Chemistry

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Recent submissions

Any replacements are listed farther down

[463] viXra:2310.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-26 02:51:04

[Experiments Testing the Theory of] Molecule Aging

Authors: Ping Song, Yining Dong, Xue Gong, Mingbo Ruan, Xuanhao Mei, Weilin Xu
Comments: 11 Pages.

We propose one new concept of "aging of molecules" with no apparent structural changes, which is different from the traditional one with the breaking of chemical bond. Now, IR spectra for the traditional water molecules were changed after long-term electron impact and different potential treatment. Moreover, the performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using water solution after treatment was decreased obviously. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations indicated the lower activity for HER is origin from comes from the shortened O-H bond length. We hope the construction of new instrument platform with ultrahigh sensitivity and resolution and new theoretical model describing new aging molecules can induce positive effect in energy and life area.
Category: Chemistry

[462] viXra:2309.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-03 07:55:43

Proposal of a Microbial Route for the Synthesis of the Rare Tsumeb Mineral Sohngeite, Ga(OH)3

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 4 Pages.

Microbes seem to play an important role in the formation of rare minerals as recently indicated by the synthesis of dioptase. We propose the synthesisof rare Tsumeb minerals such as sohngeite or stottite via microbe activities.
Category: Chemistry

[461] viXra:2307.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-06 18:34:15

The Bouguer-Lambert-Beer Absorption Law: Spectrophotometry in Electrolyte Solutions

Authors: Yu. E. Zevatskiy, S. S. Lysova, T. A. Skripnikova, S. V. Voronab, L. V. Myznikov
Comments: 19 Pages. : Bouguer—Lambert—Beer Absorption Law, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, strong and weak electrolytes, molar absorption coefficient.

The Bouguer—Lambert—Beer absorption law is one of the key laws in spectrophotometric research. Over the last few decades, the researchers have pointed out a number of factors that influence the validity of this law. The paper shows that for the weak electrolytes with the formal linear dependence of the absorbance on the concentration А = f(C) with the correlation coefficient r ≈ 0.99 and more, a major deviation of the experimentally determined molar absorption coefficient εobs from the Bouguer—Lambert—Beer Absorption Law can be observed, and it depends on the concentration of the electrolyte solution.The article presents experimental and calculated data illustrating the reasons that lead to the instability of the molar absorption coefficient εobs ≠ const in the solutions with the concentration of less than 10—3 mol/l. It is suggested that, for precise spectrophotometric measurements, the εobs = f(C) dependance, rather than А = f(C), is the most informative one. First time a theoretical model is offered, that reliably describes the εobs = f(C) dependences for the electrolytes of various strengths, which can be instrumental for the further, more detailed studies and analyses of equilibrium in electrolyte solutions, using the innovative method of concentration spectrophotometry.
Category: Chemistry

[460] viXra:2307.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-02 22:34:07

The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Principle of Particle Identity

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

Using only classical interactions between electrons and atomic nuclei, it is impossible to correctly describe a chemical bond. But, applying the principle of particle identity, quantum mechanics can formally explain the energy of a chemical bond by the delocalization of electrons (exchange energy). The bond electrons are delocalized, equivalent and indistinguishable, and as a consequence, according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, fundamentally have no position. That is, when a chemical bond is formed, there are no individual electrons and cannot be, which is due to the quantum nature of the bond.
Category: Chemistry

[459] viXra:2307.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-02 22:34:32

The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Principle of Particle Identity (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using only classical interactions between electrons and atomic nuclei, it is impossible to correctly describe a chemical bond. But, applying the principle of particle identity, quantum mechanics can formally explain the energy of a chemical bond by the delocalization of electrons (exchange energy). The bond electrons are delocalized, equivalent and indistinguishable, and as a consequence, according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, fundamentally have no position. That is, when a chemical bond is formed, there are no individual electrons and cannot be, which is due to the quantum nature of the bond.Используя только классические взаимодействия между электронами и ядрами атомов, корректно описать химическую связь невозможно. Но, применяя принцип тождественности частиц, квантовая механика формально может объяснить энергию химической связи, делокализацией электронов (обменная энергия). Электроны связи делокализованны, эквивалентны и неразличимы, и как следствие, согласно принципу неопределенности Гейзенберга, принципиально не имеют никакого положения. То есть, при образовании химической связи, индивидуальных электронов нет и быть не может, что обусловлено квантовой природой связи.
Category: Chemistry

[458] viXra:2306.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-15 22:20:32

Choosing the Wavelength for Spectrophotometric Determination of Thermodynamic Dissociation Constants

Authors: T. A. Skripnikova, S. S. Lysova, Yu. E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 20 Pages.

Thermodynamic dissociation constant is of crucial importance for a wide range of utilitarian and research purposes, being a key physical and chemical parameter of a compound. Analytical wavelength is one of the parameters determined through the spectrophotometric determination of dissociation constants. The article offers an outline of the published approaches to the determination of the wavelength using the traditional method of spectrophotometric titration and introduces the new method of concentration spectrophotometry that measures this parameter with utmost accuracy.
Category: Chemistry

[457] viXra:2304.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 18:21:32

Pesticide Residues in Children’s Diets A Comprehensive Review of Health Risks, Agroecology, and Policy Implications

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 11 Pages.

The presence of pesticide residues in children's diets is a significant public health concern. This comprehensive review examines the prevalence of pesticide residues in children's diets, the potential health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals, and the role of agroecology in promoting healthier food options. I've conducted a literature review, comparative analysis, policy analysis, and case studies to gain a deeper understanding of this issue and identify potential policy changes and interventions needed to address it. My findings indicate that promoting agroecology and organic food production can reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides and provide healthier food options for children. Furthermore, implementing and expanding farm-to-school programs and prioritizing organic food in school feeding programs can help reduce children's exposure to pesticide residues. By raising public awareness and investing in research on the health impacts of pesticide residues, we can work towards creating a safer and healthier food system for future generations.
Category: Chemistry

[456] viXra:2303.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-18 14:51:29

Do the Elements Sign their Name in the Spectral Lines?

Authors: Tzimon Barto
Comments: 9 Pages.

My study concerns the elusive patterns of the chemical elements' spectral lines as they appear in the region of that spectrum visible to the naked eye.A musical chromatic scale is superimposed over the standard system measuring the frequencies of each element's spectra.The interval between the base of the measurement - "0" - and that area on the chromatic scale where the intensity of an element's spectra is at its weakest and at its strongest provide the clues necessary for determining a pattern ultimately found in 90 out of the 98 naturally occurring elements. My short paper on the subject reveals exactly how this conclusion is reached. The data I used are tables provided by the NIST Atomic Spectra Database and NIST Standard Reerence Database.
Category: Chemistry

[455] viXra:2303.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-03 15:30:38

Determination of the Ion Mobility in IPA by the Statistical Method of Finding Values of the Components of Binary Sums

Authors: Yu. E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 8 Pages.

The values of limiting mobilities of 29 organic and inorganic ions in isopropyl alcohol were determined by the method of the nonlinear regression. The experimentally determined values of the molar specific limiting conductivity of salts, acids and bases obtained by the conductometric and potentiometric measurements in isopropyl alcohol.
Category: Chemistry

[454] viXra:2303.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-03 15:54:45

Application of a Conductometric Method to Research the Protolytic Equilibria in Isopropyl Alcohol. Sodium Hydroxide is Used as a Titrant

Authors: A. V. Selitrenikov, Yu. E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 20 Pages.

The existing method to determine the dissociation constants of weak electrolytes using the direct conductometry and titration in aqueous solutions was successfully applied to the study in isopropyl alcohol medium. The sodium hydroxide was firstly applied as a titrant for the conductometric titration. Obtained values of dissociation constants of such electrolytes as: Н2СО3, HСlO4, NaOH, NaClO4, NaHCO3 in isopropyl alcohol allow to use them in potentiometric and spectrophotometric studies and ionic equilibria modeling in the presence of carbonic acid.
Category: Chemistry

[453] viXra:2302.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-25 22:48:59

Quality Evaluation of Art Materials

Authors: Nikolay Dementev
Comments: 19 Pages.

Successful usage of electrical conductance measurements in finding optimal pigment concentration for water-based ink is presented. Other possible applications of the approach are discussed.
Category: Chemistry

[452] viXra:2212.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-22 03:27:46

Artificial Intelligence, Physical Substantiation of the Chemical Bond and Synthesis of New Substances (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

Given the physical justification of the chemical bond as a standing de Broglie wave of valence electrons, it is quite possible to have an accurate theoretical description of the chemical bond (molecules), which will lead to the rejection of the real synthesis of substances. The synthesis of all theoretically possible new substances is practically impossible due to the insufficiency of matter. Therefore, in the future, synthesis will inevitably move to virtual reality, where it will be produced by AI. But, this requires a strict description of the chemical bond.Учитывая физическое обоснование химической связи как стоячей волны де Бройля валентных электронов, вполне возможно точное теоретическое описание химической связи (молекул), которое приведет к отказу от реального синтеза веществ. Синтез всех теоретически возможных новых веществ, практически невозможен ввиду недостаточности материи. Поэтому, в будущем, синтез неизбежно переместится в виртуальную реальность, где его будет производить ИИ. Но, для этого нужно строгое описание химической связи.
Category: Chemistry

[451] viXra:2212.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-17 02:10:54

Artificial Intelligence, Physical Substantiation of the Chemical Bond and Synthesis of New Substances.

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

Given the physical justification of the chemical bond as a standing de Broglie wave of valence electrons, it is quite possible to have an accurate theoretical description of the chemical bond (molecules), which will lead to the rejection of the real synthesis of substances. The synthesis of all theoretically possible new substances is practically impossible due to the insufficiency of matter. Therefore, in the future, synthesis will inevitably move to virtual reality, where it will be produced by AI. But, this requires a strict description of the chemical bond.
Category: Chemistry

[450] viXra:2212.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-10 17:15:44

Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry, the Seventh Edition and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 18 Pages.

We study the Oxford Dictionary Of Chemistry, the seventh edition. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$beta H=0$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with $beta H=0$, in the absence of external magnetic field, H.$beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Chemistry

[449] viXra:2212.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-08 02:27:33

Chemical Bond, De Broglie Waves and Bond Multiplicity (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 20 Pages.

It is shown that the chemical bond is a purely quantum effect: when bonds are formed, the nuclei of atoms are inside the de Broglie waves of valence electrons. Moreover, the distance between chemically bound nuclei is always and for all types of bonding less than the de Broglie waves of valence electrons. Therefore, a chemical bond is a quantum mechanical effect. The physical substantiation of the multiplicity of the bond, which is the linear energy density of the chemical bond, is also given.
Показано, что химическая связь это чисто квантовый эффект: при образовании связи ядра атомов находятся внутри волн де Бройля валентных электронов. Более того, расстояние между химически связанными ядрами всегда и при всех типах связи меньше, чем волны де Бройля валентных электронов. Следовательно, химическая связь представляет собой квантово-механический эффект. Приведено также физическое обоснование кратности связи, которая представляет собой линейную плотность энергии химической связи.
Category: Chemistry

[448] viXra:2211.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2022-11-27 04:56:17

Chemical Bond, De Broglie Waves and Bond Multiplicity

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 19 Pages.

It is shown that the chemical bond is a purely quantum effect: when bonds are formed, the nuclei of atoms are inside the de Broglie waves of valence electrons. Moreover, the distance between chemically bound nuclei is always and for all types of bonding less than the de Broglie waves of valence electrons. Therefore, a chemical bond is a quantum mechanical effect. The physical substantiation of the multiplicity of the bond, which is the linear energy density of the chemical bond, is also given.
Category: Chemistry

[447] viXra:2211.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2022-11-15 04:13:48

Molecule Aging

Authors: Ping Song, Weilin Xu
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a new concept of "molecule aging", in which the molecules are treated by some special methods to produce some different properties but with no apparent structural changes of molecules. Such "aging" is different from the traditional concept of "aging" in which the breaking of chemical bond is involved. We hope the construction of new instrument platform with ultrahigh sensitivity and resolution and new theoretical model describing new aging molecules can induce positive effect in all kinds of fields, such as energy and life process.
Category: Chemistry

[446] viXra:2210.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-30 01:23:15

Bohr Model of the Atom, Mass Defect and Chemical Bond (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repeated submission and cancellation of the same article)

Analyzing the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, it was found that the energy of the ionization potential is exactly equal to the electron mass defect (relativistic). Considering that energy is always released during the formation of a chemical bond, which means that there is a mass defect, it was possible to obtain a physical justification for the chemical bond. The calculated "distances" between electrons confirm that chemical bond electrons can no longer be considered weakly interacting particles. Therefore, the Pauli principle does not apply to the chemical bond.

Анализируя боровскую модель атома водорода, обнаружено, что энергия потенциала ионизации точно равна дефекту массы электрона (релятивистской). Учитывая, что при образовании химической связи всегда выделяется энергия, а значит, существует дефект массы, удалось получить физическое обоснование химической связи. Вычисленные "расстояния" между электронами, подтверждают, что электроны химической связи уже нельзя считать слабо взаимодействующими частицами. Следовательно, принцип Паули к химической связи неприменим.
Category: Chemistry

[445] viXra:2210.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-26 00:36:32

Bohr Model of the Atom, Mass Defect and Chemical Bond

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych.
Comments: 11 Pages.

Analyzing the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, it was found that the energy of the ionization potential is exactly equal to the electron mass defect (relativistic). Considering that energy is always released during the formation of a chemical bond, which means that there is a mass defect, it was possible to obtain a physical justification for the chemical bond. The calculated "distances" between electrons confirm that chemical bond electrons can no longer be considered weakly interacting particles. Therefore, the Pauli principle does not apply to the chemical bond.
Category: Chemistry

[444] viXra:2208.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2022-08-10 00:33:39

Structural Isomers of Benzene and Borazine

Authors: Justin Ren
Comments: 4 Pages.

The structure and free energy differences of the isomers of benzene element, namely, benzene element, dewar benzene and alkane were studied. At the same time, the structural and free energy differences of inorganic benzene, (borazine analogue of dewar benzene) and (borazine analogue of dewar alkane) were further studied.
Category: Chemistry

[443] viXra:2207.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-20 01:46:14

Review on Benzene Based on a Three-Electron Bond (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 145 Pages.

Using the concept of three-electron bond we can represent the actual electron structure of benzene and other molecules, explain specificity of the aromatic bond and calculate the delocalization energy. Gives theoretical justification and experimental confirmation of existence of the three-electron bond. It was shown, that functional relation y = a + b/x + c/x² fully describes dependence of energy and multiplicity of chemical bond from bond distance.

Используя концепцию трёхэлектронной связи можно изобразить реальную электронную структуру бензола и других молекул, объяснить специфику ароматической связи и рассчитать энергию делокализации. Приведено теоретическое обоснование и экспериментальное подтверждение существования трёхэлектронной связи. Показано, что функция y = a + b/x + c/x² полностью описывает зависимость энергии и кратности химической связи от длины связи.
Category: Chemistry

[442] viXra:2207.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-04 23:55:39

A Short Analysis of Chemical Bonds (in Ukrainian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 16 Pages.

Nothing forbids giving a definition of the bond multiplicity: the bond multiplicity is the bond energy expressed in dimensionless units. It is easy to show that the ratio multiplicity = f(L) and E = f(L), where multiplicity is the multiplicity of the bond, L is the bond length in Å, E is the bond energy in kJ/mol, will be described as a function of y = a + b/x + c/x² for any type of bond (C-N, C-O, C-S, N-N, N-O, O-O, C-P). Ніщо не забороняє дати визначення кратності зв'язку: кратність зв'язку - це енергія зв'язку, виражена в безрозмірних одиницях. Легко показати, що співвідношення кратність = f(L) і Е = f(L), де кратність - це кратність зв’язку, L - довжина зв’язку в Å, Е - енергія зв’язку в кДж/моль, буде описуватися як функція y = a + b/x + c/x² для будь-яких типів зв’язку (C-N, C-O, C-S, N-N, N-O, O-O, C-P).
Category: Chemistry

[441] viXra:2207.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-04 23:56:19

Experimental Confirmation of the Existence of the Three-Electron Bond and Theoretical Basis of Its Existence (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 9 Pages.

An analysis of images obtained by high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) in pentacene and other aromatic systems shows that, according to predictions, the aromatic three-electron bond deviates to the center of aromatic nuclei, which clearly confirms the existence of a three-electron bond in benzene, pentacene and other aromatics systems. This also confirms the presence of this bond in carboxylate anions and other similar ions and molecules. Анализ изображений, полученных методом атомно-силовой микроскопии (АСМ) высокого разрешения в пентацене и других ароматических системах, показывает, что согласно предсказаниям, ароматическая трёхэлектронная связь отклоняется к центру ароматических ядер, что наглядно подтверждает факт существования трёхэлектронной связи в бензоле, пентацене и других ароматических системах. Это также подтверждает наличие этой связи у карбоксилат-анионов и других подобных ионов и молекул.
Category: Chemistry

[440] viXra:2207.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-04 23:56:52

Supplement to the Theoretical Justification of Existence of the Three-Electron Bond (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 7 Pages.

The impossibility of the existence of large aromatic monocycles was proved based on the interaction of three-electron bonds through the cycle at distances between bonds (through the cycle) greater than 3.5 Å due to the absence of energy interaction (the length of chemical bonds is in the range of distances 0.74 Å - 3.5 Å). A chemical bond (two-electron and three-electron) is considered on the basis of the assumption that the electrons in a chemical bond can be considered to be in an entangled quantum state, that is, the chemical bond is considered as a new "indivisible" particle. An algorithm for calculating a two-electron chemical bond at the "tip of a pen" is provided. An attempt is made to explain the mechanism of particle interaction in an entangled quantum state based on a new model of an interfering Universe.

Доказана невозможность существования больших ароматических моноциклов на основании взаимодействия трёхэлектронных связей через цикл при расстояниях между связями (через цикл) большими чем 3.5 Å ввиду отсутствия энергетического взаимодействия (длина химических связей находится в диапазоне расстояний 0.74 Å — 3.5 Å). Химическая связь (двухэлектронная и трёхэлектронная) рассматривается на основании допущения, что электроны в химической связи можно считать находящимися в запутанном квантовом состоянии, то есть химическая связь рассматривается как новая «неделимая» частица. Предоставлен алгоритм расчета двухэлектронной химической связи на «кончике пера». Сделана попытка объяснения механизма взаимодействия частиц в запутанном квантовом состоянии на основании новой модели интерферирующей Вселенной.
Category: Chemistry

[439] viXra:2207.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-04 23:57:26

Quantum-Mechanical Aspects of the L. Pauling's Resonance Theory (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 4 Pages.

The resonance theory of L. Pauling is analyzed using the principle of quantum superposition, that is, the principle of superposition of the wave function, which is the main positive principle of quantum mechanics. The principle of quantum superposition is essentially the main property of the wave function. Using the example of a benzene molecule, it is shown that the principle of quantum superposition, and hence quantum mechanics as a whole, is in an insurmountable contradiction with the theory of resonance.

Резонансная теория Л. Полинга проанализирована с использованием принципа квантовой суперпозиции, то есть, принципа суперпозиции волновой функции, являющегося основным положительным принципом квантовой механики. Принцип квантовой суперпозиции по существу является основным свойством волновой функции. На примере молекулы бензола показано, что принцип квантовой суперпозиции, а значит, и квантовая механика в целом находятся в непреодолимом противоречии с теорией резонанса.
Category: Chemistry

[438] viXra:2207.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-04 23:57:55

Quantum-Mechanical Analysis of the MO Method and VB Method from the Position of PQS (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 10 Pages.

The MO method and the VS method are analyzed using the principle of quantum superposition and the method of describing a quantum system consisting of several parts. It is shown that the main assumption of the molecular orbital method (namely, that a molecular orbital can be represented by a linear combination of overlapping atomic orbitals) comes into insurmountable contradiction with the principle of quantum superposition. It is also shown that the description of a quantum system consisting of several parts (accepted in quantum mechanics) actually prohibits assigning corresponding canonical structures to the terms of the equation in the VS method.

Метод МО и метод ВС анализируются с помощью принципа квантовой суперпозиции и метода описания квантовой системы состоящей из нескольких частей. Показано, что основное допущение метода молекулярных орбиталей (а именно то, что молекулярную орбиталь можно представить линейной комбинацией перекрывающихся атомных орбиталей) вступает в непреодолимое противоречие с принципом квантовой суперпозиции. Также показано, что описание квантовой системы состоящей из нескольких частей (принимаемое в квантовой механике) фактически запрещает приписывать в методе ВС членам уравнения соответствующие канонические структуры.
Category: Chemistry

[437] viXra:2207.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-04 23:58:23

Hybridization Theory of L. Pauling, Chemical Bond and Quantum Mechanics (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 10 Pages.

The theory of hybridization of atomic orbitals by L. Pauling is analyzed using the principle of quantum superposition. It is shown that the principle of quantum superposition, and hence quantum mechanics as a whole, is in an insurmountable contradiction with the theory of hybridization of atomic orbitals. Since the concept of σ- and π-bonds automatically follows from the theory of hybridization, the classical chemical description of single, double and triple bonds (based on σ- and π-bonds) is also in an insurmountable contradiction with the principle of quantum superposition.

Теория гибридизации атомных орбиталей Л. Полинга проанализирована с использованием принципа квантовой суперпозиции. Показано, что принцип квантовой суперпозиции, и следовательно квантовая механика в целом, находятся в непреодолимом противоречии с теорией гибридизации атомных орбиталей. Так как понятие о σ- и π-связях автоматически следует из теории гибридизации, то и классическое химическое описание одинарных, двойных и тройных связей (на основании σ- и π-связей) также находится в непреодолимом противоречии с принципом квантовой суперпозиции.
Category: Chemistry

[436] viXra:2207.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-04 23:58:50

Chemical Bond as the Main Problem of Modern Chemistry and Physics (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 34 Pages.

The formation of a chemical bond is considered from a general theoretical point of view as the interaction of various fermions. It is shown that using modern classical concepts of chemical bonding it is impossible to obtain (strictly theoretically) a physical justification for the cause of the formation of a chemical bond. The inapplicability of the Pauli principle to the chemical bond is shown, and a new theoretical model of the chemical bond based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is proposed.

Образование химической связи рассматривается с общетеоретической точки зрения как взаимодействие различных фермионов. Показано, что используя современные классические представления о химической связи невозможно получить (строго теоретически) физическое обоснование причины образования химической связи. Показана неприменимость принципа Паули к химической связи и предложена новая теоретическая модель химической связи, основанная на принципе неопределенности Гейзенберга.
Category: Chemistry

[435] viXra:2207.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-04 22:13:17

The Structure of the Benzene Molecule Based on the Three-Electronic Bond

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 27 Pages.

Using the three-electron bond, one can depict the real electronic structure of benzene, explain the specificity of the aromatic bond, and calculate the delocalization energy. It is shown that the functional dependence y = a + b/x + c/x² describes well the dependence of the energy and multiplicity of a chemical bond on the bond length. This article deals with carbon-carbon bonds. Using these dependencies, it is possible to calculate the energy of a chemical bond with different bond lengths or different multiplicity of chemical bonds, which makes it possible to calculate the delocalization energy of a benzene molecule.

Використовуючи трьохелектронний зв’язок, можна зобразити реальну електронну структуру бензолу, пояснити специфічність ароматичного зв’язку і обчислити енергію делокалізації. Показано, що функціональна залежність y = a + b/x + c/x² гарно описує залежність енергії і кратності хімічного зв'язку від довжини зв'язку. В даній статті розглядаються вуглець-вуглецеві зв'язки. Використовуючи дані залежності можна обчислити енергію хімічного зв'язку при різній довжині зв'язку або різній кратності хімічного зв'язку, що дає можливість обчислити енергію делокалізації молекули бензолу.
Category: Chemistry

[434] viXra:2207.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-04 22:16:41

Structure of the Benzene Molecule From the Point of View of the Concept of the Three-Electron Bond

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 27 Pages.

Using the concept of a three-electron bond, one can depict the real electronic structure of benzene, explain the specifics of an aromatic bond, and calculate the delocalization energy. It is shown that the functional dependence y = a + b/x + c/x² describes well the dependence of the energy and multiplicity of a chemical bond on the bond length. In this paper, carbon-carbon bonds are considered. Using these dependences, it is possible to calculate the chemical bond energy at different bond lengths or different bond multiplicity, which makes it possible to calculate the delocalization energy of the benzene molecule.

Используя концепцию трёхэлектронной связи можно изобразить реальную электронную структуру бензола, объяснить специфику ароматической связи и вычислить энергию делокализации. Показано, что функциональная зависимость y = a + b/x + c/x² хорошо описывает зависимость энергии и кратности химической связи от длины связи. В данной работе рассматриваются углерод-углеродные связи. Используя данные зависимости можно вычислить энергию химической связи при разной длине связи или разной кратности связи, что дает возможность вычислить энергию делокализации молекулы бензола.
Category: Chemistry

[433] viXra:2206.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2022-06-17 06:32:53

Test of Oscillation Symmetry Applied to Some Physical Properties of Various Hydrocarbons

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 17 Pages.

The oscillation symmetry is applied with success to some physical properties (densities, Boiling points, and Melting points) of different Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Cycloalkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alkadienes, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. It is also applied to Hydro Silicons. It allows to tentatively predict possible values for several unknown properties. The same shape of oscillation describes, sometimes after renormalization, the "mass data" of several particle families, nuclei families and Alkane Melting Point "data". The periods of oscillation exhibit discret values as if they are quantified.
Category: Chemistry

[432] viXra:2205.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-09 20:31:39

Tracking the Phase Changes in Micelle-based NiGa Nanocatalysts for Methanol Synthesis under Activation and Working Conditions

Authors: Uta Hejral, Janis Timoshenko, David Kordus, Mauricio Lopez Luna, Nuria J. Divins, Simon Widrinna, Ioannis Zegkinoglou, Lukas Pielsticker, Hemma Mistry, Jorge Anibal Boscoboinik, Stefanie Kuehl, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 41 Pages.

The hydrogenation of CO2 into high energy density fuels such as methanol, where the required H2 is obtained from renewable sources, is of utmost importance for a sustainable society. In recent years, NiGa alloys have attracted attention as promising catalyst material systems for the hydrogenation of CO2 into methanol at ambient pressures. They thus represent an energy-saving alternative to the Cu-based catalysts employed in today’s catalytic industry that require high pressures for the CO2 hydrogenation. However, the underlying reaction mechanisms for the NiGa system are still under debate. One of the challenges here is to unravel the evolution and coexistence of the different species in the heterogeneous NiGa catalyst system under activation and reaction conditions. To shed light on their evolution under H2 activation and their catalytic roles under CO2 hydrogenation working conditions on defined Ni3Ga1 and Ni5Ga3 nanoparticle (NP) catalysts, we employed a multi-probe approach. It included advanced machine learning-based analysis of operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy data combined with operando powder X-ray diffraction and near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, as well as reactivity studies using bed-packed mass flow reactors. In addition, we employed atomic force microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy for structural characterization. Under H2 activation at 1 bar total pressure, we conclude the formation of metallic Ni, starting for Ni3Ga1 at 300˚C, and for Ni5Ga3 at 400˚C. At higher temperatures, the formation of NiGa alloys follows. The α’-Ni3Ga1 alloy phase is predominantly formed for the Ni3Ga1 NPs, while the coexistence of α’-Ni3Ga1, δ-Ni5Ga3 and Ga2O3 phases is observed for the Ni5Ga3 NPs after the H2 activation. The formation of the Ga2O3 phase also results in the presence of excess metallic Ni. Under CO2 hydrogenation reaction conditions, Ga partially oxidizes again to form a Ga2O3-rich particle shell for both NP compositions, yet, to a larger extent for the Ni3Ga1 NPs, which, in turn, feature a higher amount of excess Ni. We reveal that metallic Ni is responsible for the high selectivity of the Ni3Ga1 NPs towards the production of methane in our catalytic tests. Contrary, the Ni5Ga3 NPs display a strong selectivity toward methanol production (>92%), more than one order of magnitude higher than that for the Ni3Ga1 NPs, which we ascribe to the presence of the δ-Ni5Ga3 phase.
Category: Chemistry

[431] viXra:2205.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-06 20:07:34

Three-way Catalysis with Bimetallic Supported Pd-Au Catalysts: Gold as a Poison and as a Promotor

Authors: Viktor Ulrich, Boris Moroz, Pavel Pyrjaev, Ilya Sinev, Andrey Bukhtiyarov, Evgeny Gerasimov, Valerii Bukhtiyarov, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Wolfgang Grünert
Comments: 48 Pages.

Three-way catalysts containing Au and/or Pd supported on either CeZrOx (CZ) or La2O3/Al2O3 (LA) were studied with respect to their performance in a model feed and characterized by various techniques (physisorption, CO chemisorption, TEM, XRD, XPS, XANES). A drastic support influence was found in both catalytic behavior and Pd-Au relation. While Au was a strong poison for all catalytic functions of Pd (oxidation, NO reduction) on LA, poisoning was much mitigated on CZ, rendering all Pd containing catalysts superior to a commercial reference. After ageing, the poisoning by Au was aggravated on LA. On CZ, Pd-rich bimetallic combinations retained better activity than Pd/CZ, which still outperformed the reference. As Au did not significantly contribute to propene oxidation and NO reduction, activity of Pd was markedly increased under a promoting influence of Au. Stabilization of PdII by ceria and delayed Pd-Au alloy formation are key features in the CZ-supported PdAu catalysts.
Category: Chemistry

[430] viXra:2205.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-06 10:34:13

Pt-Sn-Co Nanocubes as Highly Active Catalysts for Ethanol Electro-Oxidation

Authors: Rubén Rizo, Arno Bergmann, Janis Timoshenko, Fabian Scholten, Clara Rettenmaier, Hyo Sang Jeon, Yen-Ting Chen, Aram Yoon, Alexander Bagger, Jan Rossmeisl, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 38 Pages.

Direct ethanol fuel cells are among the most promising clean electrochemical power sources. Nevertheless, the high cost and low efficiency of the Pt-based catalysts hinder their commercialization. Here, Pt-Sn-Co nanocubes with a Pt- and Sn-rich shell show improved performance towards the electrochemical ethanol oxidation reaction. Mechanistic and structural insights were obtained by synergistically combining different in situ and operando spectro-electrochemical techniques, including electrochemical mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In particular, electrochemical conditioning and EOR were found to induce Sn leaching from the core and shell, leading to electrochemically-accessible Pt sites adjacent to partially-oxidized Sn sites on a Pt3Co-like core. The increased activity of the Pt-Sn-Co nanocubes was assigned to the formation of a higher amount of C1 (CO2) and C2 (acetic acid/acetaldehyde) products during EOR as well as to their high ability to remove adsorbed CO from the Pt surface when compared to similarly-sized cubic Pt-Sn or Pt NPs. Beneficial strain and ligand effects are combined here through a catalyst design resulting in adjacent Pt and Sn sites at the overlayer on top of a Pt3Co alloy core.
Category: Chemistry

[429] viXra:2204.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2022-04-26 21:16:17

Method of Physico-Chemical Analysis and Some Aspects of Its Practical Application

Authors: L. D. Grytsan, V. L. Uvarov, D. V. Uvarov
Comments: 8 Pages.

The aim of the present work is to give an account of the basic statements of the method of physico-chemical analysis, its merits and drawbacks, and also its most important applications for conducting scientific research. There are considered possibilities of practical application of this method in chemical, chemico-pharmaceutical and fragrance-cosmetic technologies, in material science, metallurgy, halurgy etc.
Category: Chemistry

[428] viXra:2202.0168 [pdf] submitted on 2022-02-26 20:51:25

Chlorine Dioxide: Does it Contribute to Human Health? a Brief Review

Authors: Humberto Bastidas-Ortiz
Comments: 9 Pages. Field evidence shows that chlorine dioxide, when properly administered, can redeem from COVID-19

Chlorine dioxide, ClO2, a non-patentable substance, is a molecule composed by two of the most disinfectant elements found in nature, chlorine and oxygen, both of them electronegative. As early as 1850, ClO2 has been being used in the oxidation of water and, since 1944, in the treatment of waste water and the bleaching of cellulose. Similarly, oxygen, in the form of hydrogen peroxide, is used to disinfect ambulances, hospital rooms and medical equipment, among other applications. Recently, the Global Health and Life Coalition (GHLC) has reported favourable results in the treatment of COVID-19 using ClO2 under a parameterized protocol design by scientists members of this organization. Other research works carried out in dierent parts of the world sustain the hypothesis that, as a relatively stable radical and as a highly oxidant regardless of the pH in its surroundings, ClO2 and its application in an area so sensitive as human health presents itself as an alternative worth studying further.
Category: Chemistry

[427] viXra:2202.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2022-02-09 19:18:30

Happy 100th Birthday, Polarography: Dedicated to Jaroslav Heyrovsky (1890 – 1967)

Authors: Raji Heyrovska
Comments: Pages.

Hundred years ago on February 10, 1922, Jaroslav Heyrovsky used renewable dropping mercury electrode as a tool for obtaining the current, voltage curve for dissolved solutes in solutions. Thus, polarography was born and has now stood a century as a unique electrochemical method thanks to the renewable fresh metal/solution interface which makes the current, voltage curves absolutely reproducible. The present author learnt this technique using the original galvanometer and photographic paper in her post graduate years. Subsequently she had the pleasure of doing postdoctoral work in Heyrovsky’s Institute of Polarography in Prague. Presented here are some of her articles which contribute to the wonders of polarography.
Category: Chemistry

[426] viXra:2108.0176 [pdf] submitted on 2021-08-30 23:24:21

New Approach for Extraction of LiOH from Salar Geothermal Brines: Strong Magnetic Stimulations of Nuclear Magnetic Moments

Authors: Reginald Little
Comments: 9 Pages.

The theory of the author for nucleon spins and orbital momenta relativistically accelerating in interacting with the surroundings by the tiniest perturbations relative to huge energy and momenta densities of nucleons and nuclei for fractional, reversible fissing of nucleons in to nuclei and nuclei into surrounding electronic shells is further developed for in general explaining quantum mechanics as by fractional reversible fissing and fusing of electrons (leptons) and nucleons (hadrons) and nuclei for wave particle duality and the formation of wavefunctions as composite complex electric and magnetic fields and waves. The alterations of the transient fissed fields by varying nuclear magnetic moments of isotopes of elements is further developed for novel isotope effects on transportations, transformations, thermodynamics, particles/fields and transmutations is further developed as negative NMMs twist the surrounding space counterclockwise to the bright NMMs twisting clockwise. On basis of such different NMMs of alkali cations is consider for inventing novel method of separating alkali from salar geothermal brines and the larger positive NMMs of Li+ cations relative to Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ cations is used to employ strong magnetic fields, strong electric fields and Intense radio frequency fields for extracting LiOH from the salar brine in novel way.
Category: Chemistry

[425] viXra:2108.0166 [pdf] submitted on 2021-08-30 10:48:47

GEE Descriptors

Authors: Robert L. Jackson
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper introduces a new set of descriptors for usage in cheminformatics.
Category: Chemistry

[424] viXra:2106.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2021-06-08 19:31:22

On the Modulations of Chemical Resonance and Rehybridizations by Positive and Negative Nuclear Magnetic Moments

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 21 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

A reconsideration of the nature of matter and space is outlined for reconsiderations of phenomena of transportations, transformations, transmutations, thermodynamics, and transductions. The new effects of nonzero nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) on delocalizations of electrons in hybrid orbitals and rehybridizations of orbitals are outlined. Reggie acids and bases are related to Lewis acids and bases and induction of Reggie acids and bases by nonzero NMMs are introduced and the stimulations of such by external radiowaves and electromagnetic fields are outlined. Novel energetic storages and accumulations of external fields by Reggie acids and bases are outlined. The nature and structure of quantum fields released from fissed leptonic and hadronic motions are reasoned and the composite natures of nuclear fields released with alterations by motions and superpositions of surrounding nuclei and the point natures of electrons releasing spherical fields with alterations due to motions and surrounding superpositions of other electrons and nuclear fields are outlined. The NMMs fractionally, reversibly(FR)fissing and fusing to create QFs that fiss electrons to twists electrons into different orbitals and delocalize electrons more by positive NMMs for fractional, strong force induced fields between electrons in QF about nuclei. The clumped all positive NMMs FR fiss and fuse to produce rational luminous fragments of e-and quantum fields for delocalizing the e-into various lobs of quantum fields about nuclei. Mathematically, particles are spheres that in motions transform to sinusoidal waves mathematically and sinusoidal waves in sinusoidal waves by accelerating and decelerating luminosity to superluminosity. Such motions inside motions are nature of quantum mechanics(QM);and classical mechanics(CM)couple to QM by such motions in motions as the clockwise (CW)and counterclockwise (CCW)motions in motions manifest composite slower motions of quanta for coupling to bigger classical as bigger radii move faster than these composite quanta having superluminous counter pieces. Motions of nuclei alter NMMs; so at higher temperatures nonzero NMMs more severely alter electrons. Flippings of interactions in a Frame are related to changes of interacting particles; flippings occur by v>c. So pieces transmute to move CW and other pieces move CCW (Br and Dk matter and fields). Br fields are dense enough to alter e-particles to mix in spaces.
Category: Chemistry

[423] viXra:2105.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-18 09:23:12

Donor-Accepter Interaction and Free Radicals the Important Type of Chemical Bond

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 35 Pages.

Donor-accepter interactions are especially important for the case of free radicals because the radical has an unpaired electron on the single occupied molecular orbital. It means the free radical is a universal strong accepter and not a bad donor and should be bonding to other molecules easily. This interaction is usually overlooked in chemistry of free radicals and may lead to errors in determination of chemical pathways.
Category: Chemistry

[422] viXra:2105.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-17 19:38:56

Triboelectrization as a Mechanochemical Reaction: Molecular Mechanisms of Triboelectricity

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 113 Pages.

In this book the comprehensive theory of the triboelectrization is outlined. The great emphasis is given to the triboelectrization of two polymers. There numerous proofs that this process of triboelectrization took place as a second step after mechanochemical reaction between two substances. Quantum chemistry calculations are present as well as electron paramagnetic resonance experiments capturing the intermediate radicals. Radical trap experiments with iodine as a radical trap are presented - radical traps shown as capable of elimination of triboelectricity in the model systems. Electrostatic field generated is measured both mechanically and using simple field-effect transistor device. The main conclusion - only one out of 100 billion of radicals is converted into the free charge, but the electrostatic force is so strong that despite the chemical products are only detectable by highly sensitive methods like EPR the generated free charges are easily detectable by observation of sparks in the air.
Category: Chemistry

[421] viXra:2105.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-06 20:32:24

How the Earth as a Cooling Star Created Alkenes (Olefins)

Authors: Ivo van der Rijt
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This paper describes various methods how Earth as a Cooling Star created alkenes.
Category: Chemistry

[420] viXra:2104.0191 [pdf] submitted on 2021-04-29 20:21:37

Classifying Chemical Elements from Sixteen Oscillatory Patterns. a Periodic Table Required for Negative Mass Elements ?

Authors: Bruno R Galeffi
Comments: 7 Pages.

The immeasurable variety of oscillatory patterns pervading the vacuum constitutes the background of the physical universe. It also comprises the biofield that provides critical information for sustaining life. The existence of sixteen vibrating energies or “sounds” related to 128 chemical elements is set forth. Chemical elements with negative mass are proposed. The clustering of those negative mass elements could account for dark matter.
Category: Chemistry

[419] viXra:2104.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2021-04-22 18:46:03

How the Earth as a Cooling Star Created Abiotic Fuel

Authors: Ivo van der Rijt
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform]

This paper describes the Fisher-Tropsch synthesis that happened on Earth when it was a younger star.
Category: Chemistry

[418] viXra:2104.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2021-04-08 20:26:21

Nucleon-Nucleon Binding: the Chemistry of Quarks

Authors: Bruno R Galeffi
Comments: 9 Pages.

The emergence of quarks inside the nucleon has indubitably one objective: nucleon-nucleon (NN) binding for baryonic matter clustering. The binding energy (BE) is directly proportional to the magnitude of the quark-quark (QQ) binding network between nucleons. Yet, predicting the QQ binding network in a particular nucleus requires a deeper understanding of the “chemistry” of quarks.
Category: Chemistry

[417] viXra:2102.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-02 20:38:51

“AI” Physics – Molecular Stucture (Part 2)

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 35 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform]

In earlier papers on Atomic Structure and Energy Fields, AI was used to explore the structure of the atom and the size of the electron, by analyzing the results of established experiments on ionization energies and spectral emissions. Radio-isotope transitions were analyzed to propose the nature of the nucleus and allotropes. In the first paper on Molecular Structure, an AI model was used to propose the nature of the crystal lattice, and the nature of molecular structure. In this paper, molecular bonds and molecular structure are analyzed in detail, which leads to a different perspective on the nature of inorganic, organic, photosynthetic and super-conducting molecules.
Category: Chemistry

[416] viXra:2011.0201 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 08:54:28

On the Reversible Deactivation of Cobalt Ferrite Spinel Nanoparticles Applied in Selective 2-propanol Oxidation

Authors: Sven Anke, Tobias Falk, Georg Bendt, Ilya Sinev, Michael Hävecker, Hendrik Antoni, Ioannis Zegkinoglou, Hyosang Jeon, Axel Knop-Gericke, Robert Schlögl, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Stephan Schulz, Martin Muhler
Comments: 32 Pages.

CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using a colloidal one-pot synthesis method based on the decomposition of metal acetylacetonates in the presence of oleyl amine. The characterization by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and N2 physisorption revealed non-porous spinel phase CoFe2O4 NPs with an average particle size of 4 nm. The unsupported metal oxide NPs were applied in the selective oxidation of 2-propanol in a continuously operated fixed-bed reactor under quasi steady-state conditions using a heating rate of 0.5 k min-1. 2 Propanol was found to be oxidatively dehydrogenated over CoFe2O4 yielding acetone and H2O with high selectivity. Only to a minor extent dehydration to propene and total oxidation to CO2 was observed at higher temperatures. The detected low-temperature reaction pathway with maxima at 430 and 510 K was inhibited after the initial 2 propanol oxidation up to 573 K, but an oxidative treatment in O2 or N2O atmosphere led to full regeneration. No correlation between the desorbing amount or the surface oxygen species investigated by O2 temperature-programmed desorption experiments and the low-temperature activity was observed. The amounts of evolving CO2 during the TPO experiments indicate deactivation due to formation of carbonaceous species. Inhibition experiments with pre-adsorbed reaction intermediates and infrared spectroscopy identified acetate species as reversible poison, whereas carbonates are rather spectators. In addition, carbon deposition was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which also revealed a minor influence of cobalt reduction during the deactivation process as confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies.
Category: Chemistry

[415] viXra:2011.0200 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 08:52:54

The Role of in Situ Generated Morphological Motifs and Cu(i) Species in C2+ Product Selectivity During Co2 Pulsed Electroreduction

Authors: Rosa M. Arán-Ais, Fabian Scholten, Sebastian Kunze, Rubén Rizo, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 27 Pages.

The efficient electrochemical conversion of CO2 provides a route to fuels and feedstocks. Cu catalysts are well-known to be selective to multicarbon products although the role played by the surface architecture and the presence of oxides is not fully understood. Here, we report improved efficiency towards ethanol by tuning the morphology and oxidation state of the Cu catalysts via pulsed CO2 electrolysis. We establish a correlation between the enhanced production of C2+ products (76 % ethylene, ethanol and n-propanol at -1.0 V vs RHE) and the presence of (100) terraces, Cu2O, and defects on Cu(100). We monitored the evolution of the catalyst morphology by analysis of cyclic voltammetry curves and ex situ atomic force microscopy data, while the chemical state of the surface was examined via quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We show that the continuous (re-)generation of defects and Cu(I) species synergistically favors the C-C coupling pathways.
Category: Chemistry

[414] viXra:2010.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-11 14:37:58

The Speed of Light and the Number of Chemical Elements.

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.
Comments: 8 Pages.

Using the particle-wave dualism of microparticles and the Bohr model of the atom, it is strictly shown that the maximum number of chemical elements in the periodic table cannot be more than 137. Since, starting from element 138, the speed of a 1S-electron when moving around the nucleus of an atom must be higher than the speed light in a vacuum. Therefore, Feynmanium (Z=137) is the last chemical element. It was also shown that a decrease in the half-life of chemical elements correlates with an increase in the 1S-electron relativism.
Category: Chemistry

[413] viXra:2009.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2020-09-23 11:04:13

Deuterated Storage-Battery Electrolyte

Authors: Sergey Sevtsov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The technical problem solved in [this work] is to create such an electrolyte so that the diffusion rates of its ions during charging and discharging are as close as possible in magnitude without taking into account the height of the electrolyte volume. The technical result expected from the solution of the technical problem when using the claimed possible invention is an increase in the capacity and average voltage of the bit of lead-acid batteries.
Category: Chemistry

[412] viXra:2009.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2020-09-12 13:16:07

Thermoanalytical, Optical, and Magnetic Investigations on Nanocrystalline Li0.5Fe2.5O4 and Resulting Ceramics Prepared by a Starch-Based Soft-Chemistry Synthesis

Authors: R. Köferstein
Comments: 23 Pages. The paper was published in: Journal of Solid State Chemistry 287 (2020) 121380 (DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121380)

Nanocrystalline Li0.5Fe2.5O4 was prepared by a starch-based soft-chemistry synthesis. Calcining of the (LiFe)-gel between 350 and 1000 °C results in Li0.5Fe2.5O4 powders with crystallite sizes from 13 to 141 nm and specific surface areas between 35 and 7.1 m2 g-1. XRD investigations reveal the formation of ordered Li0.5Fe2.5O4. Sintering between 1050 and 1250 °C leads to ceramics with relative densities of 67-95 % consisting of grains between 0.3 and 54 μm. As the sintering temperature increases a rising weight loss of the ceramic samples was observed due to the loss of Li2O. Temperature-dependent magnetic measurements indicate a superparamagnetic behaviour for the nano-sized samples. Field-dependent measurements at 3 K of ceramics sintered between 1050 and 1200 °C show increasing saturation magnetization values (Ms) of 70.0 to 73.0 emu g-1 most likely due to the formation of lithium vacancies and a decrease of the inversion parameter. The magnetization drops down to 67.7 emu g-1 after sintering at 1250 °C caused by the formation of hematite. Diffuse reflectance spectra reveal an indirect allowed band gap decreasing from 1.93 to 1.60 eV depending on thermal treatment. DSC measurements of the order - disorder phase transition on nano-sized powders and bulk ceramics exhibit transition temperatures between 734 and 755 °C and enthalpy changes (H) ranging from 5.0 to 13.5 J g-1. The linear thermal expansion coefficient was found to be 11.4x10-6 K-1.
Category: Chemistry

[411] viXra:2007.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-14 17:07:20

Analogies of Genetic and Chemical Code. Supplement 1

Authors: Miloje M. Rakočević
Comments: 38 Pages. Supplement to paper in: Polyhedron 153 (2018) 292–298 (Elsevier)

In the original work, for which this is a Supplement, I presented analogies of the genetic and chemical code (Rakočević 2018b, in relation to the source work from 1991). (Further: instead of "Rakočević" I use the abbreviation "MMR".) There I gave three Tables of the Periodic System of the Elements (PSE) in which I dealt with the problem of stable and unstable elements; in the sense that an unstable element is one that possesses at least one primordially unstable isotope, while elements that do not possess such isotopes are stable. I have shown that for the number of stable and the number of unstable elements there are strict regularities and a strict law; the same law that is valid for the association of codons to more complex and to less complex amino acids in the genetic code. I have not dealt with the question of the number of stable and the number of unstable isotopes, what I do now in this Supplement.
Category: Chemistry

[410] viXra:2007.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-03 12:08:45

“AI” Physics – Molecular Structure – Part 1.

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 20 Pages.

In earlier papers on Atomic Structure and Energy Fields, Artificial Intelligence (AI) was used to explore the structure of the atom, and the size of the electron, by analyzing the results of established experiments on ionization energies and spectral emissions. Radio-isotope transitions were analyzed to propose the nature of the nucleus and allotropes. In this paper, an AI model is used to propose the nature of the crystal lattice, and the nature of molecular structure.
Category: Chemistry

[409] viXra:2006.0239 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-26 08:11:40

Thermodynamic Quandaries: Saving the First Law from the Gibbs Energy and Revisiting Nuclear Fusion

Authors: Sosale Chandrasekhar
Comments: Pages.

It is argued that the conventional view of the Gibbs free energy apparently contravenes the first law of thermodynamics because of the temperature dependence of the entropy term therein. Thus, the yield of the Gibbs free energy in a system undergoing change is not constant, hence implying that energy is being created or destroyed in the process. The ambiguity can be traced to the entropy concept of the original Carnot theorem, which is manifestly dubious and illusory, as argued previously. Unrelatedly, the nuclear fusion controversy is explored in terms of chemical potential changes, arguing that fusion would be viable—if at all—in a closed equilibrium reactor: in the absence of this constraint, fusion runs afoul of mass-energy equivalence. (This also has devastating implications for the stability of the material universe.) It is also most intriguing that nuclear fusion was initially proposed as the origin of solar energy, and appears to have predated the theory of nuclear structure.
Category: Chemistry

[408] viXra:2006.0238 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-26 08:13:09

From the Outside Looking in at Quantum Theory, Its Dichotomies and Tautologies

Authors: Sosale Chandrasekhar
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is argued that the key concepts of quantum theory—Planck’s quantum proposal, de Broglie’s wave–particle dualism and Schrödinger’s wave function idea—are neither incontestable nor integrated seamlessly into the fabric of quantum theory. In fact, it is doubtful whether classical wave treatments can serve as the basis for analysing (purported) matter waves at all. Also, an element of circular reasoning apparently surrounds the wave function concept, as the Hamiltonian-based Schrödinger equation is constrained to lead to the discrete solutions that represent quantization. These ambiguities appear particularly damning against the backdrop of the dubious Rayleigh–Jeans–Planck analysis of black body radiation, and the discredited evidence for the wave theory of radiation (based on purported diffraction phenomena). These considerations raise intriguing questions about the role of mathematical modelling in the study of natural phenomena (not to mention certain pedagogical quandaries). Thus, quantum theory—cloaked though it is in forbidding mathematical rigor—must submit to a dispassionate analysis of its extent and compass, particularly in view of its ostensible subversion of common-sense notions of reality.
Category: Chemistry

[407] viXra:2006.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-17 10:59:00

The Concept of Strain Delocalisation: Macrocyclic and Biological System, Enzyme Catalysis

Authors: Sosale Chandrasekhar
Comments: 3 Pages.

The titled concept has not been broached so far, and arises from the fact that bond angle strain increases as the square of the concerned angle (torsional strain also behaving similarly). Macrocyclic systems can thus accumulate less overall strain than smaller systems, whether in the ground state or transition state. Although strain delocalisation is generally overridden by forbidding entropic barriers in macrocyclization reactions, strain delocalisation may well be important in enzyme catalysis. This is because entropic effects are largely minimised within the organized interior of an enzyme molecule, so that preferred reaction trajectories are more easily achieved. (Strain delocalisation would also play a role in duplex formation in nucleic acids.)
Category: Chemistry

[406] viXra:2006.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-06 12:08:25

Synthesis, Phase Evolution and Properties of Phase-Pure Nanocrystalline Bifeo3 Prepared by a Starch-Based Combustion Method

Authors: R. Köferstein
Comments: Pages. The paper was published in: Journal of Alloys and Compounds 590 (2014) 324–330. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.12.120

The preparation of phase-pure nano-sized BiFeO3 by a combustion-like method using starch as complexing agent is described herein. Phase evolution and development of the crystallite size during the synthesis were monitored depending on the heat treatment and the composition of the (BiFe)-gels. Phase-pure BiFeO3 was obtained at a low heating rate and calcination temperatures between 500 and 600 °C. Above 600 °C the BiFeO3 gradually decomposed to Bi25FeO40 and Bi2Fe4O9. The investigations showed that the appearance of secondary phases depends on the heating rate, calcination temperature, and the fuel to oxidizer ratio in the (BiFe)-gel. The use of HNO3 instead of acetic acid in the preparation of the (BiFe)-gel promotes the formation of secondary phases. To study the phase stability the phase-pure BiFeO3 powder (1c) obtained after calcining at 550 °C (dcryst = 37 nm) was sintered to ceramic bodies up to 800 °C. During sintering the BiFeO3 phase decomposed to Bi25FeO40 and Bi2Fe4O9 gradually. The activation energy for the decomposition process during sintering was calculated to 337±19 kJ/mol using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) model. Magnetic measurements on phase-pure BiFeO3 powders show maximal magnetization of about 0.7 emu/g at 90 kOe and coercivities between 5−7 kOe at 300 K. Investigations at 10 K reveal a loop shift (exchange-bias) up to 2.9 kOe in the negative direction. The optical band gaps of the phase-pure BiFeO3 powders were determined as 2.28(4) eV.
Category: Chemistry

[405] viXra:2004.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2020-04-01 07:55:51

Development and Evaluation of Organically Modified Clay as Adsorbent for Waste Water Containing Traces of Oil.

Authors: Clinton Odafe Emiemie
Comments: 58 Pages.

An efficient way to remove traces of oil in oilfield effluent water is through the use of organoclay as a filtration medium. The organoclay samples were prepared from a combination of clay with varied amounts of quaternary ammonium chloride. The effluent water sample was obtained from an oilfield in Delta state. The effects of some parameters, such as ratio of clay to quaternary amine used in producing the various samples of organoclay and time of adsorption, on the efficiency of removal of oil from effluent water by the organoclay were studied. The total hydrocarbon content (THC), pH and turbidity of the effluent water before and after adsorption using each of the five (5) different samples of organoclays were monitored and there were considerable differences when compared with the use of an ordinary clay. The total hydrocarbon content of the effluent water used in this study was 133.35ppm and one of the organoclay samples, of ratio 100g/50ml (m/v) was able to reduce it to 8.96ppm after the adsorption process in a duration of 0.235hrs. Hence, the organoclay has oil removing capabilities due to it’s the ion exchange or polar property.
Category: Chemistry

[404] viXra:2003.0642 [pdf] submitted on 2020-03-29 16:37:39

Organic Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century Theory of Radicals to Valency

Authors: Rochelle Forrester
Comments: 6 Pages.

Organic chemistry in the nineteenth century developed with a specific order of discovery, which was the inevitable path by which our knowledge of organic chemistry had to develop. New methods of analysis of organic materials led to new experimental results, which led to new theories about the nature of organic chemistry. Some of those theories were eventually abandoned, but additional experimental results soon resulted in new theories relating to the valency of carbon atoms and the ability of carbon atoms to combine together to form chains of carbon atoms. Even theories which were later abandoned, due to being contradicted by later experimental results, were logical explanations of knowledge acquired by earlier experimental results. Due to this even incorrect theories can be said to have arisen logically from information available at a particular point in time and to have been an inevitable part of the growth in our knowledge of organic chemistry.
Category: Chemistry

[403] viXra:2002.0275 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-14 08:21:30

The Role of the Copper Oxidation State in the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Co2 Into Valuable Hydrocarbons

Authors: Juan-Jesús Velasco-Vélez, Travis Jones, Dunfeng Gao, Emilia Carbonio, Rosa Arrigo, Cheng-Jhih Hsu, Yu-Cheng Huang, Chung-Li Dong, Jin-Ming Chen, Jyh-Fu Lee, Peter Strasser, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Robert Schlögl, Axel Knop-Gericke, Cheng-Hao Chuang
Comments: 16 pages manuscript plus 5 pages supplemental material

Redox-active copper catalysts with accurately prepared oxidation states (Cu0, Cu+ and Cu2+) and high selectivity to C2 hydrocarbon formation, from electrocatalytic cathodic reduction of CO2, were fabricated and characterized. The electrochemically prepared copper-redox electro-cathodes yield higher activity for the production of hydrocarbons at lower oxidation state. By combining advanced X-ray spectroscopy and in situ micro-reactors it was possible to unambiguously reveal the variation in the complex electronic structure that the catalysts undergo at different stages (i.e. during fabrication and electrocatalytic reactions). It was found that the surface, sub-surface and bulk properties of the electrochemically prepared catalysts are dominated by the formation of copper carbonates on the surface of cupric-like oxides, which prompts catalyst deactivation by restraining effective charge transport. Furthermore, the formation of reduced or partially-reduced copper catalysts yields the key dissociative proton-consuming reactive adsorption of CO2 to produce CO; allowing the subsequent hydrogenation into C2 and C1 products by dimerization and protonation. These results yield valuable information on the variations in the electronic structure that redox-active copper catalysts undergo in the course of the electrochemical reaction, which, under extreme conditions are mediated by thermodynamics but, critically, kinetics dominate near the oxide/metal phase transitions.
Category: Chemistry

[402] viXra:2002.0252 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-13 06:58:36

Reactivity Determinants in Electrodeposited Cu Foams for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Authors: Katharina Klingan, Tintula Kottakkat, Zarko P. Jovanov, Shan Jiang, Chiara Pasquini, Fabian Scholten, Paul Kubella, Arno Bergmann, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Christina Roth, Holger Dau
Comments: 10 Pages.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction is of high interest for production of non-fossil fuels. The reactivity of eight Cu foams with substantial morphology differences was comprehensively investigated by analysis of product spectrum and electrochemical in-situ spectroscopies (XANES, EXAFS, XPS, Raman). This approach provided new insight in reactivity determinants: (1) Morphological details, (2) stable Cu oxide phases, and (3) *CO poisoning of H2-formation are not decisive. (4) The electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) determines reactivity trends. (5) Macroscopic diffusion limits the proton supply, resulting in pronounced alkalization at CuCat surfaces (operando Raman spectroscopy). We propose: (6) H2 and CH4 formation are suppressed by macroscopic buffer alkalization, whereas CO and C2H4 formation still proceed via a largely pH-independent mechanism. (7) C2H4 is formed from two CO precursor species, namely adsorbed *CO and dissolved CO present in the foam cavities.
Category: Chemistry

[401] viXra:2002.0247 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-12 09:15:32

Rational Catalyst and Electrolyte Design for Co2 Electroreduction Towards Multicarbon Products

Authors: Dunfeng Gao, Rosa M. Arán-Ais, Hyo Sang Jeon, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 29 Pages.

CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) to fuels and feedstocks is an attractive route to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle and store renewable energy. The generation of more reduced chemicals, especially multicarbon oxygenate and hydrocarbon products (C2+) with higher energy density is highly desirable for industrial applications. However, selective conversion of CO2 to C2+ suffers from high overpotential, low reaction rate and low selectivity, and the process is extremely sensitive to the catalyst structure and electrolyte. Here we discuss strategies to achieve high C2+ selectivity through rational design of the catalyst and electrolyte. Current state-of-the-art catalysts, including Cu and Cu-bimetallic catalysts as well as alternative materials are considered. The importance of taking into consideration the dynamic evolution of the catalyst structure and composition are highlighted, focusing on findings extracted from in situ and operando characterizations. Additional theoretical insight into the reaction mechanisms underlying the improved C2+ selectivity of specific catalyst geometries/compositions in synergy with a well-chosen electrolyte are also provided.
Category: Chemistry

[400] viXra:2002.0237 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-12 02:07:07

Segregation Phenomena in Size-selected Bimetallic CuNi Nanoparticle Catalysts

Authors: Lukas Pielsticker, Ioannis Zegkinoglou, Nuria J. Divins, Hemma Mistry, Yen-Ting Chen, Aleksander Kostka, Jorge Anibal Boscoboinik, Beatriz Roldán Cuenya
Comments: 26 Pages.

Surface segregation, restructuring and sintering phenomena in size-selected copper-nickel nanoparticles (NPs) supported on silicon dioxide substrates were systematically investigated as a function of temperature, chemical state and reactive gas environment. Using near-ambient pressure (NAP-XPS) and ultra-high vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we showed that nickel tends to segregate to the surface of the NPs at elevated temperatures in oxygen- or hydrogen-containing atmospheres. It was found that the NP pre-treatment, gaseous environment and oxide formation free energy are the main driving forces of the restructuring and segregation trends observed, overshadowing the role of the surface free energy. The depth profile of the elemental composition of the particles was determined under operando CO2 hydrogenation conditions by varying the energy of the X-ray beam. The temperature dependence of the chemical state of the two metals was systematically studied, revealing the high stability of nickel oxides on the NPs and the important role of high valence oxidation states in the segregation behavior. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies revealed a remarkable stability of the NPs against sintering at temperatures as high as 700 °C. The results provide new insights into the complex interplay of the various factors which affect alloy formation and segregation phenomena in bimetallic NP systems, often in ways different from those previously known for their bulk counterparts. This leads to new routes for tuning the surface composition of nanocatalysts, for example through plasma and annealing pre-treatments.
Category: Chemistry

[399] viXra:2002.0236 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-12 02:30:20

Activity and Selectivity Control in CO2 Electroreduction to Multicarbon Products over CuOx Catalysts via Electrolyte Design

Authors: Dunfeng Gao, Ian T. McCrum, Shyam Deo, Yong-Wook Choi, Fabian Scholten, Weiming Wan, Jingguang G. Chen, Michael J. Janik, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 34 Pages.

CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) to chemicals and fuels is of both fundamental and practical significance since it would lead to a more efficient storage of renewable energy while closing the carbon cycle. Here we report enhanced activity and selectivity for CO2RR to multicarbon hydrocarbons and alcohols (~69 % Faradaic efficiency and −45.5 mA cm−2 partial current density for C2+ at −1.0 V vs RHE) over O2-plasma-activated Cu catalysts via electrolyte design. Increasing the size of the alkali metal cations in the electrolyte, in combination with the presence of subsurface oxygen species which favor their adsorption, significantly improved C-C coupling on CuOx electrodes. The co-existence of Cs+ and I− induced drastic restructuring of the CuOx surface, the formation of shaped particles containing stable CuI species, and a more favorable stabilization of the reaction intermediates and concomitant high C2+ selectivity. This work combining both experiment and density functional theory, provides insights into the active sites and reaction mechanism of oxide-derived Cu catalysts for CO2RR.
Category: Chemistry

[398] viXra:2002.0235 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-12 03:10:18

CO2 Electroreduction on Copper-Cobalt Nanoparticles: Size and Composition Effect

Authors: M. Bernal, A. Bagger, F. Scholten, I. Sinev, A. Bergmann, M. Ahmadi, J. Rossmeisl, B. Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 32 Pages.

Understanding the changes that a catalyst may experience on its surface during a reaction is crucial in order to stablish structure/composition-reactivity correlations. Here, we report on bimetallic size-selected Cu100-xCox nanoparticle (NP) catalysts for CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) and we identify the optimum Cu/Co ratio and NP size leading to improved activity and selectivity. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided insight into the morphological, structural, and chemical transformations underwent by the CuCo NPs during CO2RR. We illustrate that the as-prepared state of the bimetallic NPs is drastically different from the structure and surface composition of the working catalyst. Under electrochemical conditions, a reduction of both initially oxidized metallic species was observed, accompanied by Cu surface segregation. Density functional theory (DFT) results from a Cu3X model were used to describe the surface segregation. In order to extract mechanistic understanding, the activity of the experimental Cu and CuCo NPs towards CO2RR was described via DFT in terms of the interaction of Cu facets under expansion and compression with key reaction intermediates, in particular CO* and COOH*.
Category: Chemistry

[397] viXra:2002.0234 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-12 03:27:28

Operando Evolution of the Structure and Oxidation State of Size-Controlled Zn Nanoparticles During Co2 Electroreduction

Authors: Hyo Sang Jeon, Ilya Sinev, Fabian Scholten, Nuria J. Divins, Ioannis Zegkinoglou, Lukas Pielsticker, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 4 Pages.

We explored the size-dependent activity and selectivity of Zn nanoparticles (NPs) for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Zn NPs ranging from 3 to 5 nm showed high activity and selectivity (~70 %) for CO production, while those above 5 nm exhibited bulk-like catalytic properties. In addition, a drastic increase in hydrogen production was observed for the Zn NPs below 3 nm, which is associated with the enhanced content of low-coordinated sites on small NPs. The presence of residual cationic Zn species in the catalysts was also revealed during CO2RR via operando X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (XAFS) measurements. Such species are expected to play a role in the selectivity trends obtained. Our findings can serve as guidance for the development of highly active and CO-selective Zn-based catalysts for CO2RR.
Category: Chemistry

[396] viXra:2002.0227 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-12 07:35:10

Structure- and Electrolyte-Sensitivity in CO2 Electroreduction

Authors: Rosa M. Arán-Ais, Dunfeng Gao, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 30 Pages.

The utilization of fossil fuels (i.e., coal, petroleum, and natural gas) as the main energy source gives rise to serious environmental issues, including global warming caused by the continuously increasing level of atmospheric CO2. To deal with this challenge, fossil fuels are being partially replaced by renewable energy such as solar and wind. However, such energy sources are usually intermittent and currently constitute a very low portion of the overall energy consumption. Recently, the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to chemicals and fuels with improved energy density driven by electricity derived from renewable energy has been recognized as a promising strategy towards sustainable energy. The activation and reduction of CO2, which is a thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert molecule, is extremely challenging. Although the participation of protons in the CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) helps lower the energy barrier, high overpotentials are still needed to efficiently drive the process. On the other hand, the concurrent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under CO2RR conditions leads to lower selectivity toward CO2RR products. Electrocatalysts that are highly active and selective for multicarbon products are urgently needed to improve the energy efficiency of CO2RR. The reduction of CO2 involves multiple proton-electron transfers and has many complex intermediates. Recent reports have shown that the relative stability of the intermediates on the surface of catalysts determines final reaction pathways as well as the product selectivity. Furthermore, this reaction displays a strong structure-sensitivity. The atomic arrangement, electronic structure, chemical composition, and oxidation state of the catalysts significantly influence catalyst performance. Fundamental understanding of the dependence of the reaction mechanisms on the catalyst structure would guide the rational design of new nanostructured CO2RR catalysts. As a reaction proceeding in a complex environment containing gas/liquid/solid interfaces, CO2RR is also intensively affected by the electrolyte. The electrolyte composition in the near surface region of the electrode where the reaction takes place plays a vital role in the reactivity. However, the former might also be indirectly determined by the bulk electrolyte composition via diffusion. Adding to the complexity, the structure, chemical state and surface composition of the catalysts under reaction conditions usually undergo dynamic changes, especially when adsorbed ions are considered. Therefore, in addition to tuning the structure of the electrocatalysts, being able to also modify the electrolyte provides an alternative method to tune the activity and selectivity of CO2RR. In situ and operando characterization methods must be employed in order to gain in depth understanding on the structure- and electrolyte-sensitivity of real CO2RR catalysts under working conditions. This Account provides examples of recent advances in the development of nanostructured catalysts and mechanistic understanding of CO2RR. It discusses how the structure of a catalyst (crystal orientation, oxidation state, atomic arrangement, defects, size, surface composition, segregation, etc.) influences the activity and selectivity, and how the electrolyte also plays a determining role in the reaction activity and selectivity. Finally, the importance of in situ and operando characterization methods to understand the structure- and electrolyte-sensitivity of the CO2RR is discussed.
Category: Chemistry

[395] viXra:2001.0338 [pdf] submitted on 2020-01-17 08:49:56

Piece by Piece - Electrochemical Synthesis of Individual Nanoparticles and their Performance in ORR Electrocatalysis

Authors: Mathies V. Evers, Miguel Bernal, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Kristina Tschulik
Comments: 9 Pages.

The impact of individual HAuCl4 nanoreactors is measured electrochemically, which provides operando insights and precise control over the modification of electrodes with functional nanoparticles of well-defined size. Uniformly sized micelles are loaded with a dissolved metal salt. These solution-phase precursor entities are then reduced electrochemically - one by one - to form nanoparticles (NPs). The charge transferred during the reduction of each micelle is measured individually and allows operando sizing of each of the formed nanoparticles. Thus, particles of known number and sizes can be deposited homogenously even on nonplanar electrodes. This is demonstrated for the decoration of cylindrical carbon fibre electrodes with 25 +/- 7 nm sized Au particles from HAuCl4-filled micelles. These Au NP-decorated electrodes show great catalyst performance for ORR (oxygen reduction reaction) already at low catalyst loadings. Hence, collisions of individual precursor-filled nanocontainers are presented as a new route to nanoparticle-modified electrodes with high catalyst utilization.
Category: Chemistry

[394] viXra:2001.0337 [pdf] submitted on 2020-01-17 08:58:33

Ab Initio Cyclic Voltammetry on Cu(111), Cu(100) and Cu(110) in Acidic, Neutral and Alkaline Solutions

Authors: Alexander Bagger, Rosa M. Arán-Ais, Joakim Halldin Stenlid, Egon Campos dos Santos, Logi Arnarson, Kim Degn Jensen, María Escudero-Escribano, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Jan Rossmeisl
Comments: Pages.

Electrochemical reactions depend on the electrochemical interface; between the catalytic surfaces and the electrolytes. To control and advance electrochemical reactions there is a need to develop realistic simulation models of the electrochemical interface to understand the interface from an atomistic point-of-view. Here we present a method for obtaining thermodynamic realistic interface structures, a procedure to derive specific coverages and to obtain ab initio simulated cyclic voltammograms. As a case study, the method and procedure is applied in a matrix study of three Cu facets in three different electrolyte. The results are validated by a direct comparison with experimental cyclic voltammograms. The alkaline (NaOH) electrolyte CV are described by H* and OH*, while neutral (KHCO3) the CO3* species are present and in acidic (KCl) the Cl* species dominate. An almost one-to-one mapping is observed from simulation to experiments giving an atomistic understanding of the interface structure of the Cu facets. The strength of atomistic understanding the interface at electrolyte conditions will allow realistic investigations of electrochemical reactions in future studies.
Category: Chemistry

[393] viXra:1912.0545 [pdf] submitted on 2019-12-31 11:05:18

A Kinetic Study on the Oxidation of Pharmaceutically Significant PEG–400 by Periodate

Authors: K. V. S. Koteswara Rao, R. Venkata Nadh, M. Narasaiah
Comments: 5 Pages.

Polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) has a spectrum of applications in pharmaceutical field. PEG-400 oxidation was carried out in alkaline medium by using potassium periodate as an oxidant. Rate of the reaction was found to be first order dependence on the oxidant concentration. In the studied range, substrate concentration didn’t change the reaction rate. Increase of alkali concentration decreased the reaction rate and order of the reaction with respect to alkali was inverse fractional. Effect of temperature on reaction rate was studied and then Arrhenius parameters were calculated. A suitable rate law was proposed based on the observed experimental results.
Category: Chemistry

[392] viXra:1912.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2019-12-01 10:18:48

Лекция презентация: "Механизм и таблицы периодизации химических элементов" (новая система периодизации атомов)

Authors: Райков Александр Геннадьевич
Comments: 11 Pages. Лекция презентация является фрагментом печатного издания "Том Третий"

Настоящее просветительское издание подготовлено для ознакомления широких кругов общественности и научного сообщества с новой системой периодизации химических элементов на основе универсального и всеобъемлющего механизма (закона) причинно-следственной периодичности возникновения, развития и угасания качественно-количественных форм и процессов материи. Периодизация химических элементов (атомов) выполнена на основе разработанного автором принципиально нового операционно-аналитического (математического) аппарата философии диалектического материализма. Лекция презентация является фрагментом печатного издания "Том Третий"
Category: Chemistry

[391] viXra:1911.0330 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-19 05:31:02

Rapid One-Step Chemical Synthesis of Polyaniline-Manganese Ferrite Nanocomposites Without External Initiator and Mechanical Agitation

Authors: Emmanuel F.C. Chimamkpam, Thomas Schweizer, Andreas Schilling, Jose M.F. Ferreira
Comments: 4 Pages. ISBN: 978-1-4398-7142-3; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3524366

We describe a rapid one-step, room temperature method to chemically synthesize bulk quantities of nanocomposites comprising specifically of manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) and polyaniline (conductive form). Typically a chemical agent, for example ammonium peroxydisulfate, is used to start the polymerization of aniline in the presence of ferrites, and stirring of the reaction system for several hours is also very common. Our approach allows for the nanocomposites to be formed in less than thirty minutes without adding an external polymerization initiator/surfactant and applying any form of mechanical agitation. This process affords the possibility to grow thin films of polyaniline-MnFe2O4 directly on device substrates. Structural, thermal, magnetic and electrical studies did reveal significant chemical interactions between MnFe2O4 and polyaniline matrix. The nanocomposites are magnetic semiconductors with long rod-shaped structures of average diameter in the nanometer scale range and optical properties resembling that of conductive polyaniline. They exhibit a positive magnetoresistance across all temperature ranges with a minimum at around 250 K, corresponding to the temperature for their uniform-to-irregular transition in dynamic stability behavior and likewise coinciding with a minimum in their profile of electrical conduction mechanism (one-dimensional variable range hopping below 250 K) – these complementarities are important for hybrid spintronic applications.
Category: Chemistry

[390] viXra:1911.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-01 07:10:41

Ulipristal Acetate Determination Using MBTH

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu1, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram2, Kishore VNV3
Comments: 7 Pages.

A simple visible spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of ulipristal acetate present in bulk and tablet formulation. The currently proposed method is established based on MBTH oxidation by ferric ions to form an active coupling species (electrophile), followed by its coupling with the ulipristal in acidic medium to form high intensi��ied green colored chromophore having max at 609 nm. Validated the method as per the current guidelines of ICH. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 6.25 – 37.50 g mL��1 with a high regression coef��icient (r > 0.999). Reproducibility, accuracy, and precision of the method are evident from the low values of R.S.D. This method can be used in quality control laboratories for routine analysis of ulipristal acetate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Category: Chemistry

[389] viXra:1911.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-01 10:34:11

Treatment of Urine

Authors: Ahmed Farghali Abdelrehim
Comments: 14 Pages. A World with an Unlimited Source of Water!

In most recent years, Egypt has been suffering from some grand challenges that disrupt its march of progress. Amongst all these challenges, the dilemma concerning water and agriculture has become worse than before and requires immediate resolution. Egypt depends on conventional water resources that face many problems due to over-consumption and pollution. The purpose of the study is to implement a practical solution related to treatment of wastewater and advanced irrigation water techniques. Therefore, it was decided to conduct an extensive research to find a suitable solution. By taking into account the prior solutions, it was obvious that the chosen solution, which is a urine treatment system provided with an Arduino based irrigation system, will be an ideal solution for water crisis in Egypt. A prototype was constructed with specific design requirements such as the quality of water and the efficiency of irrigation system. By testing the prototype, the results were more preferable than expected as it confirmed that the project fulfilled its design requirements. In conclusion, these promising results gave us a clue that this project will be so powerful on large scales in the near future.
Category: Chemistry

[388] viXra:1910.0456 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-23 10:40:16

Of Riociguat Using Ninhydrin as a Chromogen,

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Balamurali K
Comments: 11 Pages.

A simple method is described to determine the amount of riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Formation of a chromophore with max of 597 nm, due to the reaction between the aromatic amine groups present on riociguat and ninhydrin in citric acid medium forms the basis for the current method. Extension of conjugation due to attachment of two ninhydrin molecules to a riociguat molecule explains the noticed high intensity as well as max of the generated chromophore. Current ICH guidelines were followed to validate the method. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0316x+0.001) has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999) in the studied range of 5.0-30.0 μg mL-1. Due to lack of separation steps in the method, it is found to be rapid as well as simple. The recovery levels of riociguat were in the range of 99.87 – 100.06.
Category: Chemistry

[387] viXra:1910.0455 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-23 10:41:37

Biowaste Material Utilization for Water Defluoridation & Statistical Investigation of Ground Water in Nalgonda District

Authors: Kiran Kumar K, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Krishnaveni G, Rao KS
Comments: 8 Pages.

Physicochemical parameters of ground water in Nalgonda District of Telangana (erstwhile a part of Andhra Pradesh), India were measured and analysed by statistical investigation. Activated carbons were prepared from bio-waste materials viz., Citrous nobilis, Bombax malabaricum, Pithacelobium dulce and Citrous limon sheaths (CNC, BMC, PDLC and CLC respectively) and were utilized as adsorbents for defluordization of the collected water samples, which were found to be satisfactory.
Category: Chemistry

[386] viXra:1910.0454 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-23 10:43:22

Oxidation of Polyethylene Glycol-200 by Potassium Periodate in Alkaline Medium: a Kinetic Study

Authors: K. V. S. Koteswara Rao1, R. Venkata Nadh2
Comments: 7 Pages.

Kinetics of PEG-200 oxidation by potassium periodatewas studied in alkaline medium. First-order dependence of reaction on periodate was observed. Rate of the reaction was found to be independent of substrate concentration. An inverse fractional order with respect to alkaliwas shown. Arrhenius parameters were calculated. Rate law was postulated taking into consideration of experimental results.
Category: Chemistry

[385] viXra:1910.0453 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-23 10:44:37

Periodate Oxidation of PEG–600, an Essential Pharmaceutical Polymer

Authors: K. V. S. Koteswara Rao1, R. Venkata Nadh2, K. Venkata Ratnam2
Comments: 6 Pages.

Objective: To study the kinetics of periodate oxidation of polyethylene glycol-600 (PEG-600), a familiar non-toxic polymer used in pharmaceutical and other fields of industry. Methods: Reactions were carried out in alkaline medium and measured the kinetics by iodometry. One oxygen atom loss or two electrons transfer was observed per each molecule of periodate i.e., the rate of reaction was measured periodate converts to iodate because the formed iodate species is unable to oxidize the substrate molecules. Results: Based on log (a-x) versus t plots, order w. r. t. oxidant (periodate) is unity. Reactions were found to be independent of substrate (PEG-600) concentration. A decrease in rate with an increase in alkali concentration [OH–] was found and order was inverse fractional. Temperature dependence of reaction rate was studied and then calculated the corresponding Arrhenius parameters. Conclusion: An appropriate rate law was proposed by considering the above experimental results.
Category: Chemistry

[384] viXra:1910.0452 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-23 10:45:49

Kinetics of Periodate Oxidation of Polyoxyethylene – 300, a Biodegradable Pharmaceutical Polymer

Authors: Koteswara Rao K.V.S1, Venkata Nadh R2, Venkata Ratnam
Comments: 7 Pages.

Polyoxyethylene – 300 (POE) is a well-known biodegradable pharmaceutical polymer. In order to understand the stability of POE and to derive the reaction rate law, the title reaction was carried out in aqueous alkaline medium. Reaction was found to be ��irst order dependent on the concentration oxidant (periodate) and independent of substrate (POE) concentration. A retardation of reaction rate with an increase in hydroxide concentration shows an inverse fractional order in it. Based on the studies of the temperature dependence of reaction, evaluated the activation parameters.
Category: Chemistry

[383] viXra:1910.0451 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-23 10:47:11

Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Divalent Lead from Aqueous Solutions Using Agrowaste Biomaterials, Musa Acuminata, Casuarina Equisetifolia L., and Sorghum Bicolor

Authors: Ramya Prasanthi Mokkapatia, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaramb, Jayasravanthi Mokkapatic
Comments: 13 Pages.

Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder (SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II) from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/ Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.
Category: Chemistry

[382] viXra:1910.0450 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-23 10:48:22

Novel 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Linked Amide Derivatives of Pteridone: Synthesis and Study of Anticancer Activities

Authors: Eeduri Ramya Devi, Reddymasu Sreenivasulu, Koya Prabhakara Rao, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh, Malladi Sireesha
Comments: Pages.

Cancer is a second leading cause of death after heart attack, in developing as well as undeveloped countries. It is caused by unregulated growth and metastasis of the abnormal cancer cells. Cancer can be cured by radiation, immunotherapy and chemotherapy, among them; chemotherapy is a good treatment for cancer, in which chemotherapeutic drug is used. The anticancer activity of newly synthesized compounds (13a-j) was carried out on four different types of human cancer cell lines like MCF-7 (breast), A549 (lung), Colo-205 (colon) and A2780 (ovarian) by the MTT method, and compared to etoposide used as a positive control. Among them, compound 13g with electron-withdrawing (3,5-dinitro) group, exhibited more promising activity in all cell lines (MCF-7 = 0.10±0.076 μM, A549 = 0.17±0.039 μM, Colo-205= 0.13±0.022 μM and A2780 = 0.87±0.027μM). This compound may act as lead drug in cancer chemotherapy. In future, this compound can be examined for clinical studies.
Category: Chemistry

[381] viXra:1910.0435 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-22 21:35:38

An Incorporatory and Non-Discriminate Analysis of Mystopropanic Physics

Authors: Logan Morales, Alex Kashkin
Comments: 8 Pages.

According to all known laws of chemistry, mystopropane should not be able to form, but it does anyway because mystopropane does not care what humans think is impossible. Recent developments in the intense and very mysterious field of isobutane have revealed different forms of this strange molecule that have been shown to be created in new and novel ways that were previously thought to be impossible. Mystopropane is structurally very similar to isobutane and may look the same to the naked eye (considering one cannot see a molecule with the naked eye). The differences between isobutane and mystopropane will be revealed throughout this study, which will include the in-depth research of scientists like Daved Von Walkerheim II and Devang Deepak. The “Great Kacklehauser-Shimeryton Debate” will also be thoroughly mentioned because of its contributions to the continued research on mystopropane.
Category: Chemistry

[380] viXra:1910.0404 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-21 08:18:49

Is Nuclear Fusion Worth the Wait? the Greenhouse as a Red Herring

Authors: Sosale Chandrasekhar
Comments: 12 Pages.

Nuclear fusion seems unviable in view of the invalidity of the familiar nuclear binding energy curve (as previously argued at length). Unsurprisingly, therefore, clear-cut cases of nuclear fusion are practically non-existent (at least in the public domain). Recent reports, intriguingly, indicate renewed interest in nuclear fusion by both public and private agencies. As the fundamental basis of fusion seems dubious, perhaps a more circumspect approach – in view of the enormous investments involved – is indicated. Furthermore, fusion is being seen as an attractive alternative to fossil fuels, which are associated with greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are apparently serious problems with the current view of global warming, in particular the neglect of atmospheric heating via Raman scattering of visible light by N2 and O2, as also the possibility that the greenhouse gases emit infrared radiation ‘spontaneously’ via thermal excitation. These considerations indicate a fundamental reappraisal of current approaches to global warming and the search for alternative energies.
Category: Chemistry

[379] viXra:1910.0224 [pdf] submitted on 2019-10-14 09:35:28

The Amount of Organic Compounds.

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych.
Comments: 7 Pages.

It is shown that the amount of organic compounds is uncountable infinite set. Uncountable infinite sets is also the number of substances in one homologous series, the number of homologous series themselves, as well as the number of functional groups. Obviously, the carbon form of life has literally countless organic substances for the origin of life. It can be shown that the probability origin life in the infinite Universe is equal to one. It can also be shown that using the encoding of genetic information on “alkane DNA”, uncountable infinite sets of synthetic artificial biospheres can be obtained.
Category: Chemistry

[378] viXra:1908.0294 [pdf] submitted on 2019-08-15 07:57:39

Calculation by Uff Method of Frequencies and Vibrational Temperatures of the Unit Cell of the Rhodochrosite Crystal

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato, Alireza Heidari
Comments: 5 Pages. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 7 (2) (2019) 77-81

The electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a precise frequency is a crystal oscillator. Particularly one using a quartz crystal works by distorting the crystal with an electric field, when voltage is applied to an electrode near or on the crystal. Other crystals such as rhodochrosite also have piezoelectric properties. The rhodochrosite as crystal oscillator for being an alternative to those of quartz. The rhodochrosite (MnC03) shows complete solid solution with siderite (FeC03), and it may contain substantial amounts of Zn, Mg, Co, and Ca. A molecular dynamic via molecular mechanics using the UFF (Universal Forces Field) provided the vibrational frequencies of the fundamental structure of the crystal molecule. The frequencies and vibrational temperatures of the unit cell of rhodochrosite obtained by UFF were calculated in the range from 0.6059 to 1,731.38 cm-1 and 0.87 to 2,491.06 K, respectively.
Category: Chemistry

[377] viXra:1907.0315 [pdf] submitted on 2019-07-16 16:52:37

Ab Initio Study of the Main Components of Biodiesel Derived from Soybean Oil

Authors: José Agripino de Araújo, Carlos Davidson Pinheiro, Luciano Leal Morais Salles, Albaneide Fernandes Wanderley, Elson Longo
Comments: 12 Pages.

The present study was conducted using the Gaussian 03 computational package to demonstrate properties involving the main molecules of methyl esters derived from fatty acids in soybean oil. The data were analyzed in terms of the energy of the system and Mulliken charges on the atoms investigated. The aim was to address the problem of fossil fuels with regard to environmental impact. Theoretical analysis of the ester molecules resulting from the transesterification reaction with methanol was performed based on the ab initio method using the 6-31G basis set.
Category: Chemistry

[376] viXra:1907.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2019-07-10 13:50:58

A Simple Model with a Unified Form of Equations for Space, Mass, and the Periodic Table

Authors: William Craig Byrdwell
Comments: 33 Pages. The version of this manuscript that contains the approximations for accurate monoisotopic masses (a.k.a. The 99.989% Solution) is "The Case for Whole PI and Alternative Equations for Space, Mass, and the Periodic Table", DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3348.6968/2

A new series of equations for space, mass and the Periodic Table based on a common pattern is presented. Three equations for circular space represent the circumference (C), area (A), and volume (V) of a circle or sphere, which are mathematically equivalent to the conventional equations, specifically, C=2πr, A=πr2, and V=4/3πr3. The new equations incorporate a new understanding of pi, referred to as Whole PI to distinguish it from the classic understanding. A new symbol for Whole PI is presented and explained. Using Whole PI, the equations for the dimensions of space become 2PIdp/2p for the first dimension and PIdp/2p for the others. It is further shown that the second mass, helium, stands in relation to the first mass, hydrogen, the same as the second dimension of space stands in relation to the first dimension of space, specifically, H=2mp/2p and He=mp/2p, in which m equals the integer unit mass (m=1), the power signifies the atomic number (and therefore the number of electrons), and the denominator signifies the integer mass of the atom. Because of the similarity to the equations for dimensions of space, the elements may be referred to as dimensions of mass. Using the new equations, it is shown that the Periodic Table contains exactly ten dimensions of mass, and the other elements can be considered deconstructions of the ten dimensions of mass. This report shows a common pattern behind space and mass, and provides new insight into the anomalies in the Periodic Table.
Category: Chemistry

[375] viXra:1906.0451 [pdf] submitted on 2019-06-23 11:47:08

Design of a Domestic Defluoridizing Unit

Authors: Shaheda Parveen, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Sireesha Malladi, K. Kiram Kumar
Comments: 11 Pages.

While trace amounts of fluorine are essential for life, its excessive intake leads to a disease known as fluorosis. It is a predominant ailment in majority of the countries inclusive of India. It is caused also by drinking fluoride containing water. Retention of fluorine in bones and teeth occurs through F−–(OH−) exchange on their inorganic component known as hydroxylapatite. Endeavour of the present study is to design a column using activated alumina as an adsorbent for continuous defluoridation ofwater for domestic purpose. As a part of it, operational defluoridation capacity of aluminawas determined by variation of different factors (amount of alumina, time, temperature, added salts). A family of four members was taken as a model. The initial and final fluoride concentrations were taken as 2.0 and 0.7 ppm, respectively. Dimension of the unit (adsorbent bed diameter and height) was determined.
Category: Chemistry

[374] viXra:1906.0450 [pdf] submitted on 2019-06-23 11:48:48

Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Watermelon Waste for Ethanol Production

Authors: Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, C. G. Prakasa Rao, Satya Sree
Comments: 13 Pages.

As the world oil reserves are draining day by day, new resources of carbon and hydrogen must be investigated to supply our energy and industrial needs. An extensive amount of biomass is accessible in many parts of the world and could be utilized either directly or as crude material for the production of different fuels. The motivation behind the present research is to find an appropriate strain for the fermentation of watermelon waste to get ethanol. Saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of watermelon waste were carried out simultaneously in the presence of A. niger and S. cerevisiae (toddy origin and baker’s yeast). Toddy originated S. cerevisiae culture is found to be more active than that of baker’s yeast. For the ethanol production, the optimized conditions for different parameters like temperature, time, strain and pH are finalized.
Category: Chemistry

[373] viXra:1906.0409 [pdf] submitted on 2019-06-20 11:57:48

Laser Organic Synthesis

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 1 Page.

I hypothesize that organic synthesis is possible using a universal automatic machine
Category: Chemistry

[372] viXra:1906.0274 [pdf] submitted on 2019-06-16 02:13:47

Novel 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Linked Amide Derivatives of Pteridone: Synthesis and Study of Anticancer Activities

Authors: Eeduri Ramya Devi, Reddymasu Sreenivasulu, Koya Prabhakara Rao, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh, Malladi Sireesha
Comments: 7 Pages.

Cancer is a second leading cause of death after heart attack, in developing as well as undeveloped countries. It is caused by unregulated growth and metastasis of the abnormal cancer cells. Cancer can be cured by radiation, immunotherapy and chemotherapy, among them; chemotherapy is a good treatment for cancer, in which chemotherapeutic drug is used. The anticancer activity of newly compounds (13a-j) was carried out on four different types of human cancer cell lines like MCF-7 (breast), A549 (lung), Colo-205 (colon) and A2780 (ovarian) by the MTT method, and compared to etoposide used as a positive control. Among them, compound 13g with electron-withdrawing (3,5- dinitro) group, exhibited more promising activity in all cell lines (MCF-7 = 0.10±0.076 μM, A549 = 0.17±0.039 μM, Colo-205= 0.13±0.022 μM and A2780 = 0.87±0.027μM). This compound may act as lead drug in cancer chemotherapy. In future, this compound can be examined for clinical studies.
Category: Chemistry

[371] viXra:1905.0406 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-22 03:48:14

Reclamation of Chromite Ore Processing Residue (Copr) Involving Recovery of Chromate Salt, Detoxification and Fabrication of Clay Brick

Authors: Unchol Kim
Comments: 9 Pages.

We studied on the methods involving the recovery of chromate salt from COPR, the sequential detoxification of COPR and the reclamation of the detoxified COPR. The results of leaching experiments showed that it is possible to recover Cr (VI) existed in COPR using an inexpensive method, in which ca. 84% of Cr (VI) extraction rate could be under the following condition; seawater as leaching solution, 25% of solid content, leaching period of 30min, intermittent agitation, gravitational sedimentation as solid/liquid separating mode, repetition number of up 5. Cr (VI) contained in leaching liquor was recovered as chrome yellow, followed by recirculating the Cr (VI)-depleted supernatant to the leaching process. For the detoxification of post-leach COPR (plCOPR), plCOPR was mixed with sodium sulfide as a single reductant in a mixer and was discharged from the mixer without retention time for reduction. Cr (VI) content in the mixture became lower than cleanup criteria by US EPA with the Na2S/Cr (VI) mass ratio of 6 at the reaction time of 36h. Also, the results of the experiment with the detoxified plCOPR as a substitution for sand in fabricating clay brick shows that acceptable compression strength (52N/mm2) is obtained when the detoxified COPR accounts for '30% in raw material mixture, with the Cr (VI) content of 0.5mglkg-bricks below cleanup criteria by US EPA
Category: Chemistry

[370] viXra:1905.0388 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:51:53

Methionine Production by Coryneform Bacteria Through Fermentation

Authors: Venkata Narayana A, Vamsi Priya A, Venkata Nadh R, Swami AVN, Sumalatha B, Vijaya Leela M
Comments: Pages.

Production of L-methionine by Cornybacterium glutamicum MTCC 2745 was assessed in batch fermentation by varying parameters viz., initial glucose concentration, initial nitrogen concentration, fermentation time, temperature, pH, initial shaking rate. Nynhydrin test and paper chromatography were used to identify methionine. Methionine estimated by using nitroprusside method. Effect of nitrogen sources on methionine production was examined. The parameters such as concentrations of glucose, ammonium sulphate, K2HPO4, MgSO47H2O, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid and Yeast extract are optimized and maximum yield was 5.6 g of methionine/L.
Category: Chemistry

[369] viXra:1905.0387 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:53:58

Simple and Validated Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Febuxostat in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Authors: Muvvala Subrahmanya Sudhir1, Pavuluri Madan Mohan, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

For estimation of the Febuxostat in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms, an ultra violet – spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated. The method employed 0.1 N NaOH as solvent. At 275 nm, the linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship with correlation coefficient value of 0.998 in the concentration range of 10 – 70 μg/ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.239 μg/ ml and 0.725 μg/ml respectively. The results demonstrated that the pro-cedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (R.S.D. < 2 %).
Category: Chemistry

[368] viXra:1905.0386 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:55:52

Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Nicergoline Through Ion-Pair Complexation Reaction

Authors: K. Kiran Kumar1, R. Venkata Nadh, K.e.v. Nagoji3
Comments: 7 Pages. OK

Two simple, sensitive, selective, accurate and economical spectrophotometric methods (A and B) have been described in the present work for the determination of Nicergoline in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations (tablets). Methods – A/B are based on the formation of orange red / yellow colored ion-association complexes between Nicergoline and Tropaeolin ooo (TPooo) / Alizarine Red S (ARS) in acid medium followed by their extraction with chloroform, exhibiting absorption maxima at 490nm / 430nm, and obeying Beer’s law in the concentration range of 2.5– 12.5μg/ml. Statistical analysis of the results of the proposed methods reveals high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods could be
Category: Chemistry

[367] viXra:1905.0385 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:57:26

A Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Lapatinib in Tablet Dosage form using Gemcitabine Hydrochloride as an Internal Standard

Authors: K. K. Kumar, K. E. V. Nagoji, R. V. Nadh
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

A simple, selective, rapid, precise and economical reverse‑phase high‑performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of lapatinib in tablet using gemcitabine hydrochloride as an internal standard. Chromatography was carried out on an ODS C‑18 RP column (4.6 mm i.d. ×250 mm) using a mixture of acetonitrile and water (50:50 v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The drug was monitored at 232 nm. The retention times for lapatinib and gemcitabine hydrochloride were found to be 4.25±0.05 and 6.10±0.05 min, respectively. The method produced linear responses in the concentration range of 2‑60 μg/ml of lapatinib. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.265 and 0.884 μg/ml, respectively.
Category: Chemistry

[366] viXra:1905.0384 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:59:03

Kinetics of Oxidation of Myo-Inositol by Potassium Periodate in Alkaline Medium

Authors: Y. Lakshman Kumar 2, R. Venkata Nadh, P.s. Radhakrishnamurti 2
Comments: 4 Pages. OK

Kinetics of oxidation of myo-inositol by potassium periodate both in alkaline and acid media were studied. The reactions were found to be first order in case of periodate in both media. In the case of base catalyzed reactions, a decrease in the rate of the reaction was observed with an increase in the concentration of substrate. An inverse fractional order with respect to substrate in alkaline shows the substrate inhibition. A positive fractional order was observed for substrate in acid catalyzed reactions. The dependence on hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions was found to be inverse fractional order. Arrhenius parameters were calculated for both the reactions conducted in acid and alkali media. Plausible mechanism is postulated based on experimental results.
Category: Chemistry

[365] viXra:1905.0383 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:00:10

A Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Febuxostat in Bulk Drugs

Authors: Sudhir S Muvvala1, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Rama RaoNadendla3
Comments: 9 Pages. OK

An accurate, sensitive, precise and robust reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the estimation of Febuxostat in bulk forms has been developed and validated. Chromatographic separation is conducted on Nucleosil C18 (250 x 4.6mm, 5μm) column at ambient temperature using mixture of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (buffer of pH 4.0 adjusted with 0.2% triethyl amine) and acetonitrile in the ratio (15: 85, v/v) as a mobile phase and at a flow rate of 1.2 ml / min, while UV detection is performed at 275nm. The retention time for Febuxostat is found to be 3.45 ± 0.05 min. The method is found to be linear in the range of 50.0 – 400.0 μg/mL. The limit of detection and quantization for Febuxostat are found to be 9.98 and 30.23 μg /mL respectively. Analytical recovery is 99.29 %. The percentage RSD for precision and accuracy of the method is found to be less than 2%. The method is validated as per the ICH guidelines and applied for the quantitative analysis of Febuxostat in bulk forms.
Category: Chemistry

[364] viXra:1905.0382 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:02:31

A Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Melphalan in Tablet Dosage Forms

Authors: K.Kiran Kumar1, R. Venkata Nadh
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

A simple, selective, rapid, precise and economical reverse phase HPLC method has been developed for the determination of melphalan in tablet. The analyte was resolved by using a mobile phase (Acetonitrile, water and 1% ortho phosphoric acid in the ratio 70:27:3 v/v/v) at a flow rate 1 ml/min on an isocratic HPLC system (PEAK) consisting UV-Visible detector, ODS C-18, RP column (4.6 mm i.d x250 mm) at a wavelength of 275 nm. The linear dynamic range for melphalan was 2.0 μg/mL – 14.0μg/mL. The limit of detection [LOD] and Limit of quantification [LOQ] for melphalan was 0.5μg/mL and 1.5μg/mL respectively.
Category: Chemistry

[363] viXra:1905.0381 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:04:47

Development and Validation of HPLC Method for the Estimation of Nicergoline in Marketed Formulations

Authors: K.Kiran Kumar, R. Venkata Nadh
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

A simple, selective, accurate, and economical reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was developed for estimation of nicergoline in pharmaceutical formulations. Chromatographic separation achieved isocratically on a C18column (ODS, C18, 5μ, 250×4.6 mm i.d.) with mobile phase containing methanol, acetonitrile and 1.0 % ortho phosphoric acid in the ratio 80:18:2 v/v/v. The flow rate was 1.0mL/min and effluent was monitored at 265nm. The retention time was 3.128min. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy and precision. The linearity curve was found to be linear over 1.0 - 6.0 μg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.3 μg /ml and 0.9 μg /ml respectively. The proposed method was successfully used to determine the drug content of marketed formulations.
Category: Chemistry

[362] viXra:1905.0380 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:08:24

Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Satranidazole in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Authors: K. Kiran Kumar1, R. Venkata Nadh
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

A simple, selective, rapid, precise and economical reverse phase HPLC method has been developed for the determination of satranidazole in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was carried out on a isocratic ODS - C18 (250 x 4.6mm i.d.,5 μ) column with a mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile , 0.025M Ammonium phosphate buffer and 1.0% Ortho phosphoric acid in the ratio 65:35:5 v/v/v) at a flow rate 1.2mL/min. Detection was carried out at 318nm using UV lamp visible detector. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and solution stability. The proposed method can be used for the estimation of satranidazole in pharmaceutical formulations.
Category: Chemistry

[361] viXra:1905.0378 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:11:11

Kinetics of Oxidation of Iodide ion by Cerium (IV),

Authors: R.Venkata Nadh, B.Syama Sundar, P.S. Radhakrishnamurti
Comments: 8 Pages.

Kinetics of Oxidation of Iodide ion by Cerium (IV),
Category: Chemistry

[360] viXra:1905.0377 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:13:11

Kinetics of Oxidation of Iodide Ion by Vanadium (V),

Authors: R.Venkata Nadh, B.Syama Sundar, P.S. Radhakrishnamurti
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

Kinetics of oxidation of iodide ion by Vanadium (V),
Category: Chemistry

[359] viXra:1905.0376 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:14:13

Kinetic Studies of Thiocyanate and Iodide Oxidation with 2,6-Dichloro-Quinone-4-Chloro-Imide: a Novel and a New Oxidising Agent,

Authors: R.Venkata Nadh, B.Syama Sundar, P.S. Radhakrishnamurti
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

Kinetic Studies of thiocyanate and iodide oxidation with 2,6-dichloro-quinone-4-chloro-imide: A novel and a new oxidising agent,
Category: Chemistry

[358] viXra:1905.0375 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:15:47

Kinetics of Oxidation of Ethylamine, Monoethanolamine and Benzylamine by Chloramine-T

Authors: R.Venkata Nadh, B.Syama Sundar, P.S. Radhakrishnamurti
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

Kinetics of oxidation of ethylamine, monoethanolamine and benzylamine by chloramine-T
Category: Chemistry

[357] viXra:1905.0374 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:17:44

Kinetics of Oxidation of Aniline, P-Aminobenzoic Acid and P-Nitroaniline by 2,6-Dichloro Quionone-4-Chloro-Imide

Authors: R.Venkata Nadh, B.Syama Sundar, P.S. Radhakrishnamurti
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

Kinetics of oxidation of aniline, p-aminobenzoic acid and p-nitroaniline by 2,6-dichloro quionone-4-chloro-imide
Category: Chemistry

[356] viXra:1905.0373 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:20:22

Kinetics of Reduction of Substituted Cobaloximes by Iron(ii)

Authors: R.Venkata Nadh, B.Syama Sundar, P.S. Radhakrishnamurti
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

Kinetics of reduction of substituted cobaloximes by iron(II)
Category: Chemistry

[355] viXra:1905.0372 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 06:21:46

Kinetics of Oxidation of Ethylamine, Monethanolamine and Benzylamine by N-Bromosuccinimide,

Authors: R.Venkata Nadh, B.Syama Sundar, P.S. Radhakrishnamurti
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

Kinetics of oxidation of ethylamine, monethanolamine and benzylamine by N-bromosuccinimide,
Category: Chemistry

[354] viXra:1905.0341 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 01:47:28

Design, Synthesis and Anti-Tumour Activity of New Pyrimidine-Pyrrole Appended Triazoles

Authors: Arunkumar Thiriveedhi, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh, Navuluri Srinivasu, Yamini Bobde ⁠c, Balaram Ghosh ⁠c, Kondapalli Venkata Gowri Chandra Sekhar
Comments: 10 Pages. OK

The new pyrimidine-pyrrole scaffolds (7a–7m) with substituted 1,2,3-traizole moiety were synthesized in good to mild yields and subjected for anti-cancer activity against melanoma and breast cancer cell lines using MTT assay. The compounds 7f and 7m exhibited highest anti-cancer activity against both the tested cell lines in in vitro assay. The molecular docking analysis provided the insights of binding orientation of pyrimidine-pyrrole nucleus of current ligands and their crucial interactions with Cys797 and other residues of the EGFR tyrosine kinase active site. The interactions of triazole and its various substituted groups with EGFR tyrosine kinase have been discussed
Category: Chemistry

[353] viXra:1905.0340 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 01:53:49

Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin Using Charge Transfer Complex

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Venkata Nadh RATNAkaram, Kishore VNV
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

A visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of gemigliptin present in bulk drug and tablet formulation. It involves an indirect method of charge transfer complex formation in presence of NBS, metol and suphanilic acid. Gemigliptin was subjected to oxidation with excess amount of oxidant (NBS) and the unconsumed NBS oxidizes metol to give p-N-methylbenzoquinone monoamine (PNMM) which in turn forms a charge transfer complex with sulphanilic acid. Then validated the above developed method as per the current ICH guidelines. An excellent correlation coefficient (> 0.999) was found for the obtained regression equation (y = –0.0302x + 0.928) in the range of 2.0–30.0 μg mL-1. The method was found to be simple and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range 99.92 – 100.08.
Category: Chemistry

[352] viXra:1905.0339 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 01:55:32

Oxidative Coupling Reaction for the Determination of Lurasidone

Authors: M. S. Sudhira, R. Venkata Nadh, H. Manjunatha
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

A simple, sensitive, precise, accurate, highly reproducible and economical, visible spectrophotometric method for the determination lurasidone in bulk form was developed and validated. The method is based on the formation of an oxidative coupling product by the reaction of lurasidone with 3-methylbenzothiazolin- 2-one hydrazone as a chromogenic reagent in presence of ferric chloride. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0–100 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.6 and 1.7 μg/mL, respectively. The method was tested and validated according to ICH guidelines. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (RSD < 2%).
Category: Chemistry

[351] viXra:1905.0338 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 01:58:01

Novel Pyrazolyl Benzoxazole Conjugates: Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking Studies and in vitro Anticancer Activities

Authors: Arunkumar Thiriveedhi, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh, Navuluri Srinivasu1, Narayana Murthy Ganta3
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

Abstract: Background: Nowadays, hybrid drugs have gained a significant role in the treatment of different health problems. Most of the hybrid molecules with different heterocyclic moieties were proved to be potent anti-tumor agents in cancer chemotherapy. Hence, the present study is aimed at the evaluation of in vitro anticancer activity of novel hybrid molecules (pyrazolyl benzoxazole conjugates) and to investigate their anticancer activity by molecular docking studies. Methods: Designed, synthesized and characterized the novel pyrazolyl benzoxazole conjugates. Anticancer activity of these compounds was determined by SRB assay. Then molecular docking studies were carried out against proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (ATP-Src, PDB: 2BDF), a putative target for cancer. Results: All the synthesized compound derivatives were evaluated against MCF-7, KB, Hop62 and A549 cancer cell lines. Compounds 9b and 9c exhibited excellent anticancer activities with GI50 values of <0.1 μM against MCF-7 and A549 cell lines. Compound 9e exhibited good antitumor activity on MCF-7 and A-549 with GI50 values of 0.12 μM and 0.19 μM respectively. Compound 9g showed better anticancer activity on A-549 cancer cell line with GI50 value of 0.34 μM. Conclusion: The two-hybrid molecules 9b and 9c are found to be comparably potent with the standard drug doxorubicin and may act as drug lead compounds in medicinal chemistry aspect. The present docking investigation proved that having benzoxazole of compound 9c at benzofuran of reference compound N-acetyl pyrazoline derivative might be valid for contributing to anti-cancer activity.
Category: Chemistry

[350] viXra:1905.0337 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:00:27

Determination of Riociguat by Oxidative Coupling Using Visible Spectrophotometry

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Venkata Nadh RATNAkaram, Sireesha Malladi 3
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to determine riociguat in bulk and tablet formulation. The present method lies on the oxidation of MBTH by Fe+3 ions in acidic medium to form active coupling species and followed by its coupling with riociguat to form the chromophore having lmax 660 nm. Validated the proposed method as per the existing guidelines of ICH. Good linearity (r~ 0.999) was observed for calibration curve in the studied concentration range (6.25 – 37.50 μg mL-1). Reproducibility, accuracy and precision of the method were confirmed from low values of % RSD.
Category: Chemistry

[349] viXra:1905.0336 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:02:00

Determination of Satranidazole Through Ion-Associative Complex Reaction

Authors: K. Kiran Kumar, R.Venkata Nadh, M. Siva Kishore1, G. Giri Prasad3
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus, the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
Category: Chemistry

[348] viXra:1905.0335 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:03:35

Ninhydrin Based Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemigliptin

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Ven kata Nadh RATNAkaram, Sireesha Malladi 3
Comments: 7 Pages. OK

A simple method is described to determine the amount of gemigliptin in bulk and tablet formulation by visible spectrophotometry. Basis of the proposed method is the reaction of the primary amine present on gemigliptin with ninhydrin in alkaline pH (alkaline borate buffer) medium to produce a purple color (Ruhemann’s purple) which has maximum absorption at 558 nm. The method was validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The obtained regression equation (y = 0.0148x+0.0011) in the range of 5-30 μg mL-1 has a good correlation coefficient (> 0.999). As the method does not require any separation, it is rapid and simple. The recovery levels of the drug were in the range of 99.73 – 99.96. This method is a green method as it no organic solvents were employed.
Category: Chemistry

[347] viXra:1905.0334 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:05:22

Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Ulipristal Acetate using Naphthol Blue Black

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

Ulipristal acetate is used to treat uterine fibroids and for emergency birth control. The present study is a first report on development of a visible spectrophotometric method for determination of Ulipristal acetate present in bulk and tablet formulation. The method involves the sequential addition of HCl (0.1 N) and Napthol Blue Black solution to Ulipristal acetate. Cation formed on tertiary amine group of Ulipristal acetate attracts anion of naphthol blue black (an acid dye) to develop a coloured ion-association complex. From the aqueous phase, the chromophore is extractable into chloroform, which exhibits λmax at 640 nm. As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (2.50 – 15.00 μg mL-1). The % recovery values falls in 99.80 – 100.72 range. %RSD results of both precision studies were observed in the range 0.007 – 0.560, indicating the satisfactory precision of the method. Low values of R.S.D. (< 1 %) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise. The proposed method can be used in quality control laboratories for routine analysis of Ulipristal acetate (bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms) without requirement of expensive instruments.
Category: Chemistry

[346] viXra:1905.0333 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:07:35

Piperacillin Estimation by Ion-Associative Complex Formation

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Kiran Kumar Katari3
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

Objective: The objective of the study was to develop a simple, validated, and affordable visible spectrophotometric method for determination of piperacillin (PIP) present in bulk and powder for injection formulation. Methods: In the present method, cobalt thiocyanate (CTC) was used as a chromogenic reagent where it forms 2:1 ion pair complex at pH 2 with PIP which is having secondary and tertiary amine groups. Results: The formed bluish-green colored ion pair between PIP and CTC is quantitatively extractable into nitrobenzene with an absorption maximum of 665 nm. Regression analysis (r=0.9996) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (3–18 μg/mL). Low values of relative standard deviation (<2%) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate, and precise. Conclusions: As per the existing guidelines of ICH (international council for harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use), various parameters of the proposed method were tested for validation and can be used method of choice for routine analysis in industrial quality control laboratories, especially in developing countries.
Category: Chemistry

[345] viXra:1905.0332 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:11:37

Ion Associative Complex Formation for the Stimation of Piperacillin

Authors: Giri Prasad G, Venkata Nadh R, Kiran Kumar K
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

Ion associative complex formation for the stimation of piperacillin
Category: Chemistry

[344] viXra:1905.0331 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:13:33

Determination of Mianserine Using Fe3+-Phenanthroline by Visible Spectrophotometry

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram
Comments: 4 Pages. OK

Mianserin is used as an antidepressant medication. A visible spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of Mianserine present in bulk and tablet formulation. The basis of the proposed method is formation of a chromophore (of λ max 484 nm) in presence of Fe3+-Phenanthroline. Optimization of reaction conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. The proposed method does not require a pre-treatment process. The method has the advantage of simple, reproducible, selective and sensitive. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (1 – 6 μg mL-1). The % recovery values falls in 98.00 – 99.66 range. As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. %RSD results of both precision studies were observed in the range 0.181 – 0.530 and -0.135 – 0.408 respectively, indicating the satisfactory precision of the method. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2 %) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise. The proposed method can be used in routine analysis of Mianserine (bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms) in quality control laboratories, as an alternative to the methods which require expensive instruments.
Category: Chemistry

[343] viXra:1905.0330 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:16:43

Determination of Mianserin Using Tropaeolin-Ooo by Ion Pair Formation

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu1, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression. Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
Category: Chemistry

[342] viXra:1905.0329 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:19:27

Pharmacological Review of Caralluma r.br: A Potential Herbal Genus

Authors: Sireesha Malladi, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, K. Suresh Babu, M. Sreenivasulu
Comments: 13 Pages. OK

In history, medicinal plants were proven as a source of active compounds with therapeutic applications, and at present, they are an important collection for the discovery of novel drug leads. Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. The present article thoroughly reviewed about the classification of Caralluma into subgenera, number of its species, its distribution in different parts of the world, and pharmacological activities exhibited by different species of Caralluma.
Category: Chemistry

[341] viXra:1905.0328 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:21:12

Diazo Coupling for the Determination of Selexipag by Visible Spectrophotometry

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram
Comments: 7 Pages. OK

Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study were to develop a spectrophotometric method for the assay of selexipag (selective IP prostacyclin receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations so that it will be an alternative quantitative method to chromatographic methods which require large quantities of organic solvents, where some are with hazardous and toxic properties. Materials and Methods: The method is based on the diazo coupling of selexipag with diazotized p-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form a stable green-colored and water-soluble azo dye with a maximum absorption at 510 nm. Optimization of reaction conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. Results and Discussion: Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2–12 μg/mL with a molar absorptivity of 3.33 × 104 L/mol/cm. The limit of detection was 0.35 μg/mL and limit of quantification was 1.0 μg/mL. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%). Conclusions: This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to the current ICH guidelines.
Category: Chemistry

[340] viXra:1905.0327 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:22:38

Ion-pair Formation for the Determination of Mianserin Using Fast Sulphon Black F

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Sireesha Malladi
Comments: 7 Pages. OK

Aim: The objective of the current study is to develop a colorimetric method for the determination of mianserin, an antidepressant drug. Materials and Methods: Fast Sulphon Black F, an acidic dye was used to develop a soluble colored ion-pair complex. The complex was extracted into an organic solvent and absorbance was measured. Results: Reaction conditions were optimized to obtain a sensitive and stable chromophore (λmax 554 nm) in dichloromethane. Good linearity was observed for the calibration curve plotted in the studied concentration range (4–14 μg/mL) with regression analysis (r > 0.9997). High percentage recovery values (98.25–101.40) show that the method is accurate. Reproducibility of the method is evident from lower relative standard deviation (<2%) for both intra- and inter-day precision studies. Conclusions: The proposed method is validated as per the existing ICH guidelines. This method is simple as it does not require any pre-treatment process.
Category: Chemistry

[339] viXra:1905.0326 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:34:18

Oxidative Coupling: A Tranquil Approach for Determination of Selexipag by Visible Spectrophotometry

Authors: Giri Prasad Gorumutchu, Venkata Nadh RATNAkaram
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

The present study is a first report on development of a spectrophotometric method for determination of selexipag (used to cure pulmonary arterial hypertension) in bulk and tablet formulation and its validation. The basis of the proposed method is formation of a chromophore (of λ max 600 nm) in presence of acidic ferric chloride by oxidative coupling reaction between selexipag and MBTH (3-methylbenzo-thiazolin-2-one hydrazone) solution. Regression analysis (r > 0.999) shows that the plotted calibration curve exhibits good linearity in the studied range of concentration (5 – 30 μg mL-1). As per the existing guidelines of ICH, various parameters of the method were tested for validation. Low values of R.S.D. (< 2%) were observed indicating that the proposed method is reproducible, accurate and precise.
Category: Chemistry

[338] viXra:1905.0325 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:35:59

Phtytochemical Library of Caralluma Genus

Authors: Sireesha Malladi, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, K. Suresh Babu, T. Pullaiah
Comments: 13 Pages. OK

Phtytochemical Library of Caralluma Genus
Category: Chemistry

[337] viXra:1905.0324 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:37:23

Synthesis and Antitumor Activity Evaluation of 2-Aminothiazoles Appended 5-Methylisoxazoline and Pyridine-Piperazine Hybrid Molecules

Authors: Garbapu Suresh, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh, Navuluri Srinivasu, Durgaprasad Yennity
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

A highly efficient and milder protocol for the syntheses of novel series of 2-aminothiazoles bearing 5-methylisoxazoline and pyridine-piperazine hybrid molecules has been developed. The target compounds 13a-e were screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity activity against various tumor cell lines including MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma), Jurkat (human Tcell leukemia) and THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukemia). The bioactive assay showed most of the new compounds exhibited promising results in comparison with the parental Sunitinib. The synthesized compounds could well be used in the future as lead anticancer drugs in drug development studies. The synthesized compounds were fully characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectral data.
Category: Chemistry

[336] viXra:1905.0323 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:39:52

LC-MS Compatible Stability Indicating RP-Uplc Method for the Estimation of Ester Prodrug of Mycophenolic Acid in Injection Formulation

Authors: 58.G. Venkata Narasimha Rao, Muralee Krishna, Ravi Kumar Bellam, R. Venkata Nadh
Comments: 10 Pages. OK

LC-MS compatible stability indicating RP-UPLC method for the estimation of ester prodrug of mycophenolic acid in injection formulation
Category: Chemistry

[335] viXra:1905.0322 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:41:23

A Study on Extraction of Plant Based Bio Colours

Authors: P.Vijetha, R. Venkata Nadh, K. Ramesh Naidu, T.Swapna Sundari
Comments: 3 Pages. OK

Most of the synthetic colours are carcinogenic. Many natural colours are thought to play- a significant role in preventing or delaying the onset of many diseases. Optimized conditions were arrived for the extraction of plant based biocolours based on the literature survey. In the present study, extraction of bixin from annatto seeds was carried out using ethyl acetate and ethanol. A pure bixin is obtained by precipitating from petroleum ether. A simple method for preparing butter colour from annatto seeds is tested using castor oil and groundnut seed oil. Lycopene was extracted from tomatoes using ethyl acetate as a solvent and further purified by successive recrystallisation from ethyl acetate and ethanol. A stable oleoresin of lycopene was prepared in soybean oil. Purity of extracted colours is established from spectral studies.
Category: Chemistry

[334] viXra:1905.0321 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:42:54

In-Vivo Evaluation of Rifampicin Loaded Nanospheres: Biodistribution and Mycobacterium Screening Studies

Authors: Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Beeram, Krupanidhi S, Venkata Nadh R
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

Rifampicin PLGA nanospheres are formulated with a specific goal in order to decrease the dose, adverse effects and to enhance targeted drug delivery. Rifampicin nanospheres were prepared and evaluated by emulsion solvent evaporation method. In vivo bio distribution studies reveal that there was a long term accumulation of rifampicin nanospheres in the lungs over other organs. The increase in Cmax values confirmed that inhalable PLGA nanospheres are suitable for targeting and providing sustained release of antitubercular drugs to lungs. So inhalation is a selected administration route of Rifampicin PLGA nanospheres. The in vivo screening of M. tuberculosis showed good activity as well as its activity against multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis and against M. tuberculosis isolates in a potentially latent state, makes Rifampicin PLGA nanospheres as an attractive drug dosage form for the therapy of tuberculosis. It can be concluded that there is a significant potential for effective oral delivery as well as nasal delivery of the Nanospheres for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Category: Chemistry

[333] viXra:1905.0320 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:44:25

Development and Validation of Uplc Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Carvedilol and Ivabradine in the Presence of Degradation Products Using Doe Concept

Authors: Nukendra Prasad Nadella, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, N. Srinivasu
Comments: 11 Pages. OK

A methodical design-of-experiments were performed by applying quality-by-design concepts to establish a design-space for simultaneous and rapid quantification of Carvedilol and Ivabradine by UPLC in the presence of degradation products. Response-surface, central-composite design, and quadratic model were employed for statistical assessment of experimental data using the Design-Expert software. Response variables such as resolution and retention time were analyzed statistically for chromatographic screening. During DoE study, various plots such as perturbation, contour, 3D and design-space plots were considered for method optimization. The method was developed using C8 [100 � 2.1 mm, 1.8 μ] UPLC column, mobile phase comprising 0.5% triethylamine buffer [pH 6.4] and acetonitrile in the ratio of 50:50 v/v, the flow rate of 0.4 mL minute−1 and UV detection at 285 nm for both Carvedilol and Ivabradine. The method was developed with a short run time of two minutes. The method was found to be linear in the range of 25.0–199.9 μg mL−1 and 8.9–21.3 μg mL−1 for Carvedilol and Ivabradine, respectively with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998 in each case. The recovery values were found in the range of 99.7–100.8% and 98.9–100.9% for Carvedilol and Ivabradine, respectively. The method was validated according to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines.
Category: Chemistry

[332] viXra:1905.0319 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:46:27

Novel Hybrid Molecules of Quinazoline Chalcone Derivatives: Synthesis and Study of In Vitro Cytotoxic Activities

Authors: Arunkumar Thiriveedhi, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh, Navuluri Srinivasu, Kishore Kaushal3
Comments: 9 Pages. OK

Background: A new series of quinazoline linked chalcone conjugates were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity. Methods: The quinazoline-chalcone derivatives (13a-r) have been prepared by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation of various substituted benzaldehydes (12a-r) with substituted l-(4-(3,4- dihydroquinazolin-4-ylamino)phenyl)ethanone (11a-b) in the presence of aqueous NaOH. Three potential compounds 13f, 13g and 13h exhibited cytotoxicity against leukemia (GI50 value of 1.07, 0.26 and 0.24 μM), Non-small lung (GI50 values of 2.05,1.32 and 0.23 μM), colon (GI50 values of 0.54, 0.34 and 0.34 μM) and breast (GI50 values of 2.17, 1.84 and 0.22 μM) cell line, respectively. Results and Conclusion: Based on these biological results, it is evident that compound 13h has the potential to be considered for further detailed studies either alone or in combination with existing therapies as potential anticancer agents.
Category: Chemistry

[331] viXra:1905.0318 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:48:05

Novel Hybrid Molecules of Isoxazole Chalcone Derivatives: Synthesis and Study of In Vitro Cytotoxic Activities

Authors: Arunkumar Thiriveedhi, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh, Navuluri Srinivasu1, Kishore Kaushal3
Comments: 7 Pages. OK

Background: Now-a-days, the model of “hybrid drugs” has acquired recognition in medicine due to their significant role in the treatment of different health problems. Methods: We have synthesized new series of isoxazole-chalcone conjugates (14a-m) by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation of suitable substituted acetophenones with isoxazole aldehydes (12a-d). In vitro cytotoxic activity of the synthesized compounds was studied against four different selected human cancer cell lines by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) method. Results: The adopted scheme resulted in good yields of new series of isoxazole-chalcone conjugates (14a-m). Potent cytotoxic activity was observed for compounds -14a, 14b, 14e, 14i, 14j and 14k against prostate DU-145 cancer cell line. Conclusion: The observed potent cytotoxic activities were due to the presence of 3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl group.
Category: Chemistry

[330] viXra:1905.0317 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:49:37

Evaluation of in Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Caralluma Lasiantha for Scientific Validation of Indian Traditional Medicine

Authors: Sireesha Malladi, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, K. Suresh Babu4, T. Pullaiah5
Comments: 15 Pages. OK

Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae) along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Category: Chemistry

[329] viXra:1905.0316 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:52:32

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity Studies of 2, 4 di Substituted Furan Derivatives

Authors: S. Malladi, R.Venkata Nadh, K.Suresh Babu, P.Suri Babu
Comments: 9 Pages. OK

Synthesis and antibacterial activity studies of 2, 4- di substituted furan derivatives
Category: Chemistry

[328] viXra:1905.0315 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:56:11

Utilization of Agro-Waste for Removal of Toxic Hexavalent Chromium: Surface Interaction and Mass Transfer Studies

Authors: R. P. Mokkapati, V. N. Ratnakaram, J. S. Mokkapati
Comments: 12 Pages. OK

Abundantly available agricultural waste materials (banana bunch, sorghum stem and casuarinas fruit) are processed with negligible cost and are found to be highly suitable as biosorbents for chromium(VI) removal from aqueous environment due to high surface area and functional groups of adsorbents. The equilibrium data have been analyzed for the adsorbate–adsorbate/adsorbent interactions and found to be fitted to the data in the order, Hill–de Boer C Fowler–Guggenheim % Frumkin[Kiselev. To determine the characteristic parameters for process design, mass transfer studies have been carried out using two-parameter isotherm models (Harkins–Jura, Halsey, Smith, El-Awady and Flory–Huggins) and three-parameter isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Sips) which are applied to the experimental data. The fitness of the isotherms describes that both mono- and multilayer adsorptions occur in the present studied three biosorbents in preference to the latter. The mechanism of adsorption has been studied using diffusion kinetic models (viz. liquid film diffusion, Dunwald–Wagner intra-particle diffusion model and moving boundary model) and described the possibility of diffusion in the order of banana bunch–stem powder[ sorghum stem powder[casuarinas fruit powder in terms of diffusion coefficients. In essence of all the results, the selected adsorbents can be used as a potential adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Category: Chemistry

[327] viXra:1905.0314 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 02:59:03

A Convenient New and Efficient Commercial Synthetic Route for Dasatinib (Sprycel®)

Authors: Garbapu Suresh, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh, Navuluri Srinivasu, Durgaprasad Yennity
Comments: 12 Pages. OK

A new and efficient synthetic route for dual-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor dasatinib (Sprycel®), an anticancer drug, is described. This commercially viable process yields dasatinib monohydrate free of potential impurities with consistent yield of 68% in route A and 61% in route B with HPLC purity >99.80% over four stages.
Category: Chemistry

[326] viXra:1905.0313 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 03:01:17

Quality-by-Design-Based Development and Validation of a Stability-Indicating Uplc Method for Quantification of Teriflunomide in the Presence of Degradation Products and Its Application to Invitro Dissolution

Authors: Nukendra Prasad Nadella, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, N. Srinivasu
Comments: 11 Pages. OK

A systematic design-of-experiments was performed by applying quality-by-design concepts to determine design space for rapid quantification of teriflunomide by the ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method in the presence of degradation products. Response surface and central composite quadratic were used for statistical evaluation of experimental data using a Design-Expert software. The response variables such as resolution, retention time, and peak tailing were analyzed statistically for the screening of suitable chromatographic conditions. During this process, various plots such as perturbation, contour, 3D, and design space were studied. The method was developed through UPLC BEH C18 2.1 � 100 mm, 1.7-μ column, mobile phase comprised of buffer (5 mM K2HPO4 containing 0.1% triethylamine, pH 6.8), and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v), the flow rate of 0.5 mL min 1 and UV detection at 250 nm. The method was developed with a short run time of 1 min. Forced degradation studies revealed that the method was stability-indicating, suitable for both assay and in-vitro dissolution of a drug product. The method was found to be linear in the range of 28–84 μg mL 1, 2.8–22.7 μg mL 1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and 1.000 for assay and dissolution, respectively. The recovery values were found in the range of 100.1–101.7%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines.
Category: Chemistry

[325] viXra:1905.0312 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 03:03:10

Supercritical Fluid (Co2) Chromatography for Quantitative Determination of Selected Cancer Therapeutic Drugs in the Prescence of Potential Impurities in Injection Formulations

Authors: Venkata Narasimha Rao G., Ravi B., Jalandhar D., Manoj P., R. Venkata Nadh
Comments: 16 Pages. OK

In the present study, two cancer therapeutic drugs (docetaxel and bortezomib) were separated from their potential impurities on a chromatographic platform by utilizing CO2 gas (supercritical state) and quantified. The chromatographic separations were achieved on two short columns BEH-2EP (100mm 3mm, 1.7 mm) and CHIRALPAK AD-3 (100 mm 4.6 mm, 3 mm) for docetaxel and bortezomib, respectively. The present work describes the role of organic modifiers in the separation of polar compounds by supercritical fluid chromatography. The two new methods were fully validated in accordance with the current ICH (International Council for Harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use) guidelines. The stability indicating power of the methods was demonstrated from the stress studies conducted on the injection formulations of the two compounds. The methods are precise with % RSD of 0.4, linear with the correlation coefficient of r2 $ 0.999 and accurate in the range of 50–150% of the target assay concentration. The two methods can be equally employed for the assay determination of docetaxel and bortezomib APIs as well.
Category: Chemistry

[324] viXra:1905.0311 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 03:04:38

Phytochemical Screening of Caralluma Lasiantha Isolation of C21 Pregnane Steroid

Authors: Sireesha Malladi1, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Suresh Babu K, Pullaiah T
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

Phytochemical screening of Caralluma lasiantha was carried out and one C21 pregnane steroid was isolated from chloroform extract. Based on spectroscopic studies (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS) the isolated compound is 3b,14b-dihydroxy-14b-pregn-5-en-20-one which was earlier isolated from other species.
Category: Chemistry

[323] viXra:1905.0309 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 04:52:21

Phytochemical Investigation of Caralluma Lasiantha: Isolation of Stigmasterol, an Active Immunomodulatory Agent

Authors: Malladi S1, Ratnakaram VN, Suresh Babu K, Pullaiah T
Comments: 9 Pages. OK

Stigmasterol, a phytosteroid was isolated for the first time from C. lasiantha using n-hexane as a solvent. Stigmasterol was characterized on the basis of physical, chemical and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1HNMR, DEPT-45, 90 & 135, and MS) analysis as well as by comparing them to their literature data. A sequence of steps was adopted like saponification, fractional crystallization and gradient elution column chromatography to isolate stigmasterol because some phytosterols possess identical physical properties which makes it difficult to isolate the constituents.
Category: Chemistry

[322] viXra:1905.0308 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 04:53:53

Caralluma Lasiantha: a Review on It’s Vital Role in Indian Traditional Medicine

Authors: Sireesha Malladi1, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram, Suresh Babu K3, Pullaiah T4
Comments: 7 Pages. OK

Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. Caralluma lasiantha is medicinally important due to existence of pregnane glycosides, which may possess various biological activities. This article thoroughly reviewed about the usage of C. lasiantha in traditional medicinal system, phytochemicals present in it, profile identification studies, anti-hyperglycemic effect, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.
Category: Chemistry

[321] viXra:1905.0307 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 04:55:23

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Plerixafor and Related Substances in an Injection Formulation

Authors: G. Venkata Narasimha Rao, B. Ravi1, M. Sunil Kumar1, P. Manoj1, R. Venkata Nadh
Comments: 14 Pages. OK

Plerixafor (PLX) injections are administered to patients with cancers of lymphocytes (non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) and plasma cells (multiple myeloma). The main objective of the current study was to develop a short reverse phase chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantification of PLX and its impurities, in an injection formulation, to reduce the time required for these quality tests. Furthermore, the present work describes the role of nonalkyl branched nonquaternary ion pair reagent in improving the peak shape and reducing column equilibration time. The separation of PLX and its related substances is pH dependent (optimum pH = 2.50) and was achieved on an octadecylsilyl (C18) column. The method was validated for its intended purpose in accordance with the current regulatory guidelines for validation. The proposed method can be applied for quality control, release, and stability analyses of active pharmaceutical ingredient, PLX, as well as finished products, PLX injections.
Category: Chemistry

[320] viXra:1905.0306 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 04:57:15

Novel Coumarin Isoxazoline Derivatives: Synthesis and Study of Antibacterial Activities

Authors: Garbapu Suresh, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh, Navuluri Srinivasu, Kishore Kaushal
Comments: 9 Pages. OK

A highly efficient and mild protocol for the syntheses of ethyl-3- [7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4- isoxazole carboxylates and ethyl-3-[7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-2- oxo-2H-8-chromenyl]-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-4-isoxazole carboxylates in good yields via [3 þ 2] cycloaddition of in situ–generated nitrile oxides from 7-benzyloxy-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides and 7-benzyloxy-3-chloro-4-methyl-coumarin hydroxymoylchlorides respectively with ethyl-3-aryl prop-2-enoate has been developed. The new compounds are screened for antibacterial activity.
Category: Chemistry

[319] viXra:1905.0305 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 04:59:11

Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Studies on Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions Using Agro-Waste Biomaterials, Casuarina Equisetifolia L. and Sorghum Bicolor

Authors: Mokkapati Ramya Prasanthi, Mokkapati Jayasravanthi, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh,
Comments: 10 Pages. OK

Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using 15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient (R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have also been determined at different values of temperature.
Category: Chemistry

[318] viXra:1905.0304 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:01:07

Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Investigation on Adsorption of Divalent Copper Using Agro-Waste Biomaterials, Musa Acuminata, Casuarina Equisetifolia L. and Sorghum Bicolor

Authors: Ramya Prasanthi Mokkapati1, Jayasravanthi Mokkapati, Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram
Comments: 10 Pages. OK

Three novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., Casuarinas fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder (SSP) and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic copper(II) from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting adsorption capacity were analyzed and the effi ciency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-fi rst and second order, Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II) from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.
Category: Chemistry

[317] viXra:1905.0303 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:02:43

Mucoadhesive Targeted Pulmonary Delivery of Nanoparticulated Dry Powder Insufflators a Revolt in TB Therapy

Authors: Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Beeram1, Venkata Nadh R, Krupanidhi S1, Gnana Prakash K3
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) against first-line drugs and extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB) due to misuse of second-line anti tubercular drugs (ATDs) is a further concern. Recommended treatment involves long term and multiple drug therapy with severe side effects. Due to this concern nanoparticle-based systems have significant potential for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) to overcome the need to administer ATDs at high and frequent doses, would assist in improving patient compliance and circumvent hepatotoxic ity and/or nephrotoxicity/ocular toxicity/ototoxicity associated with the prevalent first-line chemotherapy. Nanostructured delivery systems constitute a wide range of systems varying from liposomes, micelles, micro- and nanoemulsions, to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs ) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Pulmonary administration of inhaled nanoparticles in the form of dry powder inhalers offer particular advantages for pulmonary administration of anti tubercular drugs (ATDs). Present review comprehensively about different approaches of nanobased drug delivery, devises and techniques for pulmonary delivery of nanoparticle encapsulated ATD.
Category: Chemistry

[316] viXra:1905.0302 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:09:31

A Novel Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Potential Impurities of Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide in a Fixed Dosage Form

Authors: Venkata Narasimha Rao Ganipisetty, D Jalandhar, G. Gnanadev, P. Manoj, R. Venkata Nadh
Comments: 9 Pages. OK

In the present study 12 impurities of bisoprolol fumarate (BISO) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were separated simultaneously in a single HPLC method. Out of these 12 impurities, five are potential degradants, which are validated as per The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. As the two active drug substances BISO and HCTZ have different solubilities and polarities, the most critical parameters in resolving the components from each other are pH, temperature, and solvents. The method is precise (RSD < 1.0%), accurate, linear (r2 > 0.999), robust, and stability indicating in the range of limit of quantification (LOQ) to 150%. The HPLC method is then migrated to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to further reduce the run time and solvent consumption, and increase the sample throughput.
Category: Chemistry

[315] viXra:1905.0301 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:10:49

Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanolamine by N-Bromosuccinimide

Authors: R. Venkata Nadh, B. Syama Sundarb, P. S. Radhakrishnamurtic
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

Abstract—Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS, a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate, which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to explain the kinetic orders.
Category: Chemistry

[314] viXra:1905.0300 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:12:31

Shift of Reaction Pathway by Added Chloride Ions in the Oxidation of Aromatic Ketones by Dichloroisocyanuric Acid—A Kinetic Study

Authors: Y. Lakshman Kumara, R. Venkata Nadh, P. S. Radhakrishnamurti
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

Role of added chloride ions on the shift of reaction pathway of oxidation of aromatic ketones (acetophenone, desoxybenzoin) by dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCICA) was studied in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric acid medium. Participation of enolic and protonated forms of ketones in the rate determining steps is manifested from zero and first orders with respect to the oxidant in absence and presence of added chloride ions, respectively. Positive and negative effects of acid and dielectric constant on the reaction rate were observed. The observations deduce plausible mechanisms involving (i) rate-determining formation of enol from the conjugate acid of the ketone (SH+) in the absence of added chloride ions and (ii) rapid formation of molecular chlorine species from HOCl (hydrolytic species of DCICA) in the presence of added chloride ions, which then interacts with SH+ in a rate-determining step prior to the rapid steps of product formation. The order of Arrhenius parameters substantiate the proposed plausible mechanisms based on order of reactants both in presence and absence of added chloride ions.
Category: Chemistry

[313] viXra:1905.0299 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:14:22

Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Sugar Alcohols by Dichloroisocyanuric Acid—A Kinetic Study

Authors: Y. Lakshman Kumara, R. Venkata Nadh, P. S. Radhakrishnamurtia
Comments: 9 Pages. OK

Kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of biologically important sugar alcohols (myo-inositol, D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol) by dichloroisocyanuric acid was carried out in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric medium. The reactions were found to be first order in case of oxidant and ruthenium(III). Zero order was observed with the concentrations of sorbitol and mannitol whereas, a positive fractional order was found in the case of inositol concentration. An inverse fractional order was observed with perchloric acid in oxidation of three substrates. Arrhenius parameters were calculated and a plausible mechanism was proposed.
Category: Chemistry

[312] viXra:1905.0298 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:16:03

Chemical Oxygen Demand Reduction from Coffee Processing Waste Water a Comparative Study on Usage of Biosorbents Prepared from Agricultural Wastes

Authors: Ramya P.M., Jayasravanthi M., Dulla B.J., Venkata N.R.
Comments: 10 Pages. OK

The utilization of t hree novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, namely c asuarina fruit powder CFP s orghum stem powder SSP ) and b anan a stem powder ( as low cost adsorbents for reducing chemical oxygen demand ( COD levels of coffee industry waste water has been examined. Prepared adsorbents were characteriz ed by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM), Energy dispersive x ray spectros copic ( and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy The effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature agitation rate and time of adsorption on the reduction of COD levels were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order is CFP>SSP>BSP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/ Langmuir adsorption isotherm and different models ( pseudo first order and second order , Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), simultaneous occurrence of chemis orption and physi sorption was proposed. Based on the observations, it is proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sor bent, intra particle d iffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. As these three adsorbents exhibit adsorption capacity more than 80%, the adsorbents prepared from agricultural wastes have promising role towards reduction of COD from industrial waste water to contribute envi ronmental protection .
Category: Chemistry

[311] viXra:1905.0297 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:18:13

Kinetics and Mechanism of ru (Iii) Catalysed and Uncatalysed Oxidation of DL-Alanine by N-Bromosuccinimide

Authors: R.Venkata Nadh, M.Sireesha
Comments: 9 Pages. OK

The kinetics of Ru(III) catalysed and uncatalysed oxidation of DL-alanine by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) was studied in aqueous acetic acid and in the presence of perchloric acid and Hg (II). In both Ru(III) catalysed and uncatalysed oxidations, the kinetic orders were: first order in NBS, fractional order in substrate. The rate of the reaction decreased with the increase in perchloric acid concentration and addition of halide ions. The reactions were of fractional order with respect to Ru (III). Addition of Os(VIII) had no effect on the rate of oxidation of DL-alanine by NBS. The presence of catalysis with Ru (III) and the absence of catalysis with Os(VIII) in NBS oxidations was traced to different factors. A factor other than complexation could be a more powerful oxidant species like Ru (V) which accelerates the NBS oxidations. The effect of temperature was also investigated. By varying the solvent composition it was found that the reaction rate decreased with the decrease in dielectric constant of the solvent. All kinetic features were explained by postulating suitable mechanisms and rate laws.
Category: Chemistry

[310] viXra:1905.0296 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:20:14

Role of Added Chloride Ions in Alteration of Reaction Pathway in the Oxidation of Cyclic Ketones by Dichloroisocyanuric Acid— A Kinetic Study

Authors: Y. Lakshman Kumara, R. Venkata Nadh, P. S. Radhakrishnamurtia
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

Effect of added chloride ions on kinetics and pathway of reaction between cyclic ketones (five to eight membered rings) and dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCICA) was studied in aqueous acetic acid—perchlo ric acid medium. Formation of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids as the end products demonstrates the ring cleav age oxidation. Positive effect of acid and negative effect of dielectric constant on the reaction rate reveals a interaction between positive ion (oxidant in the form of H2OCl+) and dipolar substrate molecule. Zero and first orders by oxidant in absence and presence of added chloride ions illustrates the participation of substrate as enolic form of ketone and protonated ketone, respectively, in the rate determining steps. The observed order of reactivity of cyclic ketones (cyclohexanone > cyclooctanone > cyclopentanone > cycloheptanone) was explained on the bases of ring strain, change of hybridization and conformational considerations. The envisaged plausible mechanism based on order of reactants in presence and absence of added chloride ions was substantiated by the order of Arrhenius parameters.
Category: Chemistry

[309] viXra:1905.0295 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:22:25

Reactions of Enolisable Ketones with Dichloroisocyanuric Acid in Absence and Presence of Added Chloride Ions – a Kinetic Study

Authors: Y. Lakshman Kumar, R. Venkata Nadh, P.S. Radhakrishnamurti
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

Kinetics of reactions of enolisable ketones (S = acetone/2-butanone) with dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCICA) were studied in aqueous acetic acid and perchloric acid media in absence and presence of added chloride ions. The reactions were found to be pseudo zero order and pseudo first order on [DCICA] in absence and presence of chloride ions respectively. Both in presence and absence of chloride ions, first order and fractional order in substrate and perchloric acid were observed respectively. An increase in the rate of reaction was observed with an increase in chloride ion concentration as well as acetic acid composition. The results were interpreted in terms of probable mechanisms involving (i) rate-determining enol formation from the conjugate acid of the ketone (SH+) in the absence of added chloride ions and (ii) rate-determining interaction of SH+ with the most effective molecular chlorine species produced by the hydrolysis of DCICA (rather than a rate-determining interaction of enol with chlorine) in the presence of added chloride ions, prior to the rapid steps of product formation.
Category: Chemistry

[308] viXra:1905.0294 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:24:35

Supercritical Fluid (Co2) Chromatography for Quantitative Determination of Selected Cancer Therapeutic Drugs in the Presence of Potential Impurities

Authors: Venkata Narasimha Rao Ganipisetty, a B. Ravi, a Ch. Rajsekhara Reddy, a RajKumar Gurjar, a P. Manoj, a R. Venkata Nadh, Gnana dev Gudipatia
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

In the present study, supercritical fluid (carbon dioxide) chromatographicmethods were developed and validated for the quantitative assay determination of two cancer therapeutic substances, fulvestrant and azacitidine, using a UPC2 system. Fulvestrant was separated from six potential impurities, while impurities of azacitidine were separated using a 150 mm 4.6 mm, I.D., a chiral column and 5 mm, particle size. Both drugs were analysed simultaneously in a single sequence using multiple channels in the system and respective methods. These new methods were validated for their intended purpose in accordance with the current ICH guidelines. The method exhibited excellent intra- and inter-day precision. A precision with RSD 1% and 1.6% was achieved for fulvestrant and azacitidine, respectively. A linear relationship r2 > 0.999 was achieved between the concentration and detector response over a range of 25–150% of the target concentrations for both compounds. The two compounds were well quantified from their unspecified impurities obtained from stress studies. The method can be employed for routine quality control testing and stability analysis.
Category: Chemistry

[307] viXra:1905.0293 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:26:34

A Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Bendamustine Hydrochloride in Tablet Dosage Form Using Gemcitabine Hydrochloride as Internal Standard

Authors: Kiran Kumar KATARE, Venkata Nadh RATNAKARAM, Nagoji K.E.V.
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

Using gemcitabine hydrochloride as an internal standard, an accurate, sensitive, precise and robust reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the estimation of bendamustine in bulk and dosage forms. The proposed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines (2005) and can be applied for the quantitative analysis of bendamustine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The chromatographic separation was performed on ODS C-18 RP column (4.6 mm i.d x 250 mm) at ambient temperature using a mixture of methanol : water (50:50 v/v) as a mobile phase and at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/ min, while UV detection was performed at 232 nm. The retention times of gemcitabine and bendamustine were in the ranges of 6.647–6.797 and 11.66–12.49 minutes, respectively. The method was found to be linear in the range of 1 – 10 μg/ml. The LOD and LOQ for bendamustine were found to be 0.0422 and 0.1279 µg/ml respectively. Analytical recovery varied from 98.9% to 99.13%. The percentage RSD for precision and accuracy of the method was found to be less than 2%.
Category: Chemistry

[306] viXra:1905.0292 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:29:59

Green Approach Toward the Synthesis of N-Substituted Anilines via Smile Rearrangement Using Amberlite IR-400 Resin

Authors: H. Sudhakar1, G. Pavana Kumari2, R. Venkata Nadh, Naveen Mulakayala
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

A new method for the synthesis of N-alkyl anilines from phenols using silica sulfuric acid as a catalyst is described via smiles rearrangement. The synthesized anilines are handy intermediates in the organic synthesis.
Category: Chemistry

[305] viXra:1905.0291 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:31:34

Determination of Bendamustine Hydrochloride in Pure and Dosage Forms by Ion-Associative Complex Formation

Authors: Katare Kiran Kumar1, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh, K.e.v. Nagoji3
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

The present study is aimed to develop visible spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Bendamustine hydrochloride. The developed methods involve the formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complexes of Bendamustine hydrochloride with tropaeolineo-oo (Method A) and Alizarin Red S (Method B). The chloroform extracted coloured complexes showed absorbance maxima at wavelengths 480 and 460nm in methods A and B respectively. Beer’s law obeyed in the concentration range of 2.5–12.5 μg/mL in both the cases. Correlation coefficients were found to be 0.9991 and 0.9998 for methods A and B respectively. In addition molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity and the optimum conditions for quantitative analysis of the Bendamustine hydrogenchloride were determined. The developed ion-association complex methods were rapid, simple and economically viable compared to other reported analytical methods which require expensive instruments and are not available in common laboratories. Thus the proposed methods for Bendamustine determination in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations can be used in commercial laboratories.
Category: Chemistry

[304] viXra:1905.0290 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:33:49

Antibacterial Activity of Some Newer 1,2,3 – Benzotriazole Derivatives Synthesized by Ultrasonication in Solvent – Free Conditions

Authors: S.S. Muvvala1, V.N. Ratnakaram
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

Many of the classical synthetic methodologies have broad scope but generate copious amounts of waste. The chemical and pharmaceutical industries have been subjected to increasing pressure to minimize or, preferably, eliminate this waste. In the present study a series of some newer 1,2,3–benzotriazole derivatives were synthesized under ultrasonicated and solvent–free conditions. Newer “1–(1H–benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole–1–carbonyl) derivatives” (5A – 5P) were synthesized from “1H–benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole” (1) by optimizing the reaction conditions. The resulting products were isolated and characterized by spectral studies. The anti bacterial activities of these compounds were screened in vitro against different strains of bacteria i.e. Gram negative organism (Pseudonomous aureginosa, MTCC – 1035) and Gram positive organisms (Bacillus cereus, MTCC – 430, Bacillus subtilis, MTCC – 441, Staphylococcus aureus, MTCC – 737, Staphylococcus epidermidis, MTCC – 3086) by paper disc diffusion method. Some of the synthesized compounds showed significant activity against various bacteria.
Category: Chemistry

[303] viXra:1905.0289 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:35:10

Substrate Inhibition: Oxidation of DSorbitol and DMannitol by Potassium Periodate in Alkaline Medium

Authors: Y. Lakshman Kumar, R. Venkata Nadh, P. S. Radhakrishnamurti
Comments: 5 Pages. OK

Abstract—In the oxidation of Dsorbitol and Dmannitol by potassium periodate in alkaline mediam, sub strate inhibition was observed with both the substrates, i.e., a decrease in the rate of the reaction was observed with an increase in the concentration of substrate. The substrate inhibition was attributed to the formation of stable complex between the substrate and periodate. The reactions were found to be first order in case of peri odate and a positive fractional order with hydroxide ions. Arrhenius parameters were calculated for the oxi dation of sorbitol and mannitol by potassium periodate in alkali media.
Category: Chemistry

[302] viXra:1905.0288 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:36:32

Evaluation of in Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Caralluma Umbellata Haw Used in Traditional Medicine by Indian Tribes

Authors: K. Suresh Babu1, Sireesha Malladi2, R. Venkata Nadh, S. Siva Rambabu
Comments: 16 Pages. OK

Aims: To find out a scientific validation for the traditional knowledge of tribals of Chittoor District, India for their usage of Caralluma umbellata Haw to cure stomach disorder and pain. Methodology: Antibacterial activity of Caralluma umbellata Haw was studied on a few Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The dry roots and stems were extracted using hexane, benzene, diethyl ether, chloroform, acetone and methanol and were tested for their antibacterial activity. Results: The root extracts were found to be effective against most of the organisms than the stem extracts. The extracts were highly effective against Bacillus subtillis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Chloroform extracts of both roots and stems exhibited good antibacterial activity againstConclusion: The demonstration of antibacterial activity of C. umbellata against Gram positive (B.subtilis and B.cereus) and Gram negative bacteria (E.coli) provides the scientific basis for its use in the traditional treatment of stomach disorder.
Category: Chemistry

[301] viXra:1905.0287 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:37:40

Diazo-Coupling: A Facile Mean for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Rasagiline Hemitartrate

Authors: Muvvala Subrahmanya Sudhir1, Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Comments: 8 Pages. OK

A simple, precise, accurate, high reproducible and economical visible spectrophotometric method of analysis for the synthesized rasagiline hemitartrate was developed and validated. The proposed method involves diazotization of sulphanilic acid under acidic conditions in presence of sodium nitrite, followed by its coupling with rasagiline in alkaline medium. The absorption spectra of the yellow colored chromophore formed between rasagiline and positive diazonium ion has absorption maximum at 440 nm. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship (r = 0.99937) with in the concentration range of 0 – 10 μg mL-1. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.033 μg mL-1and 0.1 μg mL-1 respectively. This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (R.S.D. < 2 %).
Category: Chemistry

[300] viXra:1905.0286 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:40:04

Development of Supercritical Fluid (Carbon Dioxide) Based Ultra Performance Convergence Chromatographic Stability Indicating Assay Method for the Determination of Clofarabine in Injection

Authors: Venkata Narasimha Rao Ganipisetty, a Jalandhar D, a Gnana dev G, a Rajendar Bandari, a Manoj P, a Dhananjay Da, Venkata Nadh R
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

The present study reports the development and validation of a stability indicating assay method for clofarabine in injection on a UPC2 (ultra performance convergence chromatography) instrument, which utilizes the unrealized potential of supercritical fluid chromatography. The use of UPC2 provides a single viable technique that is a sustainable, reduced cost, and green technology that lowers the use of organic solvents. Based on this advantage, we explored a simple and robust method in order to increase sample throughput and productivity to quantify clofarabine in the presence of its potential impurities and other degradants. The separation was achieved on a BEH-2-ethyl pyridine (BEH 2EP) column (100 mm 3.0 mm I.D. with an average pore diameter of 1.7 mm) by using methanol as a cosolvent and carbon dioxide as a mobile phase in the ratio of 30 : 70. The detection is carried out at a wavelength of 254 nm. We are able to achieve the separation of clofarabine from its potential impurities and other degradants in less than 6 minutes with a low amount of solvent consumption. The new method is validated in accordance with the ICH-guidelines and exhibited good intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy and linearity (r2 $ 0.999) over a range of 50% to 150% of target concentration.
Category: Chemistry

[299] viXra:1905.0285 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:42:03

Supercritical Fluid (Carbon Dioxide) Based Ultra Performance Convergence Chromatography for the Separation and Determination of Fulvestrant Diastereomers

Authors: Ganipisetty Venkata Narasimha Rao, a G. Gnanadev, a Bellam Ravi, a D. Dhananjaya, a P. Manoj, a B. Indua, R. Venkata Nadh
Comments: 6 Pages. OK

UltraPerformance convergence chromatography (UPC2) is a new category of separation science which utilizes the unrealized potential of the supercritical chromatography phenomenon. UPC2 is a standalone, viable technique that is cost effective, sustainable, and uses green technology that lowers the use of organic solvents. Based on this advantage, we explored a simple and robust supercritical liquid-based UPC2 method in order to increase sample throughput and productivity to quantify the diastereomers of fulvestrant. The two isomers of fulvestrant were well separated on a chiral column (150 mm 4.6 mm, I.D.) by applying a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (9.5 : 0.5) as the co-solvent of the mobile phase of carbon dioxide (75%). The detection was carried out at 280 nm. We were able to achieve a threefold reduction in retention with an isocratic mode as compared to the United States Pharmacopoeias (USP) normal phase method. This new method was validated in accordance with the ICH guidelines; it exhibited good intra- and inter-day accuracy, precision, and the results were linear over a range of 25% to 150% of the target concentration. The method could be successfully applied for the determination of the diastereomeric ratio of fulvestrant as an API and in fulvestrant injectable finished products.
Category: Chemistry

[298] viXra:1905.0281 [pdf] submitted on 2019-05-19 05:50:15

Simple and Validated Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Lurasidone in Bulk Form

Authors: Muvvala S Sudhir, Ratnakaram V Nadh
Comments: 9 Pages. OK

A simple, sensitive, precise, accurate and economical spectrophotometric method of analysis for lurasidone in bulk form was developed and validated. The method employed acetonitrile as solvent and the drug shows maximum absorbance at 263 nm. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of lurasidone, which is corroborated by the calculated correlation coefficient value (r2 = 0.999). The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship with in the concentration range of 10 – 60 μg/ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 1.25316 μg/ ml and 3.797468 μg /ml respectively. This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (R.S.D. < 2 %).
Category: Chemistry

[297] viXra:1904.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2019-04-04 20:03:07

False Formalisms and Ends Justifying Means: the Case of Quantum Theory

Authors: Sosale Chandrasekhar
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is argued that the wave-mechanical formalism that serves as the basis of quantum theory is fundamentally flawed on several counts. Primarily, the de Broglie equation is manifestly invalid as it implies that even macroscopic objects would acquire a substantial wavelength as they approach resting velocities. Furthermore, ostensible diffraction phenomena are not only logically dubious but also amenable to alternative explanations (including in the case of Newton’s rings). A subliminal thread apparently links diverse observations via the standing-wave idea, with the Planck treatment of black body radiation likely having inspired the particle-in-a-box model, which serves as the gateway to quantum chemistry via a quantum mechanical analogue of the Bohr orbits. These arguments apparently indicate that quantum theory is best regarded as an empirical model for dealing with certain natural phenomena, but also raise epistemological questions as to whether natural phenomena can at all be modelled by exact theories.
Category: Chemistry

[296] viXra:1903.0440 [pdf] submitted on 2019-03-24 06:44:05

Onium Hamiltonian & Quantum Separability

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 14 Pages.

The existence of a disentangling mathematical transformation of wave function in a Coulomb entangled state of charged molecular radicals, reveals a new chapter to the Einstein- Schrodinger discussion about entanglement.
Category: Chemistry

Replacements of recent Submissions

[42] viXra:2212.0134 [pdf] replaced on 2022-12-23 02:04:19

Artificial Intelligence, Physical Substantiation of the Chemical Bond and Synthesis of New Substances

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

Given the physical justification of the chemical bond as a standing de Broglie wave of valence electrons, it is quite possible to have an accurate theoretical description of the chemical bond (molecules), which will lead to the rejection of the real synthesis of substances. The synthesis of all theoretically possible new substances is practically impossible due to the insufficiency of matter. Therefore, in the future, synthesis will inevitably move to virtual reality, where it will be produced by AI. But, this requires a strict description of the chemical bond.
Category: Chemistry

[41] viXra:2211.0153 [pdf] replaced on 2022-12-07 01:56:08

Chemical Bond, De Broglie Waves and Bond Multiplicity

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 19 Pages.

It is shown that the chemical bond is a purely quantum effect: when bonds are formed, the nuclei of atoms are inside the de Broglie waves of valence electrons. Moreover, the distance between chemically bound nuclei is always and for all types of bonding less than the de Broglie waves of valence electrons. Therefore, a chemical bond is a quantum mechanical effect. The physical substantiation of the multiplicity of the bond, which is the linear energy density of the chemical bond, is also given.
Category: Chemistry

[40] viXra:2207.0122 [pdf] replaced on 2022-07-28 00:46:24

Review: Benzene Based on a Three-Electron Bond

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 145 Pages. In Russian

Using the concept of three-electron bond we can represent the actual electron structure of benzene and other molecules, explain specificity of the aromatic bond and calculate the delocalization energy. Gives theoretical justification and experimental confirmation of existence of the three-electron bond. It was shown, that functional relation y = a + b/x + c/x² fully describes dependence of energy and multiplicity of chemical bond from bond distance.

Используя концепцию трёхэлектронной связи можно изобразить реальную электронную структуру бензола и других молекул, объяснить специфику ароматической связи и рассчитать энергию делокализации. Приведено теоретическое обоснование и экспериментальное подтверждение существования трёхэлектронной связи. Показано, что функция y = a + b/x + c/x² полностью описывает зависимость энергии и кратности химической связи от длины связи.
Category: Chemistry

[39] viXra:2207.0038 [pdf] replaced on 2022-07-20 01:32:32

Chemical Bond as the Main Problem of Modern Chemistry and Physics (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 34 Pages.

The formation of a chemical bond is considered from a general theoretical point of view as the interaction of various fermions. It is shown that using modern classical concepts of chemical bonding it is impossible to obtain (strictly theoretically) a physical justification for the cause of the formation of a chemical bond. The inapplicability of the Pauli principle to the chemical bond is shown, and a new theoretical model of the chemical bond based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is proposed.

Образование химической связи рассматривается с общетеоретической точки зрения как взаимодействие различных фермионов. Показано, что используя современные классические представления о химической связи невозможно получить (строго теоретически) физическое обоснование причины образования химической связи. Показана неприменимость принципа Паули к химической связи и предложена новая теоретическая модель химической связи, основанная на принципе неопределенности Гейзенберга.
Category: Chemistry

[38] viXra:2104.0134 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-28 04:28:39

How the Earth as a Cooling Star Created Abiotic Fuel

Authors: Ivo van der Rijt
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper describes the Fisher-Tropsch synthesis that happened on Earth when it was a younger star.
Category: Chemistry

[37] viXra:1905.0406 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-31 01:24:22

Reclamation of Chromite Ore Processing Residue (Copr) Involving Recovery of Chromate Salt, Detoxification and Fabrication of Clay Brick

Authors: Yongnan Kim, Myongchol Ryu
Comments: 9 Pages.

We studied on the methods involving the recovery of chromate salt from COPR, the sequential detoxification of COPR and the reclamation of the detoxified COPR. The results of leaching experiments showed that it is possible to recover Cr (VI) existed in COPR using an inexpensive method, in which ca. 84% of Cr (VI) extraction rate could be under the following condition; seawater as leaching solution, 25% of solid content, leaching period of 30min, intermittent agitation, gravitational sedimentation as solid/liquid separating mode, repetition number of up 5. Cr (VI) contained in leaching liquor was recovered as chrome yellow, followed by recirculating the Cr (VI)-depleted supernatant to the leaching process. For the detoxification of post-leach COPR (plCOPR), plCOPR was mixed with sodium sulfide as a single reductant in a mixer and was discharged from the mixer without retention time for reduction. Cr (VI) content in the mixture became lower than cleanup criteria by US EPA with the Na2S/Cr (VI) mass ratio of 6 at the reaction time of 36h. Also, the results of the experiment with the detoxified plCOPR as a substitution for sand in fabricating clay brick shows that acceptable compression strength (52N/mm2) is obtained when the detoxified COPR accounts for '30% in raw material mixture, with the Cr (VI) content of 0.5mglkg-bricks below cleanup criteria by US EPA.
Category: Chemistry