natural, universal paradigm, part of classical field theory. Newton's Gravity Theory, on the other hand, has properties that suggest a quantum origin, via an internal property akin to spin. Such an abstract "internal" property breaks isotropy of pointwise singularities of fields, yielding an attractive force. Theory of Gravity based on the quark structure of nucleons is consistent with the above considerations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Metaphysics Alteration and Exploring the Relationships Between Existing, Probability and Measurement Outcomes; Consequence for Ideas About Entanglement and Restoring Causality

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: Pages.

Choosing premises, or first principles, or base of argument, from which further deductions are made. Discussion of the following subjects: Existence, space from an argument about object permanence and the question: is the Moon there when nobody looks?, vision: seen things, categorization error, time; answering what does uni-temporal mean?, measurements (likened to scores), beables, the relation of existing and probability and scores, quantum physics including what happens to results not measured, an answer to: what is quantum mechanics about? Superposition including description of and historyand analysis of schrödinger’s cat thought experiment, the entanglement idea, thought experiment showing ‘unspooky’ correlation is to be expected, predicting the effect of non quantum correlations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On Anti-Gravity

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This is an informal overview in support of "antigravity", as a real, observable and reproducible phenomenon, that now we begin to understand.This corresponds to the highest energy level of interaction of two nucleons, nuclear spin de-pendent, in addition to the state that yields Newtonian Gravity, which is an average over spindirections, achieving a lower energy level, attractive at equilibrium, and much weaker effectiveforce (Hierarchy Problem).The Standard Model based Theory of Gravity is recalled.Some of the lab experimental methods to control gravitational interaction are reviewed: microwave Dynamical Nuclear Orientation (Polarization) based (Alzofone, Hutchinson a.a.) androtation based, which requires superconductivity (Podkletnov, Ning Li) to take advantage of theproperties of the Bose-Einstein condensate.Other observations and methods supporting the theory and experiments, are recalled.A program to help implement the technology, within the new paradigm in Physics, is proposed:open source research and implementation.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Can Quantum Erasers with Time Crystals prove we live in a Multiverse or send Messages Back in Time

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 13 Pages.

A short and informal essay proposing a modification to the delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment by including time crystals as an additional feature. Possible results are considered including speculations on possible applications and philosophical interpretations. A proposed experiment using two observers at three points in time and a bank of delayed-choice quantum erasers each linked to a time crystal might either prove we live in a multiverse, possibly send messages back in time, or redefine or even refute the nature of time crystals. The hope is that this proposal can help the debate over the nature of the delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment and help further clarify the nature of time crystals versus time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

How the Na[zis] Split the Foundations of 20th Century Physics

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 21 Pages. Poster Submitted to APS April 2023 Meeting

A fundamental split in the foundations of physics developed in the 1930s, between relativity and quantum mechanics, which has remained unresolved. De Broglie first derived quantum waves in 1924, directly from special relativity, and Einstein approved. But in Germany in 1930s, the Na[zis] viewed relativity or anything related to Einstein as subversive "Je[wish] Physics". I argue that German physicists obscured the relativistic basis for quantum mechanics, in order to avoid dismissal or worse. Early German QM textbooks led to a split in the foundations of physics that has continued to the present. An alternative "quantum relativity" picture could reunify physics, but has never been considered. Such a unified picture may be important both for education and for the future evolution of physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Growth in Human Group Size as the Cause of Society’s Challenges from Possible Gene Pool Signaling Impact

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 9 Pages.

A short speculative hypothesis is presented implying that many of the ailments or catastrophes of human society could be due to primordial "gene pool" signaling, or due to gene pool signal degradation, as the growth of human social groups far exceeded the gene pool’s capabilities. Humans are considered as components of gene pools where gene pools have a "distributed intelligence" capable of signaling to all of its individual human components. Gene pools may maintain an ability to influence groups or populations, particularly in times of scarcity or extinction, whereby entire beliefs, cultures, strife, propensity toward violence, and individual and group behaviors are influenced. Beyond a certain "group size," or a rate of component change, this gene pool signaling is degraded or even corrupted perhaps leading to otherwise irrational behaviors like wars, genocide, extreme inequality, or paralysis against long term existential threats like climate change.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Magic Rabbits in Physics and Unspooky Violation of Bell’s Inequality Using Rabbits and Doors

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit complete paper only)

Extending the thought experiment considered in ‘Explaining why ‘unspooky’ violation of Bell’s inequalities is to be expected’. Looking at how the statistical pattern of matched detection is formed for ‘entangled’ photon pairs encountering polarizers with different angles between their orientations. By using a thought experiment analogy to help with conceptualizing unseen absolute orientations and relations between them. Correcting the description for 45 degree angle of difference between the orientation of the doors, incorrectly described in ‘The trouble with magic rabbits.’ Starting by considering some useful analogy and its shortcoming, and the requirements for a model to agree with experimental findings. The necessary background metaphysical environment in which the physics is happening is given. Schrödinger's cat and Many worlds are mentioned briefly. A possible simplified demonstration is outlined and evaluated. There is additional method added that was absent from ‘The trouble with magic rabbits’.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Nguyên Lý Tương đối (Galileo's Principle of Relativity)

Authors: Vu Tuan Hiep
Comments: 12 Pages. In Vietnamese (Corrections made by viXra Admin.)

Chúng ta sử dụng những định luật Newton như là những định luật phổ quát cho mọi hiện tượng cơ học, nhưng lại khẳng định trong nguyên lý tương đối rằng những định luật chuyển động là không bất biến qua phép biến đổi Galileo, nghĩa là chúng không mang tính phổ quát trong mọi hệ quy chiếu. Điều này là dễ dàng nhìn ra từ thực nghiệm, nhưng có lẽ đây là một ví dụ về sự hạn chế của phương pháp xây dựng một khẳng định trong vật lý từ cơ sở là thực nghiệm.

We use Newton's laws as universal laws for all mechanical phenomena, but assert in the principle of relativity that the laws of motion are invariant through the Galileo transformation, that is, they not universal in all frames of reference. This is easy to see from experiment, but perhaps this is an example of the limitation of the method of building an assertion in physics from the ground up.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Penguin Dictionary of Physics, the Fourth Edition, by John Cullerne, and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages.

We study the Penguin Dictionary of Physics, the fourth edition, by John Cullerne. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, $beta H=0.01$), i.e.the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, $beta H= 0.01$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Le Défaut Naturel Des Télescopes (The Natural Flaw of Telescopes)

Authors: Jean-Jacques Sainthuille
Comments: 2 Pages. In French

Remontant dans le passé cet article invite à s’interroger sur le risque possible encouru par les télescopes spatiaux.

Going back to the past, this article invites us to question the possible risk incurred by space telescopes.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Unspooky Violation of Bell’s Inequalities:

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 5 Pages.

Examination of the violation of Bell’s inequalities by analogy (improved). The how, why and what Bell’s inequalities require and therefore must sometimes be violated in a universe where things happen rather than just exist. Identifying that what happens via a process is not the same as what is predicted just using prior existent traits. Conclusion and recommendations given for locality, realism and spacetime.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Ideal Recipe vs. Baking Existential cake

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 3 Pages.

AbstractThis is about creation of an objective model of reality. The ‘missing’ ingredients are identified.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Bell’s Inequalities: Walking Through Doorways and Don’t Count Your Chickens...

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 5 Pages.

Examination of the violation of Bell’s inequalities. The how, why and what Bell’s inequalities require and therefore must sometimes be violated in a universe where things happen rather than just exist. Identifying that what happens via a process is not the same as what is predicted just using prior existent traits. What are the implications for locality, realism and spacetime.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

‘Picture’ of Electromagnetic Radiation Carriers as Photon Bits and Bobs

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 5 Pages.

Quantum physics gives us the idea that quantum particles’ behaviour , such as that of photons require giving up locality or realism. That is relinquishing; That causes are local or locally mediated and that things are real before measurement. Maybe the fundamental concept is wrong, giving wrong conclusions. Reconsidering photons: What other ‘picture’ fits the facts we know? How are they formed? What’s missing? Does it have explanatory advantages?
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Physics of the Origin of Life

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian

The essay examines the physical basis of the origin of life. It is shown that physical factors are as important as chemical ones. The conclusion about the regularity of the origin of life and the emergence of the mind is made. The basis on the physical phenomena, creates analogy and uniformity, in the variants of life existence. The beginning of evolution, in terms of physics, is shown.Key words: сycles, circulation, counteraction, energy, resource consumer, equilibrium, evolution.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Role of Time in the Origin of the Universe

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian

Considered the emergence of the universe, from a philosophical point of view. Two basic views are obtained, on the process of the origin of the Universe. An internal observer receives information about the Big Power process from a point. An external observer receives information about the continuous process of the origin of matter and space. Conclusions drawn: Matter and space are unable to arise, without the existence of time. Movement of time, is carried out by transformation of the future into the past. The "arrow" of time, is set by the direction of transformation, not by displacement in time. Absence of movement in time, removes the possibility of time travel. The universe is expanding, at the invariance of averaged density.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

UFO and Ball Lightning Research in the Scientific Literature

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 5 Pages.

UFO and ball lightning research are often regarded as fringe science or pseudoscience. Here I discuss the essential scientific literature on these two subjects. I argue that ball lightning could be either plasma fireballs or oxidizing nanoparticle networks. Also UFOs deserve scientific investigation, although most of the reported cases have found conventional explanations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Transforming the Future Into the Past

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 3 Pages. In Russian

The nature of the phenomenon of time, the reality and objectivity of the existence of time are considered. The idea of the movement of time, the transformation of the future into the past, is proposed. The future and the past are considered as a kind of energy. The present, in which we exist, is a period of transformation of one kind of energy into another. The first kind of energy (the future) is suggested by the energy of the physical vacuum. The second kind of energy (the past), is matter energy E=MC2. The future and the past are fixed time, continuously changing, by the size of the tempo of time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Time and Tts Properties

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian

An analysis of the causes, the application of the concept of time, an abstract essence. The reasons for the complexity of determining the movement of time are considered. To determine the essence of time, the process of time movement is considered from the point of view of the internal and external observer. The conclusion is drawn about the movement of time, the transformation of the future into the past. The period of transformation is recorded as the existence of the present. The sum of the transformation periods is recorded as the duration of the event. The property of time periodicity allows measuring its duration using various periodic phenomena and their sums. Continuity of transformation creates the continuity of the movement of time. The conditions of the transformation are considered, one of which is the existence of 3-dimensional space. An analysis is made of the causes, the probabilistic nature of events, in quantum mechanics.Keywords: time, space, matter, transformation, dimensionality of space, quantum uncertainty, cosmology.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Equipossibility, Over-Inflated Basket Balls, Photons and Polarizers

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 2 Pages.

An explanation for the statistical results for photon and polarizer experiments, that differ from classical expectation and linear output variation with changing angle. Brief discussion of what is equipossibility. Basket ball inflation analogy used to help visualize the issue. Positing polarizers produce a population of photons with different wave component orientations with different ease of passing different orientations of polarizer, rather than a uniform population. In this way talk of the necessity for faster than light communication or need to abandon local realism becomes superfluous. Relevant to Bell's inequalities.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Movement of Time: Causes and Consequences

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 8 Pages. In Russian

The question of the emergence of the duration of an event by the movement of the present (the moment "now") in time is considered. The analysis of the dimensionality of the velocity of time motion is made. Based on the differences in the motion of matter in time and in space, the conclusion of the abstractness of time as the duration of an event and reality only in the present is obtained. The abstractness of the concept of time, allows in the duration of an event, to choose any moment as a point of reference. The natural point of reference is the present. The present divides time into past and future. A variant of the present, as a period of transformation of the future into the past, is considered. The sum of transformation periods creates the duration of an event, which is usually called time. It is concluded that it is impossible to travel in time. It is shown that the cause of the present, in time, is the acceleration of the rate of time in the Universe. Options for checking the conclusions are offered.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Will the Real Rainbow Please Stand Up? Putting Spacetime in Its Place

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 7 Pages.

The function of this meander is ‘putting spacetime in its place’; Though not overtly the theme. A quick look at a variety of ideas related to observation product production, (including rainbows.) Also considered is replacement of spacetime with uni-temporal space for the home of existential matter. Ending up at the need to reconsider the cause of gravity in that case.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The 70,368,744,177,664 Names of God

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages. Dedicated to the memory of Arthur C Clarke

The classic science fiction story from Arthur C. Clarke called The Nine Billion Names of God is assessed and updated. Modern day interpretations are created using genetic and quantum computing qubit engineering to propose an analogous technical, if not metaphysically interesting, engineering target that will likely be achieved by the year 2040.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Medidas Terrestres (Terrestrial Measures)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 3 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com

Aprendemos en la escuela que el metro es una fracción de meridiano terrestre y que la fracción es escogida convencionalmente. ¿ Es verdad que el metro es una medida puramente convencional ? Cuesta creer que la naturaleza no contenga un patrón de tamaño propio a escala macroscópica. No pienso en un objeto natural que tenga el tamaño patrón. Pienso en un patrón deducible de datos referidos a fenómenos naturales, un patrón legítimo, establecido sin introducir convención alguna.Los datos históricos muestran que el metro es herencia de civilizaciones muy antiguas que lo usaban. En algunas construcciones del Egipto antiguo fue hallado un objeto con forma de pirámide denominado Piramidión. La altura del piramidión más antiguo hallado hasta hoy es exactamente un metro, medida con el patrón actual. Otra de sus medidas es 1,57 m , que coincide con la altura multiplicada por pi . Si el metro actual fuese puramente convencional, sería necesaria una casualidad extrema para que nuestro metro y el piramidión coincidan exactamente.Este documento muestra una relación inesperada entre el metro, el sistema decimal, el sistema de las docenas, la velocidad de la luz en el vacío y la duración del día terrestre. Es decir una aritmética del espacio y del tiempo que se conecta con los sistemas heredados de la antigüedad.

We learn in school that the meter is a fraction of the terrestrial meridian and that the fraction is chosen conventionally. Is it true that the meter is a purely conventional measure ? It is hard to believe that nature does not contain a pattern of its own size on a macroscopic scale. I don't think of a natural object that has the standard size. I am thinking of a deductible pattern of data referring to natural phenomena, a legitimate pattern, established without introducing any convention. Historical data shows that the metro is the legacy of very ancient civilizations that used it. In some ancient Egyptian constructions an object with pyramidal shape called a pyramidion. The height of the oldest pyramidion found to date is exactly one meter, measured with the current standard. Another of its measurements is 1.57 m, which is equal to the height multiplied by pi. If today's meter were purely conventional, extreme chance would be necessary for our meter and the pyramidion to coincide exactly. This document shows an unexpected relationship between the meter, the decimal system, the system of dozens, the speed of light in a vacuum and the length of the Earth's day. That is, an arithmetic of space and time that is connected with the systems inherited from antiquity.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Fenomenología: Hamilton Y Maxwell (Phenomenology: Hamilton and Maxwell)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 8 Pages. Email: carloschiappini@gmail.com

Physical science has consolidated a gnoseological structure based on phenomena classes. Each class contains specific laws. Some examples? Mechanics, thermodynamics, electrodynamics, gravitation. All of that belongs to a physical world that functions as an integrated general system. Would it be possible to find a generic law of the physical phenomenon? In other words, an independent law of the phenomenon analyzed, a law that no kind can avoid, a law that expresses relations of order, dependence and interdependence complied with by all physical phenomena. Hamilton has given an answer formulated mathematically. The objective of this document is to show the conceptual scope where this formulation shines potently.

La ciencia física ha consolidado una estructura gnoseológica basada en clases de fenómenos. Cada clase contiene leyes específicas. ¿ Algunos ejemplos ? Mecánica, termodinámica, electrodinámica, gravitación. Todo eso pertenece a un mundo físico que funciona como un sistema general integrado. ¿ Sería posible encontrar una ley genérica del fenómeno físico ? Es decir una ley independiente de la clase fenómeno analizado, una ley que ninguna clase pueda eludir, una ley que exprese relaciones de orden, de dependencia y de interdependencia cumplidas por todos los fenómenos físicos. Hamilton ha dado una respuesta formulada matemáticamente. El objetivo de este documento es mostrar el ámbito conceptual donde esa formulación brilla potentemente.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Cómo Entendemos al Espacio Y al Tiempo?
How do We Understand Space and Time?

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 7 Pages. Email: carloschiappini@gmail.com

El concepto habitual de tiempo es erróneo. ¿ Podemos reemplazarlo por otro mejor ? Sí. ¿ Qué necesitamos para eso ? Comprender cabalmente el significado y el alcance de la física electromagnética, sobre la base de las publicaciones aparecidas en el siglo 19. ¿ Por qué la referencia especial a ese siglo ? El desarrollo del documento permite responder la pregunta y plantear otras nuevas, de alcance mayor. Básicamente, lo que denominamos tiempo pertenece al dominio de las ondas electgromagnéticas. La física de estas ondas está mejor y más amplitamente expuesta en la bibliografía decimonónica que en la bibliografía y en las aulas de actuales. Concretamente, la naturaleza de lo que denominamos tiempo se basa en ondas electromagnéticas cohabitando el espacio sin perturbarse ni influirse mutuamente. Según las leyes del electromagnetismo, pasado, presente y futuro cohabitan el mismo espacio. Nada prohibe acceder desde un tiempo a otros. Para hacerlo es suficiente un buen conocimiento de las leyes del campo electromagnético y buen criterio para aplicarlas técnicamente. Eso ha sido realizado en la práctica desde la época de Maxwell.

The usual concept of time is wrong. Can we replace it with a better one ? Yes. What do we need for that? Fully understand the meaning and scope of electromagnetic physics, based on the publications that appeared in the 19th century. Why the special reference to that century? The development of the document allows answering the question and raising new ones, of greater scope. Basically, what we call time belongs to the domain of electromagnetic waves. The physics of these waves is better and more extensively exposed in the nineteenth-century bibliography than in the current bibliography and classrooms. Specifically, the nature of what we call time is based on electromagnetic waves cohabiting space without disturbing or influencing each other. According to the laws of electromagnetism, past, present and future co-inhabit the same space. Nothing prohibits access from one time to another. To do so, a good knowledge of the laws of the electromagnetic field and good judgment to apply them technically is sufficient. That has been done in practice since Maxwell's time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Synopsis of Main Theories of Gravity

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 5 Pages.

There are many theories of gravity.We summaries a few points regarding the Theories of Gravity by Newton, Einstein, Alzofon and Ionescu.The first two are ``static'', implying that Gravity is a fundamental interaction, while the later two are ``dynamic'', deriving Gravity from the elementary particles structure and predicting Gravity Control.Further explanations are provided in other dedicated articles.That Gravity is a quantum effect is also advocated by other researchers on the SM with discrete symmetry groups cite{Potter}, p.3.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Individual, Time and Space

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 5 Pages.

The present paper aims to be an ontological clarification, from the existential point of view, of the self and therefore of space and time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Compression as Beauty and How the Success of the Dark Side of the Moon Hints at a Computational Brain

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 10 Pages.

A speculative theory is proposed in this informal essay on how Pink Floyd’s songs Brain Damage and Eclipse, from their seminal album The Dark Side of the Moon, are masterpieces of not only melody but data compression and how this becomes synonymous with beauty. A causal chain of high histamine, low serotonin, low brain working memory, OCD, and even marijuana use, is all shown to support the argument for the continued success of the album.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Promised Science

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 14 Pages.

The aim of the paper is to unify the natural sciences with the human sciences.Unification rests on the foundation of the original thesis at the center of this paper and which concerns the Ontology of Being. In reality, in the absence of an Ontology of Being, every science, insofar as it concerns reality, is up in the air, unaware of its foundation.The method of investigation consists in testing its explanatory and clarifying power by addressing the fundamental questions of both areas, in particular physics, philosophy and the mind-body problem.A true Ontology of Being, in fact, must be able to bring all the sciences back to itself, and therefore to clarify their structure as they branch out, explaining them in their being identical and in their being different.The result is that the proposed ontological thesis, which derives from the synergy of the acquired results of both sciences, reacts on them, purifying their foundations and therefore spanning the way to their safer advancement. Indeed, the natural and human sciences, each in their own domains and with their own methods, apparently so distant, concern the two opposite moments of the same being. In other words, they are complementary to each other, as the act is to the potency, as external is to internal, as dead is to life, as the consciousness is to the soul, as electricity is to gravitation, as each makes no sense without the other but needs the other and is completed in the other.The promised science is the overcoming in the synthesis of these two opposite moments.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Memory as a Bridge Between Mind and Universe Nature Copying a Constructor Algorithm of the Universe for Intelligent Minds

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 14 Pages.

A constructor algorithm is presented that, after an initial bootstrap instantiation, may describe many aspects of our Universe. Memory is a foundational aspect of this short algorithm and is considered as a bridge between the physical Universe and intelligent minds. Nature is speculated to have copied the constructor algorithm for the benefit of intelligence in complex minds. The reoccurring presence of the Fibonacci Sequence and π are shown as derivative of the constructor algorithm. Human intelligence is described as arising from changes in working memory in the mind via cyclical serotonin levels in the brain.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Constructor Algorithm of Reality

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 9 Pages.

A proposal for a short constructor algorithm that, after an initial bootstrap instantiation, might describe consciousness and even all of reality.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Fallacy at the Heart of Big Bang Cosmology

Authors: Anton Biermans
Comments: 56 Pages.

If there would be only a single electrically charged particle in the entire universe so it cannot express its charge in interactions, then it cannot be charged itself, so charge –or any property, for that matter– is something which lives within particle interactions, something a particle cannot privately own. If in a universe which creates itself out of nothing, without any outside intervention, particles, particle properties must be as much the cause as the effect of their interactions, then their communication must be instantaneous. This only is possible if the constant of nature called ‘the speed of light’ doesn’t refer to a velocity but to a property of spacetime: if we don’t live in a universe where it is the same time, where time passes at the same pace everywhere (in empty space, far from masses), which lives in a time continuum not of its own making –where there is a universal ‘now,’ but in a universe which, as it only exists as seen from within, creates all time inside of it so time must be observed to pass at a slower pace at larger distances. In such universe the communication between particles –and hence the transmission of light– is instant: not over any space distance but over any spacetime distance. Like a particle cannot be charged itself if there is no other charge; if by definition there is nothing outside the universe, nothing relative to which it can be said to exist, nothing to interact with to express its existence, relative to which its properties and state can be specified, quantified, then a self-creating universe cannot have particular properties nor be in some particular state as a whole as ‘seen’ from without nor as seen from within. As it only exists as seen from within, as it creates all time inside of it so time cannot be observed to pass at the same pace at all distances, past, present and future are relative, observer dependent notions. This study investigates how the universe might create itself out of nothing, without any outside intervention.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Theory of Everything

Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 55 Pages.

This universe is the so-called clockwork organism. If a metagalaxy is compared to clock, each part of which that's composed will be each object (galaxy, star, elements, and atom). Those have to be equipped with the individuality in the purpose which is the organization. It's possible to be continuing this universe by existences with the peculiar feature in the size, the mass and speed harmonizing in one structure. The natural world is formed by such harmony principle. If it's so, to elucidate such mechanism of harmony has to be the main purpose of physical science. The key which solves the mystery is to concider natural law by the angle as the interaction of the substance and the energy. If we look back to history of physics, we will find that a study has developed through the angle of the approach action. But the natural reality couldn't be made that clearly. The methodology reached the limit already, and it didn't seem to lead any more development by such approach. A completely new way of thinking is needed for us to get correct and deep understanding to nature at present. I thought the members in this world are harmonized by exerting the force and the energy each other by a remote action and produced relational physics newly. As a result, I succeeded to explain all force which exists in the natural world in one structure.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Complex Dynamics and Foundational Physics: New Developments

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 Pages.

This is a brief rundown on some of my research projects that are currently in the planning stage. My goal is to further explore the conjecture that complex dynamics of nonlinear systems lies at the heart of foundational physics. The anticipated completion timeframe for these contributions is the end of 2024.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Energy-Momentum Conservation: A New Perspective on Conservation

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 7 Pages.

Conservation is a basic law in the field of physics. The momentum conservation and the mass energy conservation are two important laws. Mass is solidified energy and energy is invisible mass. They are two different forms of matter. Momentum, like energy, is an objective existence. It is the manifestation of material existence and will not disappear out of thin air. Lorentz transformation is only a coordinate system transformation, which belongs to the observer effect and cannot be used to calculate the changes of inherent physical quantities of matter, such as the mass and energy of matter. Combining momentum with energy, the energy-momentum is defined, which is a new perspective of conservation. This leads to the redefinition of the dynamic mass and the dynamic energy. From this, the law of conservation of the energy-momentum, the law of conservation of the dynamic energy, the law of conservation of the dynamic mass and the formula of energy, mass and momentum can be derived. The analysis shows that the dilemma of interpretations of several representative experiments can be satisfactorily explained within the framework of the energy-momentum.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On the Nature of Mechanical Motion and Momentum

Authors: A.M. Khadjibaev
Comments: 5 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)

There is not a unified answer to the question “is there a physical substrate of motion?”. On one hand, any moving body has a momentum, e.g., amount of motion, whose magnitude is defined by the motion speed and body mass. On the other hand, neither classical nor relativistic physics have a positive answer to the above question and describe the physical substrate of motion or momentum. According to the author's concept a zone (space area) is formed behind each elementary particle where chaos is disturbed and there is a preferred motion direction (PMD) of graviton- pulses since they are driven to the formed space as a result of a particle movement. The author refers to this zone, which represents a flow of graviton-pulses towards the motion direction, as the acceleration zone. This zone discerns material particles in motion (that obtained an acceleration momentum) from still particles. The magnitude of the latter is directly proportional and corresponds to the speed of motion
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Revised Photon Partition Hypothesis: Interrogating Photons

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 10 Pages. 10

The revised Photon partition hypothesis is set out. Providing a physical embodiment of wave-particle existence. Three experiments are described: Young’s double slit experiment on light, the Elitzur-Vaidman bomb thought experiment, a variation without a bomb but a path blocking light detector. A quantum physics description of how each experiments outcome happens is given. For comparison the photon partition hypothesis is used to describe how the results come about. An experiment is described and illustrated that may provide evidence that ordinary measurable photons are not fundamental/ indivisible particles. Arrangements of Mach-Zehnder Interferometer apparatus are proposed for the investigation. Division at a half silvered mirror, into a part still detectable as a photon particle, the cut photon body, and a wave-like sub photon companion is hypothesized. Three possible outcomes are described. Two of them support the notion of actual physical photon divisibility. One of the outcomes is not supportive of the notion but could be indicating division of the photon from a usually accompanying environmental effect. Several models of photon divisibility are considered. Some supplementary experiments are given for further investigation according to the outcomes found. Method for ‘interrogating’ photons to ascertain more about their nature is set out. A clearer understanding of the physical nature of photons and its demonstration will be achieved. Concluding: This may help scientists decide on photon partition; if it fits the evidence and in which way it happens.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Memory as The Observer in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 5 Pages.

A short and informal essay proposing that the amount of memory, required for any given observation, be added to Special Relativity as a means to encompass The Observer in Quantum Mechanics into Relativity Theory. The amount of memory required for any given observation is considered as a key hidden variable versus Quantum Mechanical phenomena. This memory amount is proposed as the fundamental aspect of any given reference frame and, thus, separates all reference frames into “slices” or individual Universes where conscious observers move between them for any given observation.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Are Photons Fundamental and Indivisible?

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 5 Pages. 5

An experiment is described and illustrated that may show that ordinary measurable photons are not fundamental/indivisible particles and rule out the non locality (and interaction free measurement) due to superposition of photons. Arrangements of Mach-Zehnder Interferometer apparatus are proposed for the investigation. Division at a half silvered mirror, into a part still detectable as a photon particle, the cut photon body, and a sub photon member is hypothesized. Three possible outcomes are described. Two of them support the notion of actual physical photon divisibility. One of the outcomes is not supportive of the notion. Some supplementary experiments are given for further investigation according to the outcomes found. Hope is expressed that this investigation is conducted by many institutions, so there is widespread consensus on the nature of photons. It is also hoped that this becomes a standard demonstration of that nature, whatever outcome is found.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On Interaction Free Testing and Photon Divisibility

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Informed by the results of double slit experiments and experiments involving half silvered mirrors, photon divisibility is proposed. The nature of the divided parts is given as well as terminology for describing and identifying the different parts. The photon parts are used to explain the outcomes of the Elitzur-Vaidman bomb tester experiment. It is concluded that: The photon splitting proposition can be used for prediction and explanation. As a viable alternative to use of superposition. Explaining experimentally observed outcomes of similar scenarios using detectors other than bombs. Interaction free detection is a misnomer. As this result relies upon the sub photon member being taken out of ‘circulation’ at the bomb. (An interaction). So it can not reunite and interfere. That enabling the chance of detection by detector D.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Radiation Pressure as Unphysical Fantasy

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 1 Page.

By applying reprehensible physics in a hidden way, the phenomenon of radiation pressure got the chance to be accepted worldwide.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Quantum Mechanics and Reality

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 9 Pages.

The reality of the counterfactual, predictions, superposition, including wave-particle duality, wavefunction collapse and wavefunction are considered in the context of a uni-temporal, (Source) existence; noumenal (absolute) object reality, independent of observation. Observation products and measurements are considered to be relative and generated via the process of establishing a measurement relation and carrying out the measurement protocol. Contrary to the ERP paper, it is argued that 100% certain predictions are not elements of reality. Contrary to Einstein’s instinct, it is argued that counterfactual measurements are not elements of reality awaiting discovery but require configuration of the universe from which they can be generated. The need for super-luminal communication of particles is dismissed. An alternative to wave-particle duality is proposed; explaining observations from double slit and half silvered mirror experiments. The measurement problem is addressed. ‘Consciousness causes collapse’ has been refuted. ‘Many Worlds’ alternative to collapse is dismissed.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Dictionary of World History by Edmund Wright and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages.

We study A Dictionary of World History, third edition, by Edmund Wright from Oxford University Press. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0.01$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0$, in the absence of external magnetic field, H. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant. This is the case with the Dictionary of Science we have studied before. It appears that the branch of Science, plausibly, is closer to the World history, internally.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Map of Human Temperament to the Calendar Year

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 23 Pages.

A model is proposed where, in addition to the previously established human behavioral patterns tracked to the annual sunlight-driven dopamine cycle or seasonal pattern, a second dopamine “clock” is proposed in the human brain. This clock-cycle involves a wavelength of 40.5 days (approximately 1/9th of a 365 day calendar year) starting at the winter solstice on December 21. This cycle is measured in this proposal starting with a 13 to 14 day-long concave dopamine peak with hyperactive and impulsive temperament, diminishing to a 13 to 14 day-long period of calm and focus, and ending with a 13 to 14 day-long convex phase with increased anxiety and depression, after which the cycle begins again. These two cycles are considered as the only factors needed to map an aggregate annual calendar of human temperament.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Critical History of Quantum Mechanics and Wave-Particle Duality

Authors: Eric Stanley Reiter
Comments: 32 Pages.

We will concentrate mostly on ideas that led to wave-particle duality. Early experiments found that matter and light each seemed to have wave and particle properties: a contradiction. Here you will see how our greatest physicists struggled over those ideas. Many physicists will admit that this wave-particle problem has not been resolved to this day. The double-slit test is a popular way to express the wave-particle problem, but a far better test is the beam-split coincidence test. The history of that test will be shown, starting from the thought experiment of Einstein in his definition of the photon, leading to modern actualizations. This critical history includes objections and alternatives that were rejected. From the original offprints, you can judge the assumptions that IMHO led us astray. After you see my other writings and videos of experiments and theory, you might understand how these historical components lead to the resolution of wave-particle duality.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Complexity Revolution and the New Age of Scientific Discoveries

Authors: Andrei P. Kirilyuk
Comments: 43 pages, 24 eqs, 47 refs

This summary of the original paradigm of the universal science of complexity starts with the discovered exact origin of the stagnating “end” of conventional, unitary science paradigm and development traditionally presented by its own estimates as the only and the best possible kind of scientific knowledge. Using a transparent generalisation of the exact mathematical formalism of arbitrary interaction process, we show that unitary science approach and description, including its imitations of complexity and chaoticity, correspond to artificial and ultimately strong reduction of the natural plurality of unreduced interaction results called realisations to a single, “average” or “exact”, realisation. This severe reduction of the natural world dynamics in unitary science underlies all its unsolvable “mysteries” and “paradoxes”, persisting “difficult problems”, and finally the modern “end” of the progress of just that, actually very special kind of knowledge, whose irreducible limits lead to the modern deep crisis of the global civilisation development. We show then how the rigorously substantiated restoration of the full richness of real-world dynamics within the intrinsically unified knowledge of the universal science of complexity provides not only the causally complete solution to the old and new problems of unitary science but opens practically unlimited possibilities for the new progress of science and civilisation as a result of this crucial extension, which we call complexity revolution. The unreduced analysis of the universal complexity science shows that at the current critical bifurcation point of development, we have only two incompatible possibilities and emerging tendencies, either the dangerously growing degradation within the dominating unitary science and thinking limits (irrespective of purely empirical technology power becoming even dangerous here) or the new golden age of scientific discoveries and civilisation progress with the qualitatively extended approach and results of unreduced complexity science and the new thinking it implies.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Strong Version of a Universal Programmatic Intent Principle

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short essay implying our Universe is constructed or simulated in a manner to focus conscious observers on the realm or experience of the all-important present experience of the “now.” Physical and ontological boundaries of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, preventing us from an all-encompassing understanding of the micro-world, and the cosmological Dark Energy accelerating expansion, limiting what we may ever see or encounter in deep space. Quantum Computers and A.I. may encounter additional walls of how many “nows” might be employable in quantum entangled-qubits and if an A.I. can actually have a fundamental experience of a now. Similarities with Zen Buddhist and Eastern religion focus on the now is also discussed.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Entanglement of Spacetime Bits as the Driver of Entropy Increase from More Precise Timekeeping

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

Current research is noted addressing the observed increase in entropy from more accurate or increased precision timekeeping experiments. Entanglement of fundamental spacetime bits in a fully meshed system (single observation) is proposed as the origin of entropy increase with the rate of increase in both following a similar graphical pattern. The short essay is speculative and does not involve advanced calculations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Is the Fundamental Entity of the Universe a Form of Logic Gate

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short essay proposing that the foundation of reality is a single action gate a la logic gate. This gate is possibly a since core entity used for any and all choices or decisions by any conscious mind past or future, or primordial schisms or instigating cellular automata rules.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Junk DNA and Jumping Genes as Computational Analogs in Nature

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

Genetic code elements known as junk DNA (non-coding DNA) and jumping genes (transposable elements) are proposed as, like DNA, following a computational framework. This informal essay proposes computer and data scientists in this context revisit these entities versus modern data compression, storage, registry, blockchain, and encryption software methodologies.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Relationships of Material Existence, Time and Experienced or Experience-Able Reality.

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 84 Pages.

A work that provides the metaphysical background that has been missing from physics. 3 premises are given, developed and supported with evidence. Definition of new terminology is given and used in explanations. A way of understanding both Foundational, existential, time and Emergent, experienced, time is set out. Defining and revealing the prevalence of Categorization error, Category differentiation error and Category omission error. Many puzzles and paradoxes are resolved. There is examination of truth values and the law of non contradiction in relation to objective material reality. Consideration of the accuracy of models of reality (maps). New terminology is introduced to categorize knowledge that has been found to be mistaken. Which will aid and ameliorate discussion of what is and isn’t justified knowledge.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Time Crystals Considered as Ultra-Long-Term Binary Data Memory Storage

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The recent experimental demonstration of time crystals by leading technology labs has led to flurry of research and proposed applications. The concept of using time crystals as an ultra-long-term data memory storage mechanism is suggested in principle only.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Increased Serum Serotonin After Triannual Pollen Events as a Cause of Cardiac Arrest Spikes in the us

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 8 Pages.

The United States ecosystem has three major pollenating species (juniper, grass, and ragweed) creating a triannual cycle. That cycle involves increases in environmental pollen leading to the physiological increase in serum histamine and then the eventual subsequent decrease in pollen and histamine leading to a biochemical increase in serum serotonin. This increase in serotonin matches year-over-year patterns in mass shootings, speculative stock buying, and even cardiac arrests (heart attacks) in the United States. Understanding the nature of the cause of heart attacks where weaker or older hearts are strained directly or indirectly from these serotonin “spikes,” the medical community can work to treat those scenarios (adding or reducing meds or activity) potentially saving thousands of lives.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

An Alternative Explanation for the Success of Western Civilization

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

The location of Western Civilization defined nations in Europe and the United States within the largest global pollen environments on the planet is proposed as a key factor leading to their success. Environments with changes in pollen cause large up and down changes in serum histamine directly causing reductions and increases in brain serotonin i.e., a larger “serotonin slope,” linked to higher levels of creativity. The pollen ecosystem is thus considered the hidden driver of the success of these populations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Arrow of Spacetime

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

The principle of locality asserts that an object is directly influenced only by its infinitesimal surrounding. But how come this ‘influence’, called causality, points to only one “direction”, as noticed by Heraclitus? Most importantly, why there is any ‘influence’ in the first place? Enter the arrow of spacetime.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Mandela Effect & Déjà Vu: Are We Living in a Simulated Reality?

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 4 Pages, 1 Figure, Simulation Hypothesis

If reality is being augmented as a simulation; then from the modern norm of physics, it is possible that everywhere around us, including us and what we perceive is a simulation simulated by a super powerful computer from a farfetched future times, taken the Einstein’an notion, that, past, present and future occur simultaneously. It is quite probable between two consecutive amplitudes that, the simulation can either be done by the super-civilization in ≥ Kardashev 3.0 scale or by some higher order entities existing in a dimensional domain beyond our perceiveness and notion of our understanding. To agree to the fact of the simulation hypothesis, there exists a mathematical foundation of the desired logic behind this simulation, which will be investigated throughout this paper whose another consequence might be the déjà vu or the Mandela effect. The errors arise in this simulation is a form of glitch in the matrix that should happen because of the commutable lagging of the super-intelligent computers of either future ones or higher-order ones. Preciseness about the calculations of dimensions opened a way for t+s = 2+10 where the non-locality of the time being perceived as a 2-dimensional entity opens up the door for further investigations. The more will be discussed in detail in this paper.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Momentum as a Fundamental Category of Physics

Authors: Aduhakim Khadjibaev
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

It is known that the most complete description of the concept of «momentum» as «quantity of motion» (Latin: quantitas motus) was given by Rene Descartes in the first half of the 17th century. Later this definition was refined by Newton (1687), who first introduced the concept of «mass of an object» into science. According to Newton «the quantity of motion is a measure of motion, established in proportion to velocity and mass of an object». At present, it is generally accepted that «momentum» is a vector physical quantity, which is a measure of mechanical motion of an object.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Notes on Spacetime Engineering

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Brief notes on spacetime engineering.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Why a Universe?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

A short and informal essay speculating on the possible reasons why a simulated Universe might be created. Themes in literature and art are compared with high-level observations and theories of our physical and natural world as points suggesting the Universe is one of many used to programmatically mine, filter, search, or create a special solution or result.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Bose-Einstein Condensate Macroscopic Entanglement Teleportation and Water a Climate Stop-Gap Solution.

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

Bose Einstein Condensate teleportation using quantum entanglement is discussed as a potential future technology for the large-scale transport of inorganic matter. This concept is the then extended into the scaling of small-scale entanglement teleportation devices into mass-produced assemblies to transport simple substances like ocean water and the potential application of this concept for global challenges like sea level rise from global climate change induced ice melt.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Physics Since Einstein

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 149 Pages. New version of the old one

Each scientist in physics has the moral responsibility to try to adapt mathematics to physics. Einstein adapted physics to his mathematics in his Special Theory of Relativity, with which the decay of physics began.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Magical and Scientific Thinking: Epistemology of Western Knowledge Through Physics, Economy and Anthropology

Authors: Osvaldo Duilio Rossi
Comments: Italian language. 4 Appendices on calculus. References in the last 16 pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

From Newtonian physics to Relativistic physics, from Quantum statistics to Holonomic theories, from Neoclassical economics to Post-Keynesian economics; Scientific thinking relies on the structure of ancient philosophy and, more generally, on the structure of Magical thinking: mathematics of physics and economics reflect the dual rules of subconscious.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Seasonal Behavioral Stock Buying Pattern in the United States Stock Exchange

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 7 Pages.

Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Human and animal individuals can be triggered into impulsive and even violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen levels producing dreaded seasonal allergic symptoms. But serum serotonin level, or the control of the level, is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels. Examples are presented where analysis over time of stock buying, as measured in the daily closing level of the United States stock exchange, shows a seasonal “J” shaped pattern that correlates with serotonin falls and spikes (histamine spikes and crashes) induced by the rise and fall of environmental allergens. A logical predictive strategy is thus presented where, excluding very large shocks like wars, market players could “buy low” an exchange-traded fund (ETF) i.e., indexed “stock,” every fall season (between August 25 to September 5) and then subsequently “sell high” (between October 17 and October 31) as increased serotonin in the aggregate population leads to the increase in impulsive and speculative (over-confident) stock buying before “normalizing” around November.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Theory on Thing's Limits. Part 1: the Norm of Identifying Truth (In Chinese)

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 6 Pages. The theory is applicable to all academic categories, and it is to provide an effective method for testing authoritative theories, clarifying chaos, and deriving new knowledge.

Things refer to the objects and phenomena in reality. Limits refer to the truths and the processes of approaching them. Then there is the principle of inertia, which is characterized by continuity, and a necessary condition for reasoning in reality. Therefore, things, limits and inertia are the three elements that constitute "The Theory on Thing's Limits". The truth must have absoluteness and immutability, does not exist in reality, and belongs to the category of metaphysics. The characteristic of the truths is that they cannot be proved by empirical methods, and can only be gradually approached by repeated practices. Based on this, this article has established the norm for identifying truth. It not only has achieved the unity of opposites of all knowledge, but can also according to have the characteristic of continuity on the change of objective things make bidirectional reasoning under the premise of mutual restrictions. From the quantitative change in the real space has gone deep into the qualitative change of ideal realm, it extends the philosophy of materialism to the category of metaphysics. As a result, the true nature of metaphysics has been restored. That is to say, it has neither divorced from practices, nor just observed objective things with a one-sided, isolated and static way of thought. The theory is applicable to all academic categories, and it is to provide an effective method for testing authoritative theories, clarifying chaos, and deriving new knowledge. Finally, according to the theory and norm therein, combining with the objective status quo, this article briefly has analyzed three examples and pointed out the crux of Einstein's special relativity.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On Music, Universes, and Minds

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

A short thought experiment essay noting the similarities between the nature of a musical song with its listening observer and the physical Universe as conscious human minds understand and experience it.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Theory on Thing's Limits. Part 1: the Norm of Identifying Truth

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 9 Pages. The theory is applicable to all academic categories, and it is to provide an effective method for testing authoritative theories, clarifying chaos, and deriving new knowledge.

Things refer to the objects and phenomena in reality. Limits refer to the truths and the processes of approaching them. Then there is the principle of inertia, which is characterized by continuity, and a necessary condition for reasoning in reality. Therefore, things, limits and inertia are the three elements that constitute "The Theory on Thing's Limits". The truth must have absoluteness and immutability, does not exist in reality, and belongs to the category of metaphysics. The characteristic of the truths is that they cannot be proved by empirical methods, and can only be gradually approached by repeated practices. Based on this, this article has established the norm for identifying truth. It not only has achieved the unity of opposites of all knowledge, but can also according to have the characteristic of continuity on the change of objective things make bidirectional reasoning under the premise of mutual restrictions. From the quantitative change in the real space has gone deep into the qualitative change of ideal realm, it extends the philosophy of materialism to the category of metaphysics. As a result, the true nature of metaphysics has been restored. That is to say, it has neither divorced from practices, nor just observed objective things with a one-sided, isolated and static way of thought. The theory is applicable to all academic categories, and it is to provide an effective method for testing authoritative theories, clarifying chaos, and deriving new knowledge. Finally, according to the theory and norm therein, combining with the objective status quo, this article briefly has analyzed three examples and pointed out the crux of Einstein's special relativity.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Specific Representation of Matter in Nature
Конкретное представление материи в природе

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 13 Pages. In Russian; Robert Yusupov © May 12, 2021

This article presents the author's reflections on the structure of nature and matter on the Planck scale of being. The author puts forward an idea, a hypothesis that all matter in the Universe is represented by quanta of matter. A quantum of matter is not a static material solid. A quantum of matter is material flesh pulsating in the rhythm of nature (elementary rhythm). Pulsation is a periodic contraction and expansion of a material ball, which is a visual image of a quantum of matter. The quantum of matter is the true "first brick" of the universe. At the heart of elementary particles is a quantum of matter. The time of nature is personified in the process of pulsation of a quantum of matter. This article reveals the secret of natural, universal absolute time. This article should be read before solving the problem of introducing matter into the bosom of physics as the main physical quantity. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ В настоящей статье представлены размышления автора об устройстве природы и материи на планковском масштабе бытия. Автор выдвигает идею, гипотезу, что вся материя во Вселенной представлена квантами материи. Квант материи это не статичная материальная твердь. Квант материи – это пульсирующая в ритме природы (элементарный ритм) материальная плоть. Пульсация – это периодическое сжатие и расширение материального шарика, являющегося наглядным образом кванта материи. Квант материи – вот истинный «первокирпичик» мироздания. В основе элементарных частиц лежит квант материи. Время природы олицетворяется в процессе пульсации кванта материи. В настоящей статье раскрывается тайна природного, вселенского абсолютного времени. Настоящую статью следует прочесть перед тем, как решать проблему введения материи в лоно физики в качестве основной физической величины.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Geometry of the Discrete Act

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 22 Pages.

At the heart of physics is the representation of movement. But what movement is and how we are given to represent it is a metaphysical question. This article attacks the metaphysics underlying current physics from its origins and points to a radically different one as true. On this new basis a new geometry is built, the Geometry of the Discrete Act, more primitive than the Euclidean geometry that actually arises from it, and therefore a new physics. Indeed, it allows the purification and unification of all current theories and opens the way to a total understanding of nature within the limits of knowledge.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

United States Mass Shootings Triggered by Serotonin Spikes from Annual Seasonal Pollen Level Drops

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 8 Pages.

Humans like all life are sensitive to their environment. Mentally ill or mentally unstable individuals can be triggered into impulsive and violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen levels producing the obvious and dreaded seasonal allergic reaction symptoms. But serum serotonin level, or the control of the level, is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels and male humans have 52% more serotonin than females. Data appears to show a clear association between the date of violent acts from mentally ill individuals and dramatic decreases in environmental pollen allergen levels (especially when the allergen or pollen level decreases to zero overnight) indicating a possible precursor or triggering relationship. This knowledge could be used as a potential predictor for law enforcement and medical agencies for a given city. Mental health professionals would be advised to lower serotonin boosting meds and even supplement sedative medications to male patients in the timeframes of mid-February and March for spring tree pollen and from October to early-November for fall ragweed pollen.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Is Our Universe Designed to Constrain Intelligence?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short and informal philosophical and speculative essay noting how Universal constants, like the speed of light, and Dark Energy, Quantum uncertainty, and black holes, can be considered as constraints limiting both the total level of intelligence achievable in our Universe and the ability to store information into the far future by an intelligent being.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Числофизика: Сборник статей 2014 г (Number Physics: Collected Papers 2014)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 31 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

В данный сборник вошли такие статьи: Мир чисел – это мир Платона; Что такое математика?; «Головоломка» – это порой … мошенничество; Сумма цифр натурального числа; Три миллиона долларов за теорему; Объяснение больших чисел Дирака.

The Causal Conditioning of Thought and a Theory of Everything

Authors: Heinz Volkenborn
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

A Theory of Everything requires attention to the causal conditioning of thought.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On Nature as a System with Distributed Intelligence

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form - Please conform]

Life on earth, Nature, is considered as a distributed intelligence. Recent research on systems with scarcity and transactions inherently leading to resource concentration, are used as an analogy to the possibility of death as a mechanism of Nature used to optimize lifespan turnover rate and to prevent the over-concentration of wealth and resources in gene pools. Speculation of additional observations of possible intent or intelligence driven activities in the natural world are also listed in this short informal essay.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Cause and Effect Reconsidered

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please do not use extra large font for title!]

We think we understand the relationship between cause and effect, when in fact we may be mistaking correlation for causation. There is so much more going on herein. This relationship is a surprising portal to understanding many deep aspects of philosophy and physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Quantum of Spacetime: Zenon Connection

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 5 Pages. Dedicated to 163rd birthday of Max Planck, 23 April 1858.

The origin of Time and Continuum is addressed with the so-called Zenon Connection (ZC), with emphasis on (i) the infinitesimal displacement of physical objects in 4D spacetime, (ii) Planck’s quantum of action, and (iii) the quantum of Time (chronon) interpreted as the atom of geometry.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Festschrift Honoring Academian Mihai Drăgănescu: Discourse on the Physical Basis for “the Philosophical Tension and the Cosmic Feeling”

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 6 Pages. Proceedings of 2004 conference in honor of Romanian Academian Mihai Draganescu's 75 birthday, in Mihai Drăgănescu in Media Res, D. Tufiş, G. Tecuci, A. Rusu & I. Isac[Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Wouldn’t it be nice if this auspicious occasion were of a 76th; instead of a 75th, then it might be pertinent to enjoy Meredith Willson’s well known march from The Music Man - “Seventy-six Trombones Led The Big Parade”. Intellectually I try to hold the reigns firm, but my heart will not help and the spirit is set free to soar at the circumstance of this wondrous occasion; because you see this is a cosmic feeling that I have and I do not wish to control it! So for a brief moment at least liberty is taken from the sensibilities of conservative protocol to enjoy the refrain: Seventy-six trombones led the big parade, With a hundred and ten cornets close at hand. They were followed by rows and rows, Of the finest virtuosos, The cream of every famous band. Seventy-six trombones caught the morning sun, With a hundred and ten cornets right behind. There were over a thousand reeds, Springing up like weeds, There were horns of every shape and size. There were copper bottom timpani in horse platoons, Thundering, thundering, all along the way. Double bell euphoniums and big bassoons, Each bassoon having its big fat say. There were fifty mounted canons in the battery, Thundering, thundering, louder than before. Clarinets of every size, And trumpets who'd improvise A full octave higher than the score! Seventy-six trombones hit the counterpoint, While a hundred and ten cornets blazed away. To the rhythm of Harch! Harch! Harch! All the kids began to march, And they're marching still right today! Seventy-six trombones led the big parade, when the order to march rang out loud and clear. Starting off with a big bang bong on a Chinese gong, by a big bang bonger at the rear. Seventy-six trombones hit the counter point, while a hundred and ten cornets played the air. Then I modestly took my place as the one and only bass, and I oompahed up and down the square.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Proving God by Proving Real Magic [?]

Authors: Yahya A. Sharif
Comments: 2 Pages.

God exists and created the world. The world is logically built by an intelligent creator Even Physics says no Here I will show that physics is true as well as God exists 
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Explaining Results of Stern Gerlach Apparatus Experiments with Gyroscopic Motion

Authors: Georgina Parry
Comments: 15 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Gyroscopic motion is used to explain why it is that there is maintenance of same or opposite axis of rotation orientation, by electron particles produced as a pair. Important for answering two important questions. 1/ Why can pairs of particles separated by large distances act as if they are coordinating their responses to tests? The proposed answer making faster than light communication between particles unnecessary. It also explains the strange semi permanence of propensity to give particular state outcomes for a repeated same test, that is lost when there is an intermediate different test ; Answering the question. Two famous examples of supposed quantum strangeness.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Quest for New Physics: An Experimentalist Approach

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 56 Pages.

The crisis in modern fundamental physics is due to the lack of new experimental results which would contradict to the existing paradigms. But where to search for such experiments? In this publication the experimentalist point of view is clarified for many immediate problems like unification of matter and wave, dark matter, quantum entanglement and experiments with pulsing gravitational force.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Metaphysics of Nature-Like Technologies

Authors: Boris Mikhailovich Popov
Comments: 60 Pages. In Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Исследования по созданию природоподобных технологий набирают обороты. По заверениям адептов и апологетов движения, развитие природоподобных технологий нацелено на перевод техносферы на органичные природе принципы действия, на симметричный симбиоз техносферы с природой, при котором существующая ресурсная база не будет истощаться, а, наоборот, станет качественно развиваться и наращиваться. В результате человечество, преодолев ограничения прежней ресурсной базы, окажется в комфортной для продолжительной жизни среде обитания, получит доступ к немыслимым ныне дарам и благам. Research into the creation of nature-like technologies is gaining momentum. According to the assurances of adherents and apologists of the movement, the development of nature-like technologies is aimed at transferring the technosphere to principles of action organic to nature, to a symmetrical symbiosis of the technosphere with nature, in which the existing resource base will not be depleted, but, on the contrary, will begin to qualitatively develop and grow. As a result, mankind, having overcome the limitations of the former resource base, will find itself in a habitat that is comfortable for a long life, and will gain access to the gifts and benefits that are inconceivable today.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Beyond Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Boris Mikhailovich Popov
Comments: 133 Pages. In Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

В настоящей книге автор проводит мысль о том, что практически все знания человек получает из коллективного сознания. И потому его ум – это, по сути, искусственный интеллект. Отсюда и ограниченность его представлений и понятий об окружающем мире, но выход из этого сложного положения есть. Внимательный читатель получит новые ответы на вечные вопросы: откуда берется наше сознание, насколько прочны основы наших знаний, свободна ли наша воля, насколько «логична» традиционная наука и даже насколько актуальна в наше время метафизика! In this book, the author carries out the idea that a person receives practically all knowledge from the collective consciousness. And therefore, his mind is, in fact, artificial intelligence. Hence the limitation of his ideas and concepts about the world around him, but there is a way out of this difficult situation. The attentive reader will receive new answers to the eternal questions: where does our consciousness come from, how strong are the foundations of our knowledge, is our will free, how “logical” is traditional science, and even how relevant is metaphysics in our time!
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Wrong Argument in a Seminal Physics Paper

Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 4 Pages.

This article examines a wrong argument in a seminal physics paper published 114 years ago: Einstein's paper on the electrodynamics of moving objects. Although the argument in question is not determinant for the main conclusions of the paper (thanks to the prevalence of Lorentz transformation also deduced in the same paper), it contains several basic and significant errors that have remained undetected to this day. Those errors are consequences of a misinterpretation of the Principle of Relativity, surprisingly the same misinterpretation one can find in some naif critiques of special relativity. Considering the relevance of the paper and of its author, and the importance of the errors, there is no alternative but to make them public.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Crisis of Fundamentality → Physics, Forward → Into Metaphysics → The Ontological Basis of Knowledge: Framework, Carcass, Foundation

Authors: Vladimir I. Rogozhin
Comments: 9 Pages. FQXi Essay Contest entry 2018

The present crisis of foundations in Fundamental Science is manifested as a comprehensive conceptual crisis, crisis of understanding, crisis of interpretation and representation, crisis of methodology, loss of certainty. Fundamental Science "rested" on the understanding of matter, space, nature of the "laws of nature", fundamental constants, number, time, information, consciousness. The question "What is fundametal?" pushes the mind to other questions → Is Fundamental Science fundamental? → What is the most fundamental in the Universum?.. Physics, do not be afraid of Metaphysics! Levels of fundamentality. The problem №1 of Fundamental Science is the ontological justification (basification) of mathematics. To understand is to "grasp" Structure ("La Structure mère"). Key ontological ideas for emerging from the crisis of understanding: total unification of matter across all levels of the Universum, one ontological superaxiom, one ontological superprinciple. The ontological construction method of the knowledge basis (framework, carcass, foundation). The triune (absolute, ontological) space of eternal generation of new structures and meanings. Super concept of the scientific world picture of the Information era - Ontological (structural, cosmic) memory as "soul of matter", measure of the Universum being as the holistic generating process. The result of the ontological construction of the knowledge basis: primordial (absolute) generating structure is the most fundamental in the Universum.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Dialectical-Ontological Modeling of Primordial Generating Process ↔ Understand λόγος ↔Δ↔Logos & Count Quickly↔Ontological (Cosmic, Structural) Memory

Authors: Vladimir I. Rogozhin
Comments: 9 Pages. FQXi Essay Contest entry 2020

Fundamental Science is undergoing an acute conceptual-paradigmatic crisis of philosophical foundations, manifested as a crisis of understanding, crisis of interpretation and representation, “loss of certainty”, “trouble with physics”, and a methodological crisis. Fundamental Science rested in the "first-beginning", "first-structure", in "cogito ergo sum". The modern crisis is not only a crisis of the philosophical foundations of Fundamental Science, but there is a comprehensive crisis of knowledge, transforming by the beginning of the 21st century into a planetary existential crisis, which has exacerbated the question of the existence of Humanity and life on Earth. Due to the unsolved problem of justification of Mathematics, paradigm problems in Computational mathematics have arisen. It's time to return ↔ Into Dialectics. The solution to the problem of the foundations of Mathematics, and therefore knowledge in general, is the solution to the problem of modeling (constructing) the ontological basis of knowledge - the ontological model of the primordial generating process. The idea and model of the primordial generating process, its ontological structure directs thinking to the need for the introduction of superconcept → ontological (cosmic, structural) memory, concept-attractor, supercategory, substantial semantic core of the scientific picture of the world of the nuclear-ecological-information age. Model of basic Ideality→ “Space-MatterMemory-Time” [S-MM-T].
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Names of Minor Planets and the Graphical law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 32 Pages.

We study the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names of L. D. Schmadel. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of names, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the names of the minor planets discovered upt o 1900 and 1910 can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0$) and the minor planets discovered up to 1920, 1930 and 1940 can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0.02$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0.02$. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

About the Origin of the Universe

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 2 Pages.

This consideration argues that the universe must be infinite in time and volume and that most likely already an infinite number of big-bangs must have taken place.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Quantum Mechanics is About RED CORAL

Authors: Alan Francis McCulloch
Comments: 17 Pages.

Probability amplitude waves described by quantum mechanics are globally coherent relativistically space-like space-time structures, having no internal causal links. In this sense these non-classical structures are anticipated by the classical ontology of special relativity, which also delineates (in a completely different way) space-like non-causal intervals in space-time. I discuss and distinguish two broad classes of globally coherent relativistically space-like space-time structure, and suggest a parsimonious extension of the core ontology of physics to include both of them (rather than only one as at present), as a way of resolving some puzzles in the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and motivating its formalism. I show how this ontological extension immediately yields well known formal features usually postulated ad-hoc, such as separability of the wave function, and explains the puzzling absolute nature of time in quantum mechanics. The curious fact that the ontologies of both special relativity and quantum mechanics delineate (in strikingly different ways) strictly non-causal intervals in space-time suggests the existence of an explanatory “last common ancestor” ontology, at a higher level of abstraction than the ontologies of either. I briefly sketch such an ontology, consisting of world self-mappings, in terms of which there are two distinct concepts of time, intrinsic and extrinsic, which together play an abstract identity role in the world, and which suggest part of the meaning of quantum mechanics, and of the non-causal coherence of it’s non-classical waves, concerns extrinsic structure, in particular extrinsic time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Gift Of God and Isaac Newton

Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 9 Pages.

Isaac Newton was a genius. His greatest achievement was undoubtedly his discovery of the laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation. They are as if ‘gifts of God’ concerning the laws of the natural world, laws that are universal and valid for all times. Any attempt to provide alternatives to such laws could only end in failure.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Physics, Philosophy, Society (a View from the “Theory of Nature”)

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 145 Pages. “Theory of Nature” is a Revolution in Physics

In this article, the author presents his “Theory of Nature” (TN). TN is a revolution in physics. TN is dialectical-materialistic physics and cosmology. Matter is placed at the forefront of physics. Matter is introduced into the bosom of physics as the basic physical quantity (BPQ). Physics has been transferred from foundation of the fundamentally false bourgeois-idealist philosophy (BIP) to the foundation of the only true and scientific philosophy of dialectical materialism. From the point of view of nature, modern physics stands on its “head”. TN turns modern physics from “head to feet”. TN puts modern physics on a material basis. Within the framework of TN, a specific representation of matter in nature is determined. Matter of nature is, first of all, the content, the composition of elementary particles (EPs). Within the framework of TN, the structure of the material Universe and the circulation of matter in nature are determined. Within the framework of the TN, an algorithm for the functioning and evolution of the Universe has been determined. Matter is introduced into the bosom of physics as the basic physical quantity (BPQ) in its qualitative and quantitative definiteness.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Beginning of A New Model of Physics

Authors: Ratikanta Das
Comments: 64 pages

The sole aim of this book is to convince our readers about the validity of a new four-dimensional (4D) model of physics justifying the existence of fourth space dimension. Due to the presence of an extra space dimension, this 4D space model is totally different from the standard model of particle physics. Standard model accepts the hypothesis of expanding universe with big bang origin disregarding the problem of singularity at the origin. However our new model accepts an alternate singularity-free cosmology and everyone will be surprised to know that theories and equations obtained from this new cosmology are able to give simple explanations of many puzzles of physics such as: internal structure of fundamental particle, origin of mass, origin of charge, origin of spin, origin of strong force, wave- particle duality of matter and radiation and many others. Nearly TWENTY FUNDAMENTALS of modern physics, which can be (or cannot be) explained by QUANTUM CONCEPTS of STANDARD MODEL, is explained by 4D CLASSICAL PICTURE of our new model. PHYSICS COMMUNITY is requested to verify the TRUTH behind this feat of the new model before accepting it.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

After a Century of Revolution in the Status of Space — Einstein’s Train Revisited

Authors: Tim Moon
Comments: 22 Pages.

Written entirely from an untutored viewpoint, this essay can only very tentatively venture some thoughts about a concept that very much belongs to the discipline of physics. This is the classical notion of naturally-moving reference systems; a concept central to thought experiments published a century ago, by Albert Einstein. A critical reading of one of these original accounts forms a springboard for detailed discussions; eventually they give rise to an argument for re-appraising the reference system concept. In the account in question, Einstein famously uses an imaginary train struck by lightning to illustrate his reasoning for the relativity of simultaneity. It seems this argument has been received with a widespread and almost unanimous approval, over the years. Yet it’s equally apparent that Einstein’s argument drew solely on classical mechanics; and it’s troubling that in preferring this simple logic, he allowed it to contradict the predictive force of his own famous postulates. So a sort of remedial analysis was undertaken: it accepted his postulates and applied them to the train scenario, independently of the classical transformation he chose. It is shown how this meticulous reanalysis leads unambiguously to the conclusion, not that simultaneity is relative, but that simuitaneity is conserved. Evaluating what to make of this disparate outcome leads to pursuing its resolution in much more philosophical terms. First, a review portrays how theoretical physicists’ views on the status of space have radically evolved over the last century. Adopting and adapting their current understanding, it’s suggested how naturally-moving systems might be newly characterised, not only in the old sense, by a spatial framework of material bodies, all moving uniformly in unison, but also by an additional content of equally co-moving segments of spatial field — areas which hitherto were seen only as abstractions from a stationary and homogenous background of empty space, through which the framework of matter moved. From the much newer perspective, these additional co-moving frame contents have highly dynamic substance. Taken together across multiple moving frames, they constitute super-plastic and holistically extended dynamic fields — such as electric and magnetic fields. On this speculative basis it’s explained how light waves would indeed show a constant ‘vacuum’ velocity in all frames, just as Einstein and Maxwell required — but would also be Galilean in nature, just like sound. A recent report of measurements directly supporting the reality of a Galilean view of light is cited.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Path Taken by the Particle Between Singularity and Final Matter

Authors: Arnaud Andrieu
Comments: 4 Pages. 5 Figures

Based on the functioning of the mechanism of the anharmonic oscillator, the particle would oscillate between singularity and final matter. The path of the particle which therefore travels between singularity and final matter, passes through different steps and physical stage. Indeed the probability of presence of the particle is very high at the two edges of its well of potential (singularity and final matter), and where between two, its acceleration would be then almost instantaneous. In this case of the almost instantaneous displacement of the particle, this one becomes a flow, expressed in the quantum vacuum.The convergence of the energy of the quantum vacuum, in a smaller space, close to the singularity, then becomes in turn dark matter. At its opposite is the divergence of matter, expressed by quantum chromodynamics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Neglected Equations of Physics

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies, Richard Lawrence Norman
Comments: 3 Pages.

Following massive changes in the direction of thinking in physics towards the beginning of the twentieth century, it is beginning to seem that some articles which should have been seen as providing potentially significant developments were effectively consigned to the archives to be buried for posterity. Others appearing much later in the century appear to have suffered a similar fate by being published in obscure journals. Here four such articles – two in each category – are examined briefly to highlight the dangers of such action.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Miraculous Universe

Authors: Farin Zokaee, Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 5 Pages.

There have been eras in which an educated man could only live up to his standard if he were at the same time a poet and a philosopher and an experimental or mathematical researcher. I argue that it is a time to come back and look for the physics, mathematics and botany - why not, from the different perspective-Fibonacci series
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Anthropic Principle in Physical Models Without Time and Dynamics (In English)

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 5 Pages.

The construction of space-time in a physical system without time and dynamics is considered. It is shown that the anthropic principle and causality principle inevitably arise in models without time and dynamics. It is shown that for any physical model based on a system without time and dynamics, the anthropic principle is a scientific principle and, in principle, can be falsified. It is shown that, in principle, there is the possibility of experimental verification of what is true - realism or idealism.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Anthropic Principle in Physical Models Without Time and Dynamics (In Russian)

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 5 Pages.

The construction of space-time in a physical system without time and dynamics is considered. It is shown that in models without time and dynamics anthropic principle and causality principle inevitably arise. It is shown that for any physical model based on a system without time and dynamics, the anthropic principle is a scientific principle and, in principle, can be falsified. It is shown that, in principle, there is the possibility of experimental verification of what is true - realism or idealism.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

My Understanding of Stagnation in Foundation of Physics

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 42 Pages.

Sabine Hossenfelder argues in her blog \cite{Hossenfelder} that the present situation in foundation of physics should be called not crisis but stagnation. I argue that the main reason of the stagnation is that quantum theory inherited from classical one several notions which should not be present in quantum theory. In particular, quantum theory should not involve the notion of space-time background and, since nature is discrete and even finite, quantum theory should not be based on classical mathematics involving the notions of infinitely small/large and continuity. I discuss uncertainty relations, paradox with observation of stars, symmetry on quantum level, cosmological acceleration, gravity and particle theory. My main conclusion is that the most general quantum theory should be based on finite mathematics and, as a consequence: {\bf Mathematics describing nature at the most fundamental level involves only a finite number of numbers while the notions of limit and infinitely small/large and the notions constructed from them (e.g. continuity, derivative and integral) are needed only in calculations describing nature approximately}.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Reflection on Physical Reality, Physical Systems and Space

Authors: A.M. Khadjibaev
Comments: 7 Pages. Thank you

In the article the author discusses fundamental definitions as “Physical reality”, “physical systems” and “space”. The author offers own parameters, original definition of physical system and describes the parameters that characterizes it. Describing the space, the author proposes the concept according to which space – time is considered as the physical system that consists of physical substrate and presents itself as an “absolute physical reality”. For the first time the author suggests a concept of “differentiating physical reality” as a physical system that differs from its “super system”
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On the Remarkable Similarity Between Data Storage, Blockchains, Dna, Holograms, And, Perhaps, Universes...

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short essay noting the remarkable pattern or trend in our Universe to optimally store information be it in computer memory, DNA, blockchains, holograms and perhaps in the subatomic fabric of spacetime of our Universe itself.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Increases in the Rate of Growth of Non-Reproductive Population Subsets vs Global Pandemic Timing.

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 7 Pages.

Speculation and discussion on the possible relationship or association between the timing of events that cause large increases in the rate of growth of human non-reproductive population subsets (sharp increase in life expectancy or dramatic drop in birth rates) to the timing or occurrence of major global pandemic events.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Intention not Theory: the Vertigo of Love

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: Pages.

A Theory of Everything (TOE) must be based on a principle so simple and powerful that it can explain not only all physics, but provide an answer to all philosophical questions and above all explain consciousness and the self. A principle is in fact all the more powerful the simpler it is, since everything that exists, from the simplest to the most complex, must derive from the nesting and stratification of the same principle.
Around the nature of this principle, the candidate par excellence should be Hegel's dialectic. However, although Hegel's dialectic has proved useful in investigating the evolution of human thought and history, it is of little use in all other scientific areas such as in the investigation of natural laws.
The principle sought must therefore be even more primitive: it must be the foundation of the whole, even of Hegel's dialectic.
The purpose of this article is to show how this principle is the foundation of the whole and how everything, literally, springs from it.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Theory of Another Universe

Authors: Azadvinder Singh
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we will study about, is there any another universe exists. If this is possible, how another universe look like.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Time-Space, Probability, and Physics

Authors: G. Quznetsov
Comments: 110 Pages.

In this book, the Gentzen variant of the propositional logic is used to substantiate the space-time relations, including the Lorentz transformations. The logical foundations of probability theory, including Jacob Bernulli's Big Numbers Law and the statistical definition of probability, are also derived from this logic. All concepts and statements of the Standard Model (except for the Higgs) are obtained as concepts and theorems of probability theory. The masses, spins, moments, energies of fermions are the parameters of the distribution of such a probability. The masses of the W and Z bosons are the results of the interaction of the probability flows into space-time. Quark-gluon relations, including the phenomena of confinement and asymptotic freedom, are also a consequence of the properties of this probability. The phenomenon of gravity with dark matter and dark energy is a continuation of these quark-gyonic relations. For understanding of the maintenance of this book elementary knowledge in the field of linear algebra and the mathematical analysis is sufficient.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Uncertain Future of Physics and Computing

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 12 Pages. Submitted to Foundational Questions Institute Essay Contest https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/3443

In the 20th century, physics became dominated by abstract mathematics, with a fundamental role for uncertainty. In contrast, computing was built on a foundation of mathematical certainty. John von Neumann was a primary source for both these foundations. I argue that both are misleading, and should be revised to reflect microscopic determinism with varying degrees of macroscopic uncertainty. I predict a future neoclassical physics without quantum entanglement, but no “theory of everything”. Future computing will involve neural networks that can embody consciousness, but no quantum computing. Formal mathematical proofs of undecidability or uncomputability will have little practical impact on either computing or physics, but absolute knowledge will remain unattainable. All future predictions should be regarded with skepticism.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Interpreting Quantum Mechanics in Terms of Facts About the Universe

Authors: Andrew Knight
Comments: 12 Pages.

A potentially new interpretation of quantum mechanics posits the state of the universe as a consistent set of facts, such that the relationships between objects in the universe are the information storing and instantiating those facts. A fact (or event) occurs exactly when the number or density of future possibilities decreases, and a quantum superposition exists if and only if the facts of the universe are consistent with the superposition. An example is analyzed in which the number of possibilities of N distinguishable classical objects in a discretized phase space is reduced by the introduction of chronological facts consisting of repelling impacts. It is shown how some facts have the effect of rendering impossible certain measurement outcomes of an object, independently of measurement outcomes of other objects, while some facts have the effect of correlating measurement outcomes of one object to those of another. The potential for further analysis through numerical simulation is discussed, particularly whether quantum uncertainty emerges from the specification of sufficient facts. Implications of and objections to the interpretation are briefly discussed, including the extent to which identity of objects must be preserved, the extent to which entanglement among objects must be universal, and whether this interpretation conflicts with special relativity. This interpretation may show that quantum mechanics, Planck’s constant, and the discretization of spacetime are emergent phenomena that successfully and very accurately approximate a more fundamental ontology.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Analogy Between Special Relativity and Finite Mathematics

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 5 Pages.

In our publications we have proposed an approach called finite quantum theory (FQT) when quantum theory is based not on complex numbers but on finite mathematics. We have proved that FQT is more general than standard quantum theory because the latter is a special degenerate case of the former in the formal limit $p\to\infty$ where $p$ is the characteristic of the ring or field in finite mathematics. Moreover, finite mathematics itself is more general than classical mathematics (involving the notions of infinitely small/large and continuity) because the latter is a special degenerate case of the former in the same limit. {\bf As a consequence, mathematics describing nature at the most fundamental level involves only a finite number of numbers while the notions of limit and infinitely small/large and the notions constructed from them (e.g. continuity, derivative and integral) are needed only in calculations describing nature approximately}. However, physicists typically are reluctant to accept those results although they are natural and simple. We argue without formulas that there is a simple analogy between the above facts and the fact that special relativity is more general than nonrelativistic mechanics because the latter is a special degenerate case of the former in the formal limit $c\to\infty$.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Materialism as a Gnosiological and Methodological Principle and the "Hierarchy" of Dmitry Krivenko

Authors: Yaroslav D. Krivenko-Emetov
Comments: 5 Pages.

On the 30th anniversary of the death of Dmytro Tarasovych Krivenko (October 30, 1941, the village of Velyka Racha, Radomyshl district, Zhytomyr region — October 4, 1994, Kyiv) — philosopher, methodologist of science, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (1976), one of the developers of alternative Ukrainian philosophy during Soviet times.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Brain Scale Free Criticality and Renormalization Extended for Unification and Consciousness Theories

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 5 Pages.

Recent articles summarizing research noting the proclivity of renormalization techniques to solve brain self-organized criticality and deep learning could intimate that the challenges with the unification of Quantum Mechanics and Relativity, and with finding a formal solution for quantum decoherence or even consciousness, could be chimeras if the human observed nature of reality itself are renormalizations of an infinite fractal space-time that is intractable with current techniques.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Paradox of the Quintuplets: Why the Twin Paradox of Special Relativity Cannot be Resolved

Authors: David M. Bower
Comments: 7 Pages.

By introducing three reference frames in addition to the the two reference frames typically used todiscuss Einstein’s special relativity (i.e., a "laboratory" frame and a boosted frame), we can show the utter futility of trying to explain (or to resolve) the absurdities of the twin paradox.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

In Support of the Expedited Development of Artificial General Intelligence

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 7 Pages.

A short essay suggesting that humanity should expedite the creation of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). A psychological arc or meta-history analysis of modern human history is noted suggesting that the creation of Artificial General Intelligence, beyond a technological advancement, is a profound leap that is an ultimate taming of mankind’s primordial psychological drives and not an existential threat to human existence. Global political events, actual existential threats like climate and nuclear weapon disasters, and cyclical trends against science and toward warfare like the rise of fascists leaders, often driven by excess economic inequality, drive the recommended expediting in research and development.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Are Fluctuations in the Stock Market Tied to a Dopamine Cycle in the Human Brain?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 19 Pages. final version fixing table

The observations of a small and informal study are presented that propose a second 40-day-long dopamine cycle in the human brain. This cycle has 10 days of low dopamine followed by 10 days of high dopamine (resembling a pulse shape), followed by 20 days of normal dopamine. The model presents specific behaviors aligned to specific dates of the calendar year that produce a map of human temperament as well as nine specific "buy low" and "sell high" stock market S&P 500 intervals.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Might a Metaphysical Platonic Realm Entail Equality of Experience?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages. Final version

A short speculative essay postulating that a separate Platonic world does exist and that it may contain every conscious experience. Mankind’s historical progression from equality of rights to equality of opportunity, and eventual attempts at equality of wealth or property, are used to imply a trend toward an eventual final dream or destination of an equality of experience. Literary, scientific, historical, and logical examples are used to support the idea. The future of the exponential growth of A.I. is also considered in this framework.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On Shocks

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages. Final version updated with references and grammar fixes.

A speculative and philosophical essay on the possibility of gene pool regulation of large-scale human population, akin to ant colonies in Nature. Human gene pools are considered as oscillating entities wavering between expansionist, peaceful, and open phases, to phases of consolidated, militaristic, and closed societies. Religion is considered as a beneficial evolutionary fitness creation to help safeguard excess extremism during consolidated phases and as a critical archive of techniques to assist populations when presented with rare and dangerous existential shocks.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Is there a Subconscious Cause for Our Love of Music?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 6 Pages.

A speculative essay proposing that the human subconscious mind can understand language but, while it can communicate with the sleeping mind via images in dreams, it can only communicate to an individual’s awake mind via what appear to the individual as a random recall of a musical song in working memory. Remarkable lyrics of a given song can thus be used by the subconscious as a means to communicate to the awake mind. A theory of subconscious communication from Cormac McCarthy in his Kekule’ Problem essay and the research of Jeff Hawkins and Numenta Corporation showing the human brain storing sequences of patterns including songs, are used to support the proposal.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Anthropocosmos: Total Quantum Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 84 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 10^61, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The universe half radius is given by an elementary 3 minutes dimensional analysis, ruling out the universe expansion and the Initial Big Bang. this re-introduces the Perfect Cosmologic Principle, so the "impossiblegalaxies" was predicted and announced. However, tight correspondance with standard modelsuggests the Permanent Bang, a matter-antimatter oscillation at 10104 Hz. Dark matter is clearly a quadrature oscillation. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The Egyptian length unit, the meter, confirms that the physical parameters are optimal calculus basis. The relations of Human characteristics with both the physical parameters and the Earth and solar system characteristics are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Ancient Scripture Chun-Bu-Kyung for the Philosophy of Nature

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 7 Pages.

Ontological view of natural phenomena, which was introduced as 4-D Complex Space in physics to understand physics comprehensively from classical physics to modern physics, such as quantum physics and theory of relativity, is compared with the ancient oriental scripture called Chun-Bu-Kyung, which is saying that there is immutable one in natural phenomena all the time despite that its appearance keeps being changed in many ways with a cyclical nature. Then, we can say that matters in natural phenomena are just variations of one fundamental entity, energy in physics, and that the variations in phenomena are made through physical interactions, such as gravitational and electromagnetic interactions. In addition, the one intrinsic nature of the physical interactions, which is the tendency to return to the equilibrium state in physical vacuum space, is comparable to the cyclicality mentioned in the scripture.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On United States Mass Shootings

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 28 Pages. includes final required section on el nino and la nina effects

The severity of the effects on organisms, especially human males, of histamine and serotonin biochemical interactions - and their subsequent behaviors - has been vastly underestimated in the scientific community. Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Mentally ill or unstable individuals can be triggered into impulsive and violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Human serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen or pollen levels, but serum serotonin level is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels with human males having 52% more serotonin than females. Data show an association between the dates of violent acts, especially male single shooter mass shootings in the United States, and the dates of dramatic decreases in pollen levels thus indicating pollen and serum histamine level drops as a possible precursor or triggering relationship. This knowledge can be used as a potential predictor for law enforcement and medical agencies for a given city or region. Mental health professionals would be advised to lower serotonin boosting meds and even supplement antihistamine and sedative medications to male patients in the timeframes of March through June, for spring tree pollens especially juniper tree pollen, and from September through November, for fall ragweed weed pollen.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On United States Mass Shootings

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 26 Pages. Final version with additional references

The severity of the effects on organisms, especially human males, of histamine and serotonin biochemical interactions - and their subsequent behaviors - has been vastly underestimated in the scientific community. Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Mentally ill or unstable individuals can be triggered into impulsive and violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Human serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen or pollen levels, but serum serotonin level is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels with human males having 52% more serotonin than females. Data show an association between the dates of violent acts, especially male single shooter mass shootings in the United States, and the dates of dramatic decreases in pollen levels thus indicating pollen and serum histamine level drops as a possible precursor or triggering relationship. This knowledge can be used as a potential predictor for law enforcement and medical agencies for a given city or region. Mental health professionals would be advised to lower serotonin boosting meds and even supplement antihistamine and sedative medications to male patients in the timeframes of March through June, for spring tree pollens especially juniper tree pollen, and from September through November, for fall ragweed weed pollen.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On United States Mass Shootings

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 25 Pages.

The severity of the effects on organisms, especially human males, of histamine and serotonin biochemical interactions - and their subsequent behaviors - has been vastly underestimated in the scientific community. Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Mentally ill or unstable individuals can be triggered into impulsive and violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Human serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen or pollen levels, but serum serotonin level is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels with human males having 52% more serotonin than females. Data show an association between the dates of violent acts, especially male single shooter mass shootings in the United States, and the dates of dramatic decreases in pollen levels thus indicating pollen and serum histamine level drops as a possible precursor or triggering relationship. This knowledge can be used as a potential predictor for law enforcement and medical agencies for a given city or region. Mental health professionals would be advised to lower serotonin boosting meds and even supplement antihistamine and sedative medications to male patients in the timeframes of March through June, for spring tree pollens especially juniper tree pollen, and from September through November, for fall ragweed weed pollen.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Gell-Mann Matrices (Strong Force Interaction) in Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 35 Pages.

In this paper, we will find a way to apply the Gell-Mann matrices in the Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0) realm. And without the need of adding the time as an ad-hoc dimension, but just considering that the time emerges naturally as one of the 8 degrees of freedom that appear in geometric Algebra Cl(3,0).Once these transformations are obtained, we will define the bra-ket product in Geometric Algebra and check that gives the same results as in the matrix representation.We will apply it both for Euclidean and non-Euclidean spaces. With the values obtained, we will show that the g-2 issue of the muon could be perfectly related to gravitational issues (to non-Euclidean space). The difference between theoretical and measured value of g-2 of the muon is 2,79E0-9. And on the surface of the Earth, the effects of non-Euclidean space due to gravitational effects are in the range of 1,39 E-09. It can be checked that the muon g-2 value is just the double (this is, in the same order) of the gravitational effects. So, gravitational effects could indeed affect the g-2 value of the muon on the surface of the Earth as it will be shown.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Time

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 1 Page. In version 2 some clarifying explanations have been added.

Now here is now there, anywhere in the universe.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Is Space the Only Substance in the Universe? The "Nothing but Space" Model, a Simpler New Theory of Space, Time, Gravity, Dark Energy, and More

Authors: Ronald P. Hattis
Comments: Comments and questions welcome. 80 pp double-spaced, including 85 references (11 pages), 4 illustrations, 10 equations. Slide presentation with summary at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361538219_Space_Fundamental_Substance_of_the_Universe_

A new model of the universe, extrapolating from established science and historical precedents, including the substantivalist views of DesCartes, Newton, and others, resolves some mysteries of physics. In the "Nothing but Space" model, space is the fundamental substance of the universe. It is quantized, and the medium of gravitational and electromagnetic fields. Waves, additions and deletions, and other processes in space produce the properties attributed to matter and energy. Time is a function of motion, and spacetime an unnecessary concept. Underlying this model, space is known to have physical properties and is expanding. Particles are known to have wave properties, conducted in fields that exist in space. Conceptualizing them as solid bodies is misleading. Problems in current theory that call for new thinking include incompatible quantum and relativity theories, "dark energy" and "dark matter" not satisfactorily explained, and a "standard model" with multiple "fundamental" particles unstable for even a tiny fraction of a second. "Singularities," points with no dimensions, and infinity are shown to lack physical reality. This model can explain gravitation (space deletion), the Hubble expansion and "dark energy" (space addition), and some aspects of special and general relativity and possibly electromagnetism. "Big Bounce" theory is favored over "Big Bang." The Hubble equation is speculatively adjusted. The new concept has implications for mechanical motion, quantum theory, and cosmology. It provides causal mechanisms for aspects of physics that are currently merely described by equations showing mathematical relationships. New ideas in physics from outsiders have been strongly resisted, but may be needed for further progress. This new model might contribute to progress in both theoretical physics and the philosophy of science. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25126.70724/2 (if does not work, try /3 or higher number at end for later updates)
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A History of Light Deflection with Newtonian and General Relativity Perspectives

Authors: G. Malczewski, D. Selig
Comments: 47 Pages. Additional minor mathematical typos were corrected.

This work delves into three papers that address the topic of light being deflected by gravitating bodies, or alternately, light following geodesic paths through space-time. Einstein achieved public notoriety for his successful prediction that light would be deflected when passing close to the Sun, with his theory of General Relativity providing the foundation for an accurate estimate of the angle of deflection. However, 200 years prior to this Newton also predicted that light would be deflected by massive bodies such as our Sun. Newton did not attempt a calculation, but subsequently Johann Soldner and Henry Cavendish used Newtonian principles to study the degree of deflection.In this paper we explore the three efforts, providing readers with a consolidated view of this topic, and a comprehensive analysis of the calculations that support the various approaches to estimating the deflection of a photon in the vicinity of a massive body. While it is clear that General Relativity provides the most accurate, and the overwhelmingly accepted solution, we provide details for the Newtonian efforts for historical perspective. We focus on Soldner and Cavendish first for this historic perspective, and then delve into the complexities of the Einstein General Relativity calculation.We envision the target audience for this paper as undergraduate/early graduate students in math, physics, or astronomy, who have an interest in exploring the topic of light deflection. We also view this as a course outline for a professor that would like to offer a seminar on this topic.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A History of Light Deflection with Newtonian and General Relativity Perspectives

Authors: G. Malczewski, D. Selig
Comments: Minor mathematical corrections / typos on page 39 and 42.

This work delves into three papers that address the topic of light being deflected by gravitating bodies, or alternately, light following geodesic paths through space-time. Einstein achieved public notoriety for his successful prediction that light would be deflected when passing close to the Sun, with his theory of General Relativity providing the foundation for an accurate estimate of the angle of deflection. However, 200 years prior to this Newton also predicted that light would be deflected by massive bodies such as our Sun. Newton did not attempt a calculation, but subsequently Johann Soldner and Henry Cavendish used Newtonian principles to study the degree ofdeflection. In this paper we explore the three efforts, providing readers with a consolidated view of this topic, and a comprehensiveanalysis of the calculations that support the various approaches to estimating the deflection of a photon in the vicinity of a massive body. While it is clear that General Relativityprovides the most accurate, and the overwhelmingly accepted solution, we provide details for the Newtonian efforts for historical perspective. We focus on Soldner and Cavendish first for this historic perspective, and then delve into the complexities of the Einstein General Relativity calculation. We envision the target audience for this paper as undergraduate/early graduate students in math, physics, or astronomy, who have an interest in exploring the topic of light deflection. We also view this as a course outline for a professor that would like to offer a seminar on this topic.Keywords: Cavendish, Einstein, General Relativity, light deflection, Soldner, space-time curvature.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A History of Light Deflection with Newtonian and General Relativity Perspectives

Authors: Gerald Malczewski, David Selig
Comments: Corrected two typos/errors in equations on page 42.

This work delves into three papers that address the topic of light being deflected by gravitating bodies, or alternately, light following geodesic paths through space-time. Einstein achieved public notoriety for his successful prediction that light would be deflected when passing close to the Sun, with his theory of General Relativity providing the foundation for an accurate estimate of the angle of deflection. However, 200 years prior to this Newton also predicted that light would bedeflected by massive bodies such as our Sun. Newton did not attempt a calculation, but subsequently Johann Soldner and Henry Cavendish used Newtonian principles to study the degree ofdeflection. In this paper we explore the three efforts, providing readers with a consolidated view of this topic, and a comprehensive analysis of the calculations that support the various approachesto estimating the deflection of a photon in the vicinity of a massive body. While it is clear that General Relativity provides the most accurate, and the overwhelmingly accepted solution, we provide details for the Newtonian efforts for historical perspective. We focus on Soldner and Cavendish first for this historic perspective, and then delve into the complexities of the Einstein General Relativity calculation.We envision the target audience for this paper asundergraduate/early graduate students in math, physics, or astronomy, who have an interest in exploring the topic of light deflection. We also view this as a course outline for a professor that would like to offer a seminar on this topic.Keywords: Cavendish, Einstein, General Relativity, light deflection, Soldner, space-time curvature.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A New Approach to the Foundation of Quantum Theory and Mathematics

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 157 Pages. Revised version

...The concept of infinitesimals was proposed by Newton and Leibniz. In those days, people knew nothing about elementary particles and atoms and thought that, in principle, any substance can be divided into any number of parts. But now it is clear that as soon as we reach the level of elementary particles, further division is impossible. After all, even the very name ''elementary particle'' says that such a particle has no parts, that is, it cannot be divided into 2, 3, etc. So, there are no infinitesimals in nature, and the usual division is not universal: it makes sense only up to some limit.Would it seem obvious? And then it is clear that fundamental quantum physics must be built without infinitesimals. It would seem that everyone understands that the construction of such a physics is far from being an easy task, and attempts at such a construction should be encouraged. However, my stories, described below, show that, as a rule, the establishment not only does not encourage such attempts, but does everything to ensure that the results in this direction are not published.In addition to the infinitesimal problem, I describe other problems in which I proposed new approaches, but since they are not in the spirit of what the establishment does, I had big problems with the publication. But, of all these tasks, there is one that probably overshadows all the others. This is a dark energy problem.In all my works on this problem I explain that there are no problems with explaining the cosmological acceleration and therefore dark energy and quintessence are nonsense. It would seem that if the establishment is honest, then they should at least read [1] and directly say that I do not understand something or they. But they pretend that they do not notice my publications on this topic.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Rational Interpretation of Zeno’s Paradoxes

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 9 Pages.

Many have attempted a solution to the Zeno’s paradoxes, including Peter Lynds in his papers "Time and Classical and Quantum Mechanics: Indeterminacy vs. Discontinuity" and "Zeno’s Paradoxes: A Timely Solution". Peter Lynds’ solutions have been widely accepted by the peers. To me, Lynds and others have overlooked the moot point. Even if the uncertainties in measurement of distance and time interval were removed Zeno’s paradoxes would still stand unsolved. The actual events satisfying Zeno’s implicit conditions are totally different — Achilles does never catch the tortoise, it is never possible to complete a journey (the dichotomy problem) or the arrow can never be in motion since it is frozen in a box at any instant. This is because Zeno is, and we are, attempting something that is not permitted in nature — Zeno’ paradoxes assume the improbable — that we could change and control our ability to observe an event, spanning an interval of time, arbitrarily, from an infinitesimally small value to a infinitely large value.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Detailed Inquiry Into the Meaning of the Question ‘Is the Moon there When Nobody Looks?’ and Related Matters, of Relevance to Foundational Physics

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 7 Pages.

The usefulness of the analysis is presented. Some history of the question related to Einstein is given along with the supposed motivation for asking it. Questions are asked about the meaning of the starting question. What is meant by ‘the Moon?, and what is meant by: there? The lack of precision of the question is identified. The biology of vision is briefly discussed. What is an observer? is considered. For completeness ‘What is a question?’ And, ‘Where is a question?’ are also discussed. Further evidence of unseen and unmeasured existence is given. This paper concerns Metaphysics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Basketball Game Thought Experiment, Revised

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 7 Pages.

A shorter, revised paper focused on the basketball thought experiment, assuming familiarity with the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, to which there is frequent reference. Analysis of ‘Is the Moon there when nobody looks?’ has been left out as it can be separately read. As has other evidence of the unseen and unmeasured existing.Rules of the game are set out as is the apparatus. Where there is logical similarity to the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment it is pointed out. The game ends when the first basket is scored i. As is the implication of having an observer observe the observer. i.e. not directly observing the outcome acquired from a player.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Physics of Mathematics

Authors: Pankaj Mani
Comments: 8 Pages.

I try to expand the horizon of archaic mathematics leading to the Unified Theory of mathematics and physics. I explore the implications of my newly propounded Mathematical Structure Hypothesis (MSH), which explains naturally the Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in Physics/Natural Sciences. .It will concentrate on what governs the physics behind mathematical structures of equations itself which is considered to be just existing in Level IV multiverse of Max Tegmark. It will unify External reality with Copenhagen as a matter of Eternal Vibration. It explains the relevant topics like randomness, complexity, Gödel’s Incompleteness, Consciousness,Paradoxes among others based on MSH. That paves way to evolution of mathematics as how to fundamentally remove inconsistencies by allowing time and reference dimension to make maths dynamic in contrast to perception that mathematics exists in timeless space unlike physics even if causation is experienced. Abstract: MSH Unifies Maths & Physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Can an Experiment with Delayed-Choice Quantum Erasers and Time Crystals Show Evidence of a Multiverse?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 17 Pages.

A short and informal essay proposing a modification to the delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment by including time crystals as an additional feature. The possible results or outcomes are considered including speculations on possible applications and philosophical interpretations. A proposed experiment using two observers at three points in time and a bank of delayed-choice quantum erasers each linked to a time crystal might either show we live in a multiverse, possibly send messages back in time, or redefine or even refute the current understanding of the nature of time crystals. The hope is that this proposal can help the debate over the nature of the delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment and help further clarify the nature of time crystals and even the role of conscious observers in quantum eraser experiments.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Can Quantum Erasers with Time Crystals prove we live in a Multiverse or send Messages Back in Time

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 15 Pages.

A short and informal essay proposing a modification to the delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment by including time crystals as an additional feature. Possible results are considered including speculations on possible applications and philosophical interpretations. A proposed experiment using two observers at three points in time and a bank of delayed-choice quantum erasers each linked to a time crystal might either prove we live in a multiverse, possibly send messages back in time, or redefine or even refute the nature of time crystals. The hope is that this proposal can help the debate over the nature of the delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment and help further clarify the nature of time crystals versus time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Memory as a Bridge Between Mind and Universe Nature Copying a Constructor Algorithm of the Universe for Intelligent Minds

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: final version with added last page

A constructor algorithm is presented that, after an initial bootstrap instantiation, may describe many aspects of our Universe. Memory is a foundational aspect of this short algorithm and is considered as a bridge between the physical Universe and intelligent minds. Nature is speculated to have copied the constructor algorithm for the benefit of intelligence in complex minds. The reoccurring presence of the Fibonacci Sequence and π are shown as derivative of the constructor algorithm. Human intelligence is described as arising from changes in working memory in the mind via cyclical serotonin levels in the brain.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Memory as a Bridge Between Mind and Universe Nature Copying a Constructor Algorithm of the Universe for Intelligent Minds

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 15 Pages. Final version with updated Figure 3

A constructor algorithm is presented that, after an initial bootstrap instantiation, may describe many aspects of our Universe. Memory is a foundational aspect of this short algorithm and is considered as a bridge between the physical Universe and intelligent minds. Nature is speculated to have copied the constructor algorithm for the benefit of intelligence in complex minds. The reoccurring presence of the Fibonacci Sequence and π are shown as derivative of the constructor algorithm. Human intelligence is described as arising from changes in working memory in the mind via cyclical serotonin levels in the brain.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Memory as a Bridge Between Mind and Universe Nature Copying a Constructor Algorithm of the Universe for Intelligent Minds

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 22 Pages.

A constructor algorithm is presented that, after an initial bootstrap instantiation, may describe many aspects of our Universe. Memory is a foundational aspect of this short algorithm and is considered as a bridge between the physical Universe and intelligent minds. Nature is speculated to have copied the constructor algorithm for the benefit of intelligence in complex minds. The reoccurring presence of the Fibonacci Sequence and π are shown as derivative of the constructor algorithm. Human intelligence is described as arising from changes in working memory in the mind via cyclical serotonin levels in the brain. This speculative model proposes that we might be able to unify General Relativity with Quantum Mechanics and also Consciousness, in a single human reality, via changes in the amount of working memory.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Constructor Algorithm of Reality

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 10 Pages.

A proposal for a short constructor algorithm that, after an initial bootstrap instantiation, might describe consciousness and many aspects of human reality.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Undecidable Charge Gap and the Oil Drop Experiment

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 14 Pages. Pramana - J Phys 98, 9 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-023-02699-7

Decision problems in physics have been an active field of research for quite a few decades resulting in some interesting findings in recent years. However, such research investigations are based on a priori knowledge of theoretical computer science and the technical jargon of set theory. Here, I discuss a particular, but a significant, instance of how decision problems in physics can be realized without such specific prerequisites. I expose a hitherto unnoticed contradiction, that can be posed as a decision problem, concerning the oil drop experiment and thereby resolve it by refining the notion of ``existence'' in physics. This consequently leads to the undecidability of the charge spectral gap through the notion of ``undecidable charges" which is in tandem with the completeness condition of a theory as was stated by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen in their seminal work. Decision problems can now be realized in connection to basic physics, in general, rather than quantum physics, in particular, as per some recent claims.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Complex Dynamics and Foundational Physics: New Developments

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.

This is a brief rundown on some of my research projects that are currently in the planning stage. My goal is to further explore the conjecture that complex dynamics of nonlinear systems lies at the heart of foundational physics. The anticipated completion timeframe for these contributions is the end of 2024.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Memory as The Observer in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 5 Pages.

A short and informal essay proposing that the amount of memory, required for any given observation, be added to Special Relativity as a means to encompass The Observer in Quantum Mechanics into Relativity Theory. The amount of memory required for any given observation is considered as a key hidden variable versus Quantum Mechanical phenomena. This memory amount is proposed as the fundamental aspect of any given reference frame and, thus, separates all reference frames into “slices” or individual Universes where conscious observers move between them for any given observation.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Map of Human Temperament to the Calendar Year

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 35 Pages.

A model is proposed where, in addition to the previously established human behavioral patterns tracked to the annual sunlight-driven dopamine cycle or seasonal pattern, a second dopamine “clock” is proposed in the human brain. This clock-cycle involves a wavelength of 40.5 days (approximately 1/9th of a 365 day calendar year) starting at the winter solstice on December 21. This cycle is measured in this proposal starting with a 13 to 14 day-long concave dopamine peak with hyperactive and impulsive temperament, diminishing to a 13 to 14 day-long period of calm and focus, and ending with a 13 to 14 day-long convex phase with increased anxiety and depression, after which the cycle begins again. These two cycles are considered as the only factors needed to map an aggregate annual calendar of human temperament.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Map of Human Temperament to the Calendar Year

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 27 Pages.

A model is proposed where, in addition to the previously established human behavioral patterns tracked to the annual sunlight-driven dopamine cycle or seasonal pattern, a second dopamine “clock” is proposed in the human brain. This clock-cycle involves a wavelength of 40.5 days (approximately 1/9th of a 365 day calendar year) starting at the winter solstice on December 21. This cycle is measured in this proposal starting with a 13 to 14 day-long concave dopamine peak with hyperactive and impulsive temperament, diminishing to a 13 to 14 day-long period of calm and focus, and ending with a 13 to 14 day-long convex phase with increased anxiety and depression, after which the cycle begins again. These two cycles are considered as the only factors needed to map an aggregate annual calendar of human temperament.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Serotonin as a Creativity Pump and an Explanation for Western Civilization Success

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 28 Pages. Final version

The location of Western Civilization defined nations in Europe and the United States within the largest global pollen environments on the planet is proposed as a key factor leading to their success. Environments with dense pollen concentrations will cause large up and down changes in serum histamine directly causing reductions and increases in brain serotonin i.e., a larger "serotonin slope," linked to higher levels of creativity nations. The pollen ecosystem in northern latitude is thus considered the hidden driver of the success of these populations as the biochemical interaction between histamine and serotonin leads to a "creativity pump" that is proposed as the fundamental driver of intelligence in micro and macro human populations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

An Alternative Explanation for the Success of Western Civilization - Histamine vs Serotonin Biochemistry as a Creativity Pump.

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 11 Pages.

The location of Western Civilization defined nations in Europe and the United States within the largest global pollen environments on the planet is proposed as a key factor leading to their success. Environments with changes in pollen cause large up and down changes in serum histamine directly causing reductions and increases in brain serotonin i.e., a larger “serotonin slope,” linked to higher levels of creativity. The pollen ecosystem in northern latitude nations is thus considered the hidden driver of the success of these populations as the biochemical interaction between histamine and serotonin leads to a "creativity pump" that is the fundamental driver of intelligence in micro and macro human populations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

An Alternative Explanation for the Success of Western Civilization

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 8 Pages.

The location of Western Civilization defined nations in Europe and the United States within the largest global pollen environments on the planet is proposed as a key factor leading to their success. Environments with changes in pollen cause large up and down changes in serum histamine directly causing reductions and increases in brain serotonin i.e., a larger “serotonin slope,” linked to higher levels of creativity. The pollen ecosystem in northern latitude nations is thus considered the hidden driver of the success of these populations as the biochemical interaction between histamine and serotonin leads to a "creativity pump" that is the fundamental driver of intelligence in micro and macro human populations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

An Alternative Explanation for the Success of Western Civilization

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 5 Pages.

The location of Western Civilization defined nations in Europe and the United States within the largest global pollen environments on the planet is proposed as a key factor leading to their success. Environments with changes in pollen cause large up and down changes in serum histamine directly causing reductions and increases in brain serotonin i.e., a larger “serotonin slope,” linked to higher levels of creativity. The pollen ecosystem is thus considered the hidden driver of the success of these populations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Physics since Einstein

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 155 Pages. In version 5, in chapter XXIII, has been added the section 9.8: Contemplation about the "Free neutron decay"

Each scientist in physics has the moral responsibility to try to adapt mathematics to physics. Einstein adapted physics to his mathematics in his Special Theory of Relativity, with which the decay of physics began.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Physics Since Einstein

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 155 Pages. With version 3 a disturbing layout error has crept in.

Each scientist in physics has the moral responsibility to try to adapt mathematics to physics. Einstein adapted physics to his mathematics in his Special Theory of Relativity, with which the decay of physics began.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Physics Since Einstein

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 155 Pages. In version 3 an extra chapter has been added as XXXV

Each scientist in physics has the moral responsibility to try to adapt mathematics to physics. Einstein adapted physics to his mathematics in his Special Theory of Relativity, with which the decay of physics began.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Physics Since Einstein

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: A very annoying typing error on page 21 has been fixed in version 2

Each scientist in physics has the moral responsibility to try to adapt mathematics to physics. Einstein adapted physics to his mathematics in his Special Theory of Relativity, with which the decay of physics began.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Seasonal Behavioral Stock Buying Pattern in the United States Stock Exchange

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 16 Pages.

Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Human and animal individuals can be triggered into impulsive and even violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen levels producing dreaded seasonal allergic symptoms. But serum serotonin level, or the control of the level, is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels. Examples are presented where analysis over time of stock buying, as measured in the daily closing level of the United States stock exchange, shows a seasonal “J” shaped pattern that correlates with serotonin falls and spikes (histamine spikes and crashes) induced by the rise and fall of environmental allergens. A logical predictive strategy is thus presented where, excluding very large shocks like wars, market players could “buy low” an exchange-traded fund (ETF) i.e., indexed “stock,” every fall season (between August 25 to October 5) and then subsequently “sell high” (between October 17 and November 10) as increased serotonin in the aggregate population leads to the increase in impulsive and speculative (over-confident) stock buying before “normalizing” around late November.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Seasonal Behavioral Stock Buying Pattern in the United States Stock Exchange

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 15 Pages.

Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Human and animal individuals can be triggered into impulsive and even violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen levels producing dreaded seasonal allergic symptoms. But serum serotonin level, or the control of the level, is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels. Examples are presented where analysis over time of stock buying, as measured in the daily closing level of the United States stock exchange, shows a seasonal “J” shaped pattern that correlates with serotonin falls and spikes (histamine spikes and crashes) induced by the rise and fall of environmental allergens. A logical predictive strategy is thus presented where, excluding very large shocks like wars, market players could “buy low” an exchange-traded fund (ETF) i.e., indexed “stock,” every fall season (between August 25 to September 5) and then subsequently “sell high” (between October 17 and October 31) as increased serotonin in the aggregate population leads to the increase in impulsive and speculative (over-confident) stock buying before “normalizing” around November.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On Music, Universes, and Minds

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short thought experiment essay noting the similarities between the nature of a musical song with its listening observer and the physical Universe as conscious human minds understand and experience it.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

United States Mass Shootings Triggered by Serotonin Spikes from Seasonal Pollen Level Drops

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 39 Pages.

Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Mentally ill or unstable individuals can be triggered into impulsive and violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen levels, but serum serotonin level is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels with human males having 52% more serotonin than females. Data appears to show an association between the dates of violent acts from mentally ill individuals and the dates of dramatic decreases in pollen levels thus indicating a possible precursor or triggering relationship. This knowledge could be used as a potential predictor for law enforcement and medical agencies for a given city. Mental health professionals would be advised to lower serotonin boosting meds and antihistamines and even supplement sedative medications to male patients in the timeframes of mid-March to the end of June, for spring tree pollen - especially juniper, and from mid-September to the end of November, for fall pollen - primarily ragweed.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

United States Mass Shootings Triggered by Serotonin Spikes from Annual Seasonal Pollen Level Drops

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 13 Pages.

Humans like all life are sensitive to their environment. Mentally ill or mentally unstable individuals can be triggered into impulsive and violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen levels producing the obvious and dreaded seasonal allergic reaction symptoms. But serum serotonin level, or the control of the level, is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels and male humans have 52% more serotonin than females. Data appears to show a clear association between the date of violent acts from mentally ill individuals and dramatic decreases in environmental pollen allergen levels (especially when the allergen or pollen level decreases to zero overnight) indicating a possible precursor or triggering relationship. This knowledge could be used as a potential predictor for law enforcement and medical agencies for a given city. Mental health professionals would be advised to lower serotonin boosting meds and even supplement sedative medications to male patients in the timeframes of mid-February and March for spring tree pollen and from October to early-November for fall ragweed pollen.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

United States Mass Shootings Triggered by Serotonin Spikes from Annual Seasonal Pollen Level Drops

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 11 Pages.

Humans like all life are sensitive to their environment. Mentally ill or mentally unstable individuals can be triggered into impulsive and violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen levels producing the obvious and dreaded seasonal allergic reaction symptoms. But serum serotonin level, or the control of the level, is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels and male humans have 52% more serotonin than females. Data appears to show a clear association between the date of violent acts from mentally ill individuals and dramatic decreases in environmental pollen allergen levels (especially when the allergen or pollen level decreases to zero overnight) indicating a possible precursor or triggering relationship. This knowledge could be used as a potential predictor for law enforcement and medical agencies for a given city. Mental health professionals would be advised to lower serotonin boosting meds and even supplement sedative medications to male patients in the timeframes of mid-February and March for spring tree pollen and from October to early-November for fall ragweed pollen.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Quantum of Spacetime: Zenon Connection

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 9 Pages. Dedicated to 163rd birthday of Max Planck, 23 April 1858.

The task of explaining the origin of Time and Continuum is strictly mathematical, but is still unsolved (Sec. 5). It is addressed with the so-called Zenon Connection, with emphasis on (i) the infinitesimal displacement of physical objects in 4D spacetime, (ii) Planck’s quantum of action, and (iii) the quantum of Time (chronon) interpreted as the atom of geometry.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Explaining Results of Stern Gerlach Apparatus Experiments with Gyroscopic Motion

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 15 Pages.

Gyroscopic motion is used to explain why it is that there is maintenance of same or opposite axis of rotation orientation, by electron particles produced as a pair. Important for answering two important questions. Why can pairs of particles separated by large distances act as if they are coordinating their responses to tests? The proposed answer making faster than light communication between particles unnecessary. It also explains the strange semi permanence of propensity to give particular state outcomes for a repeated same test, that is lost when there is an intermediate different test. Two famous examples of supposed quantum strangeness.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Quantum Mechanics Is about RED CORAL

Authors: Alan Francis McCulloch
Comments: 17 Pages.

Probability amplitude waves described by quantum mechanics are globally coherent relativistically space-like space-time structures, having no internal causal links. In this sense these non-classical structures are anticipated by the classical ontology of special relativity, which also delineates (in a completely different way) space-like non-causal intervals in space-time. I discuss and distinguish two broad classes of globally coherent relativistically space-like space-time structure, and suggest a parsimonious extension of the core ontology of physics to include both (rather than only one as at present), as a way of resolving some puzzles in the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and motivating its formalism. This ontological extension yields well known formal features usually postulated ad-hoc, such as separability of the wave function, and explains the puzzling absolute nature of time in quantum mechanics. The curious fact that the ontologies of both special relativity and quantum mechanics delineate (in strikingly different ways) strictly non-causal intervals in space-time suggests the existence of an explanatory “last common ancestor” ontology, at a higher level of abstraction than the ontologies of either. I briefly sketch such an ontology, consisting of world self-mappings, in terms of which there are two distinct concepts of time, intrinsic and extrinsic, which together play an abstract identity role in the world, and which suggests part of the meaning of both special relativity and quantum mechanics, and of the non-causal coherence of non-classical space-time structures, concerns extrinsic abstract structure, in particular extrinsic time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Quantum Mechanics is about RED CORAL

Authors: Alan Francis McCulloch
Comments: 18 Pages.

Probability amplitude waves described by quantum mechanics are globally coherent relativistically space-like space-time structures, having no internal causal links. In this sense these non-classical structures are anticipated by the classical ontology of special relativity, which also delineates (in a completely different way) space-like non-causal intervals in space-time. I discuss and distinguish two broad classes of globally coherent relativistically space-like space-time structure, and suggest a parsimonious extension of the core ontology of physics to include both of them (rather than only one as at present), as a way of resolving some puzzles in the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and motivating its formalism. I show how this ontological extension immediately yields well known formal features usually postulated ad-hoc, such as separability of the wave function, and explains the puzzling absolute nature of time in quantum mechanics. The curious fact that the ontologies of both special relativity and quantum mechanics delineate (in strikingly different ways) strictly non-causal intervals in space-time suggests the existence of an explanatory “last common ancestor” ontology, at a higher level of abstraction than the ontologies of either. I briefly sketch such an ontology, consisting of world self-mappings, in terms of which there are two distinct concepts of time, intrinsic and extrinsic, which together play an abstract identity role in the world, and which suggest part of the meaning of quantum mechanics, and of the non-causal coherence of it’s non-classical waves, concerns extrinsic structure, in particular extrinsic time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Beginning of a New Model of Physics

Authors: Ratikanta Das
Comments: 64 pages

The sole aim of this book is to convince our readers about the validity of a new four-dimensional (4D) model of physics justifying the existence of fourth space dimension. Due to the presence of an extra space dimension, this 4D space model is totally different from the standard model of particle physics. Standard model accepts the hypothesis of expanding universe with big bang origin disregarding the problem of singularity at the origin. However our new model accepts an alternate singularity-free cosmology and everyone will be surprised to know that theories and equations obtained from this new cosmology are able to give simple explanations of many puzzles of physics such as: internal structure of fundamental particle, origin of mass, origin of charge, origin of spin, origin of strong force, wave- particle duality of matter and radiation and many others. Five Important Features of the New Model: 1. Our 3D universe is the intersection of two 4D universes, filled with two kinds of 4D particles. Every phenomenon, that we observe, is the projection of a 4D phenomenon on a 3D base (our 3D universe). 2. Photon-energy is utilized to create fundamental particles from these 4D particles in a 4D reversible process, roughly similar to the 3D spiral process of pot making on a rotating pad. 3. Repulsive Coulomb force becomes attractive strong force as point of contact of interacting particles passes over the point of inflexion, where concavity or convexity changes sign. 4. Schrödinger equation and de Broglie hypothesis can be derived from 4D wave pulse of fundamental particle 5. Nearly twenty fundamentals of modern physics, which can be (or cannot be) explained by quantum concepts of standard model, are explained by 4D classical picture of our new model. (Physics community is requested to verify the truth behind this feat of the new model before accepting it.)
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Feigenbaum Cascade of Generalised Darwinian Processes in Evolution

Authors: Nicholas Hoggard
Comments: 34 Pages.

The concept of cosmic evolution expands the concept of evolution from purely biological evolution to include, on the one hand, physical evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to stars and planet Earth and complex prebiotic molecules, and on the other hand the cultural evolution and technological development of humans to the present day. The author proposes that the tools of chaos theory, which are routinely used in the study of population dynamics, be applied to cosmic evolution. Population dynamics as a subject is very close to evolutionary theory. Concentrating on how the process of transmitting information to future generations changes, as biological evolution gives way to cultural development and technological advancement, there are indications that the advance of evolution follows a pattern of period-doubling bifurcations universally found in population dynamics and generally known as the “period-doubling route to chaos”.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Intention not Theory: the Vertigo of Love

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 76 Pages.

A Theory of Everything (TOE) must be based on a principle so simple and powerful that it can explain not only all physics, but provide an answer to all philosophical questions and above all explain consciousness and the self. A principle is in fact all the more powerful the simpler it is, since everything that exists, from the simplest to the most complex, must derive from the nesting and stratification of the same principle. Around the nature of this principle, the candidate par excellence should be Hegel's dialectic. However, although Hegel's dialectic has proved useful in investigating the evolution of human thought and history, it is of little use in all other scientific areas such as in the investigation of natural laws. The principle sought must therefore be even more primitive: it must be the foundation of the whole, even of Hegel's dialectic. The purpose of this article is to present this principle and show how it is the foundation of the whole and how everything literally flows from it. In the Intention Physics, physics is completed, that is, it attains the highest and thereby its conclusion.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Intention not Theory: the Vertigo of Love

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 76 Pages.

A Theory of Everything (TOE) must be based on a principle so simple and powerful that it can explain not only all physics, but provide an answer to all philosophical questions and above all explain consciousness and the self. A principle is in fact all the more powerful the simpler it is, since everything that exists, from the simplest to the most complex, must derive from the nesting and stratification of the same principle.
Around the nature of this principle, the candidate par excellence should be Hegel's dialectic. However, although Hegel's dialectic has proved useful in investigating the evolution of human thought and history, it is of little use in all other scientific areas such as in the investigation of natural laws.
The principle sought must therefore be even more primitive: it must be the foundation of the whole, even of Hegel's dialectic.
The purpose of this article is to present this principle and show how it is the foundation of the whole and how everything literally flows from it.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Intention not Theory: the Vertigo of Love

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 60 Pages.

A Theory of Everything (TOE) must be based on a principle so simple and powerful that it can explain not only all physics, but provide an answer to all philosophical questions and above all explain consciousness and the self. A principle is in fact all the more powerful the simpler it is, since everything that exists, from the simplest to the most complex, must derive from the nesting and stratification of the same principle.
Around the nature of this principle, the candidate par excellence should be Hegel's dialectic. However, although Hegel's dialectic has proved useful in investigating the evolution of human thought and history, it is of little use in all other scientific areas such as in the investigation of natural laws.
The principle sought must therefore be even more primitive: it must be the foundation of the whole, even of Hegel's dialectic.
The purpose of this article is to present this principle and show how it is the foundation of the whole and how everything literally flows from it.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Intention not Theory: the Vertigo of Love

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 44 Pages.

A Theory of Everything (TOE) must be based on a principle so simple and powerful that it can explain not only all physics, but provide an answer to all philosophical questions and above all explain consciousness and the self. A principle is in fact all the more powerful the simpler it is, since everything that exists, from the simplest to the most complex, must derive from the nesting and stratification of the same principle.
Around the nature of this principle, the candidate par excellence should be Hegel's dialectic. However, although Hegel's dialectic has proved useful in investigating the evolution of human thought and history, it is of little use in all other scientific areas such as in the investigation of natural laws.
The principle sought must therefore be even more primitive: it must be the foundation of the whole, even of Hegel's dialectic.
The purpose of this article is to show how this principle is the foundation of the whole and how everything, literally, springs from it.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Time-Space, Probability and Physics

Authors: Gunn Quznetsov
Comments: 199 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to confirm with the requirements on the Replacement Form]

In this book the Gentzen variant of the propositional logic is used to substantiate the space-time relations, including the Lorentz transformations, irreversible unidirectional time and metric space. The logical foundations of probability theory, including Jacob Bernulli’s Big Numbers Law and the statistical definition of probability, are also derived from this logic. All concepts and statements of the Standard Model (except for the Higgs) are obtained as concepts and theorems of probability theory. The masses, spins, moments, energies of fermions are the parameters of the distribution of such a probability. The masses of the W and Z bosons are the results of the interaction of the probability flows into space-time. Quark-gluon relations, including the phenomena of confinement and asymptotic freedom, are also a consequence of the properties of this probability. The phenomenon of gravity with dark matter and dark energy is a continuation of these quark-gyonic relations. For understanding of the maintenance of this book elementary knowledge in the field of linear algebra and the mathematical analysis is sufficient.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Time-Space, Probability and Physics

Authors: Gunn Quznetsov
Comments: 199 Pages.

In this book the Gentzen variant of the propositional logic is used to substantiate the space-time relations, including the Lorentz transformations, irreversible unidirectional time and metric space. The logical foundations of probability theory, including Jacob Bernulli's Big Numbers Law and the statistical definition of probability, are also derived from this logic. All concepts and statements of the Standard Model (except for the Higgs) are obtained as concepts and theorems of probability theory. The masses, spins, moments, energies of fermions are the parameters of the distribution of such a probability. The masses of the W and Z bosons are the results of the interaction of the probability flows into space-time. Quark-gluon relations, including the phenomena of confinement and asymptotic freedom, are also a consequence of the properties of this probability. The phenomenon of gravity with dark matter and dark energy is a continuation of these quark-gyonic relations. For understanding of the maintenance of this book elementary knowledge in the field of linear algebra and the mathematical analysis is sufficient.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics