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Any replacements are listed farther down
[862] viXra:2411.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 03:15:17
Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 36 Pages.
The ionization potential depression (IPD) is crucial for understanding the ionization processes of atoms and ions in plasmas. Many efforts have been devoted to exploring the temperature and the density dependence of IPD, leading to the development of models such as the Ecker-Kröll (EK) and Stewart-Pyatt (SP) models. However, these models fail to explain the plasma spectroscopy observed during laser nitriding process. To address the problem, the present study introduces a novel IPD model and the concept of mechanical-electric coupling (MEC) for the plasma. The MEC is important as it can influence a multitude of physical properties, including the diffusion of ionized electrons, Debye screening and the ionized electron pressure. The IPD model proposed herein is constructed based on spherical wave functions for the ionized electrons. It has been shown that this IPD model aligns well with both experimental spectroscopic data and the experimental IPD values for ions across various charge states. The integration of MEC with the IPD model may culminate in the formulation of an equation of state that is in concordance with experimental observations of the plasma behaviors. Overall, the MEC and IPD model proposed in this study could be instrumental for comprehending the ionization processes and the diverse properties of plasmas.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[861] viXra:2411.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-01 18:56:26
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 20 Pages. 7 Figures, in Chinese.
This paper is a brief review of our previous relevant papers, it is narrated mainly from points of view of the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and 126th elements. Firstly we review the theories we constructed previously including the four principles of the theory of chirality, the chirality model of atomic nucleus and the periodic table of nuclides, the new circular periodic table of elements and the integrated periodic table of elements, the formulas of the fine structure constant and the formulas of the speed of light in atomic units as well as the formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of muon, tauon and electron, then we mainly give the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and 126th elements including some new synthetic routes. Specifically, we regard that the 120th element has neutron number of 180 and the total nucleon number of 300 and the 126th element has neutron number of 188 and the total nucleon number of 314, regard they are relatively stable and most worthwhile and likely to be synthesized, and the 126th element is more important.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[860] viXra:2410.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-27 01:39:18
Authors: V. Korniienko, M. Turkin M
Comments: 14 Pages. in Russian and English
We have developed a new method for searching for hydrocarbons (HC) based on the analysis of space images in the spectrum of quantum energies. He made it possible to detect a global network of channels through which endless volumes of hydrocarbons migrate from the North Polar Field to Antarctica. Along the way, they suppress all known hydrocarbon deposits, volcanoes and earthquake zones, pass under power units of power plants, as well as under craters on the Yamal Peninsula. The origin of these channels follows from Einstein's STO, according to which the power units of nuclear and other power plants, together with electric energy, produce quantum electromagnetic waves (S-radiation), which have the same properties as GR. The combined effect of these radiation forms channels in rocks, as well as geoblanders (GB), in which large volumes of hydrocarbons accumulate, the explosions of which caused the emergence of craters in Yamal, as well as severe accidents at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, and other power plants. Therefore, in order to prevent severe accidents of power units, we propose to evaluate the dynamics of the movement of channels with hydrocarbons to power plants under construction and existing power units, as well as to involve oil producing companies for drilling and production of hydrocarbons from them. This HC production from the canals will not only prevent GB explosions under the power units, but also reduce the activity of volcanoes and earthquakes in the countries of the Ring of Fire.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[859] viXra:2410.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 06:28:13
Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: Pages. This article has been submitted to the Gravity Research Foundation 2025 Essays on Gravitation competition.
Strong nuclear force increases when density of nucleons increases inside a nucleus. Additional strong nuclear force adds to the mass of the nucleus. When a star collapses to a neutron star, the increased density of the nucleons will increase the total strong nuclear force of the star and the mass. Because gravity is proportional to mass, we can deduce that the density of the nucleons increases the gravity of the object. If the earth ever turns to a point size object, it will exert more gravity due to increased density of the matter. Definition of mass and the concept of mass defect hides the effect of density of nucleons on the gravity. Elimination of these two concepts unifies all physical forces. This new theory explains many of the observations without hard to imagine concepts like spacetime curvature and dark matter.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[858] viXra:2409.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-26 18:48:20
Authors: Ilya Shesterikov
Comments: 8 Pages.
Parametric decay instabilities frequently occur in wave interactions.These instabilities typically have thresholds for wave amplitudes. They arise when nonlinearity, such as a spatial pressure inhomogenety, couples different waves. For these instabilities to arise, the waves must satisfy frequency and wavenumber matching conditions, which followfrom the laws of energy and momentum conservation. However, parametric instabilities are not limited to wave interactions; the simples form of parametric instability is parametrically coupled oscillators.Magnetoactive plasma represents a unique wave medium in whichnumerous waves of various polarizations and spatial-temporal scales are easily excited and weakly damped. The greater the number of wave types, the easier it is to satisfy resonance conditions like the frequency and wavenumber matching conditions, and thus parametrically excite, or "drive" new waves from the initial wave. Therefore, inmagnetoactive plasma, all known types of parametric instabilities can arise.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[857] viXra:2409.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-09 22:38:46
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 27 Pages. 9 Figures, in Chinese.
This paper provides some supplements and revisions to our previous paper titled "New Circular Periodic Table of Elements and Natural Group Theory" (viXra:2401.0001). A subtle revision of circular periodic table of elements is to make 5f small circle (sub-period) not contact to 7sp big circle (main period)，and hence indicates that the 89th element Ac* belongs to 6d elements and the 90th element Th* is the beginning of 5f elements. With this revision, we illustrate the relationships between the stable numbers in nuclides and 2π or π elements, highlight the characteristic numbers of 141, 157 and 173 in f periods and present some proofs in terms of chemical properties for the 70th element Lu to be the end of 4f elements and for the 90th element Th* to be the beginning of 5f elements. We also illustrate the relationships between the characteristic number 112/137/168 and 141/157/173. By the way, we suggest suitable Chinese names for the 117th and 118th element Ts* and Og*.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[856] viXra:2409.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-10 19:36:24
Authors: Frederic Lassiaille
Comments: 45 Pages.
It is shown that relativity predicts a variable G. The proof starts by considering a dimensionless particle in an empty universe. Then two particles, three particles, and an infinite set of particles are studied. This allows to calculate space-time structure for any realistic energy distribution. The proof uses the interchange of limits theorem, and ad hoc sequences of energy distributions. With only one particle, the result is a singularity everywhere if the universe is empty outside of the particle. Those singularities disappear completely with three particles. Then this calculation is done for any realistic energy distribution. An equation of G is given naturally in the process. This equation is a correct approximation in most of the realistic energy distributions. The fundamental principles building Einstein equation are still valid. But it is shown that the G anthropocentric solar system constant must be replaced by a variable value, which is weaker in strong matter density environments, and greater in low matter density environments. It means that the surrounding effect arises, it was introduced by previous works. And this effect was shown to solve the gravitational mysteries of today in astrophysics and in cosmology. Under a unifying relevant assumption, a solution is also given to the Yang-Mills Millennium problem.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[855] viXra:2409.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-09 21:01:03
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 12 Pages. 1 Figure, in Chinese.
This paper is a brief review of our previous papers concerning 2π-e formula, formulas of the fine-structure constant, formulas of the speed of light in atomic units and formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muron and tauon. In this paper, these formulas are mainly elucidated from points of view of their relationships with 2π and e so as to answer the physicist Feynman’s question whether the fine-structure constant was related to π and e. In addition, we also give some new formulas of the fine structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units, especially a formula of a half of the speed of light in atomic units incorporating three factors of 141, 173 and 157, which are related to values of square root of 2, square root of 3 and π/2 in atomic units respectively.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[854] viXra:2408.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-23 19:49:27
Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 8 Pages.
A comparison of structures and interactions of quantum systems in Physics (Elementary particles, Nuclear, Atomic), Chemistry and Biology show the benefits of the Quantum Network Model, as a universal language, upgrading basic historically important similar models and theory (Turing Machine, Automata/Formal Languages).The main and also starting point, is viewing the "electron" as the 4th, time-like quark, via the correspondence between the fundamental representation of $SU(2)$ and adjoint representation, with corresponding generators. Its iconic equation of dimensions is the well known 2+2=3+1, underlying the Hopf fibration, and defining the correspondence between spinors and Lorentz vectors (Space-Time points), in the Gauge Theory paradigm.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[853] viXra:2408.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-16 21:59:41
Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 2 Pages.
The physical basis of electron mass is relativistic rotational motion. The result of the model matches the experimentally determined value to 9significant digits.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[852] viXra:2408.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-15 19:53:54
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This is the first part of the work - the physic-chemical direction from the complete "Evolution of Matter" - physical; chemical; astrophysical; biological directions covering broad directions of their material development in multiple paths of their passage. It is a compact amalgamation of previous, "fragmentary", works with some refinements and additions. It presents "ASNOVA" - the formation of a functionally closed primary element of matter - its particle, with all kinds of its manifested "activity", in the multi-stage process of its transformation by "annihilation", representing its evolution. And incomplete, "fragmentary" parts of works in astrophysical and biological directions can by seen at 2208.0087 and 2304.0101, 2012.0112, espectively.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[851] viXra:2408.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-03 06:00:10
Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 8 Pages.
This article traces the origin of the nuclear model of the atom back to its roots in the experiments of physicist Rutherford circa 1911. His clever experiments indicated that most of the mass of the atom was concentrated in an extremely dense "kernel" that would be about 10-4 Angstroms in diameter. But prior soap film experiments and ordinary volume measurements (ml/mole) of say, metallic gold, when combined with Avogadro’s number indicated that atoms were associated with an "emptiness" that was on the order of one to five Angstroms in diameter or about 10,000 times the diameter of Rutherford’s kernel. How was this emptiness to be conceptualized? Was it part of the atom, or part of the material aggregate (gold foil in this case)? This paper argues that the thing that has all the mass of the atom, and which accounts for all the properties of the atom, including the atomic number, is simply the atom itself. It is not some sort of "nucleus" of something. Additionally, remarks are offered about the social and educational insights provided by this view.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[850] viXra:2407.0168 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-28 22:54:35
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 12 Pages.
This study analyzes the atomic covalent radius under the cubic nuclear model hypothesis, that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties. We find that the atomic covalent radius correlates with the relative distance of the corresponding valance proton from the nuclear center, meaning that the nuclear geometric shape is reflected by the atomic shape. Our conclusions: - The nuclear structure determines the atomic properties.- The nuclear geometry determines the atomic covalent radius. - The nuclear geometry possibly defines also the atomic shape. This might be a proof of the cubic nuclear model hypothesis.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[849] viXra:2407.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-23 21:56:26
Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 29 Pages.
This article is a revised follow-up to Beyond Einstein: non-local physics (6th ed.). It presents an alternative to the nuclear model of the atom. It proposes that all particles (photons, atoms, etc.) are composed of pure space and time relationships, specifically "intrinsic rotation" (spin) in a setting of non-locality. The concepts are simple, intuitively accessible, and implied by the Periodicity of the Periodic Table and various facts from modern physics. Only the bare concepts are presented here with no detailed development. There are no mystery particles, no bottomless explanations, and (apparently) no show stoppers. The Expansive Ether is reviewed in greater detail. Structural concepts for the 4 pi, 2 pi and photon spin systems are presented along with a speculative suggestion for the structure of charge. Some musings about unusual practical applications are presented. The history of physics implies that much of this information has already been published in unrecognizable forms and in obscure places.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[848] viXra:2407.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-19 04:59:35
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 12 Pages.
The positron is the acknowledged anti-particle of the electron. Electrons are plentiful, particularly in metal conductors, and can readily be generated by an electron gun or by the Photoelectric Effect. Positrons, on the other hand, are relatively rare in Nature, and high-energy processes are required to generate useful quantities. The mystery around positrons started with their discovery as a by-product of radioactive decay, and they were called positive beta particles. That label remained for 34 years until they were re-discovered in cosmic particles by Carl Anderson in 1932.Because pair-production, the main mechanism put forward for the creation of electrons and positrons, create them in equal numbers, why are electrons more plentiful and readily available? Why do electrons, defined as a structureless point-form monopole particle, have an electric charge of -1e and positrons a charge of exactly +1e? How do positrons relate (if at all) to ‘normal’ matter? With positive charge carriers required to fully explain semiconductor current generation, is it possible that positrons are mobile positive charge carriers rather than the static cations referred to as ‘positive holes’? These are some of the questions associated with the mystery that surrounds electrons and positrons as explored in this paper.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[847] viXra:2407.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-05 21:54:58
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this paper, we compare Maxwell-Hertz formula of the speed of light (in vacuum), the traditional formula of the speed of light in atomic units and our formula of the speed of light in atomic units, which are c=1/(μ0ε0)^(1/2), cau=1/α and cau=1/(α1α2)^(1/2) respectively. The traditional theory supposes there is only one α which is the fine-structure constant, but our theory demonstrates there are two α (α1 and α2). Our formula is more consistent with Maxwell-Hertz formula, and hence should be reasonable and correct. We give some reasons for this and propose a valuable research topic for mathematical physics to completely prove it.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[846] viXra:2407.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-04 18:54:21
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 1 Page.
This article presents a philosophy about the properties of the electron and proton, in combination with the hypothesis that exclusively and only these two particles form the ultimate building blocks of universe.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[845] viXra:2406.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-19 20:36:52
Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 25 Pages.
Author documents his personal experiments in changing radioactive decay rates by simple electrolysis with "primitive" equipment. References are also given to institutional experiments. Decay rates can also be influenced by Earth-Sun distance. Characteristics of "inside-out stars" are noted. Heating may have unexpected effects on radioactivity. Radioactive half-lives can be extended or shortened. Author also inadvertently found a long forgotten useful method of suppressing dendrite formation during battery charging. This article may be freely distributed for non-commercial or educational use. Author’s right to own and maintain the document must be preserved.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[844] viXra:2406.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-10 20:51:17
Authors: J. W. Vegt
Comments: 46 Pages.
Nuclear fusion represents a frontier melding the realms of material science, typified by fusion fuels like Deuterium, and energy science, characterized by microwave heating methodologies. Current theoretical physics paradigms fall short in adequately describing the complex interactions required to stabilize nuclear fusion, particularly within confinement devices such as Tokamaks. Addressing this limitation necessitates a novel theory that accurately encompasses the interactions between electro-magnetic-gravitational force densities (expressed in N/m³) and their mechanical analogues, articulated through the Navier-Stokes equation for compressible nuclear plasmas.This pioneering theoretical framework offers an all-encompassing perspective on electro-magnetic-gravitational-acceleration force density interactions across both astronomical and subatomic scales. It spans phenomena as diverse as Gravitational RedShift, Black Holes, and the discrete energy levels of atomic light absorption and emission. Uniquely, this theory integrates electrodynamics and plasma dynamics into a single cohesive model. Traditionally overlooked, gravitational (acceleration) forces resulting from rotational and linear accelerations are revealed here as pivotal for achieving stable nuclear fusion.Unlike General Relativity, this new theory is grounded on the combined divergence of the "Stress-Energy Tensor" and the "Gravitational-Acceleration" Tensor. It elucidates "Gravitational-Acceleration-Electromagnetic" interactions, providing mathematical tensor solutions for Black Holes or Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinements. The "Electromagnetic Energy Gradient" generates a second-order "Lorentz Transformation," translating into the Gravitational Field of Black Holes, which dictates force density interactions between light confinement and the "Gravitational-Acceleration" Field.In juxtaposition to Einstein's introduction of the "Einstein Gravitational Constant" within the four-dimensional Energy-Stress Tensor, our theory capitalizes on the additive properties of the Electromagnetic Tensor and the "Gravitational-Acceleration" Tensor. This revised vantage point unveils the concept of "CURL" within gravitational fields surrounding Black Holes, influencing Gravitational Lensing—phenomena unaccounted for by General Relativity.Additionally, the theory identifies "Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction," "Magnetic-Gravitational Interaction," and "Electric-Gravitational Interaction." It proposes that interactions are exclusive to field interactions rather than particle-field interactions as traditionally conceived: electric fields engage with other electric fields, magnetic fields with other magnetic fields, and gravitational fields with other gravitational fields.This advanced theoretical approach provides precise mathematical descriptions of Black Holes, as initially proposed by John Archibald Wheeler in 1955. The theoretical solutions for Black Holes are integral to the Dirac equation's tensor form in relativistic quantum mechanics. Assuming a constant speed of light (c) and Planck’s constant within a Black Hole, the radius of a Black Hole with the energy of a proton approximates 1% of a hydrogen atom radius.Empirical substantiation is derived from experiments involving two Galileo satellites and a Ground Station, where Gravitational RedShift was measured using a stable MASER frequency. The discrepancy between General Relativity and the New Theory's predictions for Gravitational RedShift within Earth's gravitational field is less than 10^(-16). Observational data since W.S. Adams' 1925 measurement of the gravitational redshift in the spectral lines from the White Dwarf companion to Sirius consistently aligns with both theories within negligible margins.Theories seeking to unify Quantum Physics with General Relativity, such as "String Theory," suggest temporal variability in natural constants. However, precise observations from NASA’s Messenger mission have significantly constrained potential variations in the gravitational constant (G). A distinguishing feature of the New Theory is its prediction of a temporally constant (G), reinforcing the unification of General Relativity and Quantum Physics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[843] viXra:2405.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-27 21:49:59
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: (Note by viXra Admin: Please don't include/use cover page)
The neutron, which is a proton-electron bond, contributes to electricity generation. Radiation emitted by nuclei and single charges can also generate electric energy. There is no nuclear strong or weak force, only an electrodynamic force. The example of protons fusion demonstrates that the Universal Force provides precise information about interactions without empirical approximations. The radiation power increases to theoretical infinity as the relative velocity approaches the speed of light.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[842] viXra:2405.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-27 12:42:19
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 16 Pages.
The Universal Force provides a superior method for calculating total energy for a system of charges, including kinetic variables like velocity and acceleration. This formula is absent in Relativity Theory and other theories. The relationship between force and total energy is demonstrated for zero-force, zero-energy, maximum force, and maximum energy. The interaction distance between single charges, nuclei, atoms, or molecules is dynamic and depends on system kinetics, contradicting the "Van Der Waals radii" assigned to elements in the periodic table.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[841] viXra:2405.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-27 12:44:17
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 29 Pages.
A method for modifying particle decay rate is proposed, potentially enabling charge harvesting. Nuclear structure and total energy calculations for various nuclei are demonstrated, revealing the "neutron" as an electron-proton bound in some fusion calculations. Deficient results from Classical Mechanics and Einstein's mass defect/excess calculation are emphasized, along with the risks associated with insufficient energy calculations. Real released energy and single product energy, including radiation energy, are calculated, and the real energy amount released in a fusion matches the total energy equation from the Universal Electrodynamic Force.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[840] viXra:2405.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-27 12:45:57
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 17 Pages.
The study reveals the attraction force between charges of equal sign in a negative mass regime, offering advantages over current nuclear fusion projects. It analyzes the mass behavior of reactants and shows the negative mass operating region. New reactions are calculated under this regime, potentially increasing the standard released energy. A proposed "negative mass nuclear fusion cell" is suggested as a simple and affordable alternative for electricity generation.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[839] viXra:2405.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-05 20:46:50
Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 11 Pages.
The Oscillation Symmetry is applied with success to several meson and baryon data containing some new mass (and or width) data since our previous similar study. The extracted periods display again a "like quantification behaviour". The W boson and fermion "mass data" are fairly well aligned indicating a new property between these particles. Thus contrary to the generally accepted belief that the paericle masses have no relationship with each other, this work seems to suggest that they do through the Oscillation Symmetry.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[838] viXra:2405.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-03 18:42:50
Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 7 Pages.
The baryon asymmetry problem is resolved using a model where the difference between normal matter and anti-matter is defined within a pre-fermion loop-based system. Also explained is where anti-matter is hiding in plain sight. Within the loop system only the sign of net loop charge differentiates matter from anti-matter. If a proton, as a stack of two positively charged quark loops and one negatively charged quark loop, is defined to be matter then a negatively charged electron loop is anti-matter. A charge-neutral neutron, as a stack of two negatively charged quark loops and one positively charged quark loop, is also anti-matter. Stable nuclei are built with equal numbers of matter and anti-matter nucleon components. The neutrino could be defined as matter or anti-matter, however, with the difference between a neutrino and an anti-neutrino of at least 60 degrees of loop rotation, it is not a Majorana fermion. The overall charge-neutral universe has a balance of matter and anti-matter and therefore baryon symmetry overall, although some volumes may be composed primarily of matter or of anti-matter charged nucleons. The combination of matter and anti-matter does not annihilate on contact — no loops or loop components are ever destroyed. The historic inconsistencies of definitions and treatments of negative energy, negative matter and anti-matter are shown to derive from a limited point-like model of particles and the loose definition of energy.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[837] viXra:2404.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2024-04-06 20:16:50
Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)
Assuming the Riemann Hypothesis serves as a mathematical explanation for physics, I have deduced the following two points: 1. If the Riemann Hypothesis originates from number theory and the mathematics describing matter is based on number theory, then matter must begin as a singularity. 2. The number π^2/6, derived from the Basel problem which initiated the Riemann Hypothesis, must be a numerical description of matter. Building on these two points, my hypothesis evolves to propose that all matter is composed of two-dimensional photons, existing throughout the universe as a medium. This material folds in a three-dimensional "Paper folding" manner to form protons and electrons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[836] viXra:2403.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 05:14:13
Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 2 Pages.
The physical basis of the quantum of resistance, also called the von Klitzing constant, is relativistic rotational motion. The result of the model matches the experimentally determined value to 12 significant digits.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[835] viXra:2403.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 18:12:43
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this paper, the formation of muons is attributed to the decay of neutrons by the action of very hard γ-radiation. This is based on a model of the neutron that we presented in a paper recently published here1. From the decay mechanism, a mass of 206.781 electron masses (me) could be calculated for the muon, which agrees very well with the measured 3value of 206.768 me. This decay mechanism also very plausibly explains the occurrence of the three types of muonium, muon μ-, anti-muon μ+ and muonium μ+-
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[834] viXra:2402.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-25 23:46:38
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 9 Pages.
We had already dealt with the neutron enigma in an earlier paper5 and calculated values that were in excellent agreement with the decay times determined experimentally for the two measurement methods solely on the basis of the underlying masses or mass differences. However, this approach was formal, as no knowledge of the decay mechanisms was available and consequently the individual calculation steps could not be justified. The solution approach presented here was based on the neutron decay mechanism described in a recent publication 1 for calculating the decay curve. In combination with the specific structure of the two competing measurement methods, it was possible to predict that, in contrast to the bottle method,energy is continuously extracted from the system in the beam method, which leads to an increase in the lifetime of the neutrons, since energy and decay time are indirectly proportional, as already explained in the paper 5 cited at the beginning. The energy loss during the beam experiment could be quantified on the basis of a simple calculation model. From the resulting residual energy, it was possible to calculate the decay time, which corresponds to that measured by Greene3 within the standard deviation. From the knowledge of the overall mechanism outlined above, some experimental modifications for the beam method can be proposed, which should lead to an approximation of the decay times for both methods:- A reduction in diameter for the beam tube- An increase in the suction voltage to remove the proton- A reduction in the particle density in the beam tube If these experimental changes lead in the direction we predicted, we can consider the neutron enigma solved.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[833] viXra:2402.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-22 19:55:25
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 16 Pages.
In this work we have used the classical neutron model of proton and nuclear electron in combination with the findings of projection theory, according to which the neutron is a cube and its interior lies below the spatial resolution, where the physical laws of our space-time world only apply to a limited extent and consequently the objections raised against this model by established physics do not apply. The electron does not reside in the entire cubic interior, but in a potential sphere (r = 6.355181 10-16 m) around the positron. This potential space is statistically occupied by the electron by random jumps with a jump duration of tmin. From the statistical frequency of the individual potential energies, the mean mass of the neutron was calculated to be 1.674927328 . 10-27 kg. The potential jumps mentioned above lead to a change in the size of the neutron at a constant elementary particle density in the rhythm of the jumps (oscillation model). The β-decay is caused by jumps of the electron to the outer surface of the neutron, where they are ejected from the neutron by membrane oscillation, whereby only 1/6 of the oscillation energy is transferred to the electron as kinetic energy. This is the real secret of the missing energy in the decay spectrum of the neutron. Two curves were constructed to calculate the decay curve. The base curve reflects the energetic and geometric conditions in the potential space of the electron, while the second, the jump curve, takes into account the individual jumps to the respective points on the neutron surface. The superposition of these two curves resulted in a curve that is in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined curves, in which the irregular curve progression at the maximum of the measurement curves is also very well reproduced, which to our knowledge is not the case with the calculations of established physicists. Neutrinos are not required in our obviously accurate model. In the last section, the conversion factor between time and length was calculated as 1 m4/3/s for the interior of the neutron. This contradicts the calculations of the same factor for the world outside the neutron with 61.66801 m4/3/s, which impressively confirms our initial hypothesis of deviating physics inside the neutron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[832] viXra:2402.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-19 22:02:18
Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 5 Pages.
A simple derivation of alpha, the fine structure constant, using Coulomb's law and the Planck-Einstein relations. I argue that alpha represents the minimum uncertainty between wavenumber and radial distance. This is like the uncertainty between momentum (wavelength) and position. The fine structure constant is related to this uncertainty principle but in spherical coordinates using wavenumber for momentum and radius for distance. Wavenumber is defined as the inverse of the wavelength per unit distance. This is equivalent to saying that alpha is about 137 wavelengths per unit distance of radius. I go on to show this provides the correct ionization wavelengths for the hydrogen atom. Using whole integers, n number of energy levels, allowed me to derive the Rydberg formula. Alpha is nearly an integer number because we are using a wavenumber. It is not a mystery to find integer values when wavenumbers are used. This derivation is equivalent to that of the Bohr model but without needing to use classical ideas of electrons in orbit around the nucleus like planets in orbit around the sun.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[831] viXra:2402.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-17 01:38:06
Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 2 Pages.
The physical basis of the fine structure constant is relativistic rotational motion. Matter and its interactions consist of space time structures of rotational motion. The results of the model match experimentally determined values to within 1 part in 10^11.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[830] viXra:2402.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-02 20:43:35
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 8 Pages.
This work will describe the structural formation and mechanism of action of Gravitational quanta and the entire spectrum of Electromagnetic waves from their generating "Zugs".It is a continuation of the work 1701.0488 with some clarification and addition.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[829] viXra:2401.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-30 22:24:39
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Title corrected and further regurgitation will not be accepted!)
This research explains and calculates the atomic radius and combines it with the ellipsoid nuclear model. According to the ellipsoid nuclear model, the nucleus consists of nuclear shells that correlate with the atomic shells (unlike the common nuclear shell model); based on this assumption we get the following results:1. The protons have no effect on the electrons beyond their correlated atomic shell.2. Moreover possibly the protons only affect the electrons that correlate with their shell.3. A physical theoretical atomic radius function was constructed to meet these requirements.4. The nuclear structure determines the atomic shape and the electronic shielding; this explains the variation of the atomic radius from the calculated value and links between the nuclear and atomic structure.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[828] viXra:2401.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-30 22:23:34
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Title corrected and further regurgitation will not be accepted!)
This research explains and calculates the atomic first ionization energy and combines it with the ellipsoid nuclear model. According to the ellipsoid nuclear model, the nucleus consists of nuclear shells that correlate with the atomic shells (unlike the common nuclear shell model); based on this assumption and the former article regarding the atomic radius, we get the following results: 1. The protons have no effect on the electrons beyond their correlated atomic shell.2. Moreover possibly the protons only affect the electrons that correlate with their shell. 3. A physical theoretical atomic ionization energy function was constructed to meet these requirements. 4. The nuclear structure determines the atomic shape and the electronic shielding; this explains the variation of the atomic ionization energy from the calculated value and links between the nuclear and atomic structure.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[827] viXra:2401.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-30 03:18:13
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 12 Pages.
This work describes electronegativity in the light of the cubic ellipsoid nuclear model.Its main statement is that the electronegativity depends on the number of protons in the uppermost unclosed nuclear shell and the shielding. According to the ellipsoid nuclear model, the nuclear shells correlate with the atomic shells (unlike the common nuclear shell model); based on this assumption and the former articles regarding the atomic radius and the ionization energy, we get to the following conclusions: 1. The protons have no effect on the electrons beyond their correlated atomic shell. 2. Moreover possibly the protons only affect the electrons that correlate with their shell. 3. A physical theoretical electronegativity function was constructed to meet these requirements. 4. The nuclear structure determines the atomic shape and the electronic shielding; this explains the variation of the electronegativity from the calculated value and links between the nuclear and atomic structure.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[826] viXra:2401.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-30 03:16:10
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 8 Pages.
According to the ellipsoid model, the nuclear structure determines the shape and properties of the atom. In this research we try to connect between the nuclear structure and the bond angles of the atom. It seems that the positions of the missing protons in the outermost nuclear shell determine the angles of the atomic (intramolecular) bonds, although the forces between the atoms in the molecule can change these angles, in the process of reaching equilibrium.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[825] viXra:2401.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-14 21:00:57
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper examines the nuclear magic numbers for protons in the light of the cubic ellipsoid nuclear model. Main claim is that if there is a structure that is characteristic of magic numbers, it is a nuclear shape that is more cubic and less round and perhaps also that the nucleons are partly arranged in subgroups of alpha particles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[824] viXra:2401.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-13 19:15:14
Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 2 Pages.
Cold Fusion might, if claims are to be believed, be looking at the wrong nuclear phenomenon that isn’t fusion and sporadic claims of excess energy production might be due to a wholly different process, perhaps the Wigner Energy of the Lattice, unlinked to claims of fusion, thus confusing the issue and holding the field back.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[823] viXra:2401.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-13 04:09:28
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 9 Pages.
This paper examines the Abundance of the light elements, from Helium till Neon, in the light of the cubic ellipsoid nuclear model.The result is that the abundance of an element depends mainly on the following:A nuclear up-down and left-right symmetry.An even number of protons and even number of neutrons.A total spin is zero.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[822] viXra:2401.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-01 22:02:08
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 11 Pages. 3 Figures; in Chinese (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Any future non-compliant submission or replacement will not be accepted!)
In this paper, we mainly present the new cyclic periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has the multicyclic form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of the cyclic periodic table; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent period respectively, the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. This new cyclic periodic table would be the most reasonable, scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised traditional version also has these features. The natural group theory supporting the cyclic period table is also presented.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[821] viXra:2312.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-29 20:29:55
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 26 Pages.
This paper reviews the declassified technical data in the official book "Britain and the H-Bomb". Secrecy-cleared UK thermonuclear warhead historian Lorna Arnold (and her assistant Katherine Pyne) in the UK official history "Britain and the H-Bomb" summarized Atomic Weapons Establishment secret data on UK thermonuclear warhead design tests up to the early interchanges of H-bomb data with America, in 1958-59. The book's information clarifies beyond any doubt the role of plastic foams in dispersing x-rays in the British type of weapon with an isotropically compressed spherical secondary stage, as opposed to the USA use of foam as simply a "radiation mirror" to re-radiate soft x-rays onto the cylindrical Teller Sausage secondary stage requiring only axial compression. Comparing this information to declassified double-primary Russian nuclear warhead design data (see nukegate.org for that) conclusively confirms the different merits of different approaches. This information should be available to inform public debate on not merely whether we have a nuclear deterrent that is efficient and cost effective, but the designs we really need; whether they come from a secrecy-obsessed groupthink culture that drives warhead design into an expensive, inefficient, incredible dead end; or radical, innovative, cheap, credible designs. A summary is given in Fig. 1 of this paper.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[820] viXra:2312.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-13 20:20:50
Authors: V. G. Bondarev, L. V. Migal
Comments: 19 Pages.
The structure of light atomic nuclei, such as hydrogen, helium and lithium nuclides, was studied based on the cluster approach. Atomic nuclei are formed as systems consisting of free and bound lovetons, as well as neutron electrons and electron-positron pairs. The work focuses on the mass of the atomic nucleus and its binding energy as the main basic characteristics. There were determined the mechanisms considered binding nucleons into clusters, as well as the main patterns of changes in binding energy depending on the structure of the nucleus.As part of this study, atomic nuclei were visualized and the dependence of the nuclear binding energy on the number of lovetons, electron-positron pairs and neutron electrons was revealed. The possibility of forming a shell structure of an atomic nucleus consisting of cluster associations of α-particles has been shown. An algorithm for constructing the structure of the atomic nucleus is presented. The conditions for choosing the number of nuclear elements included in the atomic nucleus are determined. As additional results, an estimate of the binding energies of hypothetical hydrogen nuclides 8H and 9H was obtained, and their mass formulas were constructed. The charge radii of a number of hydrogen, helium and lithium nuclides have been calculated. The possibility of using the spiral structure of nuclei instead of the shell representation has been revealed. The nature of the occurrence of the binding energy of the atomic nucleus is explained. Comparison of the obtained values of binding energies and charge radii with experimental data allows us to assert an adequate approach to the formation of the structure of the atomic nucleus.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[819] viXra:2312.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-10 23:05:45
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 33 Pages. 11 Figures, in Chinese
This paper is written in Chinese. It was originally written in Chinese from December of 2017 to March of 2018, and was registered for copyright in the end of March of 2018. In this paper, we originally presented two scientific principles. One is that the chirality (represented by a pair of hands) could be scientifically abstracted to a counterclockwise circle and a clockwise circle corresponding to the right hand and the left hand respectively, and hence should be mathematically expressed as +2π and -2π, ie, chirality=+2π/-2π. The other is that a circle should be divided into 420 degrees instead of the traditional 360 degrees, so the chirality (a pair of hands) should correspond to +420 degrees and -420 degrees or 840 degrees in total, ie, chirality=840°. As there are right-handers and left-handers in human beings, the complete chirality including these two situations (±chirality) should actually correspond to ±2π and ∓2π or ±840 degrees, ie, ±chirality=±840°. The number of 840 can be expressed with its factors in the form of 840=1(2 4 8)(3 5 7), and the products of (2 4 8) times 1 or (3 5 7) are called stable numbers of chirality, in which 56 (8×7) is the biggest and most stable. As the atomic nuclei are located in the space or time-space which has the feature of chirality, we suppose that they live in the space of ±840 degrees, so the stable numbers (the magic numbers) in atomic nuclei are products of (2 4 8) times 1 or (3 5 7), their double numbers and so on, in which the most stable is 56. When the numbers of proton, neutron and total nucleon in atomic nuclei are equal to these stable numbers, these nuclei are stable, so the most stable nucleus is Fe56 and the natural terminus of the atomic elements is the 112th element Cn. These stable numbers in atomic nuclei correspond to the hands of human beings and to Chinese metrical poetry because they all are derived from the theory of 840 degrees as stated above.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[818] viXra:2312.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-09 22:38:42
Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 18 Pages. In Chinese (Title, abstract and author name added to article by viXra Admin)
This manuscript provides a new determinative atom model. The magic number 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 can be well explained without using quantum mechanics. In addition, spin-orbit coupling can also be deducted without quantum mechanics. In the final part of the manuscript, modified su(5) model called Hu SU(5) model includes all the fundamental particles and explain mass origin and decay mode in a clear picture.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[817] viXra:2312.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-08 21:18:28
Authors: Garry Goodwin
Comments: 3 Pages. Eq 5 and Eq 6 are the centrepiece of this note
In this note a model is put forward whereby the proton has mass and charge shell radii in the ratio 1:1.68. The fine structure constant is proportional to the thickness of the shell. Two new formulae for calculating �� are introduced. Eq 5 and Eq 6 are the centrepiece of this note. These make use of the usual set of fundamental constants, including the proton / electron mass ratio. Eq 6 gives the same value for $alpha$ as standard formulae. However, it is suggested that in an optimal physics, this method with reasonable confidence, gives a slightly lower value for �� reliable to 12 decimal places, i.e., $0.007297352566$. Whether this is the actual fine structure constant depends on the veracity of the model and the accuracy of the proton /electron mass ratio.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[816] viXra:2311.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-28 08:00:51
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 31 Pages, 14 Figures 05 Tables
The unique nuclear structure of iron derived from the polyhedral cage architectural model contains four free neutrons which give stability to the atom. These are capable of aligning the magnetic moments in parallel direction producing ferromagnetism, a special property of iron. Hitherto unknown source of magnetism in atoms and molecules has now been resolved and it has been interpreted that the real source of magnetism lies in the meson cloud of neutron. However, argument against it is the mass of the meson and the idea of exchange as the generator force of attraction. This difficulty can be avoided by considering the exchange of d- and u- quarks by in-phase revolution making the proton and the neutron equivalent and offering magnetic force as an alternative to the exchange force. The compass behavior of magnetite can be explained if the material Fe3O4 is placed in a ferrite lattice. The magnetic effects impart stability to atoms and molecules. Superconductivity is another phenomenon which is found to depend on the nuclear architecture and the property is explained with the help of three-dimensional channel formation by the overlap of first and second Brillouin Zones in reciprocal space.The well-known meson exchange theory for the nuclear force has been replaced by a single electron exchange between neutron and proton. The model is successful in predicting the formation of the virtual and the real alpha particles. Nucleosynthesis has been shown to occur only through the condensation of Paulion (p — n pairs), the unrecognized isomer of deuteron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[815] viXra:2311.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-20 21:46:28
Authors: Sergio Perez Felipe
Comments: 10 Pages.
Unification theory with no extra dimensions. The first part unifies the strong nuclear force with the gravitational force in a mathematical way, the second part unifies the nuclear force with the quantum vacuum in a hypothetical structure.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[814] viXra:2310.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-08 09:40:27
Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 2 Pages.
Using dimensional analysis, possible reasons are discussed why the pressure-induced spin bi-stability in dense molecular hydrogen occurs at an intermolecular distance of 1.509(14) Å and why the intramolecular distance levels off at 0.727(5) Å at high pressures.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[813] viXra:2309.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-25 01:57:13
Authors: Jianping Mao
Comments: 17 Pages.
Evidences from physics and chemistry implies that atoms likely can gradually grow out, on their core (Z ＝ 1-2 that will expand in Z ＝ 27-28 and 45-46), vertical 4 a (Z ≧ 1, representative), 4 b (Z ≧ 21, transition), and 8 c (Z ≧ 57, inner transition) alpha clusters bonding with valence neutrons that electron and proton distributions seem similar — all of electrons of inner shells following protons in nuclei, which means that most of atomic space was occupied by electrons of outermost shell only and experimental results of Geiger and Moseley could not completely exclude a possibility that atomic nuclei contain electrons. In other words, atomic structures — foldable — corresponded to Thomson’s model, but distributing distances of outer and inner electrons were very different, not uniform as in Rutherford’s model to some degree, which could pave a promising way to clarify or integrate structures of atoms and atomic nuclei.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[812] viXra:2309.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-19 00:14:32
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 41 Pages.
This document brings together six articles that describe the development of the cubic ellipsoid nucleus theory. It begins with the hypothesis that the structure of the nucleus determines the shape and properties of the atom and offers a model consistent with this idea. The model does not seem to contradict the nuclear or atomic theory, but rather expands them and offers some new perspectives that could further develop these theories and other fields of physics. The theoretical and experimental data were in good agreement and the model predicts various nuclear phenomena.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[811] viXra:2309.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-13 00:17:00
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: Pages.
In the former paper we constructed the model and found that the excess neutrons shall be found in the ellipsoid envelope. In this work we find more precisely at what positions these excess neutrons are located, by expanding the drawings to more than 300 stable nuclei and optimizing their mass formula calculations while fixing the mass formula parameters at the values that were found in the last research [2] and require the correct total nuclear spin.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[810] viXra:2309.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-11 22:37:09
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: Pages.
This paper examines the nuclear fission in the light of the cubic ellipsoid geometric model of the nucleus. The main outputs of the research are: - the explanation of the mechanism of the nuclear fission. - the prediction of the most probable fission products (or fragments). Both are based on the nuclear model and the nuclear instability as presented and discussed in the former papers in this series of the cubic ellipsoid model of the nucleus. These results provide additional reinforcement to the model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[809] viXra:2309.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-11 22:34:58
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: Pages.
In this paper we analyze the charge radius of the nucleus in the light of the cubic ellipsoid geometric model. [5] The goal here is to verify the model and its assumption that the excess neutrons are located in its envelope and expand its understanding and thus possibly also to gain new insights from it. The results match the experimental data quite well and strengthen so the model assumption. We also raise some new hypotheses as a conclusion of the calculations regarding the density of the nucleus, that might increase with the number of nucleons until it reaches a finite value in the vicinity of Argon.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[808] viXra:2309.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-09 23:30:04
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: Pages.
This paper examines the hypothesis that the stability of heavy nuclei, beyond Lead (Pb) depends on the energy balance of a proton inside it based on the cubic ellipsoid nuclear model. The value of the maximum electric energy of the center proton is calculated for all heavy nuclei and compared with number of nuclear bonds, that is required to keep the proton stable and so the nucleus as a whole. The research results are the following: - From about Lead, Pb-82 and to Dubnium Db-105 six nuclear bonds are required to keep the center protons stable; with some certain probability one nuclear bond could break for a certain amount of time, leading to instability and radioactivity occurs. - beyond Dubnium more than six nuclear bonds are required to keep the center protons stable and therefore these nuclei are constantly unstable and have as a result a short half-life. The explanation of these phenomena with the help of illustration and calculation is another reinforcement for the model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[807] viXra:2309.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-07 21:10:32
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 9 Pages.
In conventional thermonuclear fusion process of atomic nuclei, one critical condition is how to make them close together or pass through the Coulomb barrier between themselves. Although the thermonuclear fusion has been understood well with the conventional theory in nuclear physics, cold fusion, which has been issued with Fleischmann-Pons experiment in 1989, or nuclear fusion at room temperature in general is not explained with the conventional theory. However, if nuclear force inside the nucleus is considered as the spin-spin magnetic interaction of nucleons initiated by electric polarization between proton and neutron, there is an alternative way to understand cold fusion. Since the electric polarization between nucleons can be induced by an external electric field, the electric polarization can be an important clue to understand cold fusion, such as the nuclear fusion of deuterium nuclei absorbed into the lattice structure of palladium.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[806] viXra:2309.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-05 23:41:47
Authors: Xiao Jun
Comments: 17 Pages.
The unified theory of the four fundamental forces has been a goal pursued tirelessly by physicists. Attempts have been made from various aspects such as quantum field theory, general relativity, and string theory, but none have yielded satisfactory results. This article starts with the electric field interaction between two charges. By considering the additional effect of positive and negative vacuum polarization charge clouds around the particles, the divergence equation of the electric field can not only derive the expression of the potential energy of the non-divergent electric field at zero distance, but also derive the potential energy expressions of the non-divergent nuclear force, short-range weak force, and universal gravity. These four forces are different manifestations of the static electric force between charges, and all have a non-zero equilibrium distance. The well-known Newtonian universal gravity, Coulomb force, and Yukawa nuclear force are all results when the action distance is much greater than the equilibrium distance.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[805] viXra:2309.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-03 11:32:51
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: Pages.
This paper analyzes the sources of nuclear stability according to the cubic ellipsoid model in dependency on the number of excess neutrons (neutrons beyond the number equal to that of the protons). The results of this research are guidelines for the population of stable nuclei with excess neutrons. The focus here is on nuclei with closed sub-orbitals, because this simplifies the analysis; further works will expand the discussion to nuclei with even number of protons and then to all nuclei.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[804] viXra:2309.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-04 00:33:28
Authors: Ian Turnbull
Comments: 3 Pages. 2 images
Physicists have determined that there are 'four-interactive-forces' in each and every atom. The forces were identified and named mainly on the basis of their objective properties.They are known everywhere as:Gravity, Electromagnetism, the Strong and the Weak Nuclear Forces.A meta-physical interest in the subjective nature of these same four forces recognises how they are equally here at work within and between us humans. They are especially evident in our family lives. In this setting, we distinguish the 'four forces' on the basis of their domestic and social and emotional attributes, and can classify them as:Masculine strength, Feminine power, Family group energy, and sexuality.Impressed by the evidence of energetic symmetry within and between the human and particle realms, I comment on the subjective and social nature of the processes that work together to form the Mushroom Cloud. In contrast to the established idea of the destructive nature of the atomic bomb blast, we become as witnesses to the unification and marriage of the masculine and feminine forces released out of the atoms by the fission process.A consequence of this intellectual process, where-in we study the nuclear processes with both sides of our twin-hemisphere brain switched on, is the realisation that atoms are the family systems of the particle population. This in turn suggests the Atomic World is as a dimension of life unto itself.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[803] viXra:2308.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-28 05:56:54
Authors: Ryoji Furui
Comments: 4 Pages.
Single-layer graphene is currently produced on an ongoing basis to meet the demands of researchers. In recent years, there have been significant discoveries regarding the unique properties of this material, one of which is the generation of plasmons in graphene in response to excitement in the THz frequency range. Based on this concept, the present paper proposes two possible designs for a fusion energy ignition agent. These concepts could potentially allow fusion ignition at lower energies than are currently possible.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[802] viXra:2308.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-24 01:15:32
Authors: David Johnson
Comments: 10 Pages.
According to the Standard Model, nucleons consist of three quarks bound together by three strong-force bonds, with protons containing two up-quarks and one down-quark, and neutrons two down-quarks and one up-quark. However, this model involves a strong-force bond between the two same-charge quarks, which is most unlikely. A quark-chain nucleon model involving two strong-force bonds connecting a central quark with a pair of oppositely charged quarks is much more feasible and leads to some interesting possibilities for the structure of atomic nuclei.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[801] viXra:2308.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-23 17:52:43
Authors: R. Mehrabifard, H. Mehdian, K. Hajisharifi, E. Amini
Comments: 21 Pages.
Since the last decades, there have been numerous reports about the interaction of magnetic field (MF) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) with the biological systems, separately. In this manuscript, we have investigated the combined effect of CAP with the static magnetic field (SMF) as an effective method for cancer cells treatment. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were cultured and treated with CAP in different input power and different exposure time in the presence and absence of the SMF. Vitamin C is used in medium, and cell viability is investigated in the presence and absence of this antioxidant compound. The MTT assay has been employed to measure cell survival, and then T-test and one-way ANOVA are used to assess the significance level of quantitative data. In order to determine the migration rate of cancer cells, wound healing assay has been carried out. Results show that presence of the SMF and vitamin C as well as increasing the input power has a significant role on the attenuation of the survival and migration rate of the cells. The results of the present investigation will greatly contribute to improve the CAP efficiency in cancer therapy through using the SMF and vitamin C as a complement to conventional CAP therapies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[800] viXra:2308.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-12 23:40:35
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: Pages.
This paper examines the hypothesis that the structure of the nucleus determines that of the atom and its properties and attempts to construct a geometric model of the nucleus that contributes to this hypothesis. The model proposed here suggests that the structure of the nucleus is, in general, an ellipsoid with the nucleons connected by cubic bonds and the nucleus shells correlate with those of the atom. In accordance with the model, a simplified theoretical mass formula was created to compare it with the experimental data; the tests included about 94 nuclei from Argon to Plutonium. The results were in good agreement with the experimental data. In addition a good estimation for the sum of the radii of the proton and neutron was reached. These results strengthen the model assumption and the mass formula.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[799] viXra:2308.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 02:59:57
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 6 Pages.
The process of finding the least common denominator of quarks has yielded four new unique quarks. Taking this process one step further, particles made of these new quarks can be proposed and investigated. If these new particles are just isomers of existing particles, how can we tell if a particle is composed of the well-known quarks or the new quarks?
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[798] viXra:2308.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-03 03:33:01
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 11 Pages.
Fields have an infinite distance of influence and act instantaneously without transit time of a vector boson. Spin creates gravity. Spin creates lepton propagation.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[797] viXra:2307.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-25 20:22:24
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 24 Pages.
Helium-4 nucleus is shown with the six attachment points for added neutrons and four attachment points for added protons, which matches the known isotopes of helium.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[796] viXra:2307.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-20 22:01:45
Authors: David L. Johnson
Comments: 4 Pages.
Paralleling recent advances in the areas of nanoscience, large-scale integrated circuit development and quantum computing, are technologies that allow the manipulation and control of individual atoms and electrons. With the promise of increased miniaturisation, faster parallel computing and register-per-bit-pair capabilities purported by quantum computing, currently multiple technologies are being developed to represent quantum bits (qubits) by the quantum spin of atoms and electrons and the chiral spin of photons. These technologies and the associated research are also providing new insights that may change our understanding of the sub-atomic world and electron orbitals in particular.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[795] viXra:2307.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-18 20:25:35
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 8 Pages.
Fields have an infinite distance of influence and act instantaneously without transit time of a vector boson
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[794] viXra:2307.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-17 23:28:04
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 21 Pages.
The two polarities of light are due to the electron and positron spins that make up the photon.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[793] viXra:2307.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-17 20:23:19
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 12 Pages.
The weak reaction mechanics is initiated by either an incoming electron neutrino//positron neutrino or electron // positron, and results in a proton changing to a neutron or vice versa. The insight from the Two-Slit experiment is required to give the correct state diagram with both matter and antimatter interacting.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[792] viXra:2307.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-15 23:20:22
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 28 Pages.
Beta decay is a misinterpretation of the beta reaction because antimatter velocity is opposite of cause-effect velocity.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[791] viXra:2307.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-07 05:43:13
Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 5 Pages.
This short paper describes a proposed new laser using magnetic pumping. The idea is simple. A ruby laser may just be embedding a laser ruby rod inside the primary coil of an a/c transformer together with the iron core. According to contemporary electromagnetism, electrical energy is transmitted by a current-carrying conductor through the magnetic field around it. The author's new aether photoelectricity theory offers a different explanation. The energy flow in current-carrying conductors is through aether apulses , single aether electrical wavelet of one wavelength (the equivalent of the photon). The flow of such photons (microwave around 10 μm) within the conductors is the actual physical mechanism of electrical energy transfer by metal conductors. There is no magnetism in photoelectricity theory. The energy currents entering the primary coil of an a/c transformer would "jump the air gap" into the iron core. The iron core (when active) conducts the flow of photons towards the secondary winding. The photons again jump the air gap and enters into the secondary winding giving rise to the energy current flowing across the long distance electrical power lines towards its destination. In the new magnetically pumped ruby laser, the photon flow across the copper windings and the iron core would have some photons entering into the embedded ruby rod. Such photons may be able to activate lasing of the ruby.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[790] viXra:2307.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-06 06:59:14
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 7 Pages.
Although an explanation of electric current in terms of the one-way movement of electrons is widely accepted, and represents a reassuringly simple model, there are several problems when it comes to explaining phenomena such as the Hall Effect, electrical currents within semiconductor circuitry and the generation of electric and magnetic fields by electric currents. This article considers options that might better and more consistently explain these phenomena and overviews some unexpected implications of these options for covalent bond formation and the cause of radioactive decay.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[789] viXra:2307.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-06 18:37:39
Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Pēteris Prūsis
Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures
The study proves that the force of attraction between nucleons in the nucleus is caused by the interaction between electrons and protons, which is about 100 times stronger than the repulsive Coulomb forces between protons. Conceptions of Strong and Weak interaction forces are not necessary because all properties of the nucleus can be explained by electric forces. There are only two fundamental interactions: Electromagnetic and Gravitational.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[788] viXra:2306.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-01 13:36:33
Authors: Stefan Israelsson Tampe
Comments: 13 Pages.
We will in this document assume that a charged particle (electron) is built up by (similar to super string theory in a sense) of constellation of loops that has a very peculiar form of interaction that is as simple as one can possible think of. That this model has a chance of explaining the normal analytical treatment of charges in our macroscopic world is a bit if a challenge to explain. We will assume that there is a limit for how much energy density we can have and they will differ slightly between positive and negative charge meaning in the end an estimated 0.2% difference between particle mass and anti particle mass. We will also show that a stable system consists of two almost similar loops or helical paths that have opposite sign. We will show that the positive and negative charge is constant and the same. We will show how how mass can be calculated and how we can calculate angular momentum which makes it possible to deduce information on this model. We will also be able to conclude why $alpha approx 1/137$ and why this is so and why not exactly $1/137$ and why the specific value is 137. We will show why $hbar$ is a fundamental constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[787] viXra:2305.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-28 14:43:22
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 9 Pages.
The need for some physics thoughts on the concept and definition of charge, particle, and atom is becoming important in modern physics. In textbooks as well as in many scientific publications, authors, deliberately or not, violate those basic concepts and their profound physical meaning, whose ignorance yields erroneous results.The intention of this paper is to update some basic concepts of physics and redefine others, considering the New Atomic Model and the Classical Electromagnetic Theory of Elementary Particles.What is an electric charge?What is a particle?Is charge a particle?What is the real atom?What is matter?How is energy converted into matter?The answers to the above questions are understandably given in the development of this work.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[786] viXra:2305.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-18 09:45:54
Authors: Ajay S., Suvrata P. Hegde
Comments: 24 Pages.
This paper discusses about the quantum energy levels of muonic hydrogen considering onlyCoulomb interaction. The computational analysis in this paper will help the reader get a goodunderstanding of how different a muonic hydrogen is from its electronic counterparts. Energyeigenvalues are calculated by numerical method and the probability density distribution ofmuon around the nucleus is plotted for different quantum states using special functions. Thecode is written in python. A comparative study of emission spectra between the muonichydrogen and hydrogen has also been discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[785] viXra:2304.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-24 20:30:33
Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 22 Pages. Poster Presented at APS April 2023 Meeting
When nuclear structure models were first derived in the 1930s, it was believed that nucleons were elementary particles similar to electrons, so that a nucleus should be analogous to an atom. For this reason, a shell model analogous to atomic orbitals was proposed for the nucleus. But since the 1970s, it has been understood that nucleons are composed of quarks, and are therefore analogous to atoms, so that a nucleus is more analogous to an atomic cluster. With that in mind, a new simple conceptual picture of the nucleus is proposed, which is suitable for instruction to undergraduates. Given the great stability of alpha particles, and the observation of alpha emission from radioactive nuclei, it is natural to propose that a large nucleus is composed primarily of alphas. I suggest a close-packed "crystal" of alphas, with at most one "partial alpha" at the outer surface. Furthermore, given the strong electric potential in the center, the alphas in the center may convert to a "neutron-rich core" providing excess neutrons for large nuclei. One can further approximate such a structure with spherical charge distributions, and derive simple analytical equations for the excess neutrons and the binding energy per nucleon, similar to those observed. Such a simple model may also offer insights into nuclear stability, fission, and other nuclear phenomena.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[784] viXra:2304.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-14 23:52:14
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 10 Pages.
This work is a continuation of 2012.0112, in terms of the construction of carbohydrate compounds, from the main 1701.0488 with the extension 2009.0160.In it, for the first time, a model of the mechanism that performs a set of actions for the translation of Proteins, RNA, DNA and organelles - the "Ribosome" of a living cell, will be built and described. Its cyclic image is shown on pages 5-6.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[783] viXra:2304.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-13 16:30:37
Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 2 Pages. This work, as an intellectual property, is protected by a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Guided by the problem of flat galaxy rotation curves in Cosmology, it is argued that deviations from Coulomb potential might be observed in the microscopic analogues of galaxies which are Rydberg atoms. It is found that such deviations might occur in Rydberg atoms with principal quantum numbers of more than 780.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[782] viXra:2304.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:29:40
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 20 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-1Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[781] viXra:2304.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:34:20
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 27 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-2:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:Two nuclear wave equations are derived for the nucleus of the Aluminum atom:A nuclear wave equation from the shells’ self-oscillations.A nuclear interference wave equation by applying an external wave.Having better knowledge about atomic nucleus dynamics may give us additional information which could be useful for experimental purposes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[780] viXra:2304.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:36:55
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 31 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-3:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes.The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated from a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM).The force originated from a polarized TEM plus a static electric field (see Part-4).The force originated from a signal plus a static electric field (see Part-5).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[779] viXra:2304.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:38:46
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 50 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-4:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:Following the analysis made in Part-3, the second external force is evaluated in this study.The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes.The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated by a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) (see Part-3).The force originated by a polarized TEM plus a static electric field.The force originated by a signal plus a static electric field (see Part-5).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[778] viXra:2304.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:40:44
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 19 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-5:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:Following the analysis made in Part-3, the third remaining external force is evaluated in this study.The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes.The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated by a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) (see Part- 3).The force originated by a polarized TEM plus a static electric field (see Part-4).The force originated from a signal plus a static electric field.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[777] viXra:2304.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:42:16
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 21 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-6:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:This study summarizes the analysis made from Part-1 to Part-5, with a focus on the means we may use to get gravitational and inertial control of mass, as well as some technical constraints based on our present-time technologies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[776] viXra:2304.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-08 04:22:32
Authors: Simon Edwards
Comments: 2 Pages.
To understand the SRI concept, one needs to first understand MRI. When even non-ferromagnetic compounds such as water are exposed to magnetic pulses of sufficient magnitude, the electron clouds of the affected atoms emit Radio Frequency radiation as a result of a form of spontaneous emission of EM stemming from the electrons orbiting individual atoms briefly but abruptly closing distance i.e. moving into a higher energy state before re-assuming their original energy state. MRI machines employ radio detectors to estimate the point of origin of these spontaneous emission radio waves, which are more intense the greater the density of the detected material. MRI cannot necessarily identify specific chemical compounds and although MRI is capable producing three-dimensional images, the resolution of these images averages about 1 millimeter per pixel; nowhere near atomic resolution.Any influence that can force electrons orbiting an atom to increase their proximity to one another, even without a change in energy state, can result in the spontaneous emission of EM ranging from RF to visible light and beyond. While such a result can be achieved by generating extreme magnetic fields, this is far from the most efficient means. One predicted effect of soliton waves on electron clouds is a phenomenon this author terms "hemispheric parting." Hemispheric parting, in addition to having application for increasing the likelihood of microwave resonances for confectionary applications where fast cooking is desired, may have a secondary effect that is useful in the field of diagnostic imaging."Hemispheric parting" may be defined as the momentary derangement of all electrons in an electron cloud of an atom amounting to the totality of the electrons being pushed into a single hemisphere, resulting in the total absence of electrons in the opposing hemisphere. It is the belief of this author that soliton waves are capable of producing this effect, however briefly. Just as electrons jumping between higher and lower orbits can produce spontaneous EM emissions, hemispheric parting should produce the same effect with far less effort.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[775] viXra:2304.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-04 18:19:42
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 11 Pages.
Like the positron-electron pair production shown in high energy physics, elementary particles can be created and annihilated in phenomena, which means that energy and mass can be exchangeable especially in subatomic physics. However, it should be clear that mass and energy in physics can be converted to each other in some cases but not always equivalent. From the ontological review of the mass-energy equivalence principle in special relativity and the mass defect in nuclear physics with the first principle in 4-D complex space, we can understand how these two distinctive concepts in physics can be interchangeable. Although nuclear force, which makes nucleons, protons and neutrons, bound inside the nucleus, and nuclear interactions, strong and weak interactions, which participate in nuclear fusion and nuclear fission process, have been explained in standard model of particle physics, in which the existence of an intermediate or force-carrying particle (boson) in the interactions has been known for a long time. However, it is not so clear how the intermediate boson makes the interaction possible. For the interactions of subatomic particles, alternatively we can find more agreeable explanation than the one using the intermediate boson in standard model of particle physics. In addition, a brief discussion is followed for the neutrinos in weak interaction and the lifetime of neutron in free space.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[774] viXra:2304.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-02 19:47:04
Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 16 Pages.
Fusion energy has long been considered the holy grail of clean and sustainable power generation. However, the practical realization of fusion energy has been hindered by the challenges associated with plasma confinement and stabilization. In this article, I propose a novel approach to address these issues, combining advanced magnetic confinement techniques with innovative plasma stabilization methods. Our approach aims to significantly improve the efficiency and feasibility of fusion energy, bringing us closer to a sustainable energy future.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[773] viXra:2304.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-02 19:55:16
Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 6 Pages.
Fusion energy, the process of combining light atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei, offers the potential for a clean, safe, and virtually limitless energy source. As the world faces increasing energy demands, climate change, and diminishing fossil fuel reserves, the pursuit of fusion energy has become more critical than ever. This article provides an overview of the current state of fusion energy research, discussing the main approaches to achieving fusion, such as magnetic confinement fusion (tokamaks and stellarators) and inertial confinement fusion (laser-driven and heavy-ion-driven).I highlight the progress made in major experimental facilities, including ITER, National Ignition Facility, Wendelstein 7-X, and Joint European Torus, and outline the key challenges that must be overcome before fusion energy can become a viable and widely-used energy source. Furthermore, I explore future prospects and potential developments in fusion energy research, emphasizing the importance of continued investment, international collaboration, and public-private partnerships in advancing this transformative energy source.The pursuit of fusion energy is crucial for securing a sustainable energy future and combating the adverse effects of climate change, making it a vital area of research for the benefit of humanity.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[772] viXra:2303.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-24 03:33:52
Authors: Yu E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 10 Pages.
Upon the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle, a bivector model of the ground (Gaussian) state of an elementary particle is proposed. A new interpretation of the observed physical value is proposed. It is shown that taking into account the relativistic mass leads to the appearance of an additional (angu-lar) moment of momentum for particles in the ground state. The bad values of the magnetic moments of the proton and electron were calculated, and an acceptable fit to the observed data was reached. The alternative approach is proposed to determine the interconnections of a spin, angular and total mo-ments of an elementary particle.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[771] viXra:2303.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-19 02:27:40
Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 15 Pages.
In this paper the universal model of fundamental interactions (fundamental Nature forces), which was developed in 2007-2023 in framework of the whole informational physical model that is based on the main postulate that everything in Matter exists, happens, interacts, and moves as some specific disturbances in Matter’s ultimate base — the [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of the [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE]; including particles are specific disturbances — close-loop algorithms that cyclically run basing on the FLE "hardware", which was applied at developing of the 2007 initial models of Gravity and Electric forces, is applied here at developing of the initial model of Nuclear Force. It is shown, that in the case, when the particles, including the nucleons in nuclei, interact on some distances, the action of Nuclear Force is seems practically complete analog of action of Gravity and Electric forces, i.e. the Nuclear Force mediators, "circular mesons", are in the main traits analogs of Gravity and Electric forces mediators "circular gravitons/photons", also are propagating in the lattice as specific disturbances that are initiated by specific parts of particles’ algorithms’ FLEs "Forces charges", and which, in contrast to particles, at propagating in the lattice, don’t carry energy, while carry the standard and universal for all Forces elementary momentums p=h-bar/r, r is distance between particles, which is transmitted to other particles, where, in contrast to the mediation of Forces in standard physical theories, all mediators are completely real, and by no means "virtual", structures in Matter. The developed model is in accordance with existent nuclear physics experimental data.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[770] viXra:2303.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-18 03:43:07
Authors: Helmut Christian Schmidt
Comments: 16 Pages. Section 1.6 is the linchpin that the calculations are correct not just by chance and wants to ensure this in advance.
By restricting k to rational numbers, the Schrödinger wave equation Ψ = Ae-i/ℏ(Et+mrdr/dt) = Ae-i π k can be converted into a polynomial with the base π. Ultimately, this leads to the action S for each object:
SObject =(2π)4 Et + (2π)3 Er it + (2π)2 Eφ it-1 + (2π)Eθ it-2
t in Z If 2 objects and an observer have a common center of gravity, the energies can be related and calculated using a single polynomial. The integer quantum numbers Et, Er, Eφ and Eθ ensure cohesion and lead to the four fundamental natural forces. Our worldview, with 3 isotropic dimensions x, y and z and rotations with 2π must be distinguished from this. The polynomials are transformed by simple operators (addition) for parity, time and charge. The 3 spatial dimensions result from regularly recurring parity operators. Numerous calculations are given for the orbits in the solar system and for the masses of the elementary particles, e.g.:
mneutron / me =(2π)4 +(2π)3+(2π)2-(2π)1-(2π)0-(2π)-1+2(2π)-2+2(2π)-4-2(2π)-6 +6(2π)-8=1838.6836611
The charge operator for all particles is:
C = - π + 2π-1 - π-3 + 2π-5 - π-7 + π-9 - π-12
Together with the neutron mass, the result for the proton is:
mproton=mneutron + C me= 1836.15267363 me
The probabilities for the correct representation of the neutron and proton mass have been calculated and are greater than 0.99997. The muon and tauon masses can be calculated in the same way.
Fine structure constant:
1/α = π4+π3+π2-1- π-1 + π-2-π-3 + π-7 - π-9- 2π-10-2π-11-2π-12
For an observer and two objects, from the torque and angular momentum alone, a common constant of h, G, and c can be derived, giving a ratio of meters and seconds:
h G c5 s8 /m10 Math.sqrt( π4- π2- π-1- π-3 ) = 1.00000
How fast the surface of a body moves relative to its radius is determined purely by the smallest possible ratio of its rational coordinates.
2π c(α) meter orbital period = Math.sqrt(diameter)
2π c meter day = (Earth's diameter)2
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[769] viXra:2303.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-14 03:13:29
Authors: Oliver R. Jovanovic
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this paper I will try to demonstrate that nuclear force is electromagnetic in its origin and nature. I will model it solely as an electromagnetic interaction of neighboring quarks.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[768] viXra:2302.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-16 02:49:00
Authors: V. A. Kizka
Comments: 7 Pages. 4 Figures.
The possibility of making precious stones from radioactive waste is being considered. Vitrified and cemented radioactive waste (RW) is considered as an artificial rock belonging to aluminosilicates and calcites. Two methods are proposed for the manufacture of radioactive gemstones from RW and their subsequent storage with the possibility of sale, resale, inheritance, and so on. That is, RW is considered as real estate in which capital can be invested. After decontamination in hundreds and thousands of years, it will be of scientific, historical, jewelry interest.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[767] viXra:2302.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-15 02:06:05
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 3 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)
Up and down quarks are assumed to be elementary (or fundamental) particles although there is no scientific evidence confirming this interpretation. However, there is indirect evidence in the form of the colour change of quarks and the creation of muons by cosmic radiation, and their subsequent decay, that together suggest that quarks are more likely to be composite particles. As well as discussing such indirect evidence, several preon-based approaches that model up/down quarks as composite particles are reviewed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[766] viXra:2301.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-28 03:18:18
Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 31 Pages. an invited review paper, https://www.wanpengtan.com/smm/
This paper reviews the puzzles in modern neutron lifetime measurements and related unitarity issues in the CKM matrix. It is not a comprehensive and unbiased compilation of all historic data and studies, but rather a focus on compelling evidence leading to new physics. In particular, the largely overlooked nuances of different techniques applied in material and magnetic trap experiments are clarified. Further detailed analysis shows that the ``beam'' approach of neutron lifetime measurements is likely to give the ``true'' $beta$-decay lifetime, while discrepancies in ``bottle'' measurements indicate new physics at play. The most feasible solution to these puzzles is a newly proposed ordinary-mirror neutron ($n-n'$) oscillation model under the framework of mirror matter theory. This phenomenological model is reviewed and introduced, and its explanations of the neutron lifetime anomaly and possible non-unitarity of the CKM matrix are presented. Most importantly, various new experimental proposals, especially lifetime measurements with smallslash narrow magnetic traps or under super-strong magnetic fields, are discussed in order to test the surprisingly large anomalous signals that are uniquely predicted by this new $n-n'$ oscillation model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[765] viXra:2301.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-19 01:54:26
Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 24 Pages.
Here is a simple explanation of the shape of an atom. Not so simple, but as simple as onecan.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[764] viXra:2301.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-16 20:55:18
Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 6 Pages.
"Anti-matter" is one of the contradictions in Basic Physics. In this paper, the mathematical and theoretical contradictions for anti-matter are explored. The conclusion is that there is no mathematical rationale for anti-matter. For particles in the applied energy field of a particle collider, movement will be dependent on the Rotational Energy Field or "spin" of the particle, not on the fictional "charge". The conclusion is that the behavior of different particles is not dependent on fictional "anti-matter".
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[763] viXra:2301.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-10 20:37:02
Authors: Jozsef Garai
Comments: 10 Pages.
The stability of an electron is affected by electrostatic self-repulsion of the charge, attraction of opposite charge/s, Casimir effect, kinetic, and zero-point energies. Investigating the energy balance of these affects it can be shown that the point charge electron loses its stability at the Bohr`s radius and forms a static surface charge around the proton. First principle calculations also show that for individual atoms the formed surface charge around the nucleus is stable as long as the absorbed destabilizing energies are below the one-dimensional Casimir energy. Thus in neutral atoms the Casimir effect stabilizes the surface charge electron shell. For individual atoms the Casimir effect is active on the entire surface area of the electron shell. In this case the one-dimensional Casimir energy should be equivalent with the ionization energy. If the neighboring atoms shielding the Casimir effect then the energy required removing an electron should be reduced in proportion to the active surface area of the atom. On the surface of a metal about half of the atomic surface is shielded by the neighboring atoms. Thus the energy requiring removing an electron should be half of the ionization energy. In the bulk of the metal, where the Casimir effect is completely shielded by the neighboring atoms, the electron shell should be unstable. These predictions are consistent with experiments, since the ionization energy is the same as the one-dimensional Casimir energy, the measured energies of the work function are about half of the ionization energy, and the band gaps of metals are zero.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[762] viXra:2301.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-03 00:08:07
Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 10 Pages.
In earlier papers, the fundamental principles of Physics have been reviewed in the analysis of the results of basic experiments on Atomic Spectra and Potential Energy Fields (presently called magnetic and electro-magnetic fields). In all analyses, there has been no need for the concept of "charge". The movement and behavior of electrons can be explained totally in terms of Potential Energy, Potential Gradient and Potential Energy Fields. The conclusion is that "charge" is a fictitious creation.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[761] viXra:2212.0221 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-31 21:23:39
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 10 Pages.
With the latest hyped "breakthrough" in controllednuclear fusion reaction, it is predicted by those whohave a financial interest in such research that wecould fairly soon enjoy clean, abundant electricityin unlimited quantities. Will this fusion technologyhelp solve our biosphere’s dual "population" and"heat pollution" crises soon enough to make a realdifference? Or will today’s techno-hype yield moreconfusion over humanity’s prospects for survival?
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[760] viXra:2212.0217 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-31 00:54:02
Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 8 Pages.
The quark field unifies the four interactions of the Standard Model.SU(2)-Nuclear Physics as an analog of U(1)-chemistry, is related to discrete symmetry groups, corresponding to quark flavors, and supporting Dr. Moon's Model of the nucleus. Reinterpreting Weak Force as modeling transitions of Klein geometries of baryons via Quark Lines Diagrams, in particle accelerators experiments and Nuclear Physics is attempted.Nuclear Force is a resultant of exchange of mesons as two-ways quark ``bonds'' between nucleons, similar to electronic bonds in chemistry.An effective potential has terms corresponding to Coulomb force, Gravity and Nuclear Force, with applications to Gravity Control and Cold Fusion / Biological Transmutations.Further considerations regarding supersymmetry and the Network Model of Quantum Physics, are included.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[759] viXra:2212.0166 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-21 10:17:55
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 30 Pages, 10 Figures 10 Tables
The symmetry based architectural model of the nucleus explains the characteristics of the nuclides such as their nucleosyntheses, the radioactive emission phenomena, fission and fusion reactions without much involvement of intricate mathematics. Invoking the concept of d- quarks from Quantum Chromo Dynamics the structure, properties and binding energy of α-particle and those of low mass number nuclides could easily be derived. This is now being extended to heavy nuclides to reveal some of their characteristic phenomena regarding the dimension of nuclear shells, their non-uniform densities and the absence of mean free path among the nucleons. This model seems to be entirely different from the commonly adopted nuclear models. The description of the nuclear arrangement in architectural polyhedral model for all the elements starting from 4He to 238U shows perfect match between the capacity of the polyhedron and the number of d-quarks available. This concept is further applied to discuss the unique feature of most tightly bound "iron group of elements", comparison of the emission process of the radioactive disintegration products in different radioactive series and the properties of transactinide.On the basis of the number of quarks involved, the binding energies of the possible isotopes of elements up to the transactinide are calculated. A few simple empirical formulae are proposed for the theoretical calculation of binding energies of the nuclides by evading several complex terms used in the classical Weizsäcker "mass formula". The closeness of the results with the experimental mass spectral binding energies has been established by comparison with nuclides taken at random from the entire range of known elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[758] viXra:2212.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-19 18:19:57
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 7 Pages. 1 figure.
Hartree atomic units or atomic units (au) are defined to be ћ=e=a0=me=1, and is supposed to be the scientific or natural units. In this paper, we redefine the atomic units to be ћau=eau=a0/au=1, me/au=1+1/cau4, me+/au=1-1/cau4, ћau=hau/(2π)au=1 and hau=(2π)au=6.28, in which cau is the speed of light in vacuum in atomic units and cau=137.035999074626. The new redefined atomic units could be called Hartree-Chen atomic unites and would be the real scientific or natural units especially in the sub-atomic world. In this new atomic units, the value of the Planck constant is demonstrated to be exactly 6.28. With the new atomic units, the frequencies of the original light and the subsequent light of the universe are calculated and hence a picture of creation and composition of the universe is depicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[757] viXra:2212.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-13 02:28:29
Authors: Lubomir Vlcek
Comments: 22 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin)
In this article, calculations consistent with experiment are made.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[756] viXra:2212.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-09 22:12:30
Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 13 Pages.
Just as DNA is the blueprint for the living world, so the Atomic Emission Spectra may be the blueprint for the atom, and the physical universe. In this paper, the published data on Atomic Emission Spectra is analyzed, from first principles. The pattern of spectral energy levels - when electrons fall into the atom - resembles that for a "multi-layered cluster" of electrons in a Potential Energy Well. It contradicts Bohr’s atomic model of positive & negative "charges" and fixed electron orbits. This alternative conjecture is that electrons have no charge and simply fill the three-dimensional atomic Potential Energy Well around the protons in the nucleus. The analysis suggests that electrons are much larger than predicted by other present-day conjectures.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[755] viXra:2212.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-07 10:24:12
Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 12 Pages.
The oscillation symmetry is applied with success to the decay mode fractions of several meson and baryons. The found periods display a "like quantification" behaviour.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[754] viXra:2212.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-05 02:15:29
Authors: Midorisuke Saemonsaburo
Comments: 1 Page.
A hypothesis about mineral traveling wave reactors and a hypothesis about mineral fusion bombs.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[753] viXra:2212.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-05 02:43:02
Authors: V. A. Kizka
Comments: 8 Pages. Improved arXiv:1508.03196 [nucl-th]
The article considers a way to compare large bulks of experimental data with theoretical calculations, in which the quality of theoretical models is clearly demonstrated graphically. Published theoretical data of the three-fluid dynamic model (3FD) applied to the experimental data from heavy-ion collisions at the energy range sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.7 - 63 GeV are used as example of application of the developed methodology. When analyzing the results, the quantum nature of the fireball, created at heavy ion collisions, was taken into account.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[752] viXra:2211.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2022-11-18 14:11:18
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 18 Pages.
Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we show that the size of the EMC effect per nucleon in different nuclei depends on a mean of local inertias for the nuclei and that the generalized EMC effect concerns the virtual nuclear field in nucleons. We described also the shadowing region, the dip, and the two plateaux. We predict that for nuclei at least such heavy as iron, there should be a point/strong-signal for the Bjorken x = 3.2 and the EMC ratio 4.8. We show that the dependence of nuclear binding energy on mass-number is a result of modification of the virtual nuclear weak field and that the proton magnetic and electric polarizability radii play the key role.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[751] viXra:2210.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-30 01:25:32
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repeated submission and cancellation of the same article)
In our previous paper, we gave the synthetic routes to the 119-128th elements. In this paper, we give the synthetic routes to the 136-138th, 141th, 146th, 157th and 173th Elements. The 137th element could be called the Feynman end of the elements, and 173th element could be called the Dirac end of the elements, so the aim of this work is to explore the frontier of the elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[750] viXra:2209.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2022-09-30 13:00:21
Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 4 Pages.
Some fundamental physical constants such as the gyromagnetic factor of the electron or its charge need to be marginally revisited considering the altered relativistic correction determined by the Information Relativity theory (IRT) of Suleiman. As a new important natural number the fifth power of the golden mean is introduced. Also a conjecture is given connecting Sommerfeld’s structure constant α with the galactic velocity ßg. This primer will be constantly renewed and extended as the acceptance by the physical community progresses
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[749] viXra:2209.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2022-09-20 00:01:51
Authors: Johannes Maria Frank
Comments: 8 Pages.
A mathematical proof is presented showing that the contemporary, widely accepted model of theatom must be false. In particular, the charge distribution of separated charges violates Gauss’slaw. It is further shown, that quantum mechanics cannot be used as an excuse for this impossibleobject to exist. Then a major flaw in the Rutherford gold foil experiment is discussed. Finally, theconclusion is drawn, that there cannot be an atomic nucleus and that the charges and thus the massmust be somehow more equally distributed across the volume of the atom.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[748] viXra:2209.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2022-09-13 19:20:48
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 22 Pages.
Laws and principles in physics, each of them should have a fundamental reason why and how it works. Through reviewing the reason in ontological point of view, we can find that the singularity of black hole doesn’t exist and the black hole itself is not the end of a star’s life because it will be blown up eventually. Also, it is interpreted that the Pauli exclusion principle is originated in the spin-spin magnetic interaction of elementary particles such as proton, neutron, electron, etc., those of which are known as fermions. With the interpretation for the exclusion principle and a classical model of proton and neutron, we can explain how the nuclear force arises inside the nucleus, why it is in such short range and attractive, and some properties of nuclear force, which is nothing but a special case of electromagnetic interaction. In the same line of thought, new nuclear model is suggested, which is compatible to both liquid drop model and shell model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[747] viXra:2209.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2022-09-06 22:25:07
Authors: Jürg A. Wyttenbach
Comments: 21 Pages.
We here will discuss basic physics = "physics of particles that form the universe". Particles are the source of fields and carry some invariant, constant properties (like charge, mass) that are used to define physics. Unluckily the current so called "standard model" (SM) left the path of classical modeling and did introduce fields that have no real = physical counterparts. E.g. the so called 4-potential has no real source among particles as the two (E/B)field generators have no common point in space and e.g. the E-field of the proton is not linear in the near field. An other problem is the term mass, that shows a totally different behavior in macroscopic use compared to particle level use. We will explain why E=mc2 breaks down when e.g. the relativistic Dirac equation is used for describing proton proton interactions. There also exist quite a large number of experiments that debunk central "claims" made by SM. So does in general e+/e- annihilation not lead to two 511keV photons. The normal case are 3 photons, what fundamentally contradicts the symmetric wave modeling. Also nobody so far could measure a so called strong force that is different from the magnetic force...At the end of the paper you should understand why SM is not a basic physics model and cannot be used to model particle internals.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[746] viXra:2209.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2022-09-05 11:10:37
Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 16 Pages.
Several theoretical results of meson and baryon masses are compared to experimen-tal data using the Oscillation Symmetry method. This method allows to comparethe calculated masses to the experimantal ones, whereas these last are clearly less
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[745] viXra:2208.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2022-08-16 00:25:39
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 12 Pages.
This work is a continuation of 1701.0488 with an extension of 2009.0160. It shows how and where Stars and Galaxies are formed - on the example of the Sn type, and the resulting structural forms reflect their properties.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[744] viXra:2208.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2022-08-08 08:05:15
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 24 Pages, 7 Figures, 3 Tables
The characteristics of α-particle is enigmatic in that its formation, configuration, role in nucleosyntheses, stability, compactness, having smallest radius among all poly-nucleon nuclides, highest value of core density, exhibition of different values of half-lives in decay process could not be unified through a suitable explanatory concept. The α- cluster model which is frequently used as an active non-mathematical tool for nucleosyntheses suffers from inconsistency in its applicability.In the present communication all of the above mentioned peculiarities of α-particle have been interpreted in term of the Quantum Chromo Dynamical (QCD) standard model of particle physics using d-quarks as the ultimate binding force. In addition, the formation and properties of nucleons of low mass number has been explained. The binding energy of the isotopes of low mass number nuclides is mainly contributed by the d-quarks involved in the formation of the nuclides. The reluctance of α-particle towards any type of combination goes against the idea of α- cluster model.The mechanism of radioactive decay of α-particles and the possibility of occurrence of half-life periods of isotopes with all types of values from very high to extremely low have been considered. It is possible that both kinetic and mechanical forces are involved in the decay process.It may be inferred that the nuclear architecture is built out of p — n pairs as bricks and the binding energy is derived mainly from d-quarks acting as cement.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[743] viXra:2208.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2022-08-04 19:59:30
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 9 Pages. 5 figures.
In our previous papers1-12, we predicted the 119th to 173th ideal extended elements, and illustrated the 126th element Ch314 should have the best relative stability and should be worthy to be synthesized preferentially. In this paper, we define the natural number axis (NNA) and the natural number coordinate system (NNCS), and suppose that in the world of nuclides, NNA and NNCS would be applicable, so in the world of nuclides the square root of 2, the square root of 3 and π would become rational numbers of 1.41, 1.73 and 3.14 with equation of 1.41+1.73=3.14. Their relationships to some nuclides are exhibited to demonstrate this kind of principles, the relative stability of U238 and U235 and the fission mode of U235 are explained, and finally we design a synthetic route to the 126th element, which is Ba141+Yb173=Ch314.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[742] viXra:2207.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2022-07-13 09:29:47
Authors: Akash Agarwal, Devanshu Sharma, Meet Mehta, Ramkumar Radhakrishnan, Suraj Kumar Singh
Comments: 9 Pages.
Computer simulation is essential to experimental physics research, as well as to the design, commissioning and operation of particle accelerators. In this work, we have tried to simulate the particle trajectories fordifferent input values. From the simulation, we can observe the radius of that particle trajectory. Largely, we have considered Electron, Helium atom, Proton, Tritium atom, and Deuteron atom and obtained their corresponding trajectories. The whole process is carried out in GNU Octave.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[741] viXra:2206.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2022-06-29 09:15:27
Authors: Hideki Mutoh
Comments: 9 Pages.
We have reported that Maxwell's equations should be extended by using the charge creation-annihilation field to treat the charge generation-recombination in semiconductor devices. Considering the charge creation-annihilation field, the extended Maxwell's and Dirac equations can be given by the same formula consisting of the dual 4-vector fields and the 8 by 8 spatially symmetric differential operator matrix. By using FDTD 3D simulations, we found that the Dirac field wave packet with enough smaller velocity than light can be stably created without consideration of Zitterbewegung, although it is difficult in 1D simulations. We calculated the Dirac field propagation in the electric central force potential and succeeded to simulate the formation process of atomic orbitals based on the extended Dirac equation by this method without any physical approximation for the first time in the world. A small unstable orbital appears at first and rapidly grows and finally becomes to a large stable orbital with the same radius as Bohr radius divided by the atomic number given by Schrödinger equation. This result could be regarded as a proof of correctness of the charge creation-annihilation field model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[740] viXra:2206.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2022-06-13 21:02:17
Authors: A. P. Nikitin
Comments: 14 Pages. In Russian
Cold Fusion (CF), like any movement of matter, can be learned by postulating the primordial movement of our World - Cosmos, the one entity that unites absolutely everything. Cosmos - "perpetual motion" with power N=h/tP. The materiality of Cosmos lies in its motion, which is the transformation of baryonic matter (BM) through neutrinos into "dark matter" (DM) and back, i.e. material-energy induction. Cosmos motion is a non-mechanical periodic process of spherical runoff-source (convergencedivergence) according to the Hubble-Planck factor, which is the cause of formation, existence and motion of material bodies. This material current creates on the equipotential surfaces the tensionacceleration (difference of energy potentials), which explains any motion of matter, incl. CF. [1]
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[739] viXra:2206.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2022-06-09 21:28:59
Authors: V. A. Kizka
Comments: 12 Pages. doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0198.v1
The article presents the idea of using radioactive waste as a material for the manufacture of components, parts and electronics of space probes and planetary rovers. Since space technology operates in conditions of increased radiation, the manufacture of this technology from radioactive materials will not affect its functionality. As an example, I consider the recycling of radioactive building materials resulting from nuclear tests, catastrophes and the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. Modern installations for the recycling of radioactive metal make it possible to completely deactivate it, only the slag from remelting remains radioactive. Modern industrial technologies make it possible to completely recycle this slag, separating useful chemical elements and compounds from it, and also making powders of various dispersions from them. In this way, radioactive powders can be obtained. The idea is presented to use radioactive powders as fillers in composite materials, since it is known that composites significantly improve their properties in radiation fields. For the recycling of radioactive concrete, it is proposed to use the same technologies as for the recycling of lunar and Martian regolith, since concrete and rock are similar in composition. The radioactive oxygen obtained after such recycling can be used as rocket fuel, and radioactive metals and metalloids for the manufacture of devices and parts for space technology, including radioactive powders for composites. As humanity plans to populate all the terrestrial planets, satellites of the large planets and asteroids of the solar system, a constant increase in the number of launches of automatic probes and planetary rovers is expected, which can be completely or partially made from recycled radioactive materials of any category.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[738] viXra:2205.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-08 20:47:39
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 29 Pages. 4 Tables, 9 Figures
A unique hypothetical model for the nuclear architecture is appended here from simple symmetry considerations bereft of any mathematical intricacies. Quite a number of nuclear models have been developed to describe the arrangement of protons and neutrons inside an atomic nucleus but no concrete proposition has been put forward till today. In the present model a ‘core’ alpha particle is sequentially encircled by all the Platonic solid structures in order of their increasing capacity. This Polyhedral Cage model is the extension of Paulion (p – n) condensation model and can successfully explain the nucleosyntheses of all nuclei especially of higher mass number. The sides of all the polyhedra are built up of p – n pairs (and n – n pairs). Except tetrahedron (the faces of which cannot accommodate nucleons due to its small size and its nearness to the core), faces of other polyhedron are occupied by nucleons in a symmetric fashion to impart stability to the resulting nucleus. Interestingly, on gradual filling up of the polyhedra, certain combinations of protons and neutrons that reach complete filling of each polyhedron (either sides or faces or both) correspond to the so called ‘Magic numbers’. The model reflects qualitatively the formation of stable isotopes as described in Segre᷆ Chart and embraces the features of all other presently accepted nuclear models into one qualitative frame. Nuclear reactions such as Fission (both asymmetric and symmetric) and Fusion processes have been logically explained. The so called “neutrino puzzle” in the production of energy in the Sun can be avoided by this model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[737] viXra:2204.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2022-04-02 21:12:59
Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 7 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)
Some of the ground-state energy of the atom can be expressed in formulas which are approximately same to the experimental measured values. These results show that the ground-state energy of the atoms are related to the interaction coupling constants.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[736] viXra:2204.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2022-04-01 20:35:27
Authors: Norman Graves
Comments: 100 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)
The current received wisdom is that quantum theory is correct but incomplete. However an examination of the history of the development of quantum theory shows that it is based on an unproven assumption. That assumption, that angular momentum is quantized, leads to the absurdity of the quantum leap and so cannot be valid. All subsequent theories which rely on this assumption must therefore be incorrect. A model for the hydrogen atom is developed based on the idea that the orbital radius must remain constant for all the various energy levels and it is shown that this is possible if certain velocity terms are considered to be affected by relativity.
This idea is then used to develop a model for the photon as a compound particle comprising an electron and a positron locked in mutual orbit.
From these two models it is evident that for every reference frame there are two views of the universe leading to the idea of the dual nature of reality.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[735] viXra:2203.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-30 21:19:22
Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 23 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)
In this paper, we build on the work of Max Planck, Louis de Broglie and Arthur Compton. We add our research on Atomic Structure and Potential Energy Fields and we explore ideas on Potential Energy Standing Waves. This leads to a new conjecture for particles: Energy x Diameter = Constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[734] viXra:2203.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-27 20:33:19
Authors: Bruno R. Galeffi
Comments: 9 Pages.
Kinetic energy conversion into mass, and so particle creation, requires angular momentum acquisition and spiral motion. This angular momentum is also the origin of spin and magnetic moment. A model for nucleon genesis involving successive centripetal and centrifugal spiral motions carrying quantized angular momenta is further described. This intra-nucleon process drives the emergence of entities known as quarks. Hence, and in agreement with Gell-Mann’s persistent intuition, quarks have <
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[733] viXra:2203.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-21 13:54:04
Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 21 pages, 15 figures, 4 tables
The oscillation symmetry is applied with success to some physical atomic properties of many Periodic Elements. It allows to tentatively predict possible values for several unknown properties.
A regularity is observed between oscillating periods. These values, according to different studied bodies, take discrete values as if they were quantified.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[732] viXra:2203.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-20 19:48:45
Authors: L.V. Migal, V.G. Bondarev
Comments: 14 Pages.
Based on the model of nuclear shells, a computer model of the spatial structure of the atomic nucleus was constructed. The application of a new approach, by analogy with the modeling of the electron shell of an atom, made it possible to visualize the structure of the atomic nucleus. The resulting spatial arrangement of nucleons in the nucleus simulates the presence of an ultrafine structure of levels. The adequacy of the constructed model is confirmed by correlations of the dependences of the radius and asymmetry of the shape of the nucleus on the charge number. Based on the results obtained, the equa-tions for estimating the limit number of isotopes in atoms for the N-Z diagram are determined.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[731] viXra:2203.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-18 20:51:46
Authors: L.V. Migal, V.G. Bondarev
Comments: 14 Pages.
This paper presents an approach that allows describing the spatial formation of the electron shells of atoms, based on known principles and rules, in a logically consistent version of the visual representation of an atom. The proposed model makes it possible to estimate the location of electrons in the electron shell visually, as well as to determine the quantum numbers responsible for the position of electron clouds in an atom. We have developed computer models of real atomic structures based on known experimental and calculated data on orbital radii and ionization energies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[730] viXra:2203.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-17 22:05:49
Authors: L.V. Migal, V.G. Bondarev, T.P. Bondareva
Comments: 8 Pages.
In work results of computer modeling of parameters of an electron shell of atom such as orbital radiuses and constants of shielding are presented. It is shown that for atoms with completely filled electronic subshells, the dependence of the orbital radii from the nuclear charge (atomic number) can be described by application of a computing experiment, and to consider the received equations as a basis for extrapolation of data on orbital radiuses on all range of atomic numbers of elements what gives the chance of creation of the full scheme of dependence of orbital radii on charging number of the nucleus and calculation of the average size of atom.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[729] viXra:2203.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-13 21:24:46
Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 4 Pages.
The ground state energy of helium atom can be expressed by formula, and it is close to the experimental value. And this result shows that the ground state energy of helium atom is the coupling between hydrogen atom and weak interaction, and on this basis, the formulas of coupling constants of weak interaction and strong interaction can be deduced.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[728] viXra:2203.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-03 08:21:54
Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 11 Pages. 11 p., 10 fig.
It has been established that electronic and nuclear spectra can be calculated and formed using combinatorics and frequency distributions (FD) provided that electrons, nucleons and other elementary particles in the composition of an atom are represented as unit structureless elements. The examples given show a good match between the calculated spectra and the experimental ones. The program for calculating spectrograms has been compiled.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[727] viXra:2203.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2022-03-02 06:04:16
Authors: George Baxter
Comments: 14 Pages.
Preons are postulated sub-units of quarks and other sub-atomic particles of the
Standard Model. Their investigation and theoretical development have historically
been limited due to the lack of experimental evidence to date. This article proposes a
completely new model of preons and demonstrates a high degree of consistency with
the observed decay modes of many sub-atomic particles and with the observed
radioactive decays of atomic nuclei, and it also suggests deeper order below the
quarks
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[726] viXra:2202.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2022-02-13 16:25:42
Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 3 Pages.
It was about 15 years ago that I first heard about room temperature solid state nuclear fusion. I was very excited when I learned about the research of Dr. Yoshiaki Arata, Professor Emeritus at Osaka University. I was also deeply convinced that this technology must be brought out to the world at any cost. Fifteen years have passed since then, and I have been secretly watching, but now that the practical application of room-temperature solid-state nuclear fusion is just a step away, I have written this short paper to make this technology widely known to those who are still unaware of it.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[725] viXra:2202.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2022-02-10 19:11:24
Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this paper the Dirac equation for a neutron in an external magnetic field is studied. The use of Dirac's equation for a neutron is somewhat controversial as far as the author is aware of. Nevertheless, the present study could be an interesting theoretical excercise in metric signature invariance. More in particular it is argued that in a specific external magnetic field and with non-vanishing time dependence of the 41 wave function vector, parity transformation invariance and time reversal invariance is not possible. This implies signature non-invariance.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[724] viXra:2201.0211 [pdf] submitted on 2022-01-30 18:17:14
Authors: James C. Decandole
Comments: 5 Pages.
The uniformitarian hypothesis of the microcosm is a description of nature at the smallest scale from the point of view of the center of a fundamental particle. Using the periodicity of the atomic numbers of the noble gases, the arrangement of protons in the atomic nucleus is found to be a hexagonal planar packing of spheres separated by their common tangents. The arrangement is illustrated by this alternative periodic table of elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[723] viXra:2201.0206 [pdf] submitted on 2022-01-30 18:24:51
Authors: James C. Decandole
Comments: 5 Pages.
A model of a torus-shaped proton and a three-planed atom with a layered nucleus is derived from atomic phenomena. The model is compared to other nuclear and atomic models and its explanatory value is discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[722] viXra:2201.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2022-01-23 18:47:55
Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 5 Pages.
Physicist Frederic Alzofon provided the first effective theory of gravity beyond just providing a static model, like those of Newton and Einstein.
The goal was to explain how that it is possible to control gravity, as hinted by indirect evidence collected from external sources.
The 1994 experiments confirmed this possibility.
Recently, a theory of Gravity based on the Standard Model was also provided by the author, in and independent line of research.
It sets an explicit foundation for Alzofon's Theory.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[721] viXra:2201.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2022-01-15 19:45:42
Authors: Tony Bermanseder
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
A history of neutrino measurements is described as a reply to a published video by Sabine Hossenfelder from September 21st, 2021
https://youtu.be/p118YbxFtGg
The sterile neutrino can be called a Higgs neutrino, as it derives from the Goldstone boson form of the Higgs Boson also coupled to the dark matter particle here called RMP for RestMass Photon. The problem with the Majorana form of the neutrinos is that they are indeed massless as fist proposed by the Standard Model and so are in fact their own antiparticles in the massless state. They do however assume a mass value as Dirac particles when mixing with the sterile scalar Higgs neutrinos explained by Sabine Hossenfelder in the link above.
The Dirac forms for the lepton associated neutrinos can be calculated from a Grand Unification Monopole matrix. The weakons so display the bosonic nature of the original X/L bosons but allow a partitioning of the boson integral spin momentum in a sharing between the fermionic kernel and the fermionic outer ring.
Weak Nuclear Interaction Nonparity CP-violation is crystallized from first quantum geometric principles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[720] viXra:2201.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2022-01-08 11:38:34
Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this short note, Gravity Control is related to Cold Fusion.
In recent articles it was explained the quantum origin of gravity, derived from finite gauge groups: Platonic.
As a byproduct, the gravitational potential can be controlled in a similar way to temperature, via dynamic nuclear orientation of spins.
It is surprising that another consequence is the possibility to reorient the spins to allow for weaker electrostatic repulsion in nuclei, with obvious applications to cold fusion.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[719] viXra:2201.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2022-01-07 15:24:40
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 16 Pages.
In this paper will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. The theoretical value of the strong coupling constant αs=Euler's number/Gelfond's constant is the key that solves many problems of Physics. We will present the recommended theoretical value for the weak coupling constant. It will be presented the formula for the fine-structure constant with the golden angle,relativity factor and the fifth power of the golden mean and the simple expression for the fine-structure constant in terms of the Archimedes constant. The exact mathematical expression for the proton to electron mass ratio using Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and other two exact mathematical expressions for the proton to electron mass ratio. New formulas for the Planck length and the Avogadro's number. The unity formulas that connect the fine-structure constant and the proton to electron mass ratio. We will find the formulas that connect the strong coupling constant and the fine-structure constant. The unity formulas that connect the strong coupling constant,the weak coupling constant and the fine-structure constant. It will be presented the mathematical formulas that connects the strong coupling constant,the weak coupling constant,the proton to electron mass ratio,the fine-structure constant,the ratio of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro's number,the gravitational coupling constant for the electron and the gravitational coupling constant of proton. Also we will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. Finally we will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. In this work we will assume the theoretical value of the strong coupling constant. This value fits perfectly in the measurement of the strong coupling constant. Also we followed the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[718] viXra:2201.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2022-01-01 19:02:57
Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 20 Pages. 21 figures [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Regular oscillations, observed in masses and in widths in mesons and baryons, are systemically studied. The observed periods are compared and discussed. It is observed that the same fit is often able to describe different data, involving hidden properties between mesons and baryons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[717] viXra:2201.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2022-01-01 19:06:58
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 9 Pages.
In this paper we will study the strong coupling constant. The recommended theoretical value for the strong coupling constant is αs=Euler's number/Gelfond's constant. It will turn out that this value is the key that solves many problems of Physics. Τhey will be found a total of ten formulas for the strong coupling constant. First we will find the beautiful unity formulas that connect the strong coupling constant and the Fine-structure constant. It will be presented the mathematical formulas that connect dimensionless physical constants with the strong coupling constant. Also we will find the formula for the Gravitational constant with exact numerical value. Finally we will be presented the formula for the Cosmological constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[716] viXra:2112.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2021-12-20 07:22:27
Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 2 Pages.
The nuclear saturation density of matter is extracted from a vast amount of
charge density distributions found from elastic electron scattering. The
established result with error bounds is compared with a calculated value based
on 2, π and fundamental constants.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[715] viXra:2112.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2021-12-15 23:05:06
Authors: Jonathan Harney
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The instability of nuclei that follows (A – Z)/Z > 1 is well known. The question is whether there are regions of greater instability in this overall instability curve due to the presence of prime atomic numbers. An analysis of the lifetime of dominant isotopes allows us to determine if prime atomic numbers have a statistically-significant impact in reducing isotope lifetime.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[714] viXra:2111.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-07 22:41:56
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 13 Pages.
In this paper will be presented the unity Formulas that connect the Fine Structure constant α and the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio μ. The equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning. At the beginning we will make a review of the last works. We will suggest the exact formula for the Fine Structure constant α with the Golden Angle and the Fifth Power of the Golden Mean and αlso we propose a simple and accurate expression for the Fine Structure constant α in terms of the Archimedes constant π. After we propose two exact mathematical expressions for the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio. It will be presented the mathematical Formula that connects the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio μ,the Fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro number NA,the Gravitational coupling constant αG for the electron and the gravitational coupling constant of proton αG(p). Also we will find a new formula for the Avogadro number NA and a new formula for Gravitational Constant G.
Ιt will be explained that the product μ⋅α-1 is one of the roots of the following trigonometric equation:
2·102⋅cos(μ⋅α-1)+132=0 (1)
It will also be shown that another way to show this equation is the following exponential form of the equation:
102⋅(eiμ/α+e-iμ/α)+132=0 (2)
This exponential form can also be written with the form:
102⋅(eiμ/α+e-iμ/α)=132⋅eiπ (3)
So the beautiful formula that connect the Fine Structure constant,the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio and the Fifth Power of the Golden Mean is:
52⋅(5∙φ-2+φ-5)2⋅(eiμ/α+e-iμ/α)+(5∙φ2-φ-5)2=0 (4)
Also the formula that connect the Fine Structure constant,the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio and Mathematical constants π,φ,e,i is:
102⋅(eiμ/α+e-iμ/α)=(5∙φ2-φ-5)2⋅eiπ (5)
Also the unity Formula can also be written in the form:
10⋅(eiμ/α+e-iμ/α)1/2=13⋅i (6)
Finally we will show that the radio ω=(c/υs)2 of the speed of light and the maximum speed of sound depends only from the Fine Structure constant α and not from the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio μ:
102⋅(eiωα/2+e-iωα/2)+132=0 (7)
All these equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[713] viXra:2111.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-02 13:34:37
Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 14 Pages.
A systematic study of hadron masses and widths shows regular oscillations which can be fitted by a simple cosine function. This oscillation symmetry is observed studing the differences between adjacent masses of each nucleon family plotted versus the corresponding mean masses. It is also observed in the widths of excited levels, when plotted versus the corresponding masses.
We observe the same distribution of periods versus the atomic number A, between the nuclear mass data and the periods describing the atomic energy levels of several neutral atoms.
The nuclear level widths data are analysed in a way similar to that done for the masses.
The distributions of the mass data between some different body families are compared.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[712] viXra:2110.0181 [pdf] submitted on 2021-10-31 07:00:27
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 5 Pages.
A few years ago about five nuclear physicists were asked for such a recipe. No one answered the question. But what is under increasing pressure will eventually burst open. A science historian recently informed me of this recipe. Closer examination of it shows that Einstein indeed ruined real physics by introducing his theories of relativity.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[711] viXra:2110.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2021-10-20 10:19:45
Authors: George Baxter
Comments: 8 Pages.
Protons and neutrons are the constituents of the atomic nucleus, as demonstrated by experimental data. However, the radioactive half-life is poorly explained by the Z/A numbers. Replotting the existing half-life data with the Up and Down quark numbers transforms the plots, making them predictive, and reveals new, hidden structures. Those structures show an insight into the quarks in their natural, unperturbed states in the nucleus.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[710] viXra:2110.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2021-10-20 18:35:27
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this paper are the exact formulas for the Fine Structure constant α. A Simple and absolutely accurate expression for the Fine Structure constant α in terms of the Archimedes constant π. An Exact formula for the Fine Structure constant α with the Golden Angle and the Fifth Power of the Golden Mean. Total 7 exact formulas.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[709] viXra:2110.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2021-10-17 19:23:03
Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 2 Pages.
The new explanation of electronic stationary quality and basic charges, then Schrödinger equation, Einstein equation, and black radiation formula will have a new representation method.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[708] viXra:2110.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2021-10-17 12:19:59
Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 9 Pages. Journal of Advances in Applied Mathematics, Vol.6, N° 2, April 2021
The oscillation symmetry is first applied to electromagnetic interactions of particles and nuclei.
It is shown that the differences between successive masses plotted versus their mean values and the electromagnetic decay widths $\Gamma_{ee}$ of $0^{-}(1^{--})$ $b\bar b$ and $c\bar c$ mesons, plotted versus their masses, agree with such symmetry.
Then it is shown that the variation of the energy differences between different levels of several nuclei
from $^{8}$Be to $^{20}$Ne,
corresponding to given electric or magnetic transitions, display also oscillating behaviours. The electromagnetic widths of the electric and magnetic transitions between excited levels of these nuclei, plotted versus the corresponding differences between energies agree also with this property. The oscillating periods describe also an oscillation, the same for E1, M1, and E2 transitions. It is also the case for the multiplicative factor used $\beta$, and for ratios between these parameters.
It is shown that the oscillation symmetry is then applied to atomic energy levels of several neutral atoms from hydrogen up to phosphorus.
The data exhibit nice oscillations when plotted in the same way as described before.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[707] viXra:2110.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2021-10-17 19:07:17
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 10 Pages.
In this paper are a new formula for the Planck length ℓpℓ and a new formula for the Avogadro number NA. Also 9 Mathematical formulas that connect dimensionless physical constants. The 6 dimensionless physical constants are the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio μ,the Fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro number NA,the Gravitational coupling constant αG for the electron and the gravitational coupling constant αG(p) of proton. After a new formula for Gravitational Constant G and new exact formula for the Avogadro number NA. Finally 8 exact Mathematical formulas that connect 6 dimensionless physical constants and a new exact formula for Gravitational Constant G.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[706] viXra:2110.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2021-10-15 18:17:48
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 6 Pages.
We present 26 exact mathematical expressions of the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio with exact value μ=1.836,15267343. Also we present exact mathematical expressions between the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio and mathematical constants and also exact mathematical expressions between the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio and the Fine Structure constant α.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[705] viXra:2110.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2021-10-12 19:21:38
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 3 Pages.
We propose the exact formula for the Fine Structure constant α in terms of the Golden Ratio φ.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[704] viXra:2109.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2021-09-10 20:35:07
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen
Comments: 18 Pages. 8 Figures
A novel and unique model based on the singlet state of (proton–neutron) pair as a building block for nucleosynthesis of different nuclei is postulated. The presently accepted alpha cluster model is inadequate for the explanation of the formation of Li, Be, B, their stability and abundance. Problem of Beryllium bottleneck and the explanation of Hoyle’s state of 12C appear to be insurmountable by this model.
The combination of a proton and a neutron can produce in addition to deuteron, a particle of zero spin satisfying Pauli Exclusion Principle which is capable of combining with another such unit to produce an alpha particle. This distinctive pair (p – n) is in reality an isomer of deuteron. The corresponding element is an isotope of hydrogen (hitherto unrecognized) and Christianized as Paulium, (symbol Pl) in honour Wolfgang Pauli. The nucleon of Paulium is Paulion that produces alpha particles and can subsequently take part in numerous neucleosynthetic processes with success.
The Paulion condensation model can be applied to build-up different isotopes of Li, Be, B, C, N and O and can resolve the hitherto unsolved puzzle in the nucleosynthsis of stable 12C. It can also explain the abundance and the properties of different nuclei.
An empirical equation A = Z (p – n) pair + (A - 2Z) N explains the composition of different nuclei where A is the mass of isotope of the nucleus, Z and N being its number of proton and neutron, respectively.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[703] viXra:2108.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2021-08-30 23:16:30
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 12 Pages.
Based on the exact values of the fine-structure constant (α) and the speed of light in atomic units (cau) determined by our corresponding formulas and CODATA current (2018) recommended Rydberg constant (R∞ or RH), we calculated out much more accurate values of Bohr radius (a0= 5.2917721093848(101)×10-11m), the classical electron radius (re=2.8179403267674(54)×10-15 m) and electron mass (me=9.1093837003120(175)×10-31 kg) than CODATA current (2018) recommended values which are a0=5.29177210903(80)×10-11 m, re=2.817940 3262(13)×10-15 m and me=9.1093837015(28)×10-31 kg respectively. In addition, we also calculated out accurate value of the positron mass (me+=9.1093836486490(174)×10-31 kg) which was supposed to be slightly less than that of electron mass. In the end, we suggest more reasonable definitions of atomic units and predict Rydberg constant for anti-hydrogen atom (R∞/e+=10973731.505923(21) m-1) which is a little different to Rydberg constant for ordinary hydrogen atom (R∞=10973731.568160(21) m-1).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[702] viXra:2108.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2021-08-08 20:47:51
Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 21 Pages.
Hundred years after the conjecture of the British astronomer Eddington that the sun is powered by nuclear fusion of hydrogen, new physics theory may help making energy harvesting by nuclear fusion soon a reality. Researchers as well as investors funding the fusion megaprojects are asked to deal with new relativistic corrections for mass and energy proposed by Suleiman in his Information Relativity Theory (IRT). It will help to decide whether a venture will be successful and to save big investments when in doubt. Nature is governed by the golden ratio and criticality of physical systems influenced by it, and nuclear physics is not an exception. Computer simulations of the underlying controlled nuclear fusion processes should gain profit from IRT corrected starting information and may tackle anew possible low energy nuclear transmutations considering the wave-like dark components of matter and energy. The assumed optimal kinetic energy for controlled nuclear fusion must be corrected to a somewhat higher level. At very high kinetic energy in the upper GeV range it remains not enough baryonic mass to be transformed in energy. The fusion probability faded out to zero already at the golden limit of the recession speed of v/c=φ=(√5-1)/2 between target nucleon and projectile nucleon. Cold nuclear fusion, if ever possible, is recommended for protons rather than deuterons at highest experimental possible temperatures around 1000(K) and needs fine-tuned kinetic nucleon energy. It would be also of interest whether a golden ratio based nuclear fuel confinement chamber could be beneficial. In this connection also cold nuclear fusion setups should be discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[701] viXra:2108.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2021-08-03 10:57:56
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 9 Pages. 2 figures
In our previous papers, we once gave formulas and value of the classical electron radius (2.81794032658(43) fm) and the proton charge radius. In this paper, we give more reasonable forms of them for the proton charge radius. The values of the proton charge radius should be different according to the different measurement methods, so we give three values of it, i.e., rp/H-e=0.8330977868 fm, rp/H-μ=0.8419605292 fm and rp/e=0.8311047299 fm corresponding to the three measurement methods. In addition, we also give formula and value of the neutron charge radius (0.3312876729 fm).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[700] viXra:2108.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2021-08-02 06:00:49
Authors: Jozsef Garai
Comments: 3 Pages.
The required conditions for igniting and maintaining the lattice-assisted nuclear reactions are different. The required conditions are strict for the ignition, and looser for maintaining the reaction. The ignited reaction is stable and remains active for a very long period of time. These observations indicate that the experimental conditions in the deuterium-palladium electrochemical system meet the requirements for sustaining the reaction, and the so-called reproducibility problem arising from the uncertainty of ignition of the process. It is hypothesized that muon catalyzed fusion ignites the reaction, which then becomes self-sustained. The random nature of the cosmic ray produced muons is consistent with the observed reproducibility problem. Cosmic ray muons, collimated by electric, and/or magnetic fields, might be the right tool to reliably ignite the LANR process. The optimum energy and flux density of muons, which can activate the fusion, could be experimentally defined. Planetary and astrophysical aspects of the proposed hypothesis are briefly discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[699] viXra:2107.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2021-07-02 20:24:53
Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 1 Page.
The rest mass of the proton and the rest mass of the electron can be expressed by the radius of the proton and the radius of the electron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[698] viXra:2106.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2021-06-26 08:53:53
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 figures.
In our previous papers, we gave many formulas of the fine-structure constant based on some critical nuclide numbers such as 112, 173, 137, 83, 29 and 103. In this paper, we give the general formulas of the fine-structure constant and some formulas of the fine-structure constant based on the 92th element Uranium. These formulas relate to 92U-235/238 and predict 126Ch188 (the most stable isotope of the 126th element).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[697] viXra:2106.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2021-06-11 16:40:34
Authors: Ilya Boldov
Comments: 13 Pages.
The influence of the ratio of the number of inter-nucleon bonds per nucleon, as well as the number of even and odd bonds of nucleons in the nucleus on the stability of light nuclei is considered in the framework of the Geometric model. The presence of "magic" nuclei and the division of radioactive materials into unequal fragments by intercluster (He4) bonds are explained. It is concluded that the stability and binding energy of the nuclei can be affected by the centrifugal forces acting on the nucleons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[696] viXra:2106.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2021-06-07 20:04:20
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The lifetime of the neutron is still discussed very controversially, because two different measurement methods give two values, which differ from each other far beyond the standard deviations of the single measurements. In this work, two formulas with slightly modified initial parameters for calculating the lifetime of the neutron were established, each of which agrees with the measured values of the two measurement methods within the error limits. The bases of the calculations suggest that the discrepancy in the measured values is not due to systematic errors in the measurement procedures, but rather that the β-electrons are in an excited state during the beam experiment, which alters the energy balance of the decay process and thus the lifetime of the neutron
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[695] viXra:2105.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-15 06:47:46
Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 6 pages, 2 tables, 3 figures
The study proves that the outer protons of the atomic nucleus form a shell. It determines the chemical properties of an atom because it shields the electric field of internal protons. Therefore, it can be called a Nuclear Valence Shell (NVS). The full NVS contains 8 protons. This corresponds to a 4-dimensional space inside nucleus with 2 protons in each dimension and explain Octet rule of periodic table of elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[694] viXra:2105.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-12 11:03:46
Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures
In contemporary physics and chemistry Octet rule states that an atomic shell is complete if it has eight electrons. It follows that there are eight basic groups in the periodic table of elements. Attempts to explain why there are exactly 8 groups are unsuccessful. The paper shows that it is determined by the structure of the atomic nucleus. There is a 4-dimensional space in the nucleus of an atom. It follows that a nuclear shell can contain 8 protons according to the Pauli principle. This corresponds to 8 groups in the periodic table. The atom is located in a 3-dimensional space. Therefore, the outer shell (8 electrons) may have 2 subshells p (6 electrons) and s (2 electrons).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[693] viXra:2105.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-11 04:25:26
Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 15 Pages.
In an Einstein like gedanken experiment, the relativistic changes of energies of a photon and a rest
mass particle caused by the same relative movement were compared and it was found, that the same relative
movement was causing very different energetic changes on the photons and rest mass particles: photons have
significantly more “capacity” for kinetic energy. To explain this phenomena, which could be named kinetic
capacity effect, a physical model of a “folded and looped photon” was created and checked quantitatively
through relativistic Doppler effect for kinetic and total energies, and for linear momentum. De Broglie’s material
wave was identified as modulation wave of two interfering waves of the correlated half photons inside of the
particle, resulting in known group and phase velocities. Photons themselves were not changed in physical
description, so Quantum Mechanics will stay in use with them, and Special Relativity has now extended abilities
for entering into particles, opening a way through discussed model to unify both theoretical worlds. For the
moment, the two classical theories, waves and relativity, have confirmed exact the hypothesis of present model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[692] viXra:2104.0181 [pdf] submitted on 2021-04-30 20:08:17
Authors: Yanming Wei
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
It is important to investigate how many neutrons are produced and where fissional neutrons are going in uranium fuel reactor, as hazard assessment on nuclear wastes does need reliable data, but it seems hard to find a pie chart depicting different percentages for all possible destinies of neutrons, so some calculations herein need correction in future.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[310] viXra:2409.0070 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-27 03:21:30
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 29 Pages. Discussion electron radius and g-factor added
The electron represents one of the most exciting and important particles in atomic science. Electrons are very small and mobile fundamental (or elementary) particles that engage in orbitals around atomic nuclei, or can move as an electric current through a conductor, or can spectacularly jump en masse through dielectric material in the form of lightning or an electric arc. They are also important in atomic bonding and chemical reactions. Electric current is usually understood to be caused by the movement of electrons, but electric charge carriers aren't always electrons, and they aren't always negative. In animals (including humans), electric charge carriers are primarily sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions, which are all positively charged, and when a nerve passes an electric signal, it consists of positive charge movement. For semiconductors, electric current cannot be fully explained simply in terms of the movement of electrons (the negative charge carrier), and a positive charge carrier is required.With like-charges repelling and opposite-charges attracting, we treat negative electric charge as being distinctly different to positive electric charge, or at least that the electric fields associated with each type of charge to be different. This paper considers what electric charge and associated electric fields might consist of, and attempts to explain the reasons why the positive and negative fields of electric charges interact with each other as they do.In terms of like-pole repulsion and opposite pole attraction, magnetic fields are quite similar to electric fields, and are inter-related as implicit in the term ‘electromagnetic’. This paper looks at several models for the electron and its role in electric currents, and explores the nature of and differences between electric and magnetic fields with reference to the STEM electron model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[309] viXra:2408.0083 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-15 20:43:20
Authors: Koichiro Kanno
Comments: Pages.
This paper examines the effectiveness of using sub-character tokenization for Japanese language processing by utilizing the ALBERT [1] model. I focused on radical and element-based sub-character tokenization and compared the results with traditional character-based tokenization. The evaluation was conducted on a dataset derived from the Japanese novel "Botchan," containing 500 sentences. The results indicate that sub-character tokenization significantly improves the model's perplexity, especially when using radical and element-based approaches.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[308] viXra:2407.0038 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-15 17:34:19
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 10 Pages. 3 Figures, in Chinese.
In this paper, we compare Maxwell’s formula of the speed of light with the traditional formula and our formula of the speed of light in atomic units, they are c=1/(μ0ε0)^(1/2), cau=1/α and cau=1/(α1α2)^(1/2) respectively. The traditional theory supposes that there is only one α which is the fine-structure constant, but our theory demonstrates that there are two α (α1 and α2) along with their geometric mean αc which could be called the integrated fine-structure constant. Our formula is consistent with Maxwell’s formula essentially, and hence should be reasonable and correct. We present our previous formulas of the fine-structure constant, the speed of light in atomic units and the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muron and tauon to demonstrate the existence of α1, α2 and αc. We also propose a valuable research topic for mathematical physics to deduce our formula from Maxwell’s formula and provide some reasons for it. As for the fine-structure constant and the anomalous magnetic moment of muon, the relationships between their measured and calculated values are illustrated. In the end, the physical meanings of αc are explained.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[307] viXra:2405.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-27 20:39:42
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please remove/don't use cover page!)
The neutron, which is a proton-electron bond, contributes to electricity generation. Radiation emitted by nuclei and single charges can also generate electric energy. There is no nuclear strong or weak force, only an electrodynamic force. The example of protons fusion demonstrates that the Universal Force provides precise information about interactions without empirical approximations. The radiation power increases to theoretical infinity as the relative velocity approaches the speed of light.Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[306] viXra:2404.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-06 11:15:43
Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 3 Pages. Minor errors are corrected with readability improvement.
Fermat's Last Theorem(FLT) states that there is no natural number set {a,b,c,n} which satisfies a^n+b^n=c^n or a^n=c^n-b^n, when n≥3. In this thesis, we related LHS and RHS of a^n=c^n-b^n to the constant terms of two monic polynomials f(x)=x^n-a^n and g(x)=x^n-(c^n-b^n). By doing so, the conditions to satisfy the number identity, a^n=c^n-b^n, are transferred to the conditions to satisfy the polynomial identity, f(x)=g(x), which leads to a trivial solution, a=c,b=0, when n≥3.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[305] viXra:2402.0122 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-07 23:40:19
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 19 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin: Author name is required on the article in pdf)
In this work we have used the classical neutron model of proton and nuclear electron in combination with the findings of projection theory, according to which the neutron is a cube and its interior lies below the spatial resolution, where the physical laws of our space-time world only apply to a limited extent and consequently the objections raised against this model by established physics do not apply. The electron does not reside in the entire cubic interior, but in a potential sphere (r = 6.355181 10-16 m) around the positron. This potential space is statistically occupied by the electron by random jumps with a jump duration of tmin. From the statistical frequency of the individual potential energies, the mean mass of the neutron was calculated to be 1.674927328 . 10-27 kg. The potential jumps mentioned above lead to a change in the size of the neutron at a constant elementary particle density in the rhythm of the jumps (oscillation model). The β-decay is caused by jumps of the electron to the outer surface of the neutron, where they are ejected from the neutron by membrane oscillation, whereby only 1/6 of the oscillation energy is transferred to the electron as kinetic energy. This is the real secret of the missing energy in the decay spectrum of the neutron. Two curves were constructed to calculate the decay curve. The base curve reflects the energetic and geometric conditions in the potential space of the electron, while the second, the jump curve, takes into account the individual jumps to the respective points on the neutron surface. The superposition of these two curves resulted in a curve that is in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined curves, in which the irregular curve progression at the maximum of the measurement curves is also very well reproduced, which to our knowledge is not the case with the calculations of established physicists. Neutrinos are not required in our obviously accurate model. In the last section, the conversion factor between time and length was calculated as 1 m4/3/s for the interior of the neutron. This contradicts the calculations of the same factor for the world outside the neutron with 61.66801 m4/3/s, which impressively confirms our initial hypothesis of deviating physics inside the neutron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[304] viXra:2401.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-28 23:07:03
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 12 Pages.
This research explains and calculates the atomic covalent radius and combines it with the cubic ellipsoid nuclear model.According to the cubic ellipsoid nuclear model, the nucleus consists of nuclear shells that correlate with the atomic shells (unlike the common nuclear shell model).Based on this assumption we get the following outcomes:- The protons seem to affect only the electrons of their correlated shell.- A physical theoretical atomic covalent radius function was constructed to meet this idea.- The nuclear structure determines the atomic shape and the electronic shielding; this explains the variation of the atomic radius from the calculated value and links between the nuclear and atomic structure.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[303] viXra:2401.0062 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-22 11:37:57
Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 2 Pages. Update with questions for the author of the Nature report
Cold Fusion might, if claims are to be believed, be looking at the wrong nuclear phenomenon that isn’t fusion and sporadic claims of excess energy production might be due to a wholly different process, perhaps the Wigner Energy of the Lattice, unlinked to claims of fusion, thus confusing the issue and holding the field back.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[302] viXra:2401.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-20 19:27:46
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 21 Pages. 12 Figures.
In this paper, we present a new circular periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has multi-circular form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of it; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent subperiod respectively; the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. It would be the most scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised and integrated versions also have these features. 2π-e formula and natural group theory inspiring and supporting it are also presented. Some ideal extended elements such as the 126th element are also predicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[301] viXra:2401.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-01 15:59:09
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 17 Pages. 8 Figures, in Chinese.
In this paper, we present a new circular periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has multi-circular form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of it; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent subperiod respectively; the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. It would be the most scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised and integrated versions also have these features. 2π-e formula and natural group theory inspired and supporting it are also presented. Some ideal extended elements such as the 126th element are also predicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[300] viXra:2401.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-03 20:22:30
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 14 Pages. 7 Figures, in Chinese.
In this paper, we present a new cyclic periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has multicyclic form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of the cyclic periodic table; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent period respectively, the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. This new cyclic periodic table would be the most reasonable, scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised traditional version also has these features. 2π-e formula and natural group theory inspired and supporting it is also presented. Some ideal extended elements such as the 126th element are also predicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[299] viXra:2401.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-03 16:27:37
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 12 Pages. 5 Figures, in Chinese.
In this paper, we mainly present a new cyclic periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has multicyclic form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of the cyclic periodic table; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent period respectively, the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. This new cyclic periodic table would be the most reasonable, scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised traditional version also has these features. 2π-e formula and natural group theory inspired and supporting the cyclic period table of elements is also presented.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[298] viXra:2312.0055 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-18 19:58:00
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 38 Pages. 11Figures, in Chinese.
This paper is written in Chinese. It was originally written in Chinese from December of 2017 to March of 2018, and was registered for copyright in the end of March of 2018. In this paper, we originally presented two scientific principles. One is that the chirality (represented by a pair of hands) could be scientifically abstracted to a counterclockwise circle and a clockwise circle corresponding to the right hand and the left hand respectively, and hence should be mathematically expressed as +2π and -2π, ie, chirality=+2π/-2π. The other is that a circle should be divided into 420 degrees instead of the traditional 360 degrees, so the chirality (a pair of hands) should correspond to +420 degrees and -420 degrees or 840 degrees in total, ie, chirality=840°. As there are right-handers and left-handers in human beings, the complete chirality including these two situations (±chirality) should actually correspond to ±2π and ∓2π or ±840 degrees, ie, ±chirality=±840°. The number of 840 can be expressed with its factors in the form of 840=1(2 4 8)(3 5 7), and the products of (2 4 8) times 1 and (3 5 7) or (2 4 8) are called stable numbers of chirality, in which 56 (8×7) is the biggest and most stable. As the atomic nuclei are located in the space or time-space which has the feature of chirality, we suppose that they live in the space of ±840 degrees, so the stable numbers (the magic numbers) in atomic nuclei are products of (2 4 8) times 1 and (3 5 7) or (2 4 6 8), their double numbers and so on, in which the most stable is 56. When the numbers of proton, neutron and total nucleon in atomic nuclei are equal to these stable numbers, these nuclei are stable, so the most stable nuclide is Fe56 and the natural terminus of the atomic elements is the 112th element Cn*. These stable numbers in atomic nuclei correspond to the hands of human beings and to Chinese metrical poetry because they all are derived from the theory of 840 degrees as stated above.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[297] viXra:2309.0091 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-15 23:20:23
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 37 Pages.
This study suggests that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties and proposes a geometric nuclear model to confirm this claim.Our main goal is not to obtain more accurate results than existing models, but to establish a different point of view for the interpretation of nuclear and atomic physics.According to the model, the nucleus, in general, has an ellipsoidal shape built from a three-dimensional lattice of proton-neutron bonds (treated here as a cubic system) and nuclear shells populated with protons similar to the atomic shells of the periodic table.The model was first tested and confirmed on various nuclear phenomena and then its link to atomic physics was demonstrated and analyzed.Its main results are:- a nuclear geometry from which the periodic system is derived.- its agreement with various nuclear phenomena.- demonstrating the link between the nuclear structure and the atomic properties through the correlation between the nuclear geometry and the atomic covalent radius.- the interpretation of atomic phenomena in the light of the model.This article summarizes the main stages of the research. A detailed analysis and description of each research phase is published in separate articles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[296] viXra:2308.0163 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-24 09:25:27
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 35 Pages.
In this paper, we will find a way to apply the Gell-Mann matrices in the Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0) realm. And without the need of adding the time as an ad-hoc dimension, but just considering that the time emerges naturally as one of the 8 degrees of freedom that appear in geometric Algebra Cl(3,0).Once these transformations are obtained, we will define the bra-ket product in Geometric Algebra and check that gives the same results as in the matrix representation.We will apply it both for Euclidean and non-Euclidean spaces. With the values obtained, we will show that the g-2 issue of the muon could be perfectly related to gravitational issues (to non-Euclidean space). The difference between theoretical and measured value of g-2 of the muon is 2,79E0-9. And on the surface of the Earth, the effects of non-Euclidean space due to gravitational effects are in the range of 1,39 E-09. It can be checked that the muon g-2 value is just the double (this is, in the same order) of the gravitational effects. So, gravitational effects could indeed affect the g-2 value of the muon on the surface of the Earth as it will be shown.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[295] viXra:2308.0074 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-07 14:51:26
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 28 Pages.
This study deals with the hypothesis that the nuclear structure determines the atomic shape and properties; this idea led to the construction of a tangible nuclear model, that provides a visual interpretation to nuclear and atomic physics and possibly enables drawing additional conclusions and new insights. The model suggests that the nucleus has, in general, an ellipsoid shape with a cubic system of proton-neutron bonds and that the nuclear and atomic shells correlate with each other. A simplified mass formula was developed to compare between the model and the experimental data; the formula is based on the model's theory and depends only on two parameters, unlike the common formula which is semi-empirical and contains five to six parameters, that are not an inherent part of the theory. the mass formula calculations delivered results, that agree with the experiment; a byproduct of this procxess, that strengthened the assumption of the model, was the estimation of the combined radii of the proton and the neutron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[294] viXra:2308.0074 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-27 20:02:12
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 21 Pages.
This paper examines the hypothesis that the structure of the nucleus determines that of the atom and its properties and attempts to construct a geometric model of the nucleus that contributes to this hypothesis. The model proposed here suggests that the structure of the nucleus is, in general, an ellipsoid with the nucleons connected by cubic bonds and the nucleus shells correlate with those of the atom. In accordance with the model, a simplified theoretical mass formula was created to compare it with the experimental data; the tests included about 82 stable nuclei from Argon to Lead.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[293] viXra:2307.0011 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-23 18:41:21
Authors: Stefan Israelsson
Comments: 18 Pages. Reworked paper, better category.
Background/Objectives: The primary objective is to investigate a new theoreticalmodel approach about fundamental particles. Especially the electron and positron is con-sidered. The model utilizing the concept of energy density limits and find an acceptableinterpretation of a speed of light reference frame. Due to it’s consistent nature this enableus to implement these limits without breaking Lorentz’s invariance. This new model em-ploys mass-less current loops at the speed of light, to construct a candidate for a stable,self-contained system, which can be perceived as either an electron or positron, dependingon its configuration.Methods: This is a pure theoretical work where all figures was generated by LaTeXconstructs to illustrate the concepts. However there are referenced measurement results thatare important for the discussion. The mathematics is on a basic level, although the paperis dense with deductions and formulas. Only calculus and general mathematical maturity isneeded as well as knowledge about special relativity, electromagnetism and some basic atomand particle physics.Results: We evaluate the resultant angular momentum and derive a formula that alignswith Bohr’s renowned assumption about angular momentum in his atomic model. Thismethod not only provides insights into the enigmatic number 137 in physics but also suggestsa potential discrepancy between the masses of the electron and positron, with a relativeerror of 10 ppm in the measurement. This difference is too subtle for existing measurementtechniques.Conclusions: The main result in this paper are a model that basis its approach using theelectromagnetic theory and deduces stable constellations, that resembles particles, withinthis model. This theory does introduce the controversial prediction that the particle andantiparticle mass differ using a deduction of a formula for the mass. It is also quite possible aswe quantize the difference, that this prediction can be clarified by forthcoming measurementprojects. Also we deduced a couple of soundness feature of the model, such as deriving theBohr’s condition for angular momentum in his atomic model and explain how this can beused to deduce the actual measured angular momentum. Also the invariance of angularmomentum and charge is proven as a result of the model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[292] viXra:2304.0066 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-29 19:26:01
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 20 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles. Part-1: Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[291] viXra:2304.0065 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-07 08:08:02
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 27 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles. Part-2: Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles. In This Paper:Two nuclear wave equations are derived for the nucleus of the Aluminum atom:A nuclear wave equation from the shells’ self-oscillations. A nuclear interference wave equation by applying an external wave. Having better knowledge about atomic nucleus dynamics may give us additional information which could be useful for experimental purposes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[290] viXra:2304.0063 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-17 23:32:10
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 50 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-4:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles. In This Paper:Following the analysis made in Part-3, the second external force is evaluated in this study. The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes. The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated by a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) (see Part-3). The force originated by a polarized TEM plus a static electric field. The force originated by a signal plus a static electric field (see Part-5).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[289] viXra:2304.0061 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-07 08:11:17
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 21 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-6: Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles. In This Paper:This study summarizes the analysis made from Part-1 to Part-5, with a focus on the means we may use to get gravitational and inertial control of mass, as well as some technical constraints based on our present-time technologies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[288] viXra:2303.0117 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-24 20:04:13
Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 18 Pages.
This initial Planck scale model of nucleons interactions in nuclei (fundamental Nature Nuclear force) is developed in n framework of the whole Planck scale informational physical model that is based on the main postulate that everything in Matter exists, happens, interacts, and moves as some specific disturbances in Matter’s ultimate base — the dense lattice of the [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], particles are some close-loop algorithms that run basing on the lattice FLE "hardware", what was applied earlier at developing of the 2007 initial models of Gravity and Electric forces It is shown, that in the case, when nucleons in nuclei interact on some distances, the action of Nuclear force is seems practically complete analog of action of Gravity and Electric forces, i.e. the Nuclear force mediators, in the model "circular mesons", are in the main traits analogs of Gravity and Electric forces mediators "circular gravitons/photons", also are propagating in the lattice as specific disturbances that are initiated by specific parts of particles’ algorithms’ FLEs "Forces charges". In contrast to particles, at propagating in the lattice mediators, at least at statics, don’t carry energy, but a mediator, if hits into "irradiated" particle, triggers in this particle own energy release that causes the particle’s motion, etc. Only in this case the energy conservation law acts — in contrast to standard physical theories, where Forces mediators/fields contain energy. Also in contrast to the mediation of Forces in the theories, where mediators are virtual, all Forces mediators are completely real FLE structures in Matter. The developed model is in accordance with existent nuclear physics experimental data.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[287] viXra:2303.0117 [pdf] replaced on 2023-06-01 00:52:28
Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 15 Pages. Textual editing of the v1 version
Abstract In this paper the universal model of fundamental interactions (fundamental Nature forces), which was developed in 2007-2023 in framework of the whole informational physical model that is based on the main postulate that everything in Matter exists, happens, interacts, and moves as some specific disturbances in Matter’s ultimate base — at the [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of the [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE]. Including particles are specific disturbances — close-loop algorithms that cyclically run basing on the FLE "hardware", That was applied at developing of the 2007 initial models of Gravity and Electric forces, and is applied here at developing of the initial model of Nuclear Force. It is shown, that in the case, when the particles, including the nucleons in nuclei, interact on some distances, the action of Nuclear Force is seems practically complete analog of action of Gravity and Electric forces, i.e. the Nuclear Force mediators, "circular mesons", are in the main traits analogs of Gravity and Electric forces mediators "circular gravitons/photons", also are propagating in the lattice as specific disturbances that are initiated by specific parts of particles’ algorithms’ FLEs "Forces charges". In contrast to particles, at propagating in the lattice mediators don’t carry energy, while carry the universal for all Forces elementary momentums p=h-bar/r, r is distance between particles, which is rather specifically transmitted to other particles. In contrast to the mediation of Forces in standard physical theories, all mediators are completely real, and by no means "virtual", FLE structures in Matter. The developed model is in accordance with existent nuclear physics experimental data.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[286] viXra:2302.0068 [pdf] replaced on 2023-02-16 05:38:19
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 4 Pages. Reference links did not work in version 1, so have used separate references
Up and down quarks are assumed to be elementary (or fundamental) particles although there is no scientific evidence confirming this interpretation. However, there is indirect evidence in the form of the colour change of quarks and the creation of muons by cosmic radiation, and their subsequent decay, that together suggest that quarks are more likely to be composite particles. As well as discussing such indirect evidence, several preon-based approaches that model up/down quarks as composite particles are reviewed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[285] viXra:2210.0146 [pdf] replaced on 2022-11-11 01:35:01
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra: Please refraim from immediate, frequent and/or repeated replacements/cancellations)
In our previous paper, we gave the synthetic routes to the 119-128th elements. In this paper, we give the synthetic routes to some key elements from the 92th to the 173th. The 137th element could be called the Feynman end of the elements, and 173th element could be called the Dirac end of the elements, so the main aim of this work is to explore the frontier of the elements. In addition, we also illustrate a "bridge-correlation effect" in nuclides.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[284] viXra:2209.0079 [pdf] replaced on 2022-09-23 16:12:32
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 22 Pages. minor fixes in Ref.
Laws and principles in physics, each of them should have a fundamental reason why and how it works. Through reviewing the reason in ontological point of view, we can find that the singularity of black hole doesn’t exist and the black hole itself is not the end of a star’s life because it will be blown up eventually. Also, it is interpreted that the Pauli exclusion principle is originated in the spin-spin magnetic interaction of elementary particles such as proton, neutron, electron, etc., those of which are known as fermions. With the interpretation for the exclusion principle and a classical model of proton and neutron, we can explain how the nuclear force arises inside the nucleus, why it is in such short range and attractive, and some properties of nuclear force, which is nothing but a special case of electromagnetic interaction. In the same line of thought, new nuclear model is suggested, which is compatible to both liquid drop model and shell model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[283] viXra:2208.0087 [pdf] replaced on 2022-09-06 00:15:15
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: Pages.
This work is continuation of 1701.0488 with an extension of 2009.0160. It shows how and where Stars and Galaxies are formed - on the example of the Sn type, and the resulting structural forms reflect their properties. The conclusion gives rise to an assumption about the existence of an alternative - "cold" Galaxies as a kind of "dark" matter.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[282] viXra:2208.0020 [pdf] replaced on 2022-10-28 00:44:14
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 14 Pages. 5 Figures
In our previous papers, we predicted the 119-173th ideal extended elements, and illustrated the 126th element 126Ch314 should have the best relative stability among them and should be worthy to be synthesized preferentially. In this paper, we define the natural number axis (NNA) and the natural number coordinate system (NNCS), and suppose that in the world of nuclides, NNA and NNCS would be applicable, so in the world of nuclides the square root of 2, the square root of 3 and π would become rational numbers of 1.41, 1.73 and 3.14. Their relationships with nuclides and with the formula of the speed of light in atomic units are exhibited to demonstrate this effect, the relative stability of U238 and U235 and the fission mode of U235 are explained, and finally we design a synthetic route to the 126th element, which is "Ba*141 + Yb173 = Ch314". In addition, some synthetic routes to 119-128th elements are supplemented.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[281] viXra:2208.0020 [pdf] replaced on 2022-10-10 21:00:03
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 12 Pages. 5 figures.
In our previous papers [1-12], we predicted the 119-173th ideal extended elements, and illustrated the 126th element Ch314 should have the best relative stability among them and should be worthy to be synthesized preferentially. In this paper, we define the natural number axis (NNA) and the natural number coordinate system (NNCS), and suppose that in the world of nuclides, NNA and NNCS would be applicable, so in the world of nuclides the square root of 2, the square root of 3 and π would become rational numbers of 1.41, 1.73 and 3.14. Their relationships with nuclides and with the formula of the speed of light in atomic unites are exhibited to demonstrate this effect, the relative stability of U238 and U235 and the fission mode of U235 are explained, and finally we design a synthetic route to the 126th element, which is Ba*141+Yb173=Ch314.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[280] viXra:2208.0020 [pdf] replaced on 2022-08-22 20:37:36
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 11 Pages. 5 Figures.
In our previous papers1-12, we predicted the 119th to 173th ideal extended elements, and illustrated the 126th element Ch314 should have the best relative stability among them and should be worthy to be synthesized preferentially. In this paper, we define the natural number axis (NNA) and the natural number coordinate system (NNCS), and suppose that in the world of nuclides, NNA and NNCS would be applicable, so in the world of nuclides the square root of 2, the square root of 3 and π would become rational numbers of 1.41, 1.73 and 3.14. Their relationships with nuclides and with the formula of the speed of light in atomic unites are exhibited to demonstrate this effect, the relative stability of U238 and U235 and the fission mode of U235 are explained, and finally we design a synthetic route to the 126th element, which is Ba*141+Yb173=Ch314.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[279] viXra:2208.0020 [pdf] replaced on 2022-08-07 21:37:09
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: Pages.
In our previous papers1-12, we predicted the 119th to 173th ideal extended elements, and illustrated the 126th element Ch314 should have the best relative stability among them and should be worthy to be synthesized preferentially. In this paper, we define the natural number axis (NNA) and the natural number coordinate system (NNCS), and suppose that in the world of nuclides, NNA and NNCS would be applicable, so in the world of nuclides the square root of 2, the square root of 3 and π would become rational numbers of 1.41, 1.73 and 3.14. Their relationships with nuclides and with the formula of the speed of light in atomic unites are exhibited to demonstrate this effect, the relative stability of U238 and U235 and the fission mode of U235 are explained, and finally we design a synthetic route to the 126th element, which is Ba141+Yb173=Ch314.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[278] viXra:2206.0156 [pdf] replaced on 2022-07-07 02:52:26
Authors: Hideki Mutoh
Comments: 9 Pages.
We have reported that Maxwell's equations should be extended by using the charge creation-annihilationfield to treat the charge generation-recombination in semiconductor devices. Considering the charge creation-annihilation field, the extended Maxwell's and Dirac equations can be given by the same formula consisting of the dual 4-vector fields and the 8 by 8 spatially symmetric differential operator matrix. By using FDTD 3D simulations, we found that the Dirac field wave packet with enough smaller velocity than light can be stably created without explicit consideration of Zitterbewegung, although it is difficult in 1D simulations. We calculated the Dirac field propagation in the electric central force potential and succeeded to simulate the formation process of atomic orbitals based on the extended Dirac equation by this method without any physical approximation for the first time. A small unstable orbital appears at first and rapidly grows and finally becomes to a large stable orbital with the same radius as Bohr radius dividedby the atomic number given by Schrödinger equation. This result could be regarded as a proof of correctness of the charge creation-annihilation field model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[277] viXra:2204.0005 [pdf] replaced on 2022-07-25 09:27:51
Authors: Norman Graves
Comments: 56 Pages.
The current received wisdom is that quantum theory is correct but incomplete. However an examination of the history of the development of quantum theory shows that it is based on an unproven assumption. That assumption, that angular momentum is quantized, leads to the absurdity of the quantum leap and so cannot be valid. All subsequent theories which rely on this assumption must therefore be called into question.If the quantum leap is to be regarded as an absurdity then it follows that the orbital radius of the electron in the hydrogen atom must remain the same for all energy levels. The conditions necessary to bring this about are identified and a model developed for the hydrogen atom. Such a model is only possible if it is assumed that certain velocity terms are affected by relativity. This idea is combined with a second postulate concerning the nature of gravitational mass and is then used to develop a second model, this time for the photon as a compound particle comprising an electron and a positron locked in mutual orbit. This too relies on relativity affecting orbital velocity.Special relativity is unique among physical phenomena in that for objects traveling at significant speeds there are two versions of every measurement. In other words relativity is possessed of a natural duality. There are two ways to measure distance, two ways to measure time and two ways to measure mass depending on who is making the measurement; the stationary observer or the moving observer. This idea can be extended to cover frequency, wavelength. However the relationship between the wave characteristics of a particle and its particle characteristics is the same within each of the two domains and is consistent with classical mechanics. This leads to the idea of a wave/wave duality and a particle/particle duality rather than the current wave/particle duality and effectively unifies the quantum and classical worlds. This duality is shown to pervade many aspects of physics and in so doing provide explanations for phenomena that are otherwise unexplained.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[276] viXra:2203.0175 [pdf] replaced on 2022-05-08 09:05:18
Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 23 Pages. Figure 1 reinstated.
In this paper, we build on the work of Max Planck, Louis de Broglie and Arthur Compton. We add our research on Atomic Structure and Potential Energy Fields and we explore ideas on Potential Energy Standing Waves. This leads to a new conjecture for particles: Energy x Diameter = Constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[275] viXra:2203.0067 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-31 20:53:37
Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 4 Pages.
The ground state energy of helium atom can be expressed by formula, and it is close to the experimental value. And this result shows that the ground state energy of helium atom is the coupling between hydrogen atom and weak interaction, and on this basis, the formulas of coupling constants of weak interaction and strong interaction can be deduced.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[274] viXra:2201.0036 [pdf] replaced on 2022-01-12 18:01:49
Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this short note, Gravity Control is related to Cold Fusion. In recent articles it was explained the quantum origin of gravity, derived from finite gauge groups: Platonic. As a byproduct, the gravitational potential can be controlled in a similar way to temperature, via dynamic nuclear orientation of spins. It is surprising that another consequence is the possibility to reorient the spins to allow for weaker electrostatic repulsion in nuclei, with obvious applications to cold fusion.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[273] viXra:2201.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2022-08-28 23:37:55
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 19 Pages. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.399817 Published in Astrophysics,Cosmology & Gravitation eJournal Vol 1, Issue 10, June 14, 2022, Atomic & Molecular Physics eJournal Vol 1, Issue 8, June 01, 2022, Mathematical Physics eJournal Vol 1, Issue 19, June 10, 2022
In this paper we will study the strong coupling constant. The recommended theoretical value for the strong coupling constant is αs=Euler's number/Gelfond's constant. It will turn out that this value is the key that solves many problems of Physics. We will find a lot of formulas for the strong coupling constant. All these equations prove that the value of the strong coupling constant depends on the energy scale. First we will find the beautiful unity formulas that connect the strong coupling constant and the fine-structure constant. These equations are the simple unification of the strong nuclear and the electromagnetic interactions. It will be presented the mathematical formulas that connect the dimensionless physical constants with the strong coupling constant. From these equations we reached the formula of the unification of the strong nuclear,the electromagnetic and the gravitational interactions. Also we will find the formula for the Gravitational constant. Finally we will be presented the formula for the cosmological constant. This unity formula is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. All these equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[272] viXra:2201.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2022-07-22 00:36:38
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 13 Pages. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.399817 Published in Astrophysics,Cosmology & Gravitation eJournal Vol 1, Issue 10, June 14, 2022, Atomic & Molecular Physics eJournal Vol 1, Issue 8, June 01, 2022, Mathematical Physics eJournal Vol 1, Issue 19, June 10, 2022
In this paper we will study the strong coupling constant. The recommended theoretical value for the strong coupling constant is αs=Euler's number/Gelfond's constant. It will turn out that this value is the key that solves many problems of Physics. Τhey will be found a total of ten formulas for the strong coupling constant. All these equations prove that the value of the strong coupling constant depends on the energy scale. First we will find the beautiful unity formulas that connect the strong coupling constant and the fine-structure constant. This equation is the simple unification of the strong nuclear and electromagnetic force. It will be presented the mathematical formulas that connect the dimensionless physical constants with the strong coupling constant. From these equations we reached the formula of the unification of the strong nuclear,electromagnetic and the gravitational force. Also we will find the formula for the Gravitational constant with exact numerical value. Finally we will be presented the formula for the cosmological constant. This unity formula is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[271] viXra:2112.0111 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-06 07:36:06
Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 3 Pages.
The nuclear saturation density of matter is extracted from a vast amount of charge density distributions found from elastic electron scattering. The established result with error bounds is compared with a calculated value based on 2, π and fundamental constants.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[270] viXra:2112.0076 [pdf] replaced on 2021-12-18 00:51:37
Authors: Jonathan Harney
Comments: 9 Pages.
The instability of nuclei with increasingly heavier isotopes due to (A – Z)/Z > 1 is well known. The question is whether there are regions of greater instability in this overall instability curve due to the presence of prime atomic numbers. An analysis of the lifetime of dominant isotopes allows us to determine if prime atomic numbers have a statistically-significant impact in reducing isotope lifetime.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[269] viXra:2111.0037 [pdf] replaced on 2022-09-01 00:53:41
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 11 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3963425
In this paper will be presented the unity formulas that connect the fine-structure constant and the proton to electron mass ratio. The equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning. At the beginning we will make a review of the last works. We will suggest the exact formula for fine-structure constant in terms of the golden angle,the relativity factor and the fifth power of the golden mean. Also we propose a simple and absolutely accurate expression for the fine-structure constant in terms of the Archimedes constant. After we propose two exact mathematical expressions for the proton to electron mass ratio. It will be presented the mathematical formulas that connects the proton to electron mass ratio μ,the fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro's number NA,the gravitational coupling constant αG of the electron and the gravitational coupling constant of the proton αG(p). Ιt will be explained that the product of the proton to electron mass ratio with the reciprocal of the fine-structure constant is one of the roots of a trigonometric equation. It will also be shown another way to show this trigonometric equation with the exponential form of the equation. The beautiful formula that connects the fine-structure constant,the proton to electron mass ratio and the fifth power of the golden mean. Also the formula that connects the fine-structure constant,the proton to electron mass ratio and mathematical constants π,φ,e and i. Finally we will show that the speed of light and the maximum speed of sound depends only from the fine-structure constant and not from the proton to electron mass ratio.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[268] viXra:2111.0037 [pdf] replaced on 2021-12-20 16:52:36
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 13 Pages.
In this paper will be presented the unity Formulas that connect the Fine Structure constant α and the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio μ. The equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning. At the beginning we will make a review of the last works. We will suggest the exact formula for the Fine Structure constant α with the Golden Angle and the Fifth Power of the Golden Mean and αlso we propose a simple and accurate expression for the Fine Structure constant α in terms of the Archimedes constant π. After we propose two exact mathematical expressions for the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio. It will be presented the mathematical Formula that connects the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio μ,the Fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro number NA,the Gravitational coupling constant αG for the electron and the gravitational coupling constant of proton αG(p). Also we will find a new formula for the Avogadro number NA and a new formula for Gravitational Constant G.
Ιt will be explained that the product μ⋅α-1 is one of the roots of the following trigonometric equation:
2·102⋅cos(μ⋅α-1)+132=0 (1)
It will also be shown that another way to show this equation is the following exponential form of the equation:
102⋅(eiμ/α+e-iμ/α)+132=0 (2)
This exponential form can also be written with the form:
102⋅(eiμ/α+e-iμ/α)=132⋅eiπ (3)
So the beautiful formula that connect the Fine Structure constant,the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio and the Fifth Power of the Golden Mean is:
52⋅(5∙φ-2+φ-5)2⋅(eiμ/α+e-iμ/α)+(5∙φ2-φ-5)2=0 (4)
Also the formula that connect the Fine Structure constant,the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio and Mathematical constants π,φ,e,i is:
102⋅(eiμ/α+e-iμ/α)=(5∙φ2-φ-5)2⋅eiπ (5)
Also the unity Formula can also be written in the form:
10⋅(eiμ/α+e-iμ/α)1/2=13⋅i (6)
Finally we will show that the radio ω=(c/υs)2 of the speed of light and the maximum speed of sound depends only from the Fine Structure constant α and not from the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio μ:
102⋅(eiωα/2+e-iωα/2)+132=0 (7)
All these equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[267] viXra:2110.0084 [pdf] replaced on 2022-08-30 01:22:58
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 16 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3963427
In this paper we will present a new exact formula for the fine-structure constant in terms of the golden angle,the relativity factor and the fifth power of the golden mean. A new interpretation and a very accurate value of the fine-structure constant has been discovered in terms of the golden radio. We propose the exact equivalent mathematical expression for the proton to electron mass ratio using Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and two other exact mathematical expressions for the proton to electron mass ratio. We present the exact mathematical expressions that connect the proton to electron mass ratio and the fine-structure constant. Also we will find a new formula for the Planck length and a new formula for the Avogadro's number. First we will find the beautiful unity formula that connects the gravitational coupling constant and the fine-structure constant. This equation is the simple unification of the gravitational and the electromagnetic interactions. We will present the exact mathematical formulas that connect six dimensionless physical constants. The six dimensionless physical constants are the proton to electron mass ratio μ,the fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of the electric force to the gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro's number NA,the gravitational coupling constant αG of the electron and the gravitational coupling constant αG(p) of the proton. Also we will find a new formula for the gravitational constant G. Finally we will be presented the formula for the cosmological constant Λ. This unity formula is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. All these equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[266] viXra:2110.0084 [pdf] replaced on 2022-07-26 13:40:29
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 8 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3963427
In this paper we will present a new exact formula for the fine-structure constant α in terms of the golden angle,the relativity factor and the fifth power of the golden mean. A new interpretation and a very accurate value of the fine-structure constant has been discovered in terms of the golden radio. We propose the exact equivalent mathematical expression for the proton to electron mass ratio using Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and two other exact mathematical expressions for the proton to electron mass ratio. We present the exact mathematical expressions that connect the proton to electron mass ratio and the fine-structure constant. Also we will find a new formula for the Planck length and a new formula for the Avogadro number. Eleven exact mathematical formulas that connect six dimensionless physical constants. The six dimensionless physical constants are the proton to electron mass ratio μ,the fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro number NA,the gravitational coupling constant αG for the electron and the gravitational coupling constant αG(p) of the proton. Finally we will find a new formula for the gravitational constant G.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[265] viXra:2110.0084 [pdf] replaced on 2022-06-28 18:22:14
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 9 Pages.
In this paper are a new formula for the Planck length ℓpℓ and a new formula for the Avogadro number NA. Also nine mathematical formulas that connect dimensionless physical constants. The 6 dimensionless physical constants are the proton to electron mass ratio μ,the fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro number NA,the gravitational coupling constant αG for the electron and the gravitational coupling constant αG(p) of the proton. After a new formula for gravitational constant G and new exact formula for the Avogadro number NA. Finally eight exact mathematical formulas that connect 6 dimensionless physical constants and a new exact formula for gravitational constant G.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[264] viXra:2110.0084 [pdf] replaced on 2021-12-17 18:22:02
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 9 Pages.
In this paper are a new formula for the Planck length ℓpℓ and a new formula for the Avogadro number NA. Also 9 Mathematical formulas that connect dimensionless physical constants. The 6 dimensionless physical constants are the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio μ,the Fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro number NA,the Gravitational coupling constant αG for the electron and the gravitational coupling constant αG(p) of proton. After a new formula for Gravitational Constant G and new exact formula for the Avogadro number NA. Finally 8 exact Mathematical formulas that connect 6 dimensionless physical constants and a new exact formula for Gravitational Constant G.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[263] viXra:2110.0071 [pdf] replaced on 2022-08-31 01:10:48
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 6 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3967998
We present 26 exact mathematical expressions of the proton to electron mass ratio with exact value. We propose an exact mathematical expression using Fibonacci and Lucas numbers. Also we present the exact mathematical expressions between the proton to electron mass ratio with the mathematical constants. Finally we propose the exact mathematical expressions between the proton to electron mass ratio with the fine-structure constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[262] viXra:2110.0071 [pdf] replaced on 2022-08-31 01:00:09
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 5 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3967998
We present 26 exact mathematical expressions of the proton to electron mass ratio with exact value. We propose an exact mathematical expression using Fibonacci and Lucas numbers. Also we present the exact mathematical expressions between the proton to electron mass ratio with the mathematical constants. Finally we propose the exact mathematical expressions between the proton to electron mass ratio with the fine-structure constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[261] viXra:2110.0071 [pdf] replaced on 2022-01-04 19:32:13
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 5 Pages.
We present 26 exact mathematical expressions of the proton to electron mass ratio with exact value μ=1.836,15267343. We propose an exact mathematical expression using Fibonacci and Lucas numbers.
Also we present the exact mathematical expressions between the proton to electron mass ratio with the mathematical constants and also the exact mathematical expressions between the proton to electron mass ratio with the fine-structure constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[260] viXra:2109.0078 [pdf] replaced on 2022-04-25 20:03:26
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen
Comments: Pages.
A novel and unique model based on the singlet state of (proton–neutron) pair as a building block is postulated for nucleosynthesis of different nuclei. The presently accepted alpha cluster model is inadequate for the explanation of the formation of 7Li, 8Be, 10B, their stability and abundance. Problem of Beryllium bottleneck and the explanation of Hoyle’s state of 12C appear to be insurmountable by the cluster model.
Proton and neutron combine to form deuteron (spin 1) and another species (isomeric with deuteron, with spin 0) obeying Pauli Exclusion Principle and is termed Paulion. The corresponding element is Christianized as Paulium (Pl), hitherto unrecognized isomer of hydrogen. The newly identified species, is capable of formation of alpha particle following Bose-Einstein Statistics.
The Paulion condensation model is applied to build-up different isotopes of Li, Be, B, C, N and O and can resolve the existing puzzle in the nucleosynthsis of stable 12C. It can explain the abundance and the properties of different nuclei.
An empirical equation A = Z (p – n) pair + (A - 2Z) n explains the composition of different nuclei where A is the mass of the nucleus, Z being its number of proton.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[259] viXra:2108.0011 [pdf] replaced on 2021-08-13 17:52:18
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 14 Pages. 2 figures.
In our previous papers, we once gave formulas and value for the classical electron radius (re=2.81794032658(43) fm) and the proton charge radius. In this paper, we give new and more reasonable formulas and values for the proton charge radius, and the values should be different according to the three different measurement methods, so we give three values, i.e., rp/H=0.8330977868 fm, rp/H-μ=0.8419605292 fm and rp/e=0.8311047299 fm. In addition, we also give formulas and values for the neutron charge radius (rn/e=0.3312876729 fm), the deuteron charge radius (rd/D=2.142299805 fm, rd/D-μ=2.125297426 fm and rd/e=2.127921954), the neutron equivalent radius in deuteron (rn/D=1.309202018 fm) and the charge radius of helium nucleus (α particle) (rα/He= 1.688564465 fm, rα/He-μ= 1.678205173 fm and rα/e=1.681409530).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
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