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Any replacements are listed farther down
[909] viXra:2602.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-19 11:04:17
Authors: Juchi Ye
Comments: 17 Pages. License: CC BY-NC-ND
The use of Fusion as the energy source of a rocket propulsion system has great potential to significantly reduce travel times to the outer planets [3]. Research into this has been focused on more far-future and exotic fusion drives [9], while recent research efforts into near future fusion drives focus mainly on Zeta-Pinch or direct fusion [10-12]. However, Inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) could also be a viable option [3]. This paper is a proposal of a conceptual fusion drive - "Pulsar". Studies include the selection of fuel options (D-T and D-3He), concept, thermal-mechanical properties, theoretical performance, and applications compared to other options. A combination of Deuterium-Tritium (D-T) fuel, reflected fiber pulse laser system, spin-aligned frozen fusion pellets, and a Tantalum-Hafnium Carbide (TaHfC) heat shield shows great promise for a viable near-future ICF propulsion system.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[908] viXra:2602.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-18 10:57:20
Authors: Juan R. González-Álvarez
Comments: 12 Pages.
We demonstrate that the strong interaction can also be formulated as an action-at-a-distance theory. Starting from the nonlinear gluon wave equation, we derive an exact momentum-space propagator for the gluon with a dynamical mass determined by the color current. To make its momentum dependence analytically manageable, we also obtain an exact discrete spectral representation of the propagator, whose lower-order truncations reproduce the Refined and Very Refined Gribov-Zwanziger propagators used in confinement studies, but now with a dynamical origin for their mass scales. Ordinary Yang-Mills theory and the free gluon propagator are recovered in the ultraviolet regime, where confinement becomes irrelevant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[907] viXra:2602.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2026-02-10 21:30:53
Authors: Najib Chairi
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
In a previous work [1], we highlighted a kinematic relation linking the measured charge radius of the proton Rp to a frequency f, whose numerical value coincides remarkably well with the Compton frequency of the proton: f=c/{(pi/2)Rp}
This relation can also be rearranged into a compact geometric form: the non-reduced Compton wavelength of the proton is equal to one quarter of the equatorial perimeter associated with Rp, namely lambda_c,p = (pi/2)Rp. The present article continues this analysis by proposing a wave interpretation of the appearance of the factor pi/2. Relying on standard results from wave physics (standing waves, mixed boundary conditions, resonators), we show that in a wave-based reading this factor is neither arbitrary nor fitted, but constitutes the universal signature of a fundamental quarter-wave mode associated with a central phase constraint. Within this framework, the nucleus is no longer interpreted as a rigid boundary, but as a phase tuner. The same structure is immediately extended to the neutron by simple substitution, providing a coherent length scale associated with its Compton frequency.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[906] viXra:2601.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2026-01-22 21:29:20
Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 43 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org!)
We present a minimal nonlinear extension of Quantum—Elastic Geometry (QEG), in which a single symmetric deformation tensor (G_{muu}) and its modal projections underpin the effective long-range sectors of gravity, electromagnetism, and thermo-entropic dynamics. The extension accounts for two additional empirical structures—finite-range interactions and hadronic-scale confinement—without introducing new fundamental fields beyond (G_{muu}). Finite range emerges when selected projected modes acquire geometric masses set by the local curvature of the substrate self-interaction potential, (m_X^2 equiv V_X''(0)), yielding Yukawa/Proca-type propagation. In the genuinely nonlinear regime, quartic (and higher) terms in (V(G)) can energetically favor filamentary minima; under suitable variational constraints, this leads to flux-tube configurations with approximately constant tension and an effective linear energy—separation scaling (confinement-like behavior).Crucially, the framework yields an endogenous classification of particle-like excitations: particles are finite-energy, localized eigenmodes or topologically stabilized defects of the elastic vacuum (G_{muu}), carrying quantized action. Under finite-action boundary conditions and a compact order-parameter sector, the Standard Model taxonomy is reorganized as sectors of the physical configuration space: fermions correspond to nontrivial spinorial or holonomy sectors, bosons to topologically trivial transport modes, leptons to elementary globally extendable defects, quarks to fractional defect configurations obstructed from isolated finite-action completion, and hadrons to closed composites in which obstruction classes cancel. The same construction yields a natural interpretation of generations as discrete radial excitation levels ((k = 0,1,2,ldots)) around a fixed defect topology—e.g., (k=0 to e), (k=1 to mu), (k=2 to tau)—thereby relating mass hierarchies to the spectral structure of a single underlying defect rather than to distinct fundamental species.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[905] viXra:2601.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2026-01-14 12:47:26
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 32 Pages.
A new atomic model is introduced, based on the electron morphology theory derived from extensive experimental research initiated by Compton and further refined by Bostick. This model, which is validated by experimental results, presents a finite-sized atom with defined dimensions and energy, in contrast with the traditional "point particle" concept of infinite energy.The proposed atomic model accounts for all currently known subatomic particles and predicts the existence of potential new ones based on the well-established electrodynamic laws. This atomic model was developed without invoking randomness and non-causality, as quantum theory does, which cannot adequately explain the physical world.The model provides robust explanations for various physical properties of elements and particles and for discrete energy levels from the finite size of a real atom rather than the "magical" energy jumps of quantum models. It further demonstrates the origins of discrete energies, as well as Planck’s and Rydberg’s constants. Experimental validation confirms that the total energy equation accurately predicts known atomic spectral lines and forecasts new ones yet to be observed.The derivation of a real-valued atomic wave function challenges Schrödinger’s imaginary wave function, asserting that a real physical world finite-sized particle must possess a real-valued wave function rather than an imaginary one.The proposed modern atomic model offers a superior framework for understanding the physical properties of particles and elements, surpassing other models by providing true physical insight supported by experimental data and the universal electrodynamic laws.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[904] viXra:2512.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-21 01:05:49
Authors: Mustafa Ghulam, Ramin Mehrabifard, Adriana Misuthova, Zuzana Lukacova, Pratik Doshi, Zdenko Machala, Bozena Sera
Comments: 12 Pages.
This study explores plasma-activated water (PAW) effects on Common bean growth in laboratory and pot trials. Three treatments were assessed: PAW priming, spraying, and their combination. Laboratory trials showed no germination improvement. However, pot trials revealed notable increases in seedling length, biomass, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Enzymes SOD, G-POX, CAT, APX, and GR showed significantly higher activity in PAW-treated plants. These effects were linked to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in PAW. Findings suggest PAW enhances bean growth and physiology, supporting field farming applications.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[903] viXra:2512.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-10 13:20:16
Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 38 Pages.
The anomalous transport of the magnetic confinement plasma has been a long-standing problem for understanding the operation performance of the magnetic confinement fusion reactor, despite many theoretical advances such as the neoclassical theory. In the work, two key physical ideas were revealed for the quasi-neutral plasma under the magnetic fields. One is that the conventional Lorentz forces for the ions and electrons should emerge as the magnetic moment force. The second one is that the free electrons should be referred to as the semi-free electrons, because the electron positions may be represented by the nearest-ion positions in the framework of calculus. Therefore, a simply analytical model was put forward and it can successfully explain the particle diffusion constants, thermal diffusivities, the edge transport barrier and the internal transport barrier of the tokamak plasma. The revealed physical ideas and constructed model may be essential for interpreting the anomalous transport behaviors of the tokamak plasma and improving the operation performance of the fusion reactor.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[902] viXra:2512.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2025-12-09 21:36:35
Authors: Hermann Burmann
Comments: 7 Pages.
The speed of light is derived with respect to the structure of the vacuumfield, after the cross-section of particles in that field is bound to positive nucleons ofthe atom. The vacuum field has been defined by two classes of interacting particles(some known in modern physics but undetected, and others that are proposed). Furthermore, these proposed particles are considered contributors to fundamentalquantities in Quantum Mechanics
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[901] viXra:2511.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2025-11-25 07:55:23
Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 4 Pages.
In terms of the 1S—2S transition, defined as the 15-digit frequency 2466061413.18701 MHz, the hyperfine splitting in the ground-state of the neutral atom hydrogen (H) is predicted to be 1420.40575176878 MHz, which should undergo experimental testing with sub-mHz accuracy for consistency. The conclusion is founded on the premise that the proton's unbound magnetic moment in Bohr magneton and the binding correction are simple algebraic expressions that include integers or fractions of integers, linking them through a basic inner building block to the structure of the proton. The use of an alternative fine structure constant in the modeling necessitates a mass correction factor to the mass of the electron recommended by CODATA, which is established through both experimental data and a theoretical derivation.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[900] viXra:2511.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2025-11-15 12:55:34
Authors: Ramin Mehrabifard, Adriana Misuthova, Zdenko Machala
Comments: 27 Pages.
Cold air plasma typically generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which are transported into water to produce plasma-activated water (PAW). This study examines the effect of PAW produced by three different plasma systems on lettuce: transient spark, fountain dielectric barrier discharge, and microwave plasma. Physiochemical PAW properties and concentrations of RONS (ozone, hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and nitrate) were measured. Seed germination parameters were recorded in 8-day paper tests. The effect of PAW irrigation was investigated after 6 weeks of plant growth in the soil by measuring the germination rate, plant and root length, dry and fresh plant weight, number of leaves, and photosynthetic pigments. PAW, dependent upon its RONS contents, enhances plant development and affects its physiological parameters.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[899] viXra:2511.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2025-11-05 16:00:42
Authors: Thierry L. A. Periat
Comments: 30 Pages.
This document reworks and deepens a twenty-two-year-old intuition betting that the neutrinos can be indirectly related to gravitational polarisations. Respecting the usual practice, this idea is tested with the variations of the Newtonian fields. The quadrupolar tensor [Q] enters the discussion in two different ways: (i) through the calculation of its Jacobian matrix and (ii) in studying the Thirring-Lense effect far from a massive body in rotation. This fact suggests the existence of a link between this Jacobian and the rotations in general. The whirl tensor (syn.: rotational) acting on a generic cross product g is then interpreted as a deformation acting on this classical cross product. This approach allows identifying the Jacobian matrix with the kern of decompositions for rotr g. It finally extrapolates this idea to any acceleration-field in examining the conditions allowing an identification between any Jacobian matrix and ordinary Perian matrices. In following this track, some progresses on the road joining the acceleration-fields and the subatomic world are realized.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[898] viXra:2510.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-24 21:10:25
Authors: Yu. E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 9 Pages.
The process of neutron beta decay was considered within the framework of a thermodynamic heterogeneous system model formed by gas consisting of neutrino particles moving at the speed of light and massive bodies. The calculation results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results. Further development of the model could lead to a theory that describes both weak and gravitational interactions.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[897] viXra:2510.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-20 01:22:43
Authors: Xianzhong Cheng
Comments: 5 Pages. In Chinese
This paper proposes a novel neutron composite model, which describes neutrons as a two-level bound state constituted by protons (p), electrons (eu207b), and inert antineutrinos (〖ν̄〗_n ) via electromagnetic and magnetic moment interactions. The core of the model lies in the fact that the decay of the neutron (βu207b decay) originates from the orbital instability caused by magnetic moment disturbances within the ��u207b(��-〖ν̄〗_n)bound state). By solving a closed self-consistency equation system, this theory directly derives the mass of the inert antineutrino (0.782 MeV/c²), magnetic moment (2.73×10u207b¹²����), and its relativistic velocity(0.804c) within the bound state, and naturally predicts a neutron lifetime of 878.4 seconds, with a deviation of only 0.20% from the experimental value (880.2±1.0 seconds). Furthermore, this paper attributes the probabilistic nature of decay (half-life) to the quantum tunneling effect at the critical point of orbital instability, thereby unifying the dynamical process of decay with quantum statistical results within a single framework.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[896] viXra:2510.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-17 06:27:48
Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 4 Pages.
This article quantifies the known measured magnetic moment of the neutron corrected from a previous article. My original neutron viXra article (2507.0122) gave the exact numbers for the neutron mass and its Compton wavelength derived from NIST constants (codata 2022), but the magnetic moment it generated was incorrect. Herein that measure is corrected through a re-imagining of the electron’s magnetic field. This solution yields the correct magnetic moment while retaining the previous neutron mass and Compton wavelength calculations.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[895] viXra:2509.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-23 17:15:56
Authors: Paul G. Leader
Comments: 71 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
We have known for over 100 years that charge is quantised. A quantum of charge is real and precisely measured with a known charge of 1.6x10-19 Coulombs. The new physics in this paper simply acknowledges positive and negative quanta to be the two sole fundamental particles from which everything in the universe is made.This then provides us with a single rational explanation for everything from neutrinos to galaxies, based entirely upon knowns and observed reality. This contrasts strongly with the current mutually incongruent mainstream models which are based largely upon hypotheticals and complex mathematical realities.The quanta in The Two Particle Model are the familiar negative and positive points of charge that give the electron and the positron their net unit charge. These two fundamental quanta mutually attract under the influence of the strong positive-negative fundamental force to form tiny net-neutral quantum dipoles. All universal space exists, and has always existed, simply as an infinity of quantum dipoles. Everything from the appearance of the first sub-atomic particles to the formation of stars and galaxies then follows naturally and rationally from this one simple premise.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[894] viXra:2508.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-27 20:35:19
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 50 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For last time, further regurgitation will not be accepted and please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We propose a comprehensive geometric and algebraic framework that unifies the empirical Koide mass formula with a recursive pentagram structure governed by the golden ratio φ. Within this framework, five Koide triplets—corresponding to charged leptons, neutrinos, up-type quarks, down-type quarks, and a conjectured composite sector—are embedded into the self-similar isosceles triangles of a fractal pentagram. This construction reveals a hierarchical φ-scaling symmetry that systematically organizes particle masses across the Standard Model spectrum. The embedding is formalized through the dimensionless Pellis Function, which generates recursive φ-based relations linking mass ratios, fractal structures, and fine-structure patterns. These results indicate that the Koide relation is not an isolated numerical coincidence, but rather a manifestation of a deeper φ-governed fractal symmetry, offering new insights into mass generation, potential unification beyond the Standard Model, and the underlying mathematical structure of nature. We further introduce the Golden Pentagon of Masses, a novel framework that formalizes the embedding of Koide triplets into the fractal pentagram. Each triplet is assigned to a hierarchical recursion level, revealing systematic φ-scaling across fermion sectors. This construction provides a geometric and algebraic unification of mass hierarchies, where the Pellis Function generates recursive relations connecting mass ratios, fractal geometry, and fundamental constants. In addition, we present the Higgs—Pellis Coupling Fractal Matrix (HPFM), a universal framework for the Yukawa sector of the Standard Model. In this approach, fermion masses emerge from a self-similar, fractal matrix governed by powers of φ. This structure naturally reproduces hierarchical mass patterns, Koide-like relations, and fractal textures within the Higgs sector. The HPFM framework is universally applicable to quarks, leptons, and neutrinos and can be extended to seesaw mechanisms and beyond-Standard-Model scenarios. Finally, we demonstrate that the inverse fine-structure constant arises from the evaluation of the Pellis Function at the golden ratio φ, suggesting a unified fractal origin for fundamental physical constants. Together, these results provide a cohesive visual and algebraic unification of mass structures in the Standard Model and beyond, highlighting the interplay between geometry, number theory, and fundamental physics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[893] viXra:2508.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-14 20:12:39
Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper presents Unified Fractal Quantum Field Theory (UFQFT), a novel framework that reinterprets particle physics through fractal field resonances and dimensional scaling. In UFQFT, the mass spectrum of fundamental particles emerges from the fractal dimension (D) of their underlying quantum fields, governed by the scaling law m ∝ |D − 2.70|u207bᵅ, where α distinguishes between quark (α ≈ 1.5) and lepton (α ≈ 2.0) sectors. The theory eliminates the need for gluons by explaining quark confinement via fractal binding energies and recasts the Higgs mechanism as a critical fractal phase transition of the Φ energy field. Key predictions include: (1) the composite nature of the down quark (d ≈ u ⊗ eu207b), (2) neutrino masses as residual Φ-field vibrations (D ≈ 2.72), and (3) proton stability as a consequence of fractal synchrony (Du209a ≈ 2.66). UFQFT challenges the Standard Model by unifying electroweak and strong interactions through geometric field modulation, offering testable signatures in high-energy collisions (e.g., fractal dimension imprints at D ≈ 2.65—2.70). The model’s mathematical consistency and empirical viability are demonstrated through precise mass calculations for quarks (u, d, s, c), leptons (eu207b, νu2091), and hadrons (p, n), with deviations <1% for most particles. This work opens new pathways for beyond-Standard-Model physics by integrating fractal geometry into quantum field dynamics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[892] viXra:2508.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-10 17:48:10
Authors: Vladimir Nesterenko
Comments: 12 Pages. IIn Russian; License: CC BY 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper presents an informational-geometric model of radioactive decay, interpreting alpha, beta, and gamma emissions as results of localized geometric deformations in the spin network of space-time. Quantum information and dark energy act together to restore equilibrium, with neutrinos and photons serving as agents of informational reconfiguration.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[891] viXra:2508.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-06 20:48:28
Authors: Stephen L. Metschan
Comments: 15 Pages. Added additional references
More than a century ago, physicists discovered that mass is concentrated in a small, dense region at the center of atoms. However, the electrostatic repulsion between the positive particles of the atomic nucleus should break it apart. To solve this dichotomy, a stronger attractive force was proposed. Since then, decades of experimentation have gradually expanded our understanding of nuclear physics and revealed further mysteries. Despite this progress, a theory for the strong force using established physical laws consistent with these observations has yet to emerge. A mistaken consensus regarding nucleon composition during a crucial stage in the early development of particle physics could be the cause. This paper outlines how an alternate nucleon composition provides the geometric framework necessary for existing physical laws to accurately predict the strong force and other phenomena consistent with experimental results.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[890] viXra:2508.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-05 19:35:19
Authors: Zi-Jing Chiah, Elton Song-Zhe Mah
Comments: 3 Pages.
Accurate extraction of Lorentzian broadening from optical emission spectra is essential for estimating electron density in plasmas via Stark broadening. In this study, we compare two commonly used methods: (1) direct Voigt profile fitting using Origin, and (2) manual calculation using approximation of = . It is found that the Lorentzian width obtained from the approximation can differ by 3—5% compared to direct fitting, resulting in a corresponding deviation in the estimated electron density. Direct fitting does not need manual calculation and delivers more accurate results, making it the preferred method.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[889] viXra:2507.0217 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-31 19:55:39
Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
The liquid drop and shell models have long described nuclear structure. Yet, certain phenomena—such as magic numbers, exotic decays, and the stability of superheavy nuclei—suggest an underlying geometric order beyond these traditional frameworks. This paper proposes a fractal-based model of atomic nuclei, where the fractal dimension ( ��f ) emerges as a fundamental parameter governing nuclear stability, binding energy, and decay modes. This study demonstrates that magic nuclei exhibit a critical fractal dimension (��f ≈1.44), corresponding to closed-shell symmetries, while exotic nuclei (e.g., neutron halos, proton-rich systems) deviate from this ideal, with ��f correlating to their decay lifetimes and deformation. A unified formula for binding energy, incorporating ��f reproduces experimental values with remarkable accuracy (±0.3%) and predicts new islands of stability for superheavy elements (Z≥114).this study introduce a fractal dimension parameter ��f that correlates with nuclear stability, binding energy, and decay half-lives. Through comparative analysis with experimental data—including alpha, beta, and gamma decays.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[888] viXra:2507.0181 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-24 20:53:00
Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Describing Boron atoms in a Bloch vertical laser lattice experiment, with a classical physics equation gives an anomaly in the acceleration. We found an "out of nowhere" increase in g is ∆g ≈ 0.393g under certain conditions.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[887] viXra:2507.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-22 18:24:03
Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 5 Pages.
These two forces that seem so disparate are in fact the same interaction. It is the pronounced difference occurring at the level of their quanta that makes them seem so completely unlike. Here we give the theoretical basic nature of each, quantifying both and fitting them to Dirac’s "Large Numbers Hypothesis".
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[886] viXra:2507.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-21 20:37:27
Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 11 Pages.
Halo nuclei represent one of the most exotic classes of nuclear systems, characterized by extended matter distributions and weakly bound valence nucleons. This study systematically investigates known halo nuclei across the periodic table using a fractal nuclear model that incorporates self-similar geometric structures and fractal dimension (D_f) as a key parameter. Proton and neutron halos—including those in u2076He, u2078He, ¹¹Li, ¹¹Be, ¹u2079C, ²²N, and ³u2077Mg—are analyzed in terms of their spatial configurations, binding energies, and decay modes. This model demonstrates that halo structures correspond to elevated fractal dimensions (D_f>1.5), indicating geometric symmetry breaking and the emergence of loosely coupled nucleon clouds beyond the classical nuclear core. This study show that neutron-rich systems exhibit complex branching geometries consistent with chaotic fractals, while proton halos—such as in ¹u2077F and u2078B—reveal linear, Coulomb-stretched configurations. By applying the fractal binding energy and decay rate formulations, the model accurately reproduces experimental observables, including half-lives and charge radii. This framework bridges shell model limitations by offering a geometric explanation for extended halo distributions and predicts conditions under which halo systems form and decay. The results provide new insights into weakly bound nuclear matter, with implications for nuclear astrophysics, r-process pathways, and the limits of nuclear stability.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[885] viXra:2507.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-16 20:24:31
Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please cite and list scientific references)
An article by Alexander Unzicker "The Neutron Coincidence" in Nuclear and Atomic Physics (viXra:2411.0178) intrigued me enough to examine it more thoroughly. Here we investigate the possibility that the neutron is a two-particle e/P system in a classical orbit. N.I.S.T. (codata 2022) numbers are used to obtain u2026 the electron and proton velocities, radii, Lorentz masses and the centrifugal and electrostatic forces involved. We offer a precise reason for the neutron’s measured mass derived from the standard constants.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[884] viXra:2507.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-11 00:39:40
Authors: Alfonso De Miguel bueno
Comments: 8 Pages.
This work introduces a geometric-topological model that integrates all known fundamental interactions (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational) into a unified framework based on internal Friedmann dynamics, derived directly from General Relativity. Starting from a single fundamental geometric asymmetry delta = 1 - c'/c = 3pialpha = 0.06877(2), it precisely derives universal constants (alpha, G, h-bar, H0) at sub-ppm accuracy, subatomic masses (proton, neutron, electron, neutrino, electroweak bosons), as well as the electron magnetic anomaly up to five loops. Four falsifiable predictions beyond the Standard Model are proposed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[883] viXra:2507.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2025-07-08 09:46:29
Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 3 Pages.
Relativistic quantum mechanics fails to provide an explanation for the Lamb shift. It is proposed that a point-like magnetic monopole associated with the proton interacts with the magnetic dipole moment of the electron, causing Zeeman energy shifts of the nS1/2 levels. If the 1S1/2—2S1/2 transition in atomic hydrogen is taken as a reference, the model predicts 2922743278.66971 MHz for the 1S1/2—3S1/2 transition, and 770649350.46333 MHz for the 2S1/2—8S1/2 interval without the application of the constants me, h, or c defined by CODATA.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[882] viXra:2506.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-28 02:43:18
Authors: Ferrara Francesco
Comments: 20 Pages.
In this work we propose an electromagnetic model of the neutron inspired by the theoretical foundations outlined by Vassallo and Celani, according to which elementary particles can be interpreted as small spheres, massless, charged, in motion. The model assumes that the neutron is made up of two opposite charges, without rest mass, in circular motion on concentric orbits. Each generates a current and therefore a magnetic moment. The approach allows to calculate, starting from simple classical and quantum relations, the values u200bu200bof the magnetic moment, the mass and the spin of the neutron, obtaining results consistent with the experimental data. Finally, the analysis of the dynamic stability of the system is addressed, considering the internal electromagnetic forces and the relativistic evolution along the z-axis. The model, although phenomenological, opens to original reflections on the structure of matter and on the role of the electromagnetic field in the origin of mass.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[881] viXra:2505.0208 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-31 00:51:34
Authors: Alfonso De Miguel bueno
Comments: 12 Pages.
This work presents an interacting-field model in which every nucleon is the dual-lobed intersection of two curved base fields.A single dimensionless number, the internal velocity ratio r=c'/c=0.931, fixed once by matching the proton-Higgs resonance, propagates through the geometry and reproduces with no further adjustment an extensive set of observables.From the same r we obtain:(i) the proton rest mass, magnetic moment and charge radius;(ii) the neutron and electron masses;(iii) a fourth-order phase-lag suppression that yields m_nu approx 0.42 eV;(iv) the fine-structure constant alpha=(1-r)/(3pi) via a 3pi holonomy;(v) Planck's constant from the action enclosed in one closed curvature loop;(vi) the top-/bottom-sector harmonic ladder that echoes the observed d/u flavour hierarchy.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[880] viXra:2505.0198 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-30 20:30:33
Authors: Ferrara Francesco
Comments: 8 Pages. In Italian
This paper proposes a classical electromagnetic model of the neutron based on two oppositely charged, massless particles rotating at the speed of light along concentric circular paths. The model derives the neutron’s rest mass and magnetic moment from purely electromagnetic considerations, using vector potential and natural units. The total angular momentum calculated is approximately four times the observed spin (ħ/2), which is interpreted as the projection of a larger classical angular momentum vector onto the axis of an external magnetic field. The model suggests a geometrically stable configuration and offers new insights into the neutron’s internal structure, compatible with key quantum phenomena.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[879] viXra:2505.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-13 16:59:23
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 Figure.
The hydrogen hyperfine transition or the hydrogen 21-cm line is critically important in astronomic and cosmic observations and in quantum mechanics. In our previous papers, we calculated out and determined the atomic unit of time (tau) to be 2.41888432658653278×10-17 s. With this value of tau, we calculated out and determined the precise frequencies of some atomic transitions of some atoms such as 1H, 27Al+, 40Ca, 87Sr, 115ln+, 171Yb, 171Yb+, 199Hg and 199Hg+ and the nuclear transition of 229Th*. In this paper, we calculate out and determine the absolutely precise frequency of the hydrogen 21-cm line to be 1420405751.76690576 Hz in comparison to the most precise measured value 1420405751.768(2) Hz or 1420405751.767(4) Hz.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[878] viXra:2505.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-05 21:49:09
Authors: Proloy Kumar Nath, Purnata Shovita Nath
Comments: 20 Pages.
By obtaining pin, like a tiny string, as a further intrinsic quantum property with the general nature of an intrinsic linear momentum of an observable quantum state besides spin as an intrinsic quantum property with the general nature of an intrinsic angular momentum of an observable quantum state, we would find the subatomic particles contain spin, pin, magnetic moment and electric moment, the four intrinsic quantum properties of their own. As such, considering the four intrinsic quantum properties of subatomic particles and remembering the Maxwell’s realization that the laws governing electricity and magnetism are identical, we would be able to obtain theoretically the isolated electric monopoles as free quantized electric charges carried by some particles, as well as, the isolated magnetic monopoles as free quantized magnetic charges carried by some specific particles in quantum mechanics and particle physics. As such, we would obtain the Gauss’s law and the Coulomb’s law in magnetostatics analogous to the same laws in electrostatics, and also magnetic charge density and magnetic current density coun-terpart of electric charge density and electric current density with respect to free quantized magnetic charge. We would then get the modified Maxwell’s equations as duality symmetry and the modified Lorentz force law considering both electric and magnetic charges, where the electric and magnetic parameters are being invariant under the duality transformation exchanges in all respect.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[877] viXra:2504.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 16:14:57
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 10 Pages.
In our previous paper, we calculated out and determined the atomic unit of time (tau) to be 2.41888432658653284(45)×10-17 s or 2.41888432658653280(45)×10-17 s. In this paper, using the 133Cs atomic transition frequency which is 9192631770 Hz (a second is defined by this) and its reciprocal in atomic units calculated from our corresponding formula, we calculate out and determine the absolutely precise atomic unit of time to be 2.41888432658653278×10-17 s. With this value of tau and the speed of light in atomic units (cau) determined in our previous papers, we calculate out and determine the absolutely precise values of the atomic transition frequencies of some atoms, the nuclear transition frequency of 229Th* and some fundamental physical constants such as the Rydberg constant (R∞), the Hartree energy (Eh), the Bohr radius (a0), the classical electron radius (re) and the electron mass (me).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[876] viXra:2504.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-22 20:32:32
Authors: Douglas Ruffini
Comments: 77 Pages.
The proposed extension of the Approach Theory (https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/hwca8_v1) introduces a mathematical formalization of absolute space and absolute time, built through a structural recursion based on odd primes (including 1), where each prime is interpreted as a vertex of a fractal triplet generated by a sum rule, which includes its prime predecessor plus two other minor primes equal to the predecessor, which will give rise to a unique and recursive mapping of absolute space. Absolute time, in this context, is not a continuous dimension but a discrete function of depth, linked to the sequence of prime decompositions. The absolute space thus defined is static, but explorable through topological paths, and absolute time emerges as a projection of the recursive activity. In this context, the theory explains the empirical anomaly of the RC constant observed in the tear that occurs during the electron's crossing of the relative space-time and traces the dynamics of quantum damping back to an underlying fractal structure, where it is shown that the electron's ascent in the relative space-time is guaranteed by a numerical-topological deterministic structure, consistent with the principles of feedback, strong determinism and formal non-completeness (Gödel). Therefore, this work is configured as a rigorous and logically compact compendium of the deepest articulation of the Approach Theory.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[875] viXra:2504.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 23:55:25
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted!)
In our previous papers, we gave the formulas of the fine-structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units based on 2π-e formula and the natural end of the elements, i.e., the 112th element Cn*, which was determined according to our previous theories. In this paper, based on the nuclide of 137Ba withthe proton number of 56，the neutron number of 81 and the total nucleon number of 137, we construct new formulas of the fine-structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units in terms of 137=56+81 in which 56 is the most stable number in atomic nucleus according to our theories. By the way we also give these formulas based on 224Fr*.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[874] viXra:2504.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-17 20:34:34
Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 8 Pages.
Solar flares and coronal mass ejections release plasma during solar storms and activities. Such explosions occur against the huge gravitational attraction of the sun with acceleration of plasma filaments into space away from the sun. Recently, NASA has measured huge enrichment of 3He in such solar flares. The 3He enrichment mechanism is unknown. In this work, the author reports a new mechanism of 3He enrichment via the negative nuclear magnetic moment (NMM) of 3He and its dissipation of -NMM to dark (Dk) field. This mechanism is derived on the basis of prior mechanism of RBL for planetary lightning (plasma) by production of streamers and step leaders in huge electric field of back ground null and or positive NMMs with rattling of trace seed solute nuclei of negative NMMs for inducing local electric fields and Dk fields about the trace — NMMs for seeding path of least resistance among the many step leaders as one leader of more enriched negative NMMs is selected for discharging the lightning channel. Evidence of such a mechanism by RBL is further discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[873] viXra:2504.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-12 22:27:44
Authors: Boris Litvinov
Comments: 10 Pages. [Trabslated by Nigel B. Cook from] openly published Russian nuclear weapons history.
The Chief Weapons Designer Boris V. Litvinov’s useful book, Selected Works, published by Russia’s 2nd nuclear weapons laboratory, the Russian Federal Nuclear Center RFNC-VNIITF in 2014, contains a chapter titled: Development of Nuclear Charges at RFNC-VNIITF (1963—1976) and Explosive Deuterium Energy. The primary focus is the development of nuclear charges at RFNC-VNIITF from 1963 to 1976, a pivotal period marked by the transition to underground testing and advancements in charge design, starting with the highly successful Project 49 double-primary device first tested on February 23, 1958, which its co-designer Yuri Trutnev has stated in openly published Russian news interviews, gave 2.4 times the yield/mass of the single-primary RDS37 design ...
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[872] viXra:2504.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-03 17:12:03
Authors: Richard Wayte
Comments: 10 Pages.
A technique is demonstrated for making nuclear fusion at room temperature by passing an electric current through a new-found mixture of hydride and catalyst powders. The result is explosive beyond chemical reaction for the materials.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[871] viXra:2503.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-31 03:00:47
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 9 Pages.
This paper provides a comprehensive methodology for calculating blast wave attenuation in urban environments, focusing on energy conservation, building interactions, and predictions for different yields. It builds on historical data from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, extending to modern urban settings, and includes detailed calculations for 20 kt and 1 megaton yields, comparing open terrain and urban attenuation. The study ensures energy conservation through building absorption mechanisms and highlights the impact of higher yields on blast effects.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[870] viXra:2503.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-26 12:19:10
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 6 Pages.
In our previous papers, we gave the formulas of the fine-structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units based on 2π-e formula and the natural end of the elements determined by us, i.e., the 112th element Cn*. In this paper, based on these formulas and the two approximate rates of π which are 77/2 and 335/113, we deduce new formulas of the fine-structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units. This is also to answer physicist Feynman’s question whether the fine-structure constant is related to π. Except our previous answers and explanations, our new additional answer is that it is also amazingly related to the approximate rates of 77/2 and 335/113 which were deduced by Chinese ancient mathematician Chongzhi Zu (AD 429-500).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[869] viXra:2503.0168 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-27 02:25:31
Authors: Nigel Cook
Comments: 7 Pages.
The Castle Bravo test (15-megaton, March 1, 1954, Bikini Atoll) provides a benchmark for nuclear blast effects in open terrain. This article examines how such a blast would be attenuated in [a Modern City] , using structural parameters from Northrop/DTRA (1996), blast equations adjusted with empirical data from Glasstone and Dolan (1977), and structural response equations. Attenuation mechanisms include diffraction, kinetic energy in oscillating buildings, plastic deformation, and flying debris. A structural-based attenuation model, tailored to New York’s reinforced concrete and steel-frame buildings, exp(−R/10), is derived and applied, with energy per unit area tables, a comparison of peak overpressure and dynamic pressure in open terrain versus [a Modern City] , and tables comparing peak overpressure and dynamic pressure before and after urban attenuation.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[868] viXra:2503.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-21 19:09:50
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 7 Pages. In Chinese.
In our previous paper, we calculated out and determined the atomic unit of time (tau) to be 2.41888432658653284(45)×10-17 s. In this paper, using the BIPM recommended 171Yb atomic transition frequency which is 518295836590863.63(10) Hz and its reciprocal in atomic units calculated from our corresponding formula, we once more calculate out and determine the atomic unit of time to be 2.41888432658653280(46)×10-17 s. With this very slightly revised atomic unit of time and the reciprocal of 40Ca atomic transition frequency in atomic units calculated from our corresponding formula, we calculate out the 40Ca atomic transition frequency to be 455986240494140.30(9) Hz, which is about 94 times more precise than the BIPM recommended value, i.e., 455986240494140(8) Hz. Employing the same method, we also calculate out two 171Yb+ ionic transition frequencies which are consistent with the BIPM recommended values.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[867] viXra:2503.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-16 01:21:52
Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 13 Pages.
The thermal conductivity is a fundamental property of plasmas, yet its experimentally observed reduction remains an enigmatic phenomenon. Over the past half-century, extensive efforts have been dedicated to elucidating the mechanisms behind this reduced thermal conductivity and the associated heat-flux limiter, but a definitive solution has remained elusive. In this work, we present an analytical model for plasma thermal conductivity that is free of artificial parameters. This model employs Maxwell distributions for both electrons and ions and provides analytical expressions for thermal conductivity and the heat-flux limiter. Importantly, the predictions of the model are in good agreement with experimental observations. Its validity extends across plasmas with both small and large temperature gradients, significantly enhancing its applicability. This straightforward model not only offers insights into the underlying physics of reduced thermal conductivity and the heat-flux limiter but also plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of thermal transport in plasmas across diverse areas.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[866] viXra:2503.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2025-03-15 03:39:19
Authors: Douglas Ruffini
Comments: 78 Pages.
This study proposes a new theoretical model to describe the behavior of the electron in the atom, reinterpreting the classical problem of its collapse towards the nucleus through a damped oscillation governed by relativistic effects and a space-time feedback. The electron, in its approach to the nucleus, undergoes an increasing acceleration until a critical point where its velocity approaches that of light, leading to a temporal discontinuity and a subsequent reversal of motion. This process is formalized through the Lorentz factor with imaginary values, suggesting a transition between quantum states rather than a real superluminal velocity. The model is supported by a mathematical analysis based on the exponential decay of energy and the time constant RC, which shows a connection with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the time scales of quantum processes. The electron descent-ascent cycle introduces the concept of space-time memory, with a coordinate recalculation mechanism that ensures atomic stability. The results suggest that energy quantization can emerge as a macroscopic effect of an oscillating dynamical system and that absolute space-time plays a key role in maintaining temporal coherence. This approach offers a novel perspective on the stability of the atom, bridging classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics through a new interpretation of energy transitions and space-time structure.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[865] viXra:2502.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-16 22:25:18
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 9 Pages. In Chinese (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetion may not be accepted!)
In our last paper, we started with the 87Sr atomic transition frequency which is 429228004229872.99(8) Hz, calculated out and predicted the 229Th nuclear transition frequency which is 2020407384335167.11(38) Hz, and calculated out more precise value of the atomic unit of time tau which is 2.41888432658653284(45)×10-17 s, and with the later calculated out the atomic transition frequencies of 27Al+、199Hg、115In+ and 199Hg+. In this paper, we employ this same method to calculate out and predict the hydrogen atomic 1S—2S transition frequency, which is 2466061413187017.96(46) Hz.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[864] viXra:2502.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-11 18:56:39
Authors: Elton Song-Zhe Mah
Comments: 8 Pages.
Actinium-225 (Ac-225) is a synthetic isotope of actinium with significant applications innuclear medicine, particularly in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) for cancer treatment. Ac-225,with a half-life of 10 days, undergoes a decay sequence that emits highly energetic alphaparticles, making it effective for selectively destroying cancer cells while minimizing damageto surrounding healthy tissue. This paper examines the nature, production, and decay pathwaysof Ac-225, including its role in the 4n+1 neptunium decay series and artificial productionthrough high-energy proton spallation of thorium-232. Furthermore, it explores Ac-225’sbinding energy, decay characteristics, and the advantages of its daughter isotope, bismuth-213,in therapeutic applications. The use of radionuclide generators for Ac-225 production and itsintegration into radiopharmaceuticals is also discussed. Given its cytotoxic potential andability to selectively target tumors, Ac-225 represents a major breakthrough in nuclearmedicine, providing an effective alternative to traditional cancer treatments.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[863] viXra:2502.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2025-02-06 21:45:10
Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: The list scientific references should be cited in the article)
Current nuclear fusion research faces immense engineering and economic challenges, primarily relying on complex plasma confinement methods such as tokamaks and laser-induced inertial confinement. These approaches demand extreme conditions and significant infrastructure investments, delaying commercialization. This paper proposes an alternative fusion method utilizing sonofusion (bubble fusion), where microbubbles collapse under ultrasonic and microwave stimulation to generate localized extreme conditions.A novel approach is introduced by employing liquid hydrogen confined within a high-pressure capsule, accompanied by a lithium catalyst. The system is designed to leverage cavitation-induced fusion through external ultrasonic, microwave, and magnetic field stimuli. The energy produced is transferred to an external water tank, where conventional steam turbine cycles can harvest it. This proposed method is estimated to cost only 1/100th of existing fusion facilities, offering a more accessible and scalable experimental pathway to fusion energy.Accompanying this research are various schematics and diagrams that provide a detailed visualization of the proposed system architecture, reaction chamber, and energy recovery mechanisms. These visual aids ensure clarity in the theoretical underpinnings and technical feasibility of the approach.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[862] viXra:2501.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2025-01-21 21:19:34
Authors: H. M. Jamil, M. A. Rahman, Mubdiul Hasan
Comments: 23 Pages.
Clinical assessment: Radiologists utilize CT numbers to assess healthy and ill tissues; therefore, precision is essential. Most quality control protocols use different phantoms to check this crucial factor and other parameters. This study evaluates the performance of the System Performance Phantom (SPP) as it assesses all Image Quality Control parameters of a CT scanner (Part of TF PET-CT System, Ingenuity Model, Philips).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[861] viXra:2501.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2025-01-17 23:21:02
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 13 Pages. In Chinese
The accurate measurements of the frequency of the nuclear energy level transition of 229Th base state to excited state 229mTh (the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition for short) is critical to realize nuclear clocks. On 04 December 2024 Prof. Jun Ye’s laboratory reported the most accurate measured value for this frequency, i.e., 2.020407384335(2)×1015 Hz, with 12 precise digits, and gave its ratio with the frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock, i.e., 4.707072615078(5). In this paper, we construct reasonable formulas, and calculate out the reciprocal of the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition in atomic units, the reciprocal of the frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock in atomic units and the ratio between them, which are 20.4618997414581433, 96.315647925496289 and 4.70707261507834483 respectively. As the most accurate measured frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock is 429228004229873.19(15) Hz, we calculate out the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition which is 2020407384335173.05(0.70) Hz, with 15 precise digits. We also calculate out the more precise values of the atomic unit of time, which is 2.4188843265865317(8)×10-17 s, and hence calculate out more precise Rydberg constant, Hartree energy, Bohr radius, classical electron radius and electron mass.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[860] viXra:2501.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2025-01-10 20:16:21
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 9 Pages. 1 Figure, in Chinese.
The number 2025 is the square of 45, and 45 is the sum of 1 to 9 which are the natural numbers in decimal number system, this makes 2025 have some wonderful mathematic properties. This paper illustrates and explains these mathematic properties, and points out these properties are derived from the special number 45. This also leads to a question, i.e., is the number 45 has scientific meanings? This paper exhibits the marvelous relationships between the nucleon numbers of the 45th element Rh and the nucleon numbers of some other critical elements, hence displays the scientific meanings of the number 45, and hence reveals that the decimal number system is scientific in the elements and nuclides. In fact, there are binary, senary, decimal and forteenary number systems in the elements and nuclides, which relate with each other and comprise the backbone of the elements and nuclides, this means they all are scientific. We think these four number systems derive from the principle of "a circle should be divided to 420 degrees, and the chirality corresponds to 840 degrees" which we supposed, they are the number systems based on the 1, 3, 5, 7 and 2 factors of 420 or 840 and could be called the natural number systems. In addition, there is a number system based on the base of the natural logarithm e, which could be called e number system and should be the integrated number system of all other natural number systems. In conclusion, the number systems are scientific.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[859] viXra:2501.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2025-01-01 12:20:29
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 20 Pages. 5 Figures, in Chinese.
This paper gives the precise relationship formula of π with the square root of 2 and the square root of 3, i.e., 2^0.5+3^0.5=πγ with γ=1.00148705350035u2026, and gives the relevant approximation formula which we found in 2022, i.e., 1.41+1.73=3.14, in which 1.41, 1.73 and 3.14 correspond to the centigrade approximations of the square root of 2, the square root of 3 and π respectively. We also review the applications of the formula of 1.41+1.73=3.14 in our theories including the centigrade natural number axis, the new atomic units, the new periodic table of elements, the chirality model of atomic nucleus and the periodic table of nuclides, the formulas of the fine-structure constant, the formulas of the speed of light in atomic units, the predictions of the super-heavy elements and the formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muon and tauon. And hence we conclude that the formula of 1.41+1.73=3.14 is not just a coincidence but is a basic principle in the sub-atomic world.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[858] viXra:2412.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-31 09:28:43
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 12 Pages.
This study suggests that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties and proposes a geometric nuclear model to confirm this. The model contains the advantages of the liquid drop, shell, collective and cluster models and can serve as a starting point to an effective field theory process. The main goal at this stage is not necessarily to obtain more accurate results than existing models, but rather to raise the possibility of a tangible interpretation of nuclear and atomic physics and to explore different perspectives of this idea. According to the model, the nucleus generally has an ellipsoidal shape, made up of a three-dimensional lattice of proton-neutron bonds (treated here as a cubic system) and nuclear shells populated by protons, which resemble the atomic shells of the periodic table. The excess neutrons (those not paired with protons) are in the nuclear envelope. First, it is shown that the model is empirically confirmed (to a good approximation) via nuclear mass calculation and a consistent development of the nuclei with filled sub-orbitals. It is then argued that the periodic system is derivable from the model. Furthermore, the spatial nuclear structure is shown to correlate with the covalent atomic radius, and this potentially implies that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[857] viXra:2412.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-28 23:36:27
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 94 Pages.
STEM (Spin Torus Energy Model) is an energy-centric approach to atomic Physics that is based upon the simple hypothesis that ‘there is only one type of energy-generating material’, and that material is electromagnetic in nature and has been called energen. STEM proposes that, rather than positively charged matter (e.g. positrons and protons) being distinctly different to negatively charged matter (e.g. electrons), all forms of matter are to be related to energen-based structures or various combinations thereof. All fundamental particles, composite particles, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and matter are thus considered to be derived from and definable in terms of energen concentrations, flow patterns or combinations thereof.STEM is a pragmatic approach whose ‘proof of concept’ has been in terms of how well it sits with existing mathematical theory (such as the QM wave equations), existing experimental observations, and the theory behind the practical applications of the applied Science and engineering areas. STEM has resulted in physical models for fundamental and composite particles but, being a pragmatic approach, very little new mathematical theory has accompanied its development. Whereas conventional Atomic Physics tends to be disjointed and conflicted, the beauty of the STEM approach is that it provides consistent seamless explanations across the applied Science areas.This paper is the first of three volumes covering a wide range of Physics-related phenomena. Volume 1 proposes and develops a toroidal structure for the electron, and applies it to explain electricity and electromagnetism. Volume 2 addresses atomic structure, developing a structure for quarks, nucleons and atomic nuclei. Volume 3 addresses the physical nature of light and related forms of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[856] viXra:2412.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 02:20:22
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 16 Pages. 7 Figures; 1 Table
Forces operative in the universe have so long been considered to be pull of particles towards their own both in small and long range. From the properties of short-range nuclear attractions, characteristics such as particle independence, saturation, pair and pairs of pair formation have been developed. Consideration of scattering of atoms by different types of projectiles show that Rutherford’s atomic structure which was modified by Bohr imposing quantum condition does not satisfy known facts. Thus, photons can scatter extranuclear electrons but not powerful enough to scatter nucleons. Although, α- particles and slow neutrons are able to scatter nucleons leading to β+ and β- emission, the neutron- β-neutrino scattering proposed by Fermi poses some difficulties. To cap all these, there is the restriction imposed by de Broglie’s hypothesis that nucleus is neither a repository nor a manufacturer of electrons. To account for all these restrictions, it was found that Dirac’s suggestion of particles and anti-particles in which nucleons are embedded may be fruitfully utilized. Thus, an atomic structure based on modification of Rutherford-Bohr model has been put forward.Triggering impulse of β- emission may be related to the gluon field which holds the binding energy till the point of overstretching of the mass of the quark involved.Key-words: Universal Forces, Short- and Long-range Forces, Characteristics of Nuclear Forces, Modified Atomic Structure including Dirac’s and de Broglie’s Ideas.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[855] viXra:2412.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-11 21:11:22
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract is required scientific references should be listed)
The geometry and size proposed for the toroidal STEM electron model satisfies the QM wave equations and produces a classical (or Newtonian Physics) estimate of angular momentum and g-factor that corresponds to QM’s ‘intrinsic’ spin estimate and associated g-factor.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[854] viXra:2412.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 17:46:46
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 51 Pages.
In the model of atomic nuclei presented here, we assume cubic protons and neutrons, with a classical structure of positrons and electrons. With this concept, stable nuclei can be constructed on a purely electrostatic basis, without the postulate of a strong nuclear force nor quarks and gluons, by assuming that the electrons are located on average 1/3 between neighboring nucleons, so that the 1/6 e+ of the neighboring positron charges are compensated and, in addition, stable electrostatic binding is generated. This also leads to the neutron rule, which states that 1/3 neutron must be available for each contact surface (inner surface). The structure of the nuclei is based on the simple principle of a modular system that consists only of the four basic building blocks D, T, He4, Be9 and single nucleons. When the basic building blocks are combined, new structures are created along the stacking direction, the mass defects of which are known or can be easily calculated. From this, the mass defects of the nuclides can be derived quite accurately. The relative errors of these calculations are smaller than those of the Bethe-Weizsäcker model by a factor of 10 and are excellent, especially in the range of smaller nuclei, where the droplet model only provides moderately good results. The basic building blocks mentioned above can be joined in different ways, which causes different structures along the stacking sequences and thus different mass defects. Our model thus leads to a substructure of the isotopes, which we have called isomeric structural variants or, more briefly, structural isomers. These differ by about 1 — 30 10-30 kg. Their mass differences are thus smaller by a factor of 100 — 1000 than those of the isotopes. Nevertheless, we assume that these structural isomers can be isolated and quantified, which would not only be extremely important for the verification of this model, but would also enable a very precise calculation of the isotope masses. Another very interesting point is that the composition of the isotopes with even and those with odd mass numbers follows completely different structural lines. The former all consist of stacked α particles and, where necessary, additional single nucleons. The latter isotopes are all derived from N15, which is formed by two intertwined Be9 rings. Adding two protons and neutrons produces the F19, a 33 cube with missing cornerstones, which can now be extended as desired by adding nucleons in pairs at the periphery, thus representing the core structure of all isotopes with an odd mass number.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[853] viXra:2412.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 20:51:04
Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
Controlled nuclear fusion, as a potential solution for clean energy, achieves its controllability primarily through an energy counteraction mechanism. Based on the framework of energy counteraction, this paper explores the contradiction between energy surplus and controllability in controlled nuclear fusion. The research indicates that while controlled nuclear fusion is theoretically feasible, existing technologies face significant challenges in simultaneously achieving energy surplus and system stability. Therefore, the conclusion of this paper is that, at present, the feasibility of controlled nuclear fusion is extremely low.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[852] viXra:2412.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 21:00:57
Authors: Xianzhong Cheng
Comments: 11 Pages.
Objective: This study aims to reanalyze the essence of nuclear force and elucidate the genuine structure of atomic nuclei.Method: We employ an approach that encompasses the examination of nuclear mass loss, sub-nucleon constituents and dynamic nucleus behavior. Conclusion: Our findings challenge the conventional view of nuclear forces as fundamental forces and propose a dynamic crystal-like structure for atomic nuclei.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[851] viXra:2411.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-30 00:27:13
Authors: Alexander Unzicker
Comments: 2 Pages.
A previously unknown relationship involving the masses of the neutron, proton, andelectron is reported. Expressed simply, it states m_n/m_e = 2 Pi/ alpha (gamma-1/gamma), where gamma is defined as (m_n-m_p)/m_e, and alpha = e^2/(2hc eps0) represents the fine structure constant. The accuracy of this approximation is 2.0 *10-4, which is outside the experimental error of 4.0 *10^-6. Additionally, the coincidence gamma = log(4 Pi) holds, with an even closer match of 2.0 *10^-5, yet still outside the experimental precision of 10^-6.It is not claimed that these coincdences have a physical meaning.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[850] viXra:2411.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-27 20:05:21
Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 20 Pages.
A modified Dirac expression for the electron binding energy in hydrogen-like atoms is presented, which allows a direct and unambiguous comparison among different fine structure constants without bound-state QED theory. The least squares analysis of the parameters, describing the spectra of hydrogen and deuterium, is grounded on two sets of the most accurately measured energy separations. The optimal spectroscopic fine structure constant is found to be equal to 0.007284(1), disagreeing with the determinations ultimately based on renormalized QED but being in good agreement with the number constant 2^(-6) π^(-2/3) ≈ 0.007284. The present work compiles experimental values of the Lamb shift of S, P, and D states with n = 1, 2, and 3 derived from those measurements. Accurate predictions for hyperfine splitting intervals with n > 1 are given and compared to experimental values for n = 2.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[849] viXra:2411.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-08 14:57:02
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 23 Pages.
Charge radiation has been the subject of several scientific articles, the majority of which draw from Larmor's vast writings and more recent efforts that have incorporated concepts from Einstein's ill-fated theory of relativity.However, there may be misinterpretations when discussing the radiation power patterns for specific common charge motions.The radiation from moving charges is derived from the Liénard-Wiechert potentials in most scientific works by introducing an arbitrary unit vector that points to the observer's frame of reference, which is at an arbitrary angle to the direction of motion.This indicates that the radiation power patterns obtained in this way are the patterns that an observer in a different frame would apparently see with respect to the charge, rather than the real charge radiation pattern that arises from the motion.* Does charge radiation field depend on a reference frame?* What is the real radiation power pattern of a moving charge?* What type of motion produces the "search light" effect of radiation?* What happens with the radiation field in non-linear motion?* Is there a charge radiation equation that also proves the Cherenkov effect?In this study, you’ll find the answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[848] viXra:2411.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 03:15:17
Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 36 Pages.
The ionization potential depression (IPD) is crucial for understanding the ionization processes of atoms and ions in plasmas. Many efforts have been devoted to exploring the temperature and the density dependence of IPD, leading to the development of models such as the Ecker-Kröll (EK) and Stewart-Pyatt (SP) models. However, these models fail to explain the plasma spectroscopy observed during laser nitriding process. To address the problem, the present study introduces a novel IPD model and the concept of mechanical-electric coupling (MEC) for the plasma. The MEC is important as it can influence a multitude of physical properties, including the diffusion of ionized electrons, Debye screening and the ionized electron pressure. The IPD model proposed herein is constructed based on spherical wave functions for the ionized electrons. It has been shown that this IPD model aligns well with both experimental spectroscopic data and the experimental IPD values for ions across various charge states. The integration of MEC with the IPD model may culminate in the formulation of an equation of state that is in concordance with experimental observations of the plasma behaviors. Overall, the MEC and IPD model proposed in this study could be instrumental for comprehending the ionization processes and the diverse properties of plasmas.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[847] viXra:2411.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-01 18:56:26
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 20 Pages. 7 Figures, in Chinese.
This paper is a brief review of our previous relevant papers, it is narrated mainly from points of view of the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and 126th elements. Firstly we review the theories we constructed previously including the four principles of the theory of chirality, the chirality model of atomic nucleus and the periodic table of nuclides, the new circular periodic table of elements and the integrated periodic table of elements, the formulas of the fine structure constant and the formulas of the speed of light in atomic units as well as the formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of muon, tauon and electron, then we mainly give the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and 126th elements including some new synthetic routes. Specifically, we regard that the 120th element has neutron number of 180 and the total nucleon number of 300 and the 126th element has neutron number of 188 and the total nucleon number of 314, regard they are relatively stable and most worthwhile and likely to be synthesized, and the 126th element is more important.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[846] viXra:2410.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-27 01:39:18
Authors: V. Korniienko, M. Turkin M
Comments: 14 Pages. in Russian and English
We have developed a new method for searching for hydrocarbons (HC) based on the analysis of space images in the spectrum of quantum energies. He made it possible to detect a global network of channels through which endless volumes of hydrocarbons migrate from the North Polar Field to Antarctica. Along the way, they suppress all known hydrocarbon deposits, volcanoes and earthquake zones, pass under power units of power plants, as well as under craters on the Yamal Peninsula. The origin of these channels follows from Einstein's STO, according to which the power units of nuclear and other power plants, together with electric energy, produce quantum electromagnetic waves (S-radiation), which have the same properties as GR. The combined effect of these radiation forms channels in rocks, as well as geoblanders (GB), in which large volumes of hydrocarbons accumulate, the explosions of which caused the emergence of craters in Yamal, as well as severe accidents at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, and other power plants. Therefore, in order to prevent severe accidents of power units, we propose to evaluate the dynamics of the movement of channels with hydrocarbons to power plants under construction and existing power units, as well as to involve oil producing companies for drilling and production of hydrocarbons from them. This HC production from the canals will not only prevent GB explosions under the power units, but also reduce the activity of volcanoes and earthquakes in the countries of the Ring of Fire.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[845] viXra:2410.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 06:28:13
Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: Pages. This article has been submitted to the Gravity Research Foundation 2025 Essays on Gravitation competition.
Strong nuclear force increases when density of nucleons increases inside a nucleus. Additional strong nuclear force adds to the mass of the nucleus. When a star collapses to a neutron star, the increased density of the nucleons will increase the total strong nuclear force of the star and the mass. Because gravity is proportional to mass, we can deduce that the density of the nucleons increases the gravity of the object. If the earth ever turns to a point size object, it will exert more gravity due to increased density of the matter. Definition of mass and the concept of mass defect hides the effect of density of nucleons on the gravity. Elimination of these two concepts unifies all physical forces. This new theory explains many of the observations without hard to imagine concepts like spacetime curvature and dark matter.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[844] viXra:2409.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-26 18:48:20
Authors: Ilya Shesterikov
Comments: 8 Pages.
Parametric decay instabilities frequently occur in wave interactions.These instabilities typically have thresholds for wave amplitudes. They arise when nonlinearity, such as a spatial pressure inhomogenety, couples different waves. For these instabilities to arise, the waves must satisfy frequency and wavenumber matching conditions, which followfrom the laws of energy and momentum conservation. However, parametric instabilities are not limited to wave interactions; the simples form of parametric instability is parametrically coupled oscillators.Magnetoactive plasma represents a unique wave medium in whichnumerous waves of various polarizations and spatial-temporal scales are easily excited and weakly damped. The greater the number of wave types, the easier it is to satisfy resonance conditions like the frequency and wavenumber matching conditions, and thus parametrically excite, or "drive" new waves from the initial wave. Therefore, inmagnetoactive plasma, all known types of parametric instabilities can arise.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[843] viXra:2409.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-09 22:38:46
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 27 Pages. 9 Figures, in Chinese.
This paper provides some supplements and revisions to our previous paper titled "New Circular Periodic Table of Elements and Natural Group Theory" (viXra:2401.0001). A subtle revision of circular periodic table of elements is to make 5f small circle (sub-period) not contact to 7sp big circle (main period)，and hence indicates that the 89th element Ac* belongs to 6d elements and the 90th element Th* is the beginning of 5f elements. With this revision, we illustrate the relationships between the stable numbers in nuclides and 2π or π elements, highlight the characteristic numbers of 141, 157 and 173 in f periods and present some proofs in terms of chemical properties for the 70th element Lu to be the end of 4f elements and for the 90th element Th* to be the beginning of 5f elements. We also illustrate the relationships between the characteristic number 112/137/168 and 141/157/173. By the way, we suggest suitable Chinese names for the 117th and 118th element Ts* and Og*.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[842] viXra:2409.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-10 19:36:24
Authors: Frederic Lassiaille
Comments: 45 Pages.
It is shown that relativity predicts a variable G. The proof starts by considering a dimensionless particle in an empty universe. Then two particles, three particles, and an infinite set of particles are studied. This allows to calculate space-time structure for any realistic energy distribution. The proof uses the interchange of limits theorem, and ad hoc sequences of energy distributions. With only one particle, the result is a singularity everywhere if the universe is empty outside of the particle. Those singularities disappear completely with three particles. Then this calculation is done for any realistic energy distribution. An equation of G is given naturally in the process. This equation is a correct approximation in most of the realistic energy distributions. The fundamental principles building Einstein equation are still valid. But it is shown that the G anthropocentric solar system constant must be replaced by a variable value, which is weaker in strong matter density environments, and greater in low matter density environments. It means that the surrounding effect arises, it was introduced by previous works. And this effect was shown to solve the gravitational mysteries of today in astrophysics and in cosmology. Under a unifying relevant assumption, a solution is also given to the Yang-Mills Millennium problem.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[841] viXra:2409.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-09 21:01:03
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 12 Pages. 1 Figure, in Chinese.
This paper is a brief review of our previous papers concerning 2π-e formula, formulas of the fine-structure constant, formulas of the speed of light in atomic units and formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muron and tauon. In this paper, these formulas are mainly elucidated from points of view of their relationships with 2π and e so as to answer the physicist Feynman’s question whether the fine-structure constant was related to π and e. In addition, we also give some new formulas of the fine structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units, especially a formula of a half of the speed of light in atomic units incorporating three factors of 141, 173 and 157, which are related to values of square root of 2, square root of 3 and π/2 in atomic units respectively.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[840] viXra:2408.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-23 19:49:27
Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 8 Pages.
A comparison of structures and interactions of quantum systems in Physics (Elementary particles, Nuclear, Atomic), Chemistry and Biology show the benefits of the Quantum Network Model, as a universal language, upgrading basic historically important similar models and theory (Turing Machine, Automata/Formal Languages).The main and also starting point, is viewing the "electron" as the 4th, time-like quark, via the correspondence between the fundamental representation of $SU(2)$ and adjoint representation, with corresponding generators. Its iconic equation of dimensions is the well known 2+2=3+1, underlying the Hopf fibration, and defining the correspondence between spinors and Lorentz vectors (Space-Time points), in the Gauge Theory paradigm.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[839] viXra:2408.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-16 21:59:41
Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 2 Pages.
The physical basis of electron mass is relativistic rotational motion. The result of the model matches the experimentally determined value to 9significant digits.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[838] viXra:2408.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-15 19:53:54
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This is the first part of the work - the physic-chemical direction from the complete "Evolution of Matter" - physical; chemical; astrophysical; biological directions covering broad directions of their material development in multiple paths of their passage. It is a compact amalgamation of previous, "fragmentary", works with some refinements and additions. It presents "ASNOVA" - the formation of a functionally closed primary element of matter - its particle, with all kinds of its manifested "activity", in the multi-stage process of its transformation by "annihilation", representing its evolution. And incomplete, "fragmentary" parts of works in astrophysical and biological directions can by seen at 2208.0087 and 2304.0101, 2012.0112, espectively.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[837] viXra:2408.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-03 06:00:10
Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 8 Pages.
This article traces the origin of the nuclear model of the atom back to its roots in the experiments of physicist Rutherford circa 1911. His clever experiments indicated that most of the mass of the atom was concentrated in an extremely dense "kernel" that would be about 10-4 Angstroms in diameter. But prior soap film experiments and ordinary volume measurements (ml/mole) of say, metallic gold, when combined with Avogadro’s number indicated that atoms were associated with an "emptiness" that was on the order of one to five Angstroms in diameter or about 10,000 times the diameter of Rutherford’s kernel. How was this emptiness to be conceptualized? Was it part of the atom, or part of the material aggregate (gold foil in this case)? This paper argues that the thing that has all the mass of the atom, and which accounts for all the properties of the atom, including the atomic number, is simply the atom itself. It is not some sort of "nucleus" of something. Additionally, remarks are offered about the social and educational insights provided by this view.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[836] viXra:2407.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-23 21:56:26
Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 29 Pages.
This article is a revised follow-up to Beyond Einstein: non-local physics (6th ed.). It presents an alternative to the nuclear model of the atom. It proposes that all particles (photons, atoms, etc.) are composed of pure space and time relationships, specifically "intrinsic rotation" (spin) in a setting of non-locality. The concepts are simple, intuitively accessible, and implied by the Periodicity of the Periodic Table and various facts from modern physics. Only the bare concepts are presented here with no detailed development. There are no mystery particles, no bottomless explanations, and (apparently) no show stoppers. The Expansive Ether is reviewed in greater detail. Structural concepts for the 4 pi, 2 pi and photon spin systems are presented along with a speculative suggestion for the structure of charge. Some musings about unusual practical applications are presented. The history of physics implies that much of this information has already been published in unrecognizable forms and in obscure places.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[835] viXra:2407.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-19 04:59:35
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 12 Pages.
The positron is the acknowledged anti-particle of the electron. Electrons are plentiful, particularly in metal conductors, and can readily be generated by an electron gun or by the Photoelectric Effect. Positrons, on the other hand, are relatively rare in Nature, and high-energy processes are required to generate useful quantities. The mystery around positrons started with their discovery as a by-product of radioactive decay, and they were called positive beta particles. That label remained for 34 years until they were re-discovered in cosmic particles by Carl Anderson in 1932.Because pair-production, the main mechanism put forward for the creation of electrons and positrons, create them in equal numbers, why are electrons more plentiful and readily available? Why do electrons, defined as a structureless point-form monopole particle, have an electric charge of -1e and positrons a charge of exactly +1e? How do positrons relate (if at all) to ‘normal’ matter? With positive charge carriers required to fully explain semiconductor current generation, is it possible that positrons are mobile positive charge carriers rather than the static cations referred to as ‘positive holes’? These are some of the questions associated with the mystery that surrounds electrons and positrons as explored in this paper.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[834] viXra:2407.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-05 21:54:58
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this paper, we compare Maxwell-Hertz formula of the speed of light (in vacuum), the traditional formula of the speed of light in atomic units and our formula of the speed of light in atomic units, which are c=1/(μ0ε0)^(1/2), cau=1/α and cau=1/(α1α2)^(1/2) respectively. The traditional theory supposes there is only one α which is the fine-structure constant, but our theory demonstrates there are two α (α1 and α2). Our formula is more consistent with Maxwell-Hertz formula, and hence should be reasonable and correct. We give some reasons for this and propose a valuable research topic for mathematical physics to completely prove it.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[833] viXra:2407.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-04 18:54:21
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 1 Page.
This article presents a philosophy about the properties of the electron and proton, in combination with the hypothesis that exclusively and only these two particles form the ultimate building blocks of universe.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[832] viXra:2406.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-19 20:36:52
Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 25 Pages.
Author documents his personal experiments in changing radioactive decay rates by simple electrolysis with "primitive" equipment. References are also given to institutional experiments. Decay rates can also be influenced by Earth-Sun distance. Characteristics of "inside-out stars" are noted. Heating may have unexpected effects on radioactivity. Radioactive half-lives can be extended or shortened. Author also inadvertently found a long forgotten useful method of suppressing dendrite formation during battery charging. This article may be freely distributed for non-commercial or educational use. Author’s right to own and maintain the document must be preserved.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[831] viXra:2406.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-10 20:51:17
Authors: J. W. Vegt
Comments: 46 Pages.
Nuclear fusion represents a frontier melding the realms of material science, typified by fusion fuels like Deuterium, and energy science, characterized by microwave heating methodologies. Current theoretical physics paradigms fall short in adequately describing the complex interactions required to stabilize nuclear fusion, particularly within confinement devices such as Tokamaks. Addressing this limitation necessitates a novel theory that accurately encompasses the interactions between electro-magnetic-gravitational force densities (expressed in N/m³) and their mechanical analogues, articulated through the Navier-Stokes equation for compressible nuclear plasmas.This pioneering theoretical framework offers an all-encompassing perspective on electro-magnetic-gravitational-acceleration force density interactions across both astronomical and subatomic scales. It spans phenomena as diverse as Gravitational RedShift, Black Holes, and the discrete energy levels of atomic light absorption and emission. Uniquely, this theory integrates electrodynamics and plasma dynamics into a single cohesive model. Traditionally overlooked, gravitational (acceleration) forces resulting from rotational and linear accelerations are revealed here as pivotal for achieving stable nuclear fusion.Unlike General Relativity, this new theory is grounded on the combined divergence of the "Stress-Energy Tensor" and the "Gravitational-Acceleration" Tensor. It elucidates "Gravitational-Acceleration-Electromagnetic" interactions, providing mathematical tensor solutions for Black Holes or Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinements. The "Electromagnetic Energy Gradient" generates a second-order "Lorentz Transformation," translating into the Gravitational Field of Black Holes, which dictates force density interactions between light confinement and the "Gravitational-Acceleration" Field.In juxtaposition to Einstein's introduction of the "Einstein Gravitational Constant" within the four-dimensional Energy-Stress Tensor, our theory capitalizes on the additive properties of the Electromagnetic Tensor and the "Gravitational-Acceleration" Tensor. This revised vantage point unveils the concept of "CURL" within gravitational fields surrounding Black Holes, influencing Gravitational Lensing—phenomena unaccounted for by General Relativity.Additionally, the theory identifies "Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction," "Magnetic-Gravitational Interaction," and "Electric-Gravitational Interaction." It proposes that interactions are exclusive to field interactions rather than particle-field interactions as traditionally conceived: electric fields engage with other electric fields, magnetic fields with other magnetic fields, and gravitational fields with other gravitational fields.This advanced theoretical approach provides precise mathematical descriptions of Black Holes, as initially proposed by John Archibald Wheeler in 1955. The theoretical solutions for Black Holes are integral to the Dirac equation's tensor form in relativistic quantum mechanics. Assuming a constant speed of light (c) and Planck’s constant within a Black Hole, the radius of a Black Hole with the energy of a proton approximates 1% of a hydrogen atom radius.Empirical substantiation is derived from experiments involving two Galileo satellites and a Ground Station, where Gravitational RedShift was measured using a stable MASER frequency. The discrepancy between General Relativity and the New Theory's predictions for Gravitational RedShift within Earth's gravitational field is less than 10^(-16). Observational data since W.S. Adams' 1925 measurement of the gravitational redshift in the spectral lines from the White Dwarf companion to Sirius consistently aligns with both theories within negligible margins.Theories seeking to unify Quantum Physics with General Relativity, such as "String Theory," suggest temporal variability in natural constants. However, precise observations from NASA’s Messenger mission have significantly constrained potential variations in the gravitational constant (G). A distinguishing feature of the New Theory is its prediction of a temporally constant (G), reinforcing the unification of General Relativity and Quantum Physics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[830] viXra:2405.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-27 21:49:59
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: (Note by viXra Admin: Please don't include/use cover page)
The neutron, which is a proton-electron bond, contributes to electricity generation. Radiation emitted by nuclei and single charges can also generate electric energy. There is no nuclear strong or weak force, only an electrodynamic force. The example of protons fusion demonstrates that the Universal Force provides precise information about interactions without empirical approximations. The radiation power increases to theoretical infinity as the relative velocity approaches the speed of light.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[829] viXra:2405.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-27 12:42:19
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 16 Pages.
The Universal Force provides a superior method for calculating total energy for a system of charges, including kinetic variables like velocity and acceleration. This formula is absent in Relativity Theory and other theories. The relationship between force and total energy is demonstrated for zero-force, zero-energy, maximum force, and maximum energy. The interaction distance between single charges, nuclei, atoms, or molecules is dynamic and depends on system kinetics, contradicting the "Van Der Waals radii" assigned to elements in the periodic table.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[828] viXra:2405.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-27 12:44:17
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 29 Pages.
A method for modifying particle decay rate is proposed, potentially enabling charge harvesting. Nuclear structure and total energy calculations for various nuclei are demonstrated, revealing the "neutron" as an electron-proton bound in some fusion calculations. Deficient results from Classical Mechanics and Einstein's mass defect/excess calculation are emphasized, along with the risks associated with insufficient energy calculations. Real released energy and single product energy, including radiation energy, are calculated, and the real energy amount released in a fusion matches the total energy equation from the Universal Electrodynamic Force.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[827] viXra:2405.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-27 12:45:57
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 17 Pages.
The study reveals the attraction force between charges of equal sign in a negative mass regime, offering advantages over current nuclear fusion projects. It analyzes the mass behavior of reactants and shows the negative mass operating region. New reactions are calculated under this regime, potentially increasing the standard released energy. A proposed "negative mass nuclear fusion cell" is suggested as a simple and affordable alternative for electricity generation.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[826] viXra:2405.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-05 20:46:50
Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 11 Pages.
The Oscillation Symmetry is applied with success to several meson and baryon data containing some new mass (and or width) data since our previous similar study. The extracted periods display again a "like quantification behaviour". The W boson and fermion "mass data" are fairly well aligned indicating a new property between these particles. Thus contrary to the generally accepted belief that the paericle masses have no relationship with each other, this work seems to suggest that they do through the Oscillation Symmetry.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[825] viXra:2405.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-03 18:42:50
Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 7 Pages.
The baryon asymmetry problem is resolved using a model where the difference between normal matter and anti-matter is defined within a pre-fermion loop-based system. Also explained is where anti-matter is hiding in plain sight. Within the loop system only the sign of net loop charge differentiates matter from anti-matter. If a proton, as a stack of two positively charged quark loops and one negatively charged quark loop, is defined to be matter then a negatively charged electron loop is anti-matter. A charge-neutral neutron, as a stack of two negatively charged quark loops and one positively charged quark loop, is also anti-matter. Stable nuclei are built with equal numbers of matter and anti-matter nucleon components. The neutrino could be defined as matter or anti-matter, however, with the difference between a neutrino and an anti-neutrino of at least 60 degrees of loop rotation, it is not a Majorana fermion. The overall charge-neutral universe has a balance of matter and anti-matter and therefore baryon symmetry overall, although some volumes may be composed primarily of matter or of anti-matter charged nucleons. The combination of matter and anti-matter does not annihilate on contact — no loops or loop components are ever destroyed. The historic inconsistencies of definitions and treatments of negative energy, negative matter and anti-matter are shown to derive from a limited point-like model of particles and the loose definition of energy.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[824] viXra:2404.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2024-04-06 20:16:50
Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)
Assuming the Riemann Hypothesis serves as a mathematical explanation for physics, I have deduced the following two points: 1. If the Riemann Hypothesis originates from number theory and the mathematics describing matter is based on number theory, then matter must begin as a singularity. 2. The number π^2/6, derived from the Basel problem which initiated the Riemann Hypothesis, must be a numerical description of matter. Building on these two points, my hypothesis evolves to propose that all matter is composed of two-dimensional photons, existing throughout the universe as a medium. This material folds in a three-dimensional "Paper folding" manner to form protons and electrons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[823] viXra:2403.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 05:14:13
Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 2 Pages.
The physical basis of the quantum of resistance, also called the von Klitzing constant, is relativistic rotational motion. The result of the model matches the experimentally determined value to 12 significant digits.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[822] viXra:2403.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 18:12:43
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this paper, the formation of muons is attributed to the decay of neutrons by the action of very hard γ-radiation. This is based on a model of the neutron that we presented in a paper recently published here1. From the decay mechanism, a mass of 206.781 electron masses (me) could be calculated for the muon, which agrees very well with the measured 3value of 206.768 me. This decay mechanism also very plausibly explains the occurrence of the three types of muonium, muon μ-, anti-muon μ+ and muonium μ+-
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[821] viXra:2402.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-25 23:46:38
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 9 Pages.
We had already dealt with the neutron enigma in an earlier paper5 and calculated values that were in excellent agreement with the decay times determined experimentally for the two measurement methods solely on the basis of the underlying masses or mass differences. However, this approach was formal, as no knowledge of the decay mechanisms was available and consequently the individual calculation steps could not be justified. The solution approach presented here was based on the neutron decay mechanism described in a recent publication 1 for calculating the decay curve. In combination with the specific structure of the two competing measurement methods, it was possible to predict that, in contrast to the bottle method,energy is continuously extracted from the system in the beam method, which leads to an increase in the lifetime of the neutrons, since energy and decay time are indirectly proportional, as already explained in the paper 5 cited at the beginning. The energy loss during the beam experiment could be quantified on the basis of a simple calculation model. From the resulting residual energy, it was possible to calculate the decay time, which corresponds to that measured by Greene3 within the standard deviation. From the knowledge of the overall mechanism outlined above, some experimental modifications for the beam method can be proposed, which should lead to an approximation of the decay times for both methods:- A reduction in diameter for the beam tube- An increase in the suction voltage to remove the proton- A reduction in the particle density in the beam tube If these experimental changes lead in the direction we predicted, we can consider the neutron enigma solved.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[820] viXra:2402.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-22 19:55:25
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 16 Pages.
In this work we have used the classical neutron model of proton and nuclear electron in combination with the findings of projection theory, according to which the neutron is a cube and its interior lies below the spatial resolution, where the physical laws of our space-time world only apply to a limited extent and consequently the objections raised against this model by established physics do not apply. The electron does not reside in the entire cubic interior, but in a potential sphere (r = 6.355181 10-16 m) around the positron. This potential space is statistically occupied by the electron by random jumps with a jump duration of tmin. From the statistical frequency of the individual potential energies, the mean mass of the neutron was calculated to be 1.674927328 . 10-27 kg. The potential jumps mentioned above lead to a change in the size of the neutron at a constant elementary particle density in the rhythm of the jumps (oscillation model). The β-decay is caused by jumps of the electron to the outer surface of the neutron, where they are ejected from the neutron by membrane oscillation, whereby only 1/6 of the oscillation energy is transferred to the electron as kinetic energy. This is the real secret of the missing energy in the decay spectrum of the neutron. Two curves were constructed to calculate the decay curve. The base curve reflects the energetic and geometric conditions in the potential space of the electron, while the second, the jump curve, takes into account the individual jumps to the respective points on the neutron surface. The superposition of these two curves resulted in a curve that is in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined curves, in which the irregular curve progression at the maximum of the measurement curves is also very well reproduced, which to our knowledge is not the case with the calculations of established physicists. Neutrinos are not required in our obviously accurate model. In the last section, the conversion factor between time and length was calculated as 1 m4/3/s for the interior of the neutron. This contradicts the calculations of the same factor for the world outside the neutron with 61.66801 m4/3/s, which impressively confirms our initial hypothesis of deviating physics inside the neutron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[819] viXra:2402.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-19 22:02:18
Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 5 Pages.
A simple derivation of alpha, the fine structure constant, using Coulomb's law and the Planck-Einstein relations. I argue that alpha represents the minimum uncertainty between wavenumber and radial distance. This is like the uncertainty between momentum (wavelength) and position. The fine structure constant is related to this uncertainty principle but in spherical coordinates using wavenumber for momentum and radius for distance. Wavenumber is defined as the inverse of the wavelength per unit distance. This is equivalent to saying that alpha is about 137 wavelengths per unit distance of radius. I go on to show this provides the correct ionization wavelengths for the hydrogen atom. Using whole integers, n number of energy levels, allowed me to derive the Rydberg formula. Alpha is nearly an integer number because we are using a wavenumber. It is not a mystery to find integer values when wavenumbers are used. This derivation is equivalent to that of the Bohr model but without needing to use classical ideas of electrons in orbit around the nucleus like planets in orbit around the sun.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[818] viXra:2402.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-17 01:38:06
Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 2 Pages.
The physical basis of the fine structure constant is relativistic rotational motion. Matter and its interactions consist of space time structures of rotational motion. The results of the model match experimentally determined values to within 1 part in 10^11.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[817] viXra:2402.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-02 20:43:35
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 8 Pages.
This work will describe the structural formation and mechanism of action of Gravitational quanta and the entire spectrum of Electromagnetic waves from their generating "Zugs".It is a continuation of the work 1701.0488 with some clarification and addition.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[816] viXra:2401.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-13 19:15:14
Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 2 Pages.
Cold Fusion might, if claims are to be believed, be looking at the wrong nuclear phenomenon that isn’t fusion and sporadic claims of excess energy production might be due to a wholly different process, perhaps the Wigner Energy of the Lattice, unlinked to claims of fusion, thus confusing the issue and holding the field back.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[815] viXra:2401.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-01 22:02:08
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 11 Pages. 3 Figures; in Chinese (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Any future non-compliant submission or replacement will not be accepted!)
In this paper, we mainly present the new cyclic periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has the multicyclic form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of the cyclic periodic table; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent period respectively, the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. This new cyclic periodic table would be the most reasonable, scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised traditional version also has these features. The natural group theory supporting the cyclic period table is also presented.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[814] viXra:2312.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-29 20:29:55
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 26 Pages.
This paper reviews the declassified technical data in the official book "Britain and the H-Bomb". Secrecy-cleared UK thermonuclear warhead historian Lorna Arnold (and her assistant Katherine Pyne) in the UK official history "Britain and the H-Bomb" summarized Atomic Weapons Establishment secret data on UK thermonuclear warhead design tests up to the early interchanges of H-bomb data with America, in 1958-59. The book's information clarifies beyond any doubt the role of plastic foams in dispersing x-rays in the British type of weapon with an isotropically compressed spherical secondary stage, as opposed to the USA use of foam as simply a "radiation mirror" to re-radiate soft x-rays onto the cylindrical Teller Sausage secondary stage requiring only axial compression. Comparing this information to declassified double-primary Russian nuclear warhead design data (see nukegate.org for that) conclusively confirms the different merits of different approaches. This information should be available to inform public debate on not merely whether we have a nuclear deterrent that is efficient and cost effective, but the designs we really need; whether they come from a secrecy-obsessed groupthink culture that drives warhead design into an expensive, inefficient, incredible dead end; or radical, innovative, cheap, credible designs. A summary is given in Fig. 1 of this paper.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[813] viXra:2312.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-13 20:20:50
Authors: V. G. Bondarev, L. V. Migal
Comments: 19 Pages.
The structure of light atomic nuclei, such as hydrogen, helium and lithium nuclides, was studied based on the cluster approach. Atomic nuclei are formed as systems consisting of free and bound lovetons, as well as neutron electrons and electron-positron pairs. The work focuses on the mass of the atomic nucleus and its binding energy as the main basic characteristics. There were determined the mechanisms considered binding nucleons into clusters, as well as the main patterns of changes in binding energy depending on the structure of the nucleus.As part of this study, atomic nuclei were visualized and the dependence of the nuclear binding energy on the number of lovetons, electron-positron pairs and neutron electrons was revealed. The possibility of forming a shell structure of an atomic nucleus consisting of cluster associations of α-particles has been shown. An algorithm for constructing the structure of the atomic nucleus is presented. The conditions for choosing the number of nuclear elements included in the atomic nucleus are determined. As additional results, an estimate of the binding energies of hypothetical hydrogen nuclides 8H and 9H was obtained, and their mass formulas were constructed. The charge radii of a number of hydrogen, helium and lithium nuclides have been calculated. The possibility of using the spiral structure of nuclei instead of the shell representation has been revealed. The nature of the occurrence of the binding energy of the atomic nucleus is explained. Comparison of the obtained values of binding energies and charge radii with experimental data allows us to assert an adequate approach to the formation of the structure of the atomic nucleus.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[812] viXra:2312.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-10 23:05:45
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 33 Pages. 11 Figures, in Chinese
This paper is written in Chinese. It was originally written in Chinese from December of 2017 to March of 2018, and was registered for copyright in the end of March of 2018. In this paper, we originally presented two scientific principles. One is that the chirality (represented by a pair of hands) could be scientifically abstracted to a counterclockwise circle and a clockwise circle corresponding to the right hand and the left hand respectively, and hence should be mathematically expressed as +2π and -2π, ie, chirality=+2π/-2π. The other is that a circle should be divided into 420 degrees instead of the traditional 360 degrees, so the chirality (a pair of hands) should correspond to +420 degrees and -420 degrees or 840 degrees in total, ie, chirality=840°. As there are right-handers and left-handers in human beings, the complete chirality including these two situations (±chirality) should actually correspond to ±2π and ∓2π or ±840 degrees, ie, ±chirality=±840°. The number of 840 can be expressed with its factors in the form of 840=1(2 4 8)(3 5 7), and the products of (2 4 8) times 1 or (3 5 7) are called stable numbers of chirality, in which 56 (8×7) is the biggest and most stable. As the atomic nuclei are located in the space or time-space which has the feature of chirality, we suppose that they live in the space of ±840 degrees, so the stable numbers (the magic numbers) in atomic nuclei are products of (2 4 8) times 1 or (3 5 7), their double numbers and so on, in which the most stable is 56. When the numbers of proton, neutron and total nucleon in atomic nuclei are equal to these stable numbers, these nuclei are stable, so the most stable nucleus is Fe56 and the natural terminus of the atomic elements is the 112th element Cn. These stable numbers in atomic nuclei correspond to the hands of human beings and to Chinese metrical poetry because they all are derived from the theory of 840 degrees as stated above.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[811] viXra:2312.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-09 22:38:42
Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 18 Pages. In Chinese (Title, abstract and author name added to article by viXra Admin)
This manuscript provides a new determinative atom model. The magic number 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 can be well explained without using quantum mechanics. In addition, spin-orbit coupling can also be deducted without quantum mechanics. In the final part of the manuscript, modified su(5) model called Hu SU(5) model includes all the fundamental particles and explain mass origin and decay mode in a clear picture.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[810] viXra:2312.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-08 21:18:28
Authors: Garry Goodwin
Comments: 3 Pages. Eq 5 and Eq 6 are the centrepiece of this note
In this note a model is put forward whereby the proton has mass and charge shell radii in the ratio 1:1.68. The fine structure constant is proportional to the thickness of the shell. Two new formulae for calculating �� are introduced. Eq 5 and Eq 6 are the centrepiece of this note. These make use of the usual set of fundamental constants, including the proton / electron mass ratio. Eq 6 gives the same value for $alpha$ as standard formulae. However, it is suggested that in an optimal physics, this method with reasonable confidence, gives a slightly lower value for �� reliable to 12 decimal places, i.e., $0.007297352566$. Whether this is the actual fine structure constant depends on the veracity of the model and the accuracy of the proton /electron mass ratio.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[809] viXra:2311.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-28 08:00:51
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 31 Pages, 14 Figures 05 Tables
The unique nuclear structure of iron derived from the polyhedral cage architectural model contains four free neutrons which give stability to the atom. These are capable of aligning the magnetic moments in parallel direction producing ferromagnetism, a special property of iron. Hitherto unknown source of magnetism in atoms and molecules has now been resolved and it has been interpreted that the real source of magnetism lies in the meson cloud of neutron. However, argument against it is the mass of the meson and the idea of exchange as the generator force of attraction. This difficulty can be avoided by considering the exchange of d- and u- quarks by in-phase revolution making the proton and the neutron equivalent and offering magnetic force as an alternative to the exchange force. The compass behavior of magnetite can be explained if the material Fe3O4 is placed in a ferrite lattice. The magnetic effects impart stability to atoms and molecules. Superconductivity is another phenomenon which is found to depend on the nuclear architecture and the property is explained with the help of three-dimensional channel formation by the overlap of first and second Brillouin Zones in reciprocal space.The well-known meson exchange theory for the nuclear force has been replaced by a single electron exchange between neutron and proton. The model is successful in predicting the formation of the virtual and the real alpha particles. Nucleosynthesis has been shown to occur only through the condensation of Paulion (p — n pairs), the unrecognized isomer of deuteron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[808] viXra:2311.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-20 21:46:28
Authors: Sergio Perez Felipe
Comments: 10 Pages.
Unification theory with no extra dimensions. The first part unifies the strong nuclear force with the gravitational force in a mathematical way, the second part unifies the nuclear force with the quantum vacuum in a hypothetical structure.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[807] viXra:2310.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-08 09:40:27
Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 2 Pages.
Using dimensional analysis, possible reasons are discussed why the pressure-induced spin bi-stability in dense molecular hydrogen occurs at an intermolecular distance of 1.509(14) Å and why the intramolecular distance levels off at 0.727(5) Å at high pressures.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[806] viXra:2309.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-25 01:57:13
Authors: Jianping Mao
Comments: 17 Pages.
Evidences from physics and chemistry implies that atoms likely can gradually grow out, on their core (Z ＝ 1-2 that will expand in Z ＝ 27-28 and 45-46), vertical 4 a (Z ≧ 1, representative), 4 b (Z ≧ 21, transition), and 8 c (Z ≧ 57, inner transition) alpha clusters bonding with valence neutrons that electron and proton distributions seem similar — all of electrons of inner shells following protons in nuclei, which means that most of atomic space was occupied by electrons of outermost shell only and experimental results of Geiger and Moseley could not completely exclude a possibility that atomic nuclei contain electrons. In other words, atomic structures — foldable — corresponded to Thomson’s model, but distributing distances of outer and inner electrons were very different, not uniform as in Rutherford’s model to some degree, which could pave a promising way to clarify or integrate structures of atoms and atomic nuclei.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[805] viXra:2309.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-19 00:14:32
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 41 Pages.
This document brings together six articles that describe the development of the cubic ellipsoid nucleus theory. It begins with the hypothesis that the structure of the nucleus determines the shape and properties of the atom and offers a model consistent with this idea. The model does not seem to contradict the nuclear or atomic theory, but rather expands them and offers some new perspectives that could further develop these theories and other fields of physics. The theoretical and experimental data were in good agreement and the model predicts various nuclear phenomena.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[804] viXra:2309.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-07 21:10:32
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 9 Pages.
In conventional thermonuclear fusion process of atomic nuclei, one critical condition is how to make them close together or pass through the Coulomb barrier between themselves. Although the thermonuclear fusion has been understood well with the conventional theory in nuclear physics, cold fusion, which has been issued with Fleischmann-Pons experiment in 1989, or nuclear fusion at room temperature in general is not explained with the conventional theory. However, if nuclear force inside the nucleus is considered as the spin-spin magnetic interaction of nucleons initiated by electric polarization between proton and neutron, there is an alternative way to understand cold fusion. Since the electric polarization between nucleons can be induced by an external electric field, the electric polarization can be an important clue to understand cold fusion, such as the nuclear fusion of deuterium nuclei absorbed into the lattice structure of palladium.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[803] viXra:2309.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-05 23:41:47
Authors: Xiao Jun
Comments: 17 Pages.
The unified theory of the four fundamental forces has been a goal pursued tirelessly by physicists. Attempts have been made from various aspects such as quantum field theory, general relativity, and string theory, but none have yielded satisfactory results. This article starts with the electric field interaction between two charges. By considering the additional effect of positive and negative vacuum polarization charge clouds around the particles, the divergence equation of the electric field can not only derive the expression of the potential energy of the non-divergent electric field at zero distance, but also derive the potential energy expressions of the non-divergent nuclear force, short-range weak force, and universal gravity. These four forces are different manifestations of the static electric force between charges, and all have a non-zero equilibrium distance. The well-known Newtonian universal gravity, Coulomb force, and Yukawa nuclear force are all results when the action distance is much greater than the equilibrium distance.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[802] viXra:2309.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-04 00:33:28
Authors: Ian Turnbull
Comments: 3 Pages. 2 images
Physicists have determined that there are 'four-interactive-forces' in each and every atom. The forces were identified and named mainly on the basis of their objective properties.They are known everywhere as:Gravity, Electromagnetism, the Strong and the Weak Nuclear Forces.A meta-physical interest in the subjective nature of these same four forces recognises how they are equally here at work within and between us humans. They are especially evident in our family lives. In this setting, we distinguish the 'four forces' on the basis of their domestic and social and emotional attributes, and can classify them as:Masculine strength, Feminine power, Family group energy, and sexuality.Impressed by the evidence of energetic symmetry within and between the human and particle realms, I comment on the subjective and social nature of the processes that work together to form the Mushroom Cloud. In contrast to the established idea of the destructive nature of the atomic bomb blast, we become as witnesses to the unification and marriage of the masculine and feminine forces released out of the atoms by the fission process.A consequence of this intellectual process, where-in we study the nuclear processes with both sides of our twin-hemisphere brain switched on, is the realisation that atoms are the family systems of the particle population. This in turn suggests the Atomic World is as a dimension of life unto itself.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[801] viXra:2308.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-28 05:56:54
Authors: Ryoji Furui
Comments: 4 Pages.
Single-layer graphene is currently produced on an ongoing basis to meet the demands of researchers. In recent years, there have been significant discoveries regarding the unique properties of this material, one of which is the generation of plasmons in graphene in response to excitement in the THz frequency range. Based on this concept, the present paper proposes two possible designs for a fusion energy ignition agent. These concepts could potentially allow fusion ignition at lower energies than are currently possible.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[800] viXra:2308.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-24 01:15:32
Authors: David Johnson
Comments: 10 Pages.
According to the Standard Model, nucleons consist of three quarks bound together by three strong-force bonds, with protons containing two up-quarks and one down-quark, and neutrons two down-quarks and one up-quark. However, this model involves a strong-force bond between the two same-charge quarks, which is most unlikely. A quark-chain nucleon model involving two strong-force bonds connecting a central quark with a pair of oppositely charged quarks is much more feasible and leads to some interesting possibilities for the structure of atomic nuclei.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[799] viXra:2308.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-23 17:52:43
Authors: R. Mehrabifard, H. Mehdian, K. Hajisharifi, E. Amini
Comments: 21 Pages.
Since the last decades, there have been numerous reports about the interaction of magnetic field (MF) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) with the biological systems, separately. In this manuscript, we have investigated the combined effect of CAP with the static magnetic field (SMF) as an effective method for cancer cells treatment. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were cultured and treated with CAP in different input power and different exposure time in the presence and absence of the SMF. Vitamin C is used in medium, and cell viability is investigated in the presence and absence of this antioxidant compound. The MTT assay has been employed to measure cell survival, and then T-test and one-way ANOVA are used to assess the significance level of quantitative data. In order to determine the migration rate of cancer cells, wound healing assay has been carried out. Results show that presence of the SMF and vitamin C as well as increasing the input power has a significant role on the attenuation of the survival and migration rate of the cells. The results of the present investigation will greatly contribute to improve the CAP efficiency in cancer therapy through using the SMF and vitamin C as a complement to conventional CAP therapies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[798] viXra:2308.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-12 23:40:35
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: Pages.
This paper examines the hypothesis that the structure of the nucleus determines that of the atom and its properties and attempts to construct a geometric model of the nucleus that contributes to this hypothesis. The model proposed here suggests that the structure of the nucleus is, in general, an ellipsoid with the nucleons connected by cubic bonds and the nucleus shells correlate with those of the atom. In accordance with the model, a simplified theoretical mass formula was created to compare it with the experimental data; the tests included about 94 nuclei from Argon to Plutonium. The results were in good agreement with the experimental data. In addition a good estimation for the sum of the radii of the proton and neutron was reached. These results strengthen the model assumption and the mass formula.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[797] viXra:2308.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 02:59:57
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 6 Pages.
The process of finding the least common denominator of quarks has yielded four new unique quarks. Taking this process one step further, particles made of these new quarks can be proposed and investigated. If these new particles are just isomers of existing particles, how can we tell if a particle is composed of the well-known quarks or the new quarks?
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[796] viXra:2308.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-03 03:33:01
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 11 Pages.
Fields have an infinite distance of influence and act instantaneously without transit time of a vector boson. Spin creates gravity. Spin creates lepton propagation.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[795] viXra:2307.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-25 20:22:24
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 24 Pages.
Helium-4 nucleus is shown with the six attachment points for added neutrons and four attachment points for added protons, which matches the known isotopes of helium.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[794] viXra:2307.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-20 22:01:45
Authors: David L. Johnson
Comments: 4 Pages.
Paralleling recent advances in the areas of nanoscience, large-scale integrated circuit development and quantum computing, are technologies that allow the manipulation and control of individual atoms and electrons. With the promise of increased miniaturisation, faster parallel computing and register-per-bit-pair capabilities purported by quantum computing, currently multiple technologies are being developed to represent quantum bits (qubits) by the quantum spin of atoms and electrons and the chiral spin of photons. These technologies and the associated research are also providing new insights that may change our understanding of the sub-atomic world and electron orbitals in particular.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[793] viXra:2307.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-18 20:25:35
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 8 Pages.
Fields have an infinite distance of influence and act instantaneously without transit time of a vector boson
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[792] viXra:2307.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-17 23:28:04
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 21 Pages.
The two polarities of light are due to the electron and positron spins that make up the photon.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[791] viXra:2307.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-17 20:23:19
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 12 Pages.
The weak reaction mechanics is initiated by either an incoming electron neutrino//positron neutrino or electron // positron, and results in a proton changing to a neutron or vice versa. The insight from the Two-Slit experiment is required to give the correct state diagram with both matter and antimatter interacting.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[790] viXra:2307.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-15 23:20:22
Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 28 Pages.
Beta decay is a misinterpretation of the beta reaction because antimatter velocity is opposite of cause-effect velocity.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[789] viXra:2307.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-07 05:43:13
Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 5 Pages.
This short paper describes a proposed new laser using magnetic pumping. The idea is simple. A ruby laser may just be embedding a laser ruby rod inside the primary coil of an a/c transformer together with the iron core. According to contemporary electromagnetism, electrical energy is transmitted by a current-carrying conductor through the magnetic field around it. The author's new aether photoelectricity theory offers a different explanation. The energy flow in current-carrying conductors is through aether apulses , single aether electrical wavelet of one wavelength (the equivalent of the photon). The flow of such photons (microwave around 10 μm) within the conductors is the actual physical mechanism of electrical energy transfer by metal conductors. There is no magnetism in photoelectricity theory. The energy currents entering the primary coil of an a/c transformer would "jump the air gap" into the iron core. The iron core (when active) conducts the flow of photons towards the secondary winding. The photons again jump the air gap and enters into the secondary winding giving rise to the energy current flowing across the long distance electrical power lines towards its destination. In the new magnetically pumped ruby laser, the photon flow across the copper windings and the iron core would have some photons entering into the embedded ruby rod. Such photons may be able to activate lasing of the ruby.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[788] viXra:2307.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-06 06:59:14
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 7 Pages.
Although an explanation of electric current in terms of the one-way movement of electrons is widely accepted, and represents a reassuringly simple model, there are several problems when it comes to explaining phenomena such as the Hall Effect, electrical currents within semiconductor circuitry and the generation of electric and magnetic fields by electric currents. This article considers options that might better and more consistently explain these phenomena and overviews some unexpected implications of these options for covalent bond formation and the cause of radioactive decay.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[787] viXra:2307.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-06 18:37:39
Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Pēteris Prūsis
Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures
The study proves that the force of attraction between nucleons in the nucleus is caused by the interaction between electrons and protons, which is about 100 times stronger than the repulsive Coulomb forces between protons. Conceptions of Strong and Weak interaction forces are not necessary because all properties of the nucleus can be explained by electric forces. There are only two fundamental interactions: Electromagnetic and Gravitational.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[786] viXra:2306.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-01 13:36:33
Authors: Stefan Israelsson Tampe
Comments: 13 Pages.
We will in this document assume that a charged particle (electron) is built up by (similar to super string theory in a sense) of constellation of loops that has a very peculiar form of interaction that is as simple as one can possible think of. That this model has a chance of explaining the normal analytical treatment of charges in our macroscopic world is a bit if a challenge to explain. We will assume that there is a limit for how much energy density we can have and they will differ slightly between positive and negative charge meaning in the end an estimated 0.2% difference between particle mass and anti particle mass. We will also show that a stable system consists of two almost similar loops or helical paths that have opposite sign. We will show that the positive and negative charge is constant and the same. We will show how how mass can be calculated and how we can calculate angular momentum which makes it possible to deduce information on this model. We will also be able to conclude why $alpha approx 1/137$ and why this is so and why not exactly $1/137$ and why the specific value is 137. We will show why $hbar$ is a fundamental constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[785] viXra:2305.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-28 14:43:22
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 9 Pages.
The need for some physics thoughts on the concept and definition of charge, particle, and atom is becoming important in modern physics. In textbooks as well as in many scientific publications, authors, deliberately or not, violate those basic concepts and their profound physical meaning, whose ignorance yields erroneous results.The intention of this paper is to update some basic concepts of physics and redefine others, considering the New Atomic Model and the Classical Electromagnetic Theory of Elementary Particles.What is an electric charge?What is a particle?Is charge a particle?What is the real atom?What is matter?How is energy converted into matter?The answers to the above questions are understandably given in the development of this work.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[784] viXra:2305.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-18 09:45:54
Authors: Ajay S., Suvrata P. Hegde
Comments: 24 Pages.
This paper discusses about the quantum energy levels of muonic hydrogen considering onlyCoulomb interaction. The computational analysis in this paper will help the reader get a goodunderstanding of how different a muonic hydrogen is from its electronic counterparts. Energyeigenvalues are calculated by numerical method and the probability density distribution ofmuon around the nucleus is plotted for different quantum states using special functions. Thecode is written in python. A comparative study of emission spectra between the muonichydrogen and hydrogen has also been discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[783] viXra:2304.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-24 20:30:33
Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 22 Pages. Poster Presented at APS April 2023 Meeting
When nuclear structure models were first derived in the 1930s, it was believed that nucleons were elementary particles similar to electrons, so that a nucleus should be analogous to an atom. For this reason, a shell model analogous to atomic orbitals was proposed for the nucleus. But since the 1970s, it has been understood that nucleons are composed of quarks, and are therefore analogous to atoms, so that a nucleus is more analogous to an atomic cluster. With that in mind, a new simple conceptual picture of the nucleus is proposed, which is suitable for instruction to undergraduates. Given the great stability of alpha particles, and the observation of alpha emission from radioactive nuclei, it is natural to propose that a large nucleus is composed primarily of alphas. I suggest a close-packed "crystal" of alphas, with at most one "partial alpha" at the outer surface. Furthermore, given the strong electric potential in the center, the alphas in the center may convert to a "neutron-rich core" providing excess neutrons for large nuclei. One can further approximate such a structure with spherical charge distributions, and derive simple analytical equations for the excess neutrons and the binding energy per nucleon, similar to those observed. Such a simple model may also offer insights into nuclear stability, fission, and other nuclear phenomena.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[782] viXra:2304.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-14 23:52:14
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 10 Pages.
This work is a continuation of 2012.0112, in terms of the construction of carbohydrate compounds, from the main 1701.0488 with the extension 2009.0160.In it, for the first time, a model of the mechanism that performs a set of actions for the translation of Proteins, RNA, DNA and organelles - the "Ribosome" of a living cell, will be built and described. Its cyclic image is shown on pages 5-6.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[781] viXra:2304.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-13 16:30:37
Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 2 Pages. This work, as an intellectual property, is protected by a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Guided by the problem of flat galaxy rotation curves in Cosmology, it is argued that deviations from Coulomb potential might be observed in the microscopic analogues of galaxies which are Rydberg atoms. It is found that such deviations might occur in Rydberg atoms with principal quantum numbers of more than 780.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[780] viXra:2304.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:29:40
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 20 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-1Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[779] viXra:2304.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:34:20
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 27 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-2:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:Two nuclear wave equations are derived for the nucleus of the Aluminum atom:A nuclear wave equation from the shells’ self-oscillations.A nuclear interference wave equation by applying an external wave.Having better knowledge about atomic nucleus dynamics may give us additional information which could be useful for experimental purposes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[778] viXra:2304.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:36:55
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 31 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-3:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes.The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated from a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM).The force originated from a polarized TEM plus a static electric field (see Part-4).The force originated from a signal plus a static electric field (see Part-5).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[777] viXra:2304.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:38:46
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 50 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-4:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:Following the analysis made in Part-3, the second external force is evaluated in this study.The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes.The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated by a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) (see Part-3).The force originated by a polarized TEM plus a static electric field.The force originated by a signal plus a static electric field (see Part-5).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[776] viXra:2304.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:40:44
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 19 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-5:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:Following the analysis made in Part-3, the third remaining external force is evaluated in this study.The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes.The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated by a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) (see Part- 3).The force originated by a polarized TEM plus a static electric field (see Part-4).The force originated from a signal plus a static electric field.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[775] viXra:2304.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-09 15:42:16
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 21 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-6:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:This study summarizes the analysis made from Part-1 to Part-5, with a focus on the means we may use to get gravitational and inertial control of mass, as well as some technical constraints based on our present-time technologies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[774] viXra:2304.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-08 04:22:32
Authors: Simon Edwards
Comments: 2 Pages.
To understand the SRI concept, one needs to first understand MRI. When even non-ferromagnetic compounds such as water are exposed to magnetic pulses of sufficient magnitude, the electron clouds of the affected atoms emit Radio Frequency radiation as a result of a form of spontaneous emission of EM stemming from the electrons orbiting individual atoms briefly but abruptly closing distance i.e. moving into a higher energy state before re-assuming their original energy state. MRI machines employ radio detectors to estimate the point of origin of these spontaneous emission radio waves, which are more intense the greater the density of the detected material. MRI cannot necessarily identify specific chemical compounds and although MRI is capable producing three-dimensional images, the resolution of these images averages about 1 millimeter per pixel; nowhere near atomic resolution.Any influence that can force electrons orbiting an atom to increase their proximity to one another, even without a change in energy state, can result in the spontaneous emission of EM ranging from RF to visible light and beyond. While such a result can be achieved by generating extreme magnetic fields, this is far from the most efficient means. One predicted effect of soliton waves on electron clouds is a phenomenon this author terms "hemispheric parting." Hemispheric parting, in addition to having application for increasing the likelihood of microwave resonances for confectionary applications where fast cooking is desired, may have a secondary effect that is useful in the field of diagnostic imaging."Hemispheric parting" may be defined as the momentary derangement of all electrons in an electron cloud of an atom amounting to the totality of the electrons being pushed into a single hemisphere, resulting in the total absence of electrons in the opposing hemisphere. It is the belief of this author that soliton waves are capable of producing this effect, however briefly. Just as electrons jumping between higher and lower orbits can produce spontaneous EM emissions, hemispheric parting should produce the same effect with far less effort.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[773] viXra:2304.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-04 18:19:42
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 11 Pages.
Like the positron-electron pair production shown in high energy physics, elementary particles can be created and annihilated in phenomena, which means that energy and mass can be exchangeable especially in subatomic physics. However, it should be clear that mass and energy in physics can be converted to each other in some cases but not always equivalent. From the ontological review of the mass-energy equivalence principle in special relativity and the mass defect in nuclear physics with the first principle in 4-D complex space, we can understand how these two distinctive concepts in physics can be interchangeable. Although nuclear force, which makes nucleons, protons and neutrons, bound inside the nucleus, and nuclear interactions, strong and weak interactions, which participate in nuclear fusion and nuclear fission process, have been explained in standard model of particle physics, in which the existence of an intermediate or force-carrying particle (boson) in the interactions has been known for a long time. However, it is not so clear how the intermediate boson makes the interaction possible. For the interactions of subatomic particles, alternatively we can find more agreeable explanation than the one using the intermediate boson in standard model of particle physics. In addition, a brief discussion is followed for the neutrinos in weak interaction and the lifetime of neutron in free space.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[772] viXra:2304.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-02 19:47:04
Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 16 Pages.
Fusion energy has long been considered the holy grail of clean and sustainable power generation. However, the practical realization of fusion energy has been hindered by the challenges associated with plasma confinement and stabilization. In this article, I propose a novel approach to address these issues, combining advanced magnetic confinement techniques with innovative plasma stabilization methods. Our approach aims to significantly improve the efficiency and feasibility of fusion energy, bringing us closer to a sustainable energy future.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[771] viXra:2304.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-02 19:55:16
Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 6 Pages.
Fusion energy, the process of combining light atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei, offers the potential for a clean, safe, and virtually limitless energy source. As the world faces increasing energy demands, climate change, and diminishing fossil fuel reserves, the pursuit of fusion energy has become more critical than ever. This article provides an overview of the current state of fusion energy research, discussing the main approaches to achieving fusion, such as magnetic confinement fusion (tokamaks and stellarators) and inertial confinement fusion (laser-driven and heavy-ion-driven).I highlight the progress made in major experimental facilities, including ITER, National Ignition Facility, Wendelstein 7-X, and Joint European Torus, and outline the key challenges that must be overcome before fusion energy can become a viable and widely-used energy source. Furthermore, I explore future prospects and potential developments in fusion energy research, emphasizing the importance of continued investment, international collaboration, and public-private partnerships in advancing this transformative energy source.The pursuit of fusion energy is crucial for securing a sustainable energy future and combating the adverse effects of climate change, making it a vital area of research for the benefit of humanity.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[770] viXra:2303.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-24 03:33:52
Authors: Yu E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 10 Pages.
Upon the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle, a bivector model of the ground (Gaussian) state of an elementary particle is proposed. A new interpretation of the observed physical value is proposed. It is shown that taking into account the relativistic mass leads to the appearance of an additional (angu-lar) moment of momentum for particles in the ground state. The bad values of the magnetic moments of the proton and electron were calculated, and an acceptable fit to the observed data was reached. The alternative approach is proposed to determine the interconnections of a spin, angular and total mo-ments of an elementary particle.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[769] viXra:2303.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-19 02:27:40
Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 15 Pages.
In this paper the universal model of fundamental interactions (fundamental Nature forces), which was developed in 2007-2023 in framework of the whole informational physical model that is based on the main postulate that everything in Matter exists, happens, interacts, and moves as some specific disturbances in Matter’s ultimate base — the [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of the [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE]; including particles are specific disturbances — close-loop algorithms that cyclically run basing on the FLE "hardware", which was applied at developing of the 2007 initial models of Gravity and Electric forces, is applied here at developing of the initial model of Nuclear Force. It is shown, that in the case, when the particles, including the nucleons in nuclei, interact on some distances, the action of Nuclear Force is seems practically complete analog of action of Gravity and Electric forces, i.e. the Nuclear Force mediators, "circular mesons", are in the main traits analogs of Gravity and Electric forces mediators "circular gravitons/photons", also are propagating in the lattice as specific disturbances that are initiated by specific parts of particles’ algorithms’ FLEs "Forces charges", and which, in contrast to particles, at propagating in the lattice, don’t carry energy, while carry the standard and universal for all Forces elementary momentums p=h-bar/r, r is distance between particles, which is transmitted to other particles, where, in contrast to the mediation of Forces in standard physical theories, all mediators are completely real, and by no means "virtual", structures in Matter. The developed model is in accordance with existent nuclear physics experimental data.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[768] viXra:2303.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-18 03:43:07
Authors: Helmut Christian Schmidt
Comments: 16 Pages. Section 1.6 is the linchpin that the calculations are correct not just by chance and wants to ensure this in advance.
By restricting k to rational numbers, the Schrödinger wave equation Ψ = Ae-i/ℏ(Et+mrdr/dt) = Ae-i π k can be converted into a polynomial with the base π. Ultimately, this leads to the action S for each object:
SObject =(2π)4 Et + (2π)3 Er it + (2π)2 Eφ it-1 + (2π)Eθ it-2
t in Z If 2 objects and an observer have a common center of gravity, the energies can be related and calculated using a single polynomial. The integer quantum numbers Et, Er, Eφ and Eθ ensure cohesion and lead to the four fundamental natural forces. Our worldview, with 3 isotropic dimensions x, y and z and rotations with 2π must be distinguished from this. The polynomials are transformed by simple operators (addition) for parity, time and charge. The 3 spatial dimensions result from regularly recurring parity operators. Numerous calculations are given for the orbits in the solar system and for the masses of the elementary particles, e.g.:
mneutron / me =(2π)4 +(2π)3+(2π)2-(2π)1-(2π)0-(2π)-1+2(2π)-2+2(2π)-4-2(2π)-6 +6(2π)-8=1838.6836611
The charge operator for all particles is:
C = - π + 2π-1 - π-3 + 2π-5 - π-7 + π-9 - π-12
Together with the neutron mass, the result for the proton is:
mproton=mneutron + C me= 1836.15267363 me
The probabilities for the correct representation of the neutron and proton mass have been calculated and are greater than 0.99997. The muon and tauon masses can be calculated in the same way.
Fine structure constant:
1/α = π4+π3+π2-1- π-1 + π-2-π-3 + π-7 - π-9- 2π-10-2π-11-2π-12
For an observer and two objects, from the torque and angular momentum alone, a common constant of h, G, and c can be derived, giving a ratio of meters and seconds:
h G c5 s8 /m10 Math.sqrt( π4- π2- π-1- π-3 ) = 1.00000
How fast the surface of a body moves relative to its radius is determined purely by the smallest possible ratio of its rational coordinates.
2π c(α) meter orbital period = Math.sqrt(diameter)
2π c meter day = (Earth's diameter)2
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[767] viXra:2303.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-14 03:13:29
Authors: Oliver R. Jovanovic
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this paper I will try to demonstrate that nuclear force is electromagnetic in its origin and nature. I will model it solely as an electromagnetic interaction of neighboring quarks.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[766] viXra:2302.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-16 02:49:00
Authors: V. A. Kizka
Comments: 7 Pages. 4 Figures.
The possibility of making precious stones from radioactive waste is being considered. Vitrified and cemented radioactive waste (RW) is considered as an artificial rock belonging to aluminosilicates and calcites. Two methods are proposed for the manufacture of radioactive gemstones from RW and their subsequent storage with the possibility of sale, resale, inheritance, and so on. That is, RW is considered as real estate in which capital can be invested. After decontamination in hundreds and thousands of years, it will be of scientific, historical, jewelry interest.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[765] viXra:2302.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-15 02:06:05
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 3 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)
Up and down quarks are assumed to be elementary (or fundamental) particles although there is no scientific evidence confirming this interpretation. However, there is indirect evidence in the form of the colour change of quarks and the creation of muons by cosmic radiation, and their subsequent decay, that together suggest that quarks are more likely to be composite particles. As well as discussing such indirect evidence, several preon-based approaches that model up/down quarks as composite particles are reviewed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[764] viXra:2301.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-28 03:18:18
Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 31 Pages. an invited review paper, https://www.wanpengtan.com/smm/
This paper reviews the puzzles in modern neutron lifetime measurements and related unitarity issues in the CKM matrix. It is not a comprehensive and unbiased compilation of all historic data and studies, but rather a focus on compelling evidence leading to new physics. In particular, the largely overlooked nuances of different techniques applied in material and magnetic trap experiments are clarified. Further detailed analysis shows that the ``beam'' approach of neutron lifetime measurements is likely to give the ``true'' $beta$-decay lifetime, while discrepancies in ``bottle'' measurements indicate new physics at play. The most feasible solution to these puzzles is a newly proposed ordinary-mirror neutron ($n-n'$) oscillation model under the framework of mirror matter theory. This phenomenological model is reviewed and introduced, and its explanations of the neutron lifetime anomaly and possible non-unitarity of the CKM matrix are presented. Most importantly, various new experimental proposals, especially lifetime measurements with smallslash narrow magnetic traps or under super-strong magnetic fields, are discussed in order to test the surprisingly large anomalous signals that are uniquely predicted by this new $n-n'$ oscillation model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[763] viXra:2301.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-19 01:54:26
Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 24 Pages.
Here is a simple explanation of the shape of an atom. Not so simple, but as simple as onecan.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[762] viXra:2301.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-16 20:55:18
Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 6 Pages.
"Anti-matter" is one of the contradictions in Basic Physics. In this paper, the mathematical and theoretical contradictions for anti-matter are explored. The conclusion is that there is no mathematical rationale for anti-matter. For particles in the applied energy field of a particle collider, movement will be dependent on the Rotational Energy Field or "spin" of the particle, not on the fictional "charge". The conclusion is that the behavior of different particles is not dependent on fictional "anti-matter".
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[761] viXra:2301.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-10 20:37:02
Authors: Jozsef Garai
Comments: 10 Pages.
The stability of an electron is affected by electrostatic self-repulsion of the charge, attraction of opposite charge/s, Casimir effect, kinetic, and zero-point energies. Investigating the energy balance of these affects it can be shown that the point charge electron loses its stability at the Bohr`s radius and forms a static surface charge around the proton. First principle calculations also show that for individual atoms the formed surface charge around the nucleus is stable as long as the absorbed destabilizing energies are below the one-dimensional Casimir energy. Thus in neutral atoms the Casimir effect stabilizes the surface charge electron shell. For individual atoms the Casimir effect is active on the entire surface area of the electron shell. In this case the one-dimensional Casimir energy should be equivalent with the ionization energy. If the neighboring atoms shielding the Casimir effect then the energy required removing an electron should be reduced in proportion to the active surface area of the atom. On the surface of a metal about half of the atomic surface is shielded by the neighboring atoms. Thus the energy requiring removing an electron should be half of the ionization energy. In the bulk of the metal, where the Casimir effect is completely shielded by the neighboring atoms, the electron shell should be unstable. These predictions are consistent with experiments, since the ionization energy is the same as the one-dimensional Casimir energy, the measured energies of the work function are about half of the ionization energy, and the band gaps of metals are zero.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[760] viXra:2301.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-03 00:08:07
Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 10 Pages.
In earlier papers, the fundamental principles of Physics have been reviewed in the analysis of the results of basic experiments on Atomic Spectra and Potential Energy Fields (presently called magnetic and electro-magnetic fields). In all analyses, there has been no need for the concept of "charge". The movement and behavior of electrons can be explained totally in terms of Potential Energy, Potential Gradient and Potential Energy Fields. The conclusion is that "charge" is a fictitious creation.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[759] viXra:2212.0221 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-31 21:23:39
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 10 Pages.
With the latest hyped "breakthrough" in controllednuclear fusion reaction, it is predicted by those whohave a financial interest in such research that wecould fairly soon enjoy clean, abundant electricityin unlimited quantities. Will this fusion technologyhelp solve our biosphere’s dual "population" and"heat pollution" crises soon enough to make a realdifference? Or will today’s techno-hype yield moreconfusion over humanity’s prospects for survival?
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[758] viXra:2212.0217 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-31 00:54:02
Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 8 Pages.
The quark field unifies the four interactions of the Standard Model.SU(2)-Nuclear Physics as an analog of U(1)-chemistry, is related to discrete symmetry groups, corresponding to quark flavors, and supporting Dr. Moon's Model of the nucleus. Reinterpreting Weak Force as modeling transitions of Klein geometries of baryons via Quark Lines Diagrams, in particle accelerators experiments and Nuclear Physics is attempted.Nuclear Force is a resultant of exchange of mesons as two-ways quark ``bonds'' between nucleons, similar to electronic bonds in chemistry.An effective potential has terms corresponding to Coulomb force, Gravity and Nuclear Force, with applications to Gravity Control and Cold Fusion / Biological Transmutations.Further considerations regarding supersymmetry and the Network Model of Quantum Physics, are included.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[757] viXra:2212.0166 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-21 10:17:55
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 30 Pages, 10 Figures 10 Tables
The symmetry based architectural model of the nucleus explains the characteristics of the nuclides such as their nucleosyntheses, the radioactive emission phenomena, fission and fusion reactions without much involvement of intricate mathematics. Invoking the concept of d- quarks from Quantum Chromo Dynamics the structure, properties and binding energy of α-particle and those of low mass number nuclides could easily be derived. This is now being extended to heavy nuclides to reveal some of their characteristic phenomena regarding the dimension of nuclear shells, their non-uniform densities and the absence of mean free path among the nucleons. This model seems to be entirely different from the commonly adopted nuclear models. The description of the nuclear arrangement in architectural polyhedral model for all the elements starting from 4He to 238U shows perfect match between the capacity of the polyhedron and the number of d-quarks available. This concept is further applied to discuss the unique feature of most tightly bound "iron group of elements", comparison of the emission process of the radioactive disintegration products in different radioactive series and the properties of transactinide.On the basis of the number of quarks involved, the binding energies of the possible isotopes of elements up to the transactinide are calculated. A few simple empirical formulae are proposed for the theoretical calculation of binding energies of the nuclides by evading several complex terms used in the classical Weizsäcker "mass formula". The closeness of the results with the experimental mass spectral binding energies has been established by comparison with nuclides taken at random from the entire range of known elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[756] viXra:2212.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-19 18:19:57
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 7 Pages. 1 figure.
Hartree atomic units or atomic units (au) are defined to be ћ=e=a0=me=1, and is supposed to be the scientific or natural units. In this paper, we redefine the atomic units to be ћau=eau=a0/au=1, me/au=1+1/cau4, me+/au=1-1/cau4, ћau=hau/(2π)au=1 and hau=(2π)au=6.28, in which cau is the speed of light in vacuum in atomic units and cau=137.035999074626. The new redefined atomic units could be called Hartree-Chen atomic unites and would be the real scientific or natural units especially in the sub-atomic world. In this new atomic units, the value of the Planck constant is demonstrated to be exactly 6.28. With the new atomic units, the frequencies of the original light and the subsequent light of the universe are calculated and hence a picture of creation and composition of the universe is depicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[755] viXra:2212.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-13 02:28:29
Authors: Lubomir Vlcek
Comments: 22 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin)
In this article, calculations consistent with experiment are made.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[754] viXra:2212.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-09 22:12:30
Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 13 Pages.
Just as DNA is the blueprint for the living world, so the Atomic Emission Spectra may be the blueprint for the atom, and the physical universe. In this paper, the published data on Atomic Emission Spectra is analyzed, from first principles. The pattern of spectral energy levels - when electrons fall into the atom - resembles that for a "multi-layered cluster" of electrons in a Potential Energy Well. It contradicts Bohr’s atomic model of positive & negative "charges" and fixed electron orbits. This alternative conjecture is that electrons have no charge and simply fill the three-dimensional atomic Potential Energy Well around the protons in the nucleus. The analysis suggests that electrons are much larger than predicted by other present-day conjectures.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[753] viXra:2212.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-07 10:24:12
Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 12 Pages.
The oscillation symmetry is applied with success to the decay mode fractions of several meson and baryons. The found periods display a "like quantification" behaviour.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[752] viXra:2212.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-05 02:15:29
Authors: Midorisuke Saemonsaburo
Comments: 1 Page.
A hypothesis about mineral traveling wave reactors and a hypothesis about mineral fusion bombs.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[751] viXra:2212.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2022-12-05 02:43:02
Authors: V. A. Kizka
Comments: 8 Pages. Improved arXiv:1508.03196 [nucl-th]
The article considers a way to compare large bulks of experimental data with theoretical calculations, in which the quality of theoretical models is clearly demonstrated graphically. Published theoretical data of the three-fluid dynamic model (3FD) applied to the experimental data from heavy-ion collisions at the energy range sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.7 - 63 GeV are used as example of application of the developed methodology. When analyzing the results, the quantum nature of the fireball, created at heavy ion collisions, was taken into account.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[750] viXra:2211.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2022-11-18 14:11:18
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 18 Pages.
Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we show that the size of the EMC effect per nucleon in different nuclei depends on a mean of local inertias for the nuclei and that the generalized EMC effect concerns the virtual nuclear field in nucleons. We described also the shadowing region, the dip, and the two plateaux. We predict that for nuclei at least such heavy as iron, there should be a point/strong-signal for the Bjorken x = 3.2 and the EMC ratio 4.8. We show that the dependence of nuclear binding energy on mass-number is a result of modification of the virtual nuclear weak field and that the proton magnetic and electric polarizability radii play the key role.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[749] viXra:2210.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-30 01:25:32
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repeated submission and cancellation of the same article)
In our previous paper, we gave the synthetic routes to the 119-128th elements. In this paper, we give the synthetic routes to the 136-138th, 141th, 146th, 157th and 173th Elements. The 137th element could be called the Feynman end of the elements, and 173th element could be called the Dirac end of the elements, so the aim of this work is to explore the frontier of the elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[748] viXra:2209.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2022-09-30 13:00:21
Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 4 Pages.
Some fundamental physical constants such as the gyromagnetic factor of the electron or its charge need to be marginally revisited considering the altered relativistic correction determined by the Information Relativity theory (IRT) of Suleiman. As a new important natural number the fifth power of the golden mean is introduced. Also a conjecture is given connecting Sommerfeld’s structure constant α with the galactic velocity ßg. This primer will be constantly renewed and extended as the acceptance by the physical community progresses
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[747] viXra:2209.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2022-09-20 00:01:51
Authors: Johannes Maria Frank
Comments: 8 Pages.
A mathematical proof is presented showing that the contemporary, widely accepted model of theatom must be false. In particular, the charge distribution of separated charges violates Gauss’slaw. It is further shown, that quantum mechanics cannot be used as an excuse for this impossibleobject to exist. Then a major flaw in the Rutherford gold foil experiment is discussed. Finally, theconclusion is drawn, that there cannot be an atomic nucleus and that the charges and thus the massmust be somehow more equally distributed across the volume of the atom.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[746] viXra:2209.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2022-09-13 19:20:48
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 22 Pages.
Laws and principles in physics, each of them should have a fundamental reason why and how it works. Through reviewing the reason in ontological point of view, we can find that the singularity of black hole doesn’t exist and the black hole itself is not the end of a star’s life because it will be blown up eventually. Also, it is interpreted that the Pauli exclusion principle is originated in the spin-spin magnetic interaction of elementary particles such as proton, neutron, electron, etc., those of which are known as fermions. With the interpretation for the exclusion principle and a classical model of proton and neutron, we can explain how the nuclear force arises inside the nucleus, why it is in such short range and attractive, and some properties of nuclear force, which is nothing but a special case of electromagnetic interaction. In the same line of thought, new nuclear model is suggested, which is compatible to both liquid drop model and shell model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[745] viXra:2209.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2022-09-06 22:25:07
Authors: Jürg A. Wyttenbach
Comments: 21 Pages.
We here will discuss basic physics = "physics of particles that form the universe". Particles are the source of fields and carry some invariant, constant properties (like charge, mass) that are used to define physics. Unluckily the current so called "standard model" (SM) left the path of classical modeling and did introduce fields that have no real = physical counterparts. E.g. the so called 4-potential has no real source among particles as the two (E/B)field generators have no common point in space and e.g. the E-field of the proton is not linear in the near field. An other problem is the term mass, that shows a totally different behavior in macroscopic use compared to particle level use. We will explain why E=mc2 breaks down when e.g. the relativistic Dirac equation is used for describing proton proton interactions. There also exist quite a large number of experiments that debunk central "claims" made by SM. So does in general e+/e- annihilation not lead to two 511keV photons. The normal case are 3 photons, what fundamentally contradicts the symmetric wave modeling. Also nobody so far could measure a so called strong force that is different from the magnetic force...At the end of the paper you should understand why SM is not a basic physics model and cannot be used to model particle internals.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[744] viXra:2209.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2022-09-05 11:10:37
Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 16 Pages.
Several theoretical results of meson and baryon masses are compared to experimen-tal data using the Oscillation Symmetry method. This method allows to comparethe calculated masses to the experimantal ones, whereas these last are clearly less
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[743] viXra:2208.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2022-08-16 00:25:39
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 12 Pages.
This work is a continuation of 1701.0488 with an extension of 2009.0160. It shows how and where Stars and Galaxies are formed - on the example of the Sn type, and the resulting structural forms reflect their properties.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[742] viXra:2208.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2022-08-08 08:05:15
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 24 Pages, 7 Figures, 3 Tables
The characteristics of α-particle is enigmatic in that its formation, configuration, role in nucleosyntheses, stability, compactness, having smallest radius among all poly-nucleon nuclides, highest value of core density, exhibition of different values of half-lives in decay process could not be unified through a suitable explanatory concept. The α- cluster model which is frequently used as an active non-mathematical tool for nucleosyntheses suffers from inconsistency in its applicability.In the present communication all of the above mentioned peculiarities of α-particle have been interpreted in term of the Quantum Chromo Dynamical (QCD) standard model of particle physics using d-quarks as the ultimate binding force. In addition, the formation and properties of nucleons of low mass number has been explained. The binding energy of the isotopes of low mass number nuclides is mainly contributed by the d-quarks involved in the formation of the nuclides. The reluctance of α-particle towards any type of combination goes against the idea of α- cluster model.The mechanism of radioactive decay of α-particles and the possibility of occurrence of half-life periods of isotopes with all types of values from very high to extremely low have been considered. It is possible that both kinetic and mechanical forces are involved in the decay process.It may be inferred that the nuclear architecture is built out of p — n pairs as bricks and the binding energy is derived mainly from d-quarks acting as cement.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[330] viXra:2510.0097 [pdf] replaced on 2025-11-10 01:42:52
Authors: Xianzhong Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper proposes a novel neutron composite model, describing the neutron as a two-level bound state composed of a proton (p), an electron (eu207b), and a sterile antineutrino ��̄ ��) through electromagnetic and magnetic moment interactions. The core mechanism lies in the orbital instability caused by magnetic moment perturbations within the Wu207b bound state (eu207b-��̄ ��), which drives βu207b decay. By introducing quantization conditions for orbital angular momentum, a closed self-consistent system of equations is constructed and solved. For the first time, this theory directly derives key internal parameters of the neutron from first principles, including its radius (~1.28 fm) and the orbital velocity of the Wu207b bound state (~0.115c). It also predicts the magnetic moment of the sterile antineutrino (3.64×10u207b¹u2070����) and its relativistic velocity within the bound state (0.54c)[1]. Based on this framework, the neutron lifetime is naturally predicted as 878.4 seconds, with a deviation of only -0.20% compared to the experimental value (880.2±1.0 seconds)[2]. Furthermore, the probabilistic nature of decay (half-life) is attributed to quantum tunneling effects at the critical point of orbital instability, unifying the dynamical process of decay with quantum statistical outcomes within a single theoretical framework.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[329] viXra:2508.0164 [pdf] replaced on 2026-01-22 00:18:39
Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 51 Pages.
We propose a comprehensive geometric and algebraic framework that unifies the empirical Koide mass formula with a recursive pentagram structure governed by the golden ratio φ. Within this framework, five Koide triplets—corresponding to charged leptons, neutrinos, up-type quarks, down-type quarks, and a conjectured composite sector—are embedded into the self-similar isosceles triangles of a fractal pentagram. This construction reveals a hierarchical φ-scaling symmetry that systematically organizes particle masses across the Standard Model spectrum. The embedding is formalized through the dimensionless Pellis Function, which generates recursive φ-based relations linking mass ratios, fractal structures, and fine-structure patterns. These results indicate that the Koide relation is not an isolated numerical coincidence, but rather a manifestation of a deeper φ-governed fractal symmetry, offering new insights into mass generation, potential unification beyond the Standard Model, and the underlying mathematical structure of nature. We further introduce the Golden Pentagon of Masses, a novel framework that formalizes the embedding of Koide triplets into the fractal pentagram. Each triplet is assigned to a hierarchical recursion level, revealing systematic φ-scaling across fermion sectors. This construction provides a geometric and algebraic unification of mass hierarchies, where the Pellis Function generates recursive relations connecting mass ratios, fractal geometry, and fundamental constants. In addition, we present the Higgs—Pellis Coupling Fractal Matrix (HPFM), a universal framework for the Yukawa sector of the Standard Model. In this approach, fermion masses emerge from a self-similar, fractal matrix governed by powers of φ. This structure naturally reproduces hierarchical mass patterns, Koide-like relations, and fractal textures within the Higgs sector. The HPFM framework is universally applicable to quarks, leptons, and neutrinos and can be extended to seesaw mechanisms and beyond-Standard-Model scenarios. Finally, we demonstrate that the inverse fine-structure constant arises from the evaluation of the Pellis Function at the golden ratio φ, suggesting a unified fractal origin for fundamental physical constants. Together, these results provide a cohesive visual and algebraic unification of mass structures in the Standard Model and beyond, highlighting the interplay between geometry, number theory, and fundamental physics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[328] viXra:2508.0036 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-22 14:23:09
Authors: Stephen L. Metschan
Comments: 15 Pages. Added additional references
More than a century ago, physicists discovered that mass is concentrated in a small, dense region at the center of atoms. However, the electrostatic repulsion between the positive particles of the atomic nucleus should break it apart. To solve this dichotomy, a stronger attractive force was proposed. Since then, decades of experimentation have gradually expanded our understanding of nuclear physics and revealed further mysteries. Despite this progress, a theory for the strong force using established physical laws consistent with these observations has yet to emerge. A mistaken consensus regarding nucleon composition during a crucial stage in the early development of particle physics could be the cause. This paper outlines how an alternate nucleon composition provides the geometric framework necessary for existing physical laws to accurately predict the strong force and other phenomena consistent with experimental results.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[327] viXra:2507.0122 [pdf] replaced on 2025-07-19 22:38:32
Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 5 Pages.
An article by Alexander Unzicker "The Neutron Coincidence" in Nuclear and Atomic Physics (viXra:2411.0178) intrigued me enough to examine it more thoroughly. Here we investigate the possibility that the neutron is a two-particle e/P system in a classical orbit. N.I.S.T. (codata 2022) numbers are used to obtain u2026 the electron and proton velocities, radii, Lorentz masses and the centrifugal and electrostatic forces involved. We offer a precise reason for the neutron’s measured mass derived from the standard constants.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[326] viXra:2507.0065 [pdf] replaced on 2025-11-24 08:20:10
Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: Pages.
Relativistic quantum mechanics fails to provide an explanation for the Lamb shift. It is proposed that a point-like magnetic monopole associated with the proton interacts with the magnetic dipole moment of the electron, causing Zeeman energy shifts of the nS1/2 levels. If the 1S1/2—2S1/2 transition in atomic hydrogen, defined as the 15-digit frequency 2466061413.18701 MHz, is taken as a reference, the model predicts 2922743278.66971 MHz for the 1S1/2—3S1/2 transition, and 770649350.46333 MHz for the 2S1/2—8S1/2 interval without the application of the constants me, h, or c defined by CODATA.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[325] viXra:2505.0208 [pdf] replaced on 2025-06-06 01:16:19
Authors: Alfonso De Miguel bueno
Comments: 25 Pages.
We introduce a geometric-topological field model where nucleons, leptons, and bosons emerge as curvature configurations of two intersecting base fields. The system alternates between symmetric (bosonic) and antisymmetric (fermionic) phases, generating four curved subfields that reproduce the charge, mass, and spin structure of known particles. All physical observables are derived from a single velocity ratio, r = c'/c = 0.931, calibrated from the proton-Higgs resonance. This single parameter yields:proton mass, magnetic moment, and effective charge radius as curvature scales;neutron, electron, and neutrino masses via internal decompression ratios;the fine-structure constant α as a geometric inclination (α = arctan(X/Y));Planck's constant as topological curvature action;quark radii from curvature-mass relations matching experimental mass hierarchies;W and Z boson masses as curvature inversions in the symmetric state.All computed values match experimental data within sub-percent precision. Mass, charge, and spin arise directly from curvature compression, decompression, and internal phase shifts, without perturbative QCD, Higgs couplings, or hidden parameters. A global 3π phase lag governs the internal resonance, connecting electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces under a unified geometric mechanism.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[324] viXra:2504.0156 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-22 08:02:42
Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 15 Pages.
Au13 clusters are considered as elementary building units for the formation of bigger gold nanocrystals. Two concepts for a 13-atom gold cluster have been worked out in order to compensate the mismatch between atomic radius of Au and circumsphere diameter of the icosahedron as limiting atomic distance. The first concept deals with small deviations of the outer shell gold atoms of the icosahedral nanocluster from spherical atomic shape by maintaining the size. The second one proposed a different size of shell atoms in contrast to the central atom. This concept is supported by the recently published experimental evidence for the existence of a body-centered cubic structure of gold at high pressure besides the face-centered one. The density of the gold nanocluster is found to be a little bit smaller than the density of face-centered cubic gold. The elementary icosahedral Au13 cluster may be considered as mediator between BCC and FCC structure. An open question is whether Au13 clusters are present in dense packing structures of molten gold. Applications of Au13 gold clusters are considered.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[323] viXra:2504.0130 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-21 20:06:08
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted!)
In our previous papers, we gave the formulas of the fine-structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units based on 2π-e formula and the natural end of the elements, i.e., the 112th element Cn*, which was determined according to our previous theories. In this paper, based on the nuclide of 137Ba with the proton number of 56, the neutron number of 81 and the total nucleon number of 137, we construct new formulas of the fine-structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units in terms of 137=56+81 in which 56 is the most stable number in atomic nucleus according to our theories. By the way we also give these formulas based on 224Fr*.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[322] viXra:2503.0172 [pdf] replaced on 2025-04-04 14:44:23
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 8 Pages.
In our previous papers, we gave the formulas of the fine-structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units based on 2π-e formula and the natural end of the elements determined by us, i.e., the 112th element Cn*. In this paper, based on these formulas and the two approximate rates of π which are 22/7 and 335/113, we deduce new formulas of the fine-structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units. This is also to answer Richard Feynman’s question whether the fine-structure constant is related to π. Besides our previous formulas and explainations, our new additional answer is that it is also amazingly related to the approximate rates 77/2 and 335/113 which were proposed by the ancient Greek and Chinese mathematicians Archimedes (BC 287-212) and Chongzhi Zu (AD 429-500).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[321] viXra:2501.0095 [pdf] replaced on 2025-03-06 20:53:36
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 19 Pages. In Chinese (Note by viXra Admin: Frequent and/or repeated replacement submissions will not be accepted)
The accurate measurements of the frequency of the nuclear energy level transition of 229Th base state to excited state 229mTh (the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition for short) is critical to realize nuclear clocks. On 04 December 2024 Prof. Jun Ye’s laboratory reported the most accurate measured value for this frequency, i.e., 2.020407384335(2)×1015 Hz, with 12 precise digits, and gave its ratio with the frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock, i.e., 4.707072615078(5). In this paper, we construct reasonable formulas, and calculate out the reciprocal of the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition in atomic units, the reciprocal of the frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock in atomic units and the ratio between them, which are 20.461899741458143308, 96.315647925496289349 and 4.7070726150783448253 respectively. As the most accurate measured frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock is 429228004229872.99(8) Hz, we calculate out the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition which is 2020407384335167.11(38) Hz, with 15 precise digits. We also calculate out the more precise values of the atomic unit of time, which is 2.41888432658653284(45)×10-17 s, and hence calculate out more precise Rydberg constant, Hartree energy, Bohr radius, classical electron radius and electron mass.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[320] viXra:2501.0095 [pdf] replaced on 2025-02-01 21:27:52
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 16 Pages. In Chinese (Note by viXra Admin: Frequent and/or repeated replacement submissions will not be accepted)
The accurate measurements of the frequency of the nuclear energy level transition of 229Th base state to excited state 229mTh (the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition for short) is critical to realize nuclear clocks. On 04 December 2024 Prof. Jun Ye’s laboratory reported the most accurate measured value for this frequency, i.e., 2.020407384335(2)×1015 Hz, with 12 precise digits, and gave its ratio with the frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock, i.e., 4.707072615078(5). In this paper, we construct reasonable formulas, and calculate out the reciprocal of the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition in atomic units, the reciprocal of the frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock in atomic units and the ratio between them, which are 20.461899741458143308, 96.315647925496289349 and 4.7070726150783448253 respectively. As the most accurate measured frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock is 429228004229872.99(8) Hz, we calculate out the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition which is 2020407384335167.11(38) Hz, with 15 precise digits. We also calculate out the more precise values of the atomic unit of time, which is 2.41888432658653282(45)×10-17 s, and hence calculate out more precise Rydberg constant, Hartree energy, Bohr radius, classical electron radius and electron mass.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[319] viXra:2501.0095 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-21 00:25:58
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 15 Pages. In Chinese.
The accurate measurements of the frequency of the nuclear energy level transition of 229Th base state to excited state 229mTh (the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition for short) is critical to realize nuclear clocks. On 04 December 2024 Prof. Jun Ye’s laboratory reported the most accurate measured value for this frequency, i.e., 2.020407384335(2)×1015 Hz, with 12 precise digits, and gave its ratio with the frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock, i.e., 4.707072615078(5). In this paper, we construct reasonable formulas, and calculate out the reciprocal of the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition in atomic units, the reciprocal of the frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock in atomic units and the ratio between them, which are 20.461899741458143308, 96.315647925496289349 and 4.7070726150783448253 respectively. As the most accurate measured frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock is 429228004229873.19(15) Hz, we calculate out the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition which is 2020407384335168.05(0.71) Hz, with 15 precise digits. We also calculate out the more precise values of the atomic unit of time, which is 2.41888432658653170(85)×10-17 s, and hence calculate out more precise Rydberg constant, Hartree energy, Bohr radius, classical electron radius and electron mass.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[318] viXra:2411.0178 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-30 11:23:35
Authors: Alexander Unzicker
Comments: 2 Pages. typos (eqn.6) corrected
A previously unknown relationship involving the masses of the neutron, proton, and electron is reported. Expressed simply, it states m_n/m_e = 2 Pi/ alpha (gamma - 1/gamma), where gamma is defined as (m_n - m_p)/m_e, and alpha = e^2/(2hc eps0) represents the fine structure constant. The accuracy of this approximation is 2.0 *10^-4, which is outside the experimental error of 4.0 *10^-6. Additionally, the coincidence gamma = log(4 Pi) holds, with an even closer match of 2.0 *10^-5, yet still outside the experimental precision of 10^-6.It is not claimed that these coincidences have a physical meaning.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[317] viXra:2411.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-04 20:22:37
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 23 Pages. 7 Figures, in Chinese.
This paper is a brief review of our previous relevant papers, it is narrated mainly from points of view of the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and the 126th elements. Firstly we review the theories we constructed previously including the four principles of the theory of chirality, the chirality model of atomic nucleus and the periodic table of nuclides, the new circular periodic table of elements and the integrated periodic table of elements, the formulas of the fine structure constant and the formulas of the speed of light in atomic units as well as the formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muon and tauon, then we mainly give the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and the 126th elements including some new synthetic routes. Specifically, we regard that the 120th element has neutron number of 180 and the total nucleon number of 300 and the 126th element has neutron number of 188 and the total nucleon number of 314, regard they are relatively stable and most worthwhile and likely to be synthesized, and the 126th element is more important.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[316] viXra:2411.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-07 20:37:16
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 22 Pages. 7 Figures, in Chinese.
This paper is a brief review of our previous relevant papers, it is narrated mainly from points of view of the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and the 126th elements. Firstly we review the theories we constructed previously including the four principles of the theory of chirality, the chirality model of atomic nucleus and the periodic table of nuclides, the new circular periodic table of elements and the integrated periodic table of elements, the formulas of the fine structure constant and the formulas of the speed of light in atomic units as well as the formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muon and tauon, then we mainly give the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and the 126th elements including some new synthetic routes. Specifically, we regard that the 120th element has neutron number of 180 and the total nucleon number of 300 and the 126th element has neutron number of 188 and the total nucleon number of 314, regard they are relatively stable and most worthwhile and likely to be synthesized, and the 126th element is more important.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[315] viXra:2409.0097 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-26 12:09:59
Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 54 Pages.
This article is the seventh part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of signature" [1,2,3,4,5,6]. In this article, the metric-dynamic model of two simplest mutually opposite stable spherical vacuum formations is considered - "electron" and "positron". These stable vacuum formations are an integral part of the hierarchical cosmological model proposed in the previous article [6]. The methods of geometrized vacuum physics and the mathematical apparatus of the Algebra of Signature used in this article to study the metric-dynamic model of "electron" and "positron" are suitable for studying all other more complex stable vacuum formations of the same scale: "quarks", "nucleons", "mesons", "atoms" and "molecules", etc., as well as all stable vacuum formations of any scale, for example, "planets", "stars" and "galaxies". This article examines issues related to deformations and accelerated flows of various vacuum layers inside the "electron" and "positron". Paths for the de-velopment of geometrized vacuum electrostatics are outlined. Some aspects of the "electron"-"photon", "electron"-"positron" and "electron"-"electron" interactions are considered. The "electron" and "positron" are infinitely com-plex vacuum formations, but the algorithms and mathematical techniques of the Algebra of signature proposed in the article can allow permanently pushing back darkness into the abyss of the unknown, gradually transforming transcendence into immanence.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[314] viXra:2409.0070 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-27 03:21:30
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 29 Pages. Discussion electron radius and g-factor added
The electron represents one of the most exciting and important particles in atomic science. Electrons are very small and mobile fundamental (or elementary) particles that engage in orbitals around atomic nuclei, or can move as an electric current through a conductor, or can spectacularly jump en masse through dielectric material in the form of lightning or an electric arc. They are also important in atomic bonding and chemical reactions. Electric current is usually understood to be caused by the movement of electrons, but electric charge carriers aren't always electrons, and they aren't always negative. In animals (including humans), electric charge carriers are primarily sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions, which are all positively charged, and when a nerve passes an electric signal, it consists of positive charge movement. For semiconductors, electric current cannot be fully explained simply in terms of the movement of electrons (the negative charge carrier), and a positive charge carrier is required.With like-charges repelling and opposite-charges attracting, we treat negative electric charge as being distinctly different to positive electric charge, or at least that the electric fields associated with each type of charge to be different. This paper considers what electric charge and associated electric fields might consist of, and attempts to explain the reasons why the positive and negative fields of electric charges interact with each other as they do.In terms of like-pole repulsion and opposite pole attraction, magnetic fields are quite similar to electric fields, and are inter-related as implicit in the term ‘electromagnetic’. This paper looks at several models for the electron and its role in electric currents, and explores the nature of and differences between electric and magnetic fields with reference to the STEM electron model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[313] viXra:2408.0083 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-15 20:43:20
Authors: Koichiro Kanno
Comments: Pages.
This paper examines the effectiveness of using sub-character tokenization for Japanese language processing by utilizing the ALBERT [1] model. I focused on radical and element-based sub-character tokenization and compared the results with traditional character-based tokenization. The evaluation was conducted on a dataset derived from the Japanese novel "Botchan," containing 500 sentences. The results indicate that sub-character tokenization significantly improves the model's perplexity, especially when using radical and element-based approaches.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[312] viXra:2407.0038 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-15 17:34:19
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 10 Pages. 3 Figures, in Chinese.
In this paper, we compare Maxwell’s formula of the speed of light with the traditional formula and our formula of the speed of light in atomic units, they are c=1/(μ0ε0)^(1/2), cau=1/α and cau=1/(α1α2)^(1/2) respectively. The traditional theory supposes that there is only one α which is the fine-structure constant, but our theory demonstrates that there are two α (α1 and α2) along with their geometric mean αc which could be called the integrated fine-structure constant. Our formula is consistent with Maxwell’s formula essentially, and hence should be reasonable and correct. We present our previous formulas of the fine-structure constant, the speed of light in atomic units and the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muron and tauon to demonstrate the existence of α1, α2 and αc. We also propose a valuable research topic for mathematical physics to deduce our formula from Maxwell’s formula and provide some reasons for it. As for the fine-structure constant and the anomalous magnetic moment of muon, the relationships between their measured and calculated values are illustrated. In the end, the physical meanings of αc are explained.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[311] viXra:2405.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-27 20:39:42
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please remove/don't use cover page!)
The neutron, which is a proton-electron bond, contributes to electricity generation. Radiation emitted by nuclei and single charges can also generate electric energy. There is no nuclear strong or weak force, only an electrodynamic force. The example of protons fusion demonstrates that the Universal Force provides precise information about interactions without empirical approximations. The radiation power increases to theoretical infinity as the relative velocity approaches the speed of light.Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[310] viXra:2404.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-06 11:15:43
Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 3 Pages. Minor errors are corrected with readability improvement.
Fermat's Last Theorem(FLT) states that there is no natural number set {a,b,c,n} which satisfies a^n+b^n=c^n or a^n=c^n-b^n, when n≥3. In this thesis, we related LHS and RHS of a^n=c^n-b^n to the constant terms of two monic polynomials f(x)=x^n-a^n and g(x)=x^n-(c^n-b^n). By doing so, the conditions to satisfy the number identity, a^n=c^n-b^n, are transferred to the conditions to satisfy the polynomial identity, f(x)=g(x), which leads to a trivial solution, a=c,b=0, when n≥3.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[309] viXra:2402.0122 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-07 23:40:19
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 19 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin: Author name is required on the article in pdf)
In this work we have used the classical neutron model of proton and nuclear electron in combination with the findings of projection theory, according to which the neutron is a cube and its interior lies below the spatial resolution, where the physical laws of our space-time world only apply to a limited extent and consequently the objections raised against this model by established physics do not apply. The electron does not reside in the entire cubic interior, but in a potential sphere (r = 6.355181 10-16 m) around the positron. This potential space is statistically occupied by the electron by random jumps with a jump duration of tmin. From the statistical frequency of the individual potential energies, the mean mass of the neutron was calculated to be 1.674927328 . 10-27 kg. The potential jumps mentioned above lead to a change in the size of the neutron at a constant elementary particle density in the rhythm of the jumps (oscillation model). The β-decay is caused by jumps of the electron to the outer surface of the neutron, where they are ejected from the neutron by membrane oscillation, whereby only 1/6 of the oscillation energy is transferred to the electron as kinetic energy. This is the real secret of the missing energy in the decay spectrum of the neutron. Two curves were constructed to calculate the decay curve. The base curve reflects the energetic and geometric conditions in the potential space of the electron, while the second, the jump curve, takes into account the individual jumps to the respective points on the neutron surface. The superposition of these two curves resulted in a curve that is in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined curves, in which the irregular curve progression at the maximum of the measurement curves is also very well reproduced, which to our knowledge is not the case with the calculations of established physicists. Neutrinos are not required in our obviously accurate model. In the last section, the conversion factor between time and length was calculated as 1 m4/3/s for the interior of the neutron. This contradicts the calculations of the same factor for the world outside the neutron with 61.66801 m4/3/s, which impressively confirms our initial hypothesis of deviating physics inside the neutron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[308] viXra:2401.0062 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-22 11:37:57
Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 2 Pages. Update with questions for the author of the Nature report
Cold Fusion might, if claims are to be believed, be looking at the wrong nuclear phenomenon that isn’t fusion and sporadic claims of excess energy production might be due to a wholly different process, perhaps the Wigner Energy of the Lattice, unlinked to claims of fusion, thus confusing the issue and holding the field back.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[307] viXra:2401.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-20 19:27:46
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 21 Pages. 12 Figures.
In this paper, we present a new circular periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has multi-circular form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of it; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent subperiod respectively; the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. It would be the most scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised and integrated versions also have these features. 2π-e formula and natural group theory inspiring and supporting it are also presented. Some ideal extended elements such as the 126th element are also predicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[306] viXra:2401.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-01 15:59:09
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 17 Pages. 8 Figures, in Chinese.
In this paper, we present a new circular periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has multi-circular form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of it; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent subperiod respectively; the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. It would be the most scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised and integrated versions also have these features. 2π-e formula and natural group theory inspired and supporting it are also presented. Some ideal extended elements such as the 126th element are also predicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[305] viXra:2401.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-03 20:22:30
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 14 Pages. 7 Figures, in Chinese.
In this paper, we present a new cyclic periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has multicyclic form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of the cyclic periodic table; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent period respectively, the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. This new cyclic periodic table would be the most reasonable, scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised traditional version also has these features. 2π-e formula and natural group theory inspired and supporting it is also presented. Some ideal extended elements such as the 126th element are also predicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[304] viXra:2401.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-03 16:27:37
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 12 Pages. 5 Figures, in Chinese.
In this paper, we mainly present a new cyclic periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has multicyclic form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of the cyclic periodic table; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent period respectively, the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. This new cyclic periodic table would be the most reasonable, scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised traditional version also has these features. 2π-e formula and natural group theory inspired and supporting the cyclic period table of elements is also presented.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[303] viXra:2312.0055 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-18 19:58:00
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 38 Pages. 11Figures, in Chinese.
This paper is written in Chinese. It was originally written in Chinese from December of 2017 to March of 2018, and was registered for copyright in the end of March of 2018. In this paper, we originally presented two scientific principles. One is that the chirality (represented by a pair of hands) could be scientifically abstracted to a counterclockwise circle and a clockwise circle corresponding to the right hand and the left hand respectively, and hence should be mathematically expressed as +2π and -2π, ie, chirality=+2π/-2π. The other is that a circle should be divided into 420 degrees instead of the traditional 360 degrees, so the chirality (a pair of hands) should correspond to +420 degrees and -420 degrees or 840 degrees in total, ie, chirality=840°. As there are right-handers and left-handers in human beings, the complete chirality including these two situations (±chirality) should actually correspond to ±2π and ∓2π or ±840 degrees, ie, ±chirality=±840°. The number of 840 can be expressed with its factors in the form of 840=1(2 4 8)(3 5 7), and the products of (2 4 8) times 1 and (3 5 7) or (2 4 8) are called stable numbers of chirality, in which 56 (8×7) is the biggest and most stable. As the atomic nuclei are located in the space or time-space which has the feature of chirality, we suppose that they live in the space of ±840 degrees, so the stable numbers (the magic numbers) in atomic nuclei are products of (2 4 8) times 1 and (3 5 7) or (2 4 6 8), their double numbers and so on, in which the most stable is 56. When the numbers of proton, neutron and total nucleon in atomic nuclei are equal to these stable numbers, these nuclei are stable, so the most stable nuclide is Fe56 and the natural terminus of the atomic elements is the 112th element Cn*. These stable numbers in atomic nuclei correspond to the hands of human beings and to Chinese metrical poetry because they all are derived from the theory of 840 degrees as stated above.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[302] viXra:2309.0091 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-31 10:16:09
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 32 Pages.
This study suggests that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties and proposes a geometric nuclear model to confirm this claim.The model combines the advantages of the liquid drop, shell, collective and cluster models and can serve as a starting point to an effective field theory process.The main goal is not necessarily to obtain more accurate results than existing models, but rather to raise the possibility of a tangible interpretation of nuclear and atomic physics and to explore different perspectives of this idea.According to the model, the nucleus generally has an ellipsoidal shape, made up of a three-dimensional lattice of proton-neutron bonds (treated here as a cubic system) and nuclear shells populated by protons, which resemble the atomic shells of the periodic table.The excess neutrons (those not paired with protons) are located in the nuclear envelope.The model was first tested and confirmed on various nuclear phenomena and then its link to atomic physics was demonstrated and analyzed.Its main achievements are:u2022a nuclear geometry from which the periodic system is derived.u2022its agreement with various nuclear and astrophysical phenomena.u2022demonstrating the link between the nuclear structure and the atomic properties through the correlation of the nuclear geometry with the atomic covalent radius.u2022the interpretation of atomic phenomena in the light of the model.This article summarizes the main stages of the research to understand the concept as a whole.A detailed analysis and description of each research phase will be published in separate articles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[301] viXra:2309.0091 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-15 23:20:23
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 37 Pages.
This study suggests that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties and proposes a geometric nuclear model to confirm this claim.Our main goal is not to obtain more accurate results than existing models, but to establish a different point of view for the interpretation of nuclear and atomic physics.According to the model, the nucleus, in general, has an ellipsoidal shape built from a three-dimensional lattice of proton-neutron bonds (treated here as a cubic system) and nuclear shells populated with protons similar to the atomic shells of the periodic table.The model was first tested and confirmed on various nuclear phenomena and then its link to atomic physics was demonstrated and analyzed.Its main results are:- a nuclear geometry from which the periodic system is derived.- its agreement with various nuclear phenomena.- demonstrating the link between the nuclear structure and the atomic properties through the correlation between the nuclear geometry and the atomic covalent radius.- the interpretation of atomic phenomena in the light of the model.This article summarizes the main stages of the research. A detailed analysis and description of each research phase is published in separate articles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[300] viXra:2308.0163 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-27 17:52:45
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 37 Pages.
In this paper, we will find a way to apply the Gell-Mann matrices in the Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0) realm. And without the need of adding the time as an ad-hoc dimension, but just considering that the time emerges naturally as one of the 8 degrees of freedom that appear in geometric Algebra Cl(3,0).Once these transformations are obtained, we will define the bra-ket product in Geometric Algebra and check that gives the same results as in the matrix representation.We will apply it both for Euclidean and non-Euclidean spaces. With the values obtained, we will show that the g-2 issue of the muon could be perfectly related to gravitational issues (to non-Euclidean space). The difference between theoretical and measured value of g-2 of the muon is 2,79E0-9. And on the surface of the Earth, the effects of non-Euclidean space due to gravitational effects are in the range of 1,39 E-09. It can be checked that the muon g-2 value is just the double (this is, in the same order) of the gravitational effects. So, gravitational effects could indeed affect the g-2 value of the muon on the surface of the Earth as it will be shown.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[299] viXra:2308.0163 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-24 09:25:27
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 35 Pages.
In this paper, we will find a way to apply the Gell-Mann matrices in the Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0) realm. And without the need of adding the time as an ad-hoc dimension, but just considering that the time emerges naturally as one of the 8 degrees of freedom that appear in geometric Algebra Cl(3,0).Once these transformations are obtained, we will define the bra-ket product in Geometric Algebra and check that gives the same results as in the matrix representation.We will apply it both for Euclidean and non-Euclidean spaces. With the values obtained, we will show that the g-2 issue of the muon could be perfectly related to gravitational issues (to non-Euclidean space). The difference between theoretical and measured value of g-2 of the muon is 2,79E0-9. And on the surface of the Earth, the effects of non-Euclidean space due to gravitational effects are in the range of 1,39 E-09. It can be checked that the muon g-2 value is just the double (this is, in the same order) of the gravitational effects. So, gravitational effects could indeed affect the g-2 value of the muon on the surface of the Earth as it will be shown.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[298] viXra:2308.0074 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-07 14:51:26
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 28 Pages.
This study deals with the hypothesis that the nuclear structure determines the atomic shape and properties; this idea led to the construction of a tangible nuclear model, that provides a visual interpretation to nuclear and atomic physics and possibly enables drawing additional conclusions and new insights. The model suggests that the nucleus has, in general, an ellipsoid shape with a cubic system of proton-neutron bonds and that the nuclear and atomic shells correlate with each other. A simplified mass formula was developed to compare between the model and the experimental data; the formula is based on the model's theory and depends only on two parameters, unlike the common formula which is semi-empirical and contains five to six parameters, that are not an inherent part of the theory. the mass formula calculations delivered results, that agree with the experiment; a byproduct of this procxess, that strengthened the assumption of the model, was the estimation of the combined radii of the proton and the neutron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[297] viXra:2308.0074 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-27 20:02:12
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 21 Pages.
This paper examines the hypothesis that the structure of the nucleus determines that of the atom and its properties and attempts to construct a geometric model of the nucleus that contributes to this hypothesis. The model proposed here suggests that the structure of the nucleus is, in general, an ellipsoid with the nucleons connected by cubic bonds and the nucleus shells correlate with those of the atom. In accordance with the model, a simplified theoretical mass formula was created to compare it with the experimental data; the tests included about 82 stable nuclei from Argon to Lead.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[296] viXra:2307.0011 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-23 18:41:21
Authors: Stefan Israelsson
Comments: 18 Pages. Reworked paper, better category.
Background/Objectives: The primary objective is to investigate a new theoreticalmodel approach about fundamental particles. Especially the electron and positron is con-sidered. The model utilizing the concept of energy density limits and find an acceptableinterpretation of a speed of light reference frame. Due to it’s consistent nature this enableus to implement these limits without breaking Lorentz’s invariance. This new model em-ploys mass-less current loops at the speed of light, to construct a candidate for a stable,self-contained system, which can be perceived as either an electron or positron, dependingon its configuration.Methods: This is a pure theoretical work where all figures was generated by LaTeXconstructs to illustrate the concepts. However there are referenced measurement results thatare important for the discussion. The mathematics is on a basic level, although the paperis dense with deductions and formulas. Only calculus and general mathematical maturity isneeded as well as knowledge about special relativity, electromagnetism and some basic atomand particle physics.Results: We evaluate the resultant angular momentum and derive a formula that alignswith Bohr’s renowned assumption about angular momentum in his atomic model. Thismethod not only provides insights into the enigmatic number 137 in physics but also suggestsa potential discrepancy between the masses of the electron and positron, with a relativeerror of 10 ppm in the measurement. This difference is too subtle for existing measurementtechniques.Conclusions: The main result in this paper are a model that basis its approach using theelectromagnetic theory and deduces stable constellations, that resembles particles, withinthis model. This theory does introduce the controversial prediction that the particle andantiparticle mass differ using a deduction of a formula for the mass. It is also quite possible aswe quantize the difference, that this prediction can be clarified by forthcoming measurementprojects. Also we deduced a couple of soundness feature of the model, such as deriving theBohr’s condition for angular momentum in his atomic model and explain how this can beused to deduce the actual measured angular momentum. Also the invariance of angularmomentum and charge is proven as a result of the model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[295] viXra:2306.0020 [pdf] replaced on 2025-03-07 14:26:57
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 31 Pages.
In this paper, we will show how Geometric Algebra expand the three spatial dimensions into entities of 8 degrees of freedom. It is also explained that one of these degrees of freedom (the trivector) can be considered to be the time (so no ad-hoc extra dimension is necessary). The square of the trivector is negative, solving this way the issue of the negative signature of the time (not necessary any ad-hoc metric indicating this, it is a property of time that appear naturally).Also, we will show that we can try to prove this experimentally looking for the electromagnetic trivector, an entity that should exist according to GA. Also, some comments regarding the similarities with E8 theory are given. Mainly that E8 theory considers 8 dimensions, exactly the same, emerging naturally in this paper. But not only that, also some similarities regarding how gravity can be understood and others are presented.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[294] viXra:2305.0167 [pdf] replaced on 2025-07-01 12:18:34
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 10 Pages.
The need for some physics thoughts on the concept and definition of charge, particle, and atom is becoming important in modern physics. In textbooks as well as in many scientific publications, authors, deliberately or not, violate those basic concepts and their profound physical meaning, whose ignorance yields erroneous results.The intention of this paper is to update some basic concepts of physics and redefine others, considering the New Atomic Model and the Classical Electromagnetic Theory of Elementary Particles. What is an electric charge? What is a particle? Is charge a particle? What is the real atom? What is matter? How is energy converted into matter? The answers to the above questions are understandably given in the development of this work.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[293] viXra:2304.0066 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-12 20:37:32
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 20 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles. Part-1: Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[292] viXra:2304.0066 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-29 19:26:01
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 20 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles. Part-1: Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[291] viXra:2304.0065 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-07 08:08:02
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 27 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles. Part-2: Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles. In This Paper:Two nuclear wave equations are derived for the nucleus of the Aluminum atom:A nuclear wave equation from the shells’ self-oscillations. A nuclear interference wave equation by applying an external wave. Having better knowledge about atomic nucleus dynamics may give us additional information which could be useful for experimental purposes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[290] viXra:2304.0063 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-17 23:32:10
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 50 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-4:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles. In This Paper:Following the analysis made in Part-3, the second external force is evaluated in this study. The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes. The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated by a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) (see Part-3). The force originated by a polarized TEM plus a static electric field. The force originated by a signal plus a static electric field (see Part-5).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[289] viXra:2304.0061 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-07 08:11:17
Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 21 Pages.
The present study is divided into six articles.Part-6: Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles. In This Paper:This study summarizes the analysis made from Part-1 to Part-5, with a focus on the means we may use to get gravitational and inertial control of mass, as well as some technical constraints based on our present-time technologies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[288] viXra:2303.0117 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-24 20:04:13
Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 18 Pages.
This initial Planck scale model of nucleons interactions in nuclei (fundamental Nature Nuclear force) is developed in n framework of the whole Planck scale informational physical model that is based on the main postulate that everything in Matter exists, happens, interacts, and moves as some specific disturbances in Matter’s ultimate base — the dense lattice of the [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], particles are some close-loop algorithms that run basing on the lattice FLE "hardware", what was applied earlier at developing of the 2007 initial models of Gravity and Electric forces It is shown, that in the case, when nucleons in nuclei interact on some distances, the action of Nuclear force is seems practically complete analog of action of Gravity and Electric forces, i.e. the Nuclear force mediators, in the model "circular mesons", are in the main traits analogs of Gravity and Electric forces mediators "circular gravitons/photons", also are propagating in the lattice as specific disturbances that are initiated by specific parts of particles’ algorithms’ FLEs "Forces charges". In contrast to particles, at propagating in the lattice mediators, at least at statics, don’t carry energy, but a mediator, if hits into "irradiated" particle, triggers in this particle own energy release that causes the particle’s motion, etc. Only in this case the energy conservation law acts — in contrast to standard physical theories, where Forces mediators/fields contain energy. Also in contrast to the mediation of Forces in the theories, where mediators are virtual, all Forces mediators are completely real FLE structures in Matter. The developed model is in accordance with existent nuclear physics experimental data.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[287] viXra:2303.0117 [pdf] replaced on 2023-06-01 00:52:28
Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 15 Pages. Textual editing of the v1 version
Abstract In this paper the universal model of fundamental interactions (fundamental Nature forces), which was developed in 2007-2023 in framework of the whole informational physical model that is based on the main postulate that everything in Matter exists, happens, interacts, and moves as some specific disturbances in Matter’s ultimate base — at the [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of the [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE]. Including particles are specific disturbances — close-loop algorithms that cyclically run basing on the FLE "hardware", That was applied at developing of the 2007 initial models of Gravity and Electric forces, and is applied here at developing of the initial model of Nuclear Force. It is shown, that in the case, when the particles, including the nucleons in nuclei, interact on some distances, the action of Nuclear Force is seems practically complete analog of action of Gravity and Electric forces, i.e. the Nuclear Force mediators, "circular mesons", are in the main traits analogs of Gravity and Electric forces mediators "circular gravitons/photons", also are propagating in the lattice as specific disturbances that are initiated by specific parts of particles’ algorithms’ FLEs "Forces charges". In contrast to particles, at propagating in the lattice mediators don’t carry energy, while carry the universal for all Forces elementary momentums p=h-bar/r, r is distance between particles, which is rather specifically transmitted to other particles. In contrast to the mediation of Forces in standard physical theories, all mediators are completely real, and by no means "virtual", FLE structures in Matter. The developed model is in accordance with existent nuclear physics experimental data.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[286] viXra:2302.0068 [pdf] replaced on 2023-02-16 05:38:19
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 4 Pages. Reference links did not work in version 1, so have used separate references
Up and down quarks are assumed to be elementary (or fundamental) particles although there is no scientific evidence confirming this interpretation. However, there is indirect evidence in the form of the colour change of quarks and the creation of muons by cosmic radiation, and their subsequent decay, that together suggest that quarks are more likely to be composite particles. As well as discussing such indirect evidence, several preon-based approaches that model up/down quarks as composite particles are reviewed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[285] viXra:2210.0146 [pdf] replaced on 2022-11-11 01:35:01
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra: Please refraim from immediate, frequent and/or repeated replacements/cancellations)
In our previous paper, we gave the synthetic routes to the 119-128th elements. In this paper, we give the synthetic routes to some key elements from the 92th to the 173th. The 137th element could be called the Feynman end of the elements, and 173th element could be called the Dirac end of the elements, so the main aim of this work is to explore the frontier of the elements. In addition, we also illustrate a "bridge-correlation effect" in nuclides.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[284] viXra:2209.0079 [pdf] replaced on 2022-09-23 16:12:32
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 22 Pages. minor fixes in Ref.
Laws and principles in physics, each of them should have a fundamental reason why and how it works. Through reviewing the reason in ontological point of view, we can find that the singularity of black hole doesn’t exist and the black hole itself is not the end of a star’s life because it will be blown up eventually. Also, it is interpreted that the Pauli exclusion principle is originated in the spin-spin magnetic interaction of elementary particles such as proton, neutron, electron, etc., those of which are known as fermions. With the interpretation for the exclusion principle and a classical model of proton and neutron, we can explain how the nuclear force arises inside the nucleus, why it is in such short range and attractive, and some properties of nuclear force, which is nothing but a special case of electromagnetic interaction. In the same line of thought, new nuclear model is suggested, which is compatible to both liquid drop model and shell model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[283] viXra:2208.0087 [pdf] replaced on 2022-09-06 00:15:15
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: Pages.
This work is continuation of 1701.0488 with an extension of 2009.0160. It shows how and where Stars and Galaxies are formed - on the example of the Sn type, and the resulting structural forms reflect their properties. The conclusion gives rise to an assumption about the existence of an alternative - "cold" Galaxies as a kind of "dark" matter.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
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