Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity, Lorentz Transformation and the Relativity of Simultaneity

Authors: Azzam Almosallami
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this paper we shall study the constancy of the speed of light in special relativity basis on Lorentz transformation and the relativity of simultaneity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Physics of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in a Binary Field

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 17 Pages.

We propose a novel theoretical paradigm in which all physical realities can be concretely defined by the degree of symmetry breaking in a binary field, providing an alternative interpretation of the Higgs mechanism with vivid physical images. Together with a newly proposed hypothesis that the Planck constant evolves with the cosmic scale factor, which drives an evolution of the mass and electric charge of elementary particles, our model could solve a bunch of hierarchy problems in theoretical physics at one shot, demystifying all the four fundamental interactions as different aspects of a singular consistent story.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Distance-Luminosity Relation

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 5 Pages.

Anisotropy of the luminous intensity of distant astronomical objects of expanding Universe in intrinsic space of the observer is shown. The relativistic distance-luminosity relation, by which radial coordinate of astronomical object is being determined taking into account Hubble anisotropy of its luminous intensity, is received. As it follows from this relation, values of radial coordinates of distant astronomical objects in intrinsic space of the observer are much smaller than values of their coordinates, calculated by classical distance-luminosity relation. This makes the presence of such hypothetical components of the Universe as dark matter and dark energy unnecessary in principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Global Gravitational-Optical Gradient Lens in Expanding Universe

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 5 Pages.

Gravitational-optical gradient lens, comoving with radiation, is formed in observer’s frame of reference of time and spatial coordinates (FR) due to evolutional decrease of average density of matter in the Universe as well as due to evolutional decrease of refraction index of interstellar medium. This diverging lens and Hubble gravitational lens together form virtual image of all infinitely far points of Euclidean background space of FR, comoving with expanding Universe, on its focal surface, which is the imaginary observer horizon. Events that take place in different points but simultaneous in observer’s FR are nonsimultaneous in cosmological time of FR, commoving with Universe, due to Universe expansion. Therefore world point of imaginary Big Bang is present in observer’s intrinsic space at every moment of his proper time. This point and observer’s dislocation point are the opposite poles of four-dimensional hypersurface of observer’s space. When gradient lens is not taken into account one may come to a conclusion that Hubble lens forms the horizon of cosmological past (imaginary observer horizon) in vacuum external solutions of equations of gravitational field when cosmological constant is nonzero. This also leads to spatial homogeneity of the negative power of global gravitational lens and, consequently, this leads to a linear dependence of red shift of radiation spectrum of astronomical objects on the distance to those objects. However, when gradient lens is taken into account this dependence becomes nonlinear and corresponds to accelerated expansion of the Universe, while imaginary observer horizon of cosmological past degenerates into point of imaginary Big Bang of the Universe. This is similar to degeneration of the imaginary horizon of cosmological future (Schwarzschild sphere) in internal solution of equations of gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About Possibilities of Physical Unrealizability of Cosmological and Gravitational Singularities in General Relativity

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 24 Pages.

The possibility to avoid physical realizability of cosmological singularity (singularity of Big Bang of the Universe) directly in the orthodoxal general theory of relativity (GR) is substantiated. This can take place in the case of counting of cosmological time in frame of reference of coordinates and time (FR) not co-moving with matter, in which by the Weyl hypothesis galaxies of the expanding Universe are motionless. The absence of any limitations of the value of mass of astronomical body, which self-contracts in Weyl FR, when it has hollow topological form in the space of Weyl FR and mirror symmetry of its intrinsic space, is shown. Because of this symmetry, both external and internal boundary surfaces of body are observed as convex. At that, in the "turned inside out" internal part of the intrinsic space (in the Fuller-Wheeler lost antiworld) unlike external part, instead of the phenomenon of expansion phenomenon of contraction of "internal universe" is observed. And there is antimatter instead of matter in this internal part of the space. Inevitability of self-organization in physical vacuum of spiral-wave structural elements, which correspond to elementary particles, and universal electromagnetic nature of all nonfictive particles are substantiated. Ultrahigh luminosity of quasars and certain types of supernovas is caused by annihilation of matter and antimatter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gauge-Evolutional Interpretation of Special and General Relativities

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 80 Pages. Collection of articles

It is shown, that special and general relativities reflect the gauge of effect on matter of, correspondingly, motion and gravity. This doesn’t allow us to observe in intrinsic space and time of the matter any changes, appeared because of this effect. The solution of gravitational field equations that corresponds to astronomical objects, alternative to black holes, is found. The eternity of Universe existence both in the future and in the past is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Evidence of Absence of the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 5 Pages.

It was shown that Etherington’s identity is paralogism. Etherington’s identity is based on the imaginary relativistic dilation of intrinsic time of the galaxy by (1+z) times, but the presence of a relativistic anisotropy of luminosity of stars quickly moving away from it is ignored in the frame of reference of spatial coordinates and time (FR) of the observer. Etherington did not take into account the fact that the Universe is homogeneous only in the comoving FR in the expanding Universe, and recklessly made a "mix" of the phenomena and features inherent in two different FRs. It is shown that, according to General Relativity (GR), only the transverse metric distances — the transverse comoving distance and the angular diameter distance similar to it — can obey the Hubble linear dependence. The transverse comoving distance belongs to the comoving FR in the ex-panding Universe and is determined by the redshift z of the emission wavelength. The angular diameter distance belongs to the FR of observer of an expanding Universe and is deter-mined by the redshift of the frequency of the emission wave. The luminosity distance is not the transverse metric distance and therefore its dependence on redshift is nonlinear. It is taken into account that the Hubble constant, like the length standards and the constant of the velocity of light, is a fun-damentally unchangeable quantity in the rigid FRs. Its exact value is empirically found.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solution of the Equations of the Galaxy Gravitational Field

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 6 Pages.

The general solution of the equations of the gravitational field of the galaxy with an additional variable parameter n is found. The additional variable parameter n determines in GR the distribution of the average mass density mainly in the friable galactic nucleus. The velocity of the orbital motion of stars is close to Kepler only for n>2^25. At n<2^15, it is slightly less than the highest possible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. The maximum allowable value of the average mass density of a substance outside the friable galactic nucleus negligibly weakly depends on the parameter n in GR. If the energy-momentum tensor is formed not on the basis of external thermodynamic parameters, but on the basis of intranuclear gravithermodynamic parameters of the substance, then the dependence of the average mass of the substance on the value of the parameter n becomes very significant. The permissible value of the average mass density of matter outside the friable galactic nucleus is determined by the value of the parameter, which is responsible for the curvature of space. And it can be arbitrarily small. Therefore, in relativistic gravithermodynamics, in contrast to GR, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Value of the Cosmological Constant Ʌ from the Cosmological Equations of the Universe: Connection of the Cosmological Constant Ʌ with Fundamental Physical Constants

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 12 Pages.

A mathematical method for obtaining the value of the cosmological constant Ʌ from the cosmological equations of the Universe has been found. The method is based on the revealed connection of the cosmological constant Ʌ with fundamental physical constants. The new large scale numbers 10^140, 10^160 and 10^180 obtained from the scaling law allowed us to obtain cosmological equations linking the cosmological constant Ʌ with the fine structure constant "alpha", Planck's constant, the speed of light and the electron constants. The approximate Eddington equation Ʌ≈[(me/αћ)^4][(2Gmp/π)^2] is refined to an exact equation. A large number of new cosmological equations are derived, which include the cosmological constant Ʌ. The value of the constant Ʌ is obtained by different methods: from the finalized Eddington equations; from the coincidence of large numbers; from the cosmological equations of the universe and the speed of light; from the cosmological equations of the universe and Planck's constant; from the experimental value of the Pioneer anomaly; from the Kepler relation for the universe. All methods give the same value of the cosmological constant Ʌ (Ʌ = 1.36285...x 10^(-52) m^(-2) ). The theory based on the law of scaling of large numbers predicts a value of the constant Ʌ close to the experimental one. The accuracy of the calculated value of Ʌ is close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. The reason for the large number of equivalent equations that include the cosmological constant Ʌ remains a mystery.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Systems of Cosmological Equations of the Universe: The Fine Structure Constant "Alpha" in a New Capacity as the Main Constant of Cosmology

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 10 Pages.

A mathematical method for obtaining the parameters of the Universe is found. New cosmological equations linking the parameters of the Universe with the fine structure constant "alpha" are derived. The appearance of the constant "alpha" in cosmological equations opens new possibilities in cosmology. In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of the appearance of the microcosm constant "alpha" in cosmological equations. Cosmological equations are combined into systems of cosmological equations. This makes it possible to obtain the parameters of the universe as the solution of the system of algebraic equations of the universe. The theory based on the law of scaling of large numbers allows us to obtain the parameters of the observed Universe with an accuracy close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. It is shown that all the main parameters of the Universe and large numbers of scales 10^20 - 10^180 are composite quantities and include the fine structure constant "alpha". The fine structure constant "alpha" shows itself not only as a fundamental constant of the microworld, but also as the main constant of cosmology. The "alpha" constant makes it possible to obtain the values of the parameters of the Universe by a mathematical method from the electron constants. The fundamental connection between the parameters of the Universe and electron constants is revealed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Large Numbers of Scales 10^140, 10^160, 10^180, New Cosmological Equations and a Mathematical Method for Obtaining the Parameters of the Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 9 Pages.

Measurements of the parameters of the observed Universe is a very difficult task and does not give the necessary accuracy. A mathematical method for obtaining the parameters of the Universe has been found. The method is based on the revealed relationship between the parameters of the Universe and the dependence of their values on the fundamental physical constants. New large numbers on the previously unknown scales 10^140, 10^160 and 10^180 were derived. The new large numbers allowed us to obtain new cosmological equations linking the parameters of the Universe with fundamental physical constants. The number of new cosmological equations and their constituent parmeters was sufficient to unite the equations into a system of cosmological equations. This made it possible to form a system of algebraic equations containing all parameters of the Universe. As a result, it became possible to obtain the parameters of the Universe by mathematical method. The parameters of the Universe are the roots of the system of algebraic equations of the Universe. The theory based on the law of scaling of large numbers allows us to obtain the parameters of the observed Universe with an accuracy close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. The results obtained show that the Universe is tuned with high mathematical accuracy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Kepler's Third Law in Celestial Mechanics, in Electromagnetism and in Cosmology: the Universe Formula

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 8 Pages.

From the coincidence of large numbers on a scale of 10^180, an unusual equation is obtained that combines the parameters of the Universe in the form of Kepler's Third Law. The equation combines 4 parameters of the universe: mass, radius, time and Newtonian constant of gravitation G. Instead of the parameters of the planet orbit, the equation includes the parameters of the universe in the form of Kepler ratio R^3/T^2. From the coincidence of large numbers on scales of 10^160, 10^120, 10^40, an equation is obtained that combines the parameters of the electron in the form of Kepler's Third Law. The equation unifies the 4 parameters of the electron: mass, classical radius, time, and electric charge. These equations show that the limits of applicability of Kepler's Third Law extend far beyond the mechanics of planets. The description of the mechanism of planetary motion is only a special case of the application of Kepler's law. Kepler's Third Law in the cosmological equation and Kepler's Third Law in the equation of electromagnetism reveal the universal character of this law. Kepler's Law applies not only to the planets, but also to the universe and even to the electron. Kepler's Third Law acquires the status of the most important law of physics and cosmology. Full disclosure of its role and place in electromagnetism and cosmology will provide answers to many unsolved problems of physics and cosmology. Kepler's Third Law is a major contender for a basic law for the new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reducing Approximate Cosmological Equations to Exact Equations

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

At different times, famous scientists have proposed equations that demonstrate the relationship between cosmological parameters and fundamental physical constants. Some equations are approximate and the coincidences in them are estimated only by order of magnitude. The new large numbers on scales 10^140, 10^160, and 10^180 derived from the scaling law allow us to bring the approximate cosmological equations to exact equations. The approximate Dirac, Teller, Eddington-Weinberg, and Rice equations are reduced to exact equations. The exact equations are obtained from the coincidence of large numbers on the scale 10^60 and on the previously unknown scales 10^140, 10^160 and 10^180.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unexpected Connection of the Parameters of the Observed Universe with the Fine Structure Constant "Alpha"

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 10 Pages.

The paper demonstrates a new method of obtaining values of the Universe parameters. The method is based on the revealed relationship between the parameters of the Universe and fundamental physical constants. New ratios of the dimensional parameters of the observable Universe are derived, which give the fine structure constant alpha. This is an unexpected result, since the fine structure constant refers to the microcosm, but not to the Universe. There are many of these equations. They have no explanation. There is no answer as to why, on such enormous scales, the ratios of the dimensional parameters of the universe give the alpha constant. Despite the lack of explanation, the new equations open up new possibilities in cosmology. The constant "alpha" and the parameters of the Universe are present together in one equation. This makes it possible to use the high precision of the alpha constant to calculate the values of the parameters of the observable Universe. This provides a high accuracy of the parameters of the observable Universe close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. New cosmological equations are derived, from which the value of the cosmological acceleration is obtained. This result allows us to solve the long-standing Pioneer-anomaly problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Parameters of the Observable Universe and Planck's Constant in One Equation: a the Strange and Useful Unity of the Constants of the Microcosm and the Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 4 Pages.

Many relations of the parameters of the Universe equal to Planck's constant are revealed. The equations show that Planck's constant and the parameters of the Universe are related. The results obtained have no explanation. There is no answer why the equations, along with the parameters of the observable Universe, include the constants of the microcosm. A large number of cosmological equations have been revealed, in which constants very distant in physical meaning are combined. Despite the lack of explanation, such equations open new possibilities in cosmology. It is possible to use the high precision of Planck's constant to calculate the values of the parameters of the observable Universe with an accuracy close to that of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. This is an important result for practice, since experimental methods for determining the parameters of the observable Universe are very complicated and do not give sufficient accuracy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Law of Scaling for Large Numbers: Origin of Large Numbers From the Primary Large Number D20 = 1.74349...x 10^20

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 24 Pages.

The paper solves the problem of mathematical inference of large numbers, which was formulated in 1985 by P. C. W. Davies [1]. The law of scaling of large numbers is derived. The law of scaling gives a new method of obtaining large numbers from dimensionless constants. It complements the known method based on relations of dimensional physical quantities. The law of scaling of large numbers shows that large numbers of scale 10^39, 10^40, 10^61, 10^122 are only part of the complete family of large numbers. The large numbers are supplemented by new large numbers of scales 10^140, 10^160, 10^180, which are naturally derived from the fundamental parameters of the observable Universe. New coincidences of relations of dimensional quantities on scales 10^140, 10^160, 10^180 are found. It is shown that large numbers of different scales are functionally related to each other. The primary large number D20 =(αDo)^(1/2) = 1.74349...x 10^20, from which large numbers of other scales are formed according to a uniform law, is chosen on the scale of 10^20. The primary large number D20 = 1.74349...x 10^20 consists of two dimensionless constants: the fine structure constant alpha and the Weyl number Do = 4.16561...x 10^42. The coincidences of the relations of the dimensional quantities with large numbers on scales 10^160 and 10^180 allowed us to derive simple and beautiful formulas for calculating the Hubble constant H and the cosmological constant Ʌ. An equation is derived which shows that the constants H and Ʌ are related. The origin of H and Ʌ from the fundamental physical constants of the electron is proved. The law of scaling of large numbers makes it possible to calculate analytically the parameters of the observable Universe with high accuracy.A new equation is derived, which unites the 5 most important parameters of the observable Universe: MuRuGɅ^2 = H^2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Herbert Dingle and "Science at the Crossroads"

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this article we pay tribute to Herbert Dingle for his early call to re-assess special relativity from philosophical and logical perspectives. However, we disagree with Dingle about a number of issues particularly his failure to distinguish between the scientific essence of special relativity (as represented by the experimentally-supported Lorentz transformations and their formal implications and consequences which we call "the mechanics of Lorentz transformations") and the logically inconsistent interpretation of Einstein (which is largely based on the philosophical and epistemological views of Poincare). We also disagree with him about his manner and attitude which he adopted in his campaign against special relativity although we generally agree with him about the necessity of impartiality of the scientific community and the scientific press towards scientific theories and opinions as well as the necessity of total respect to the ethics of science and the rules of moral conduct in general.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Electron and the Universe: How Are Their Parameters Related?

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

The connection between the parameters of the Universe and fundamental physical constants is disclosed. It is shown that three constants G, c, Ʌ are sufficient to obtain all the parameters of the Universe. The parameters of the Universe and the parameters of the electron are mathematically precisely related to each other by scale transformations. The scaling factors are formed by the large Weyl number and the fine structure constant "alpha". The scaling factors are derived from the law of scaling of large numbers. The appearance of the fine structure constant "alpha" and electron constants in the cosmological equations is evidence of the fundamental connection between microphysics and cosmology. The disclosure of the origin of the parameters of the Universe from the fundamental physical constants of the electron provides new possibilities. By studying the electron, one can unravel the mysteries of the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Infinitesimal Change to General Relativity Consistent with the Expansion Behaviour of Intergalactic Voids plus Charge Parity Symmetry and the Matter Antimatter Imbalance

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 105 Pages.

This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass, always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. In order to maintain the invariance of kmin action density, the metric undergoes changes around mass concentrations, consistent with Einstein’s equations. However, infinitesimal differences arise when the mass density of intergalactic voids falls below the cosmic average. This results in these voids exhibiting negative space-time curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature observed in galactic filaments. Gravitational binding only occurs in galactic filaments and the opposite in voids. Over large regions of space this difference also makes the values of the Einstein tensor components that the Freidman equation is derived from average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths, with halo radii approximately proportional to cosmic time. They have spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed MOND-like behviour. The ratio of (massive graviton mass plus baryonic mass) / (baryonic mass) is proportional to the Hubble flow horizon velocity, and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion with no need for dark energy
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introduction to the Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Tai Cho Lai
Comments: 69 Pages.

This paper explores the basic principles of the special theory of relativity, formulated and developed mainly by physicists including but not only Albert Einstein, Hendrik Lorentz, Hermann Minkowski, and Henri Poincaré. Concepts such as Galilean transformations, Lorentz transformations, time dilation, length contraction, and tensors will be explored. This paper also discusses Maxwell’s equations and their implications for special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Anomalies Resolved

Authors: James R. Arnold
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please remove line numbers)

A model of the universe is offered that can derive the Hubble Constant independent of empirical measurement, using just a midline estimate of the age of the universe and simple arithmetic calculations. It can explain the JWST discoveries of apparent anomalous early galaxy formations without need of substantial revisions to established astrophysical theories, as the new findings have seemed to require. Concepts of "Dark energy", cosmic flatness, cosmic inflation, and an accelerating expansion of the universe are rendered unnecessary or at least partly misinterpreted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Discovery of Present Space Universe Reveals Ultimate Physical and Spiritual Reality

Authors: Ralph B. Hill
Comments: 39 Pages.

I introduce the discovery of ultimate reality of an invisible fundamental realm I refer to as the Present Space Universe. The discovery of the Present Space Universe (PSU) has unprecedented transformational consequences for fundamental physical sciences and humanity. The PSU is the realm of a universal present. The mysterious nature of the present time is the phenomenon of its existence. The new understanding of Present Space Reality (PSR) provides unprecedented scientific insight into hidden structure, mechanisms, and the stunning nature of ultimate reality from one principle. The fundamental principle works as a logical lens through which answers for an abundance of our most fundamental questions in science suddenly emerge. It provides stunningly direct insights into who we are and what our existence in our apparent physical universe is about. The fundamental principle is shown as the direct logical consequence of the two fundamentally distinct ways in which our physical universe presents itself to us. They are propagation of physical effects under the cosmic speed limit and simultaneous effects in quantum phenomena. I demonstrate how PSR leads to solutions for an abundance of our most fundamental questions of quantum physics, cosmology, thermodynamics, biology, consciousness and beyond. As the PSU is ultimate reality, our apparent physical universe is not. It is an effective but ultimately virtual projection. PSR identifies the fundamental nature of consciousness in its specific physical context. Our fundamental conscious existence is part of the ultimate reality of the PSU. Continuation of consciousness beyond our physical lifetimes is a natural logical consequence. PSR identifies a mechanism in Present Space Causality (PSC) for the generation of laws of physics and the origin of our apparent physical universe. The presence of a higher order entity of consciousness is identified. PSR identifies an operational mechanism for select differentiation of undifferentiated states in the simultaneously evolving PSC. The quantum measurement problem is resolved. Characteristics of quantum behavior finally make and reveal sense. Their functional relationship with classical behavior is determined. Mechanisms of differentiation and undifferentiation project phenomena we associate with randomness and entropy in thermodynamics. PSR suggests a black hole shell model that removes paradoxes arising in central singularity models. It points to real-world relevance of AdS/CFT correspondence. The universal pathway for answers for seemingly unrelated ultimate questions is extraordinary evidence for a crucially missing keystone in prior scientific understanding. Profoundly meaningful insights for all of humanity extend to questions of purpose.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Revisiting the Michelson-Morley Paradox

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper I propose an equivalent relativistic experiment involving a single-source interferometer having infinite arms. Further, we debate the possible outcomes from such an experiment and in doing so uncover a conflict between special relativity and the symmetry of nature. I demonstrate this conflictby the method of reductio ad absurdum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Origin of the Big Bang' Singularity (Entangled Dawn Model)

Authors: Michael Prince
Comments: 7 Pages.

This model postulates that the origin of the big bang’ singularity is as a result of the collision of quantum fluctuations. In the beginning, from eternity, the have always been quantum vacuum (A place seeming to be nothing but it’s actually not nothing but a stateof minimum energy where quantum fields still exist and fluctuate). At a point in time, quantum fluctuations acting photon-like (massless) popped out of this quantum vacuum travelling at the speed of light from oppositedirections and with extreme force collided together releasing an enormous amount of energy that potentially created a highly energetic and dense point. The energy density was so high that it lead to gravitational collapse making space-time curve infinitely, leading to the formation of the big bang’ singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Development of Hypersphere World-Universe Model Narrative Part IX: Basic Notions of Classical Physics

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 59 Pages.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model is consistent with all Concepts of the World. The Model successfully describes primary cosmological parameters and their relationships. WUM allows for precise calculation of values that were only measured experimentally earlier and makes verifiable predictions. The remarkable agreement of calculated values with the observational data gives us considerable confidence in the Model. Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in last decades should be analyzed through the prism of WUM. Considering the JWST discoveries, successes of WUM, and 86 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is high time to make a Paradigm Shift for Cosmology and Classical Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Foundations of Relativistic Gravithermodynamics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 119 Pages.

The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of nonbarionic dark matter in the Universe in principle. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. It was proved that total energy of matter of inertially moving body is equal in all global gravithermodynamic frames of references of spatial coordinates and time (GT-FR) that are also inertially moving relatively to matter. Conformal relativistic transformations of increments of metrical spatial segments and metrical temporal intervals (instead of increments of coordinates and coordinate time of SR) were received. Exactly this fact allows avoid not only the twins paradox when twins are inertially moving but also the necessity of the dark energy in the Universe. Clocks that fall free are inertially moving and, therefore, continue to count time at the same rate as when they were in the state of rest. Similarly, the rate of time of astronomical body is not changed in the process of its motion in elliptical orbit. The dilatation of intrinsic time of distant galaxies is also absent. For the collective gravithermodynamic Gibbs microstates the connection between all thermodynamic potentials and parameters of matter have been found. This connection is realized with the help of several wave functions that can take arbitrary values with certain probability. The quantum equation of gravitational field have been found, the solutions of which set the spatial distribution of gravitational radius of matter in its every new gravithermodynamic state with the polynomial function with the next more high degree. That is why the process of cooling down matter is the quantum process that is caused by its spontaneous transition to the function with more degree and, therefore, to the next quantum collective state.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Reformulation of Special Relativity

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper presents a reformulation of special relativity, whose kinematic and dynamic magnitudes are invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in massive and non-massive particles, and where the relationship between net force and special acceleration is as in Newton’s second law. Additionally, new universal forces are proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[an Attempt To] go Beyond Einstein’s Constant Light Speed

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 14 Pages.

"Constancy light speed referenced to any initial frame" is one of the basic assumptions in Einstein special theory of relativity; provided with a physical mechanism will change it from just an assumption to a real natural phenomenon. Then what we got from the improving is that we could understand physical mechanism of "relativistic effect" which gives rise to relativistic mechanics. Indeed, improving physics theory by adding an appropriate mechanism is far-reaching; it could extend to Einstein general theory of relativity and quantum mechanical theory, which is then able to answer questions such as dark energy/matter, quantum entanglement, including Higgs. Finally it would pave the way to the theory of everything!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Misconceptions and Imaginary Entities in Astronomy, Cosmology and Physics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 53 Pages.

The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy, cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension of physical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena and objects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special and General Relativity. Author have analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and have shown the possible ways to overcome them. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonic dark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The current usage of exponential scale instead of metrically homogeneous scale of cosmological time in cosmology is shown. Therefore, the ignorance of the fact that only the infinitely far cosmological past on the event horizon and infinitely far cosmological future on Schwarzschild sphere are simultaneous with any event in people’s world is shown. The ignorance of the fact that this pseudo-horizon covers the past of all infinite Universe is also shown. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron stars and quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The big redshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of the gravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The absence of gravitational fields in the Universe up to the moment of discontinuity of its uniform gas continuum is shown. The origination of the gravity phenomenon is related to the formation of spatially inhomogeneous thermodynamic states by the matter and to the tendency of the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter to reach the minimum of the integral values of its inert free energy and Gibbs free energy. The temporal invariance of not only all thermodynamic parameters and potentials of matter and its momentum but also of Lagrangian of ordinary internal energy and of equivalent to it gravitational mass of matter (to which the inertial mass is identical only in intrinsic time of this matter) is justified. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead of luminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It is concluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of the presence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Gravitational Nature of Time

Authors: A.C. Mueller
Comments: 8 Pages.

A novel geometry is presented which yields several observed quantities that are not accounted for by classical relativistic models. Relative motion is re-examined under which a numerically equivalent function is applied. This function dictates that velocities should remain equivalent across reference frames, which in turn implies that it is not time alone that dilates, but rather the time elapsed between two points in space for a given velocity as space itself dilates.A peculiar velocity of $bar{v} approx 526.6 ~ text{km} ~ text{s}^{-1}$ is presented and briefly compared with studies carried out through direct observation via supernovae luminosity and CMB research. A velocity proportional spatial dilation of $frac{ds}{dx} = Phi approx 1.618$ is also presented with an error of $0.002%$. This model predicts a mechanism of gravity which can, with further research, offer an explanation for the bullet cluster's varied mass effects, the apparent lack of gravitational aberration, and potentially excess galactic rotation curves without the need for CDM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Metamaterial or Ordinary Magneto-Electric Matter as an Energy Source for the Alcubierre Warp Drive for Superluminal Motion

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this article, considering the work referenced in that allows for motion up to ¼ of the speedof light, appropriate modifications have been considered where by classes of metamaterials orordinary magneto-electric materials can be used for an Alcubierre drive that permits superluminalmotion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A note on Hubble's law

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 9 Pages.

Hubble's Law, with its linear relationship between velocity and distance, is often used to support the idea of an isotropic homogeneous Universe. However, a non-isotropic non-homogeneous Universe, made up of regions having random sizes and random expansion speeds, will also show a Hubble-type Law, with a linear relationship between velocity and distance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Just One Big Bang? Chance, Causality and c2-Inertia

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 24 Pages.

In science history the conflict between Einstein and the Copenhagen school (quantum mechanics) is well known. On the one hand, Einstein's strict determinism, on the other, Heisenberg's uncertainty relations, the collapse of the wave function and the chance at the micro level, regardless of the macroscopic explanations of the postulate cmax = const, regardless of the initial mass. At the time when our Galaxy was the whole world and the mutual velocities in it were negligible according to the speed of light, Einstein held that the mass of the world was one and unique. In 1985, in a lecture on quantum electrodynamics—QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter—Feynman says that he only describes how nature behaves without being able to explain why it behaves like that because no one understands this; and Laughlin in 2005 says, already with the title of his book—A DIFFERENT UNIVERSE: Reinventing Physics From The Bottom Down—that an effort on understanding this fact to humanity is yet to come. This article shows that one should start from the very postulate cmax = const, rethinking this experimental fact—because Einstein's explanation from 1916 is insufficient and in fact wrong: he tacitly takes the coordinate system of the railway embankment as absolute, and to the train speed adds to or subtracts the light speed. And rethinking will lead us to the necessary Heisenberg relations of uncertainty, c2-inertia and new insights into the property of relativity and symmetry of the vacuum itself, to the explanation of the EPR paradox and the so-called the twin paradox. And all together to one Universe, really different from how we imagine it today with a Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solitons in a 3D Lattice: A Model for the Underlying Structure of Reality

Authors: Peter C. M. Hahn
Comments: 16 Pages.

This article introduces Foamy Ether Theory (FET) [1], which is a physical model that describes the underlying structure of reality at its most fundamental, quantum level. FET is based on a 3D nonlinear lattice model [2], which replaces the current paradigm of particles existing in space with a model containing solitons that move in a tightly stretched 3D lattice. A foamy ether, with its various activities and structures, offers alternate explanations for phenomena such as gravity, electromagnetic waves, and gravitational waves. FET negates the need for metaphors or analogies, like the frequently used one describing bowling balls on a stretched sheet of rubber. FET offers an actual physical model of reality. It provides a framework for the development of a unified quantum theory of gravity which will negate the need for explanations, such as wave-particle duality, and will eliminate the need for dark matter. A series of images and snapshots, taken from simulations, demonstrate how this model works.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is General Relativity Machian

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 9 Pages. In Chinese

Mach proposed a question, "Try to fix Newton's bucket and rotate the heaven of fixed stars and then prove the absence of centrifugal forces." The Lense-Thirring effect answered Mach's question, which meant that a rotating object would affect the space-time near it. If an object itself did not rotate, but the entire universe revolved around it in the opposite direction, the same effect cannot be produced. Is general relativity Machian? There were divergent opinions on this issue, and the two sides had roughly divided opinions. The existing research on Mach principle was mostly about the slow rotation of small mass objects, or considering the object was not a singularity and did not form an event horizon. Therefore, this article proposed the fact that: Kerr metric cannot be transformed into Schwarzschild metric by the conversion of the coordinate system. This fact overthrew Mach's thought, so the structure of space-time cannot be connected by simply transforming the rotation perspective.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Time, Space, and Gravity Emerge From Microscopic Quantum Waves: A New Interpretation of Relativity

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 11 Pages. Essay written for Gravity Research Foundation 2024 Awards for Essays on Gravitation

Einstein explained special and general relativity in terms of abstract four-dimensional spacetime, and that interpretation remains universally accepted. I suggest that on the microscopic level, both relativity and gravity can be understood as emerging from oscillating quantum wave-packets of elementary particles. These localized quantum oscillators act as clocks and rulers, reproducing the standard relations for time dilation and length contraction due to both speed and gravity. Gravity can be regarded as a frequency-modulation of quantum oscillators by everyother quantum oscillator in the universe. Gravitational trajectories can be computed using a quasi-classical Hamiltonian formalism. This interpretation suggests a simple unified picture of relativity and quantum mechanics, which has been missing for the past 100 years. This also has implications for the structure of black holes and the early universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Alternative Explanation for Dark Matter in Physical Cosmology

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 28 Pages.

We show that neither dark matter nor dark energy is needed for physical cosmology. We use our previous conjecture that, for a distribution of normal baryonic matter, the dynamical mass can be different from the baryonic mass. This simple idea enables us to explain the main results of physical cosmology: the expansion of the Universe; the cosmic microwave background (CMB); the acoustic peaks in the CMB power spectrum; the formation of structure; the apparent accelerated expansion. We suggest the Universe is not accelerating but rather moving from one decelerating track with a low Hubble parameter to its current decelerating track with a higher Hubble parameter. This also provides us with a solution to the Hubble tension. Our explanations make no use of cold dark matter (CDM) and no use of the cosmological constant (?), and we conclude neither exists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Transformation of a Singular "Event Horizon" to any Radius Value: Reductio Ad Absurdum of Transformation Covariance Being More than a Dynamic Symmetry

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 3 Pages.

Due to David Hilbert's 1918 promotional efforts, J. Droste's May 27, 1916 metric solution of the Einstein equation for a static point mass fixed to the origin is universally featured by gravity textbooks, but is seriously misrepresented by those textbooks as the work of Karl Schwarzschild: Droste's metric solution has a well-known singular "event horizon" at the Schwarzschild radius, but Schwarzschild's January 13, 1916 metric solution is singular only at the origin. Here we present a simple family of transformations of Droste's singular "event horizon" to any radius value whatsoever. The blatant absurdity of, say, the earth's gravitational field having a singular "event horizon" at some arbitrary height above the earth's surface establishes beyond all doubt that gravitational general coordinate transformation covariance is, exactly like electromagnetic gauge transformation covariance, merely a dynamic symmetry which is unavoidably broken by the unique physical metric solution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Great Precursors, Creators and Propagators of Relativity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak, Margaret Osiak
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this poster, measuring 140 cm by 100 cm, we have included, in chronological order, 126 portraits of the great precursors, creators and propagators of the theory of relativity. The poster was first presented in 2005 on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Theory of Relativity. The portraits were made by Margaret Osiak.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Creators of Relativity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak, Margaret Osiak
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this poster, measuring 140 cm by 100 cm, we included 143 portraits of famous relativists in chronological order. The poster was first presented in 2005 on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Theory of Relativity. The portraits were made by Margaret Osiak.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About Dark Energy

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 4 Pages.

We have considered the physical space filled by a quantum fluid made up of discrete elements organized into several coexisting phases. In this model, what we call "dark energy" appears as main phase of the Vacuum, we propose here that it is the phase associated with the fundamental level of this quantum fluid. After an examination of its main properties, we show that the refractive index of the real vacuum, which is consisting largely of dark energy and fossil radiation, has an "abnormal" value compared to it. We thus verify that the inverse of the fine structure constant associated with the dark energy is indeed the integer 137.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Investigation of a Modified Alcubierre Warp Drive: Considerations on the Use of an Analytic or Discrete Function

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system. Computation of the density energy and energy case discrete.In addition, in the conclusion, the consequences and comparison of two types of solutions have been discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energies of Vacuum: Energy-Moment Pseudotensor and the Lamda

Authors: Tibor Grajczki
Comments: 21 Pages.

Since the formation of the general theory of relativity, there are disputed questions. Levi-Civita and Schrödinger also criticized the non covariant energy-moment pseudotensor. The cosmological constant was known as a beauty flaw in theory. In both case the empty space contents energy. The origin and role of these concepts and quantities are not well known and are the source of many misconceptions. Through a few simple examples, we can see why.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Structure Formation and Fractal Spacetime

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

Matter structures in cosmology include large-scale objects such as galaxies, galaxy clusters and Dark Matter halos. It is widely accepted that the formation of cosmic structures in the early Universe follows from the gravitational collapse of density perturbations. Here we argue that the genesis of cosmic structures is tied to the fractal topology of spacetime near the Big Bang singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comment on Alan Macdonald’s Articles About the "World’s Fastest Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation"

Authors: Peter M. Enders, Romano Rupp
Comments: 3 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

In his 1981 till today papers about the "World’s Fastest Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation", Alan Macdonald has published ingenious thoughts on the Lorentz transformation. However, contrary to his explicit statement in footnote 3, he implicitly does assume that the transformation sought for is linear. For this, we propose a small addition to his text.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Thought Experiments that [Critically Explore the Theory of Relativity]

Authors: Lars Frølund Jensen
Comments: 12 Pages.

Special and general relativity are apparently both extremely well proven — by their 'consistent' mathematics, and by many physical experiments and astronomical observations! But the theory of relativity contains several inconsistencies, and furthermore it predicts a physical reality that is impossible, which I will show several examples of in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Completed Einstein General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 24 Pages.

Einstein general theory of relativity (GTR) has been criticized for their philosophic problems (both which came from STR and its own problems), despite of their predictability and accuracy. Indeed all the problems could be eliminated by using "Vacuum Mechanics" i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Completed Einstein Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 18 Pages.

Einstein special theory of relativity (STR) has been criticized for lacking of its philosophical idea (mechanism which explain how the theory works), despite of their predictability and accuracy. Indeed the problems could be eliminated by using a new concept of "Vacuum Mechanics".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Possible to Arbitrarily Slow Down Time in a Limited Volume With an Energy-Impulse Tensor Whose Components Can be Reduced Arbitrarily? Part II: Summary of Introduction and Computations of Density and Energy in Warped Region

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 9 Pages.

A solution is presented that describes a region of space, box or warp bubble, where time gets slowed down by an arbitrary factor, while reducing the components of the energy-impulse tensor by any chosen amount.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of Invariance of Ds^2 from the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: Sanjeev Saxena
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this short note, two elementary proofs of invariance of ds^2 from the speed of light are given. The proofs should be accessible even to school-going students.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unlike Newton's Gravitational Acceleration, Einstein's is Velocity-Dependent; it Repels Sufficiently Near-c Objects, Obviating the Need for "Dark Energy"

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

If a test body radially approaching a static point mass at near-c speed undergoes the same attractive gravitational acceleration as a nonrelativistic test body, its speed soon exceeds c. That doesn't occur because Einstein's gravitational acceleration by a static point mass is velocity-dependent; it counterintuitively repels a test body traveling radially at a speed sufficiently near c. Indeed, a basic feature of the gravitational refraction of light is that a radially-traveling light packet's speed increases monotonically toward c with its increasing radial distance from a static point mass, so a light packet traveling radially away from a static point mass is gravitationally accelerated toward radial speed c in the outward direction of its travel. Likewise, a test body traveling radially away from a static point mass at a speed sufficiently near c is counterintuitively gravitationally accelerated in the outward direction of its travel. The universe expands radially at a speed sufficiently near c to undergo such a counterintuitive gravitational acceleration in the outward direction of its radial expansion, "dark energy" isn't needed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analysis of Mossbauer Rotor Experiment

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 5 Pages. In Spanish

This paper analyzes Mossbauer rotor experiment and possible explanation of GR deviation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Non Conservative Gravity Model

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

I will explore a non-conservative gravity field model with base idea rooted in trying to re-think free-falling observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Derivation of the Current Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since the discovery of the cosmic microwave radiation background in 1965 (CMB) until today, various predictions have been made (before andafter 1965) about the current value of 2.72548 K. It is worth highlighting the one carried out in 1948 by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher and RobertHerman whose reestimation predicted a emperature of 2.8 K. In this work we start from an inflationary model that resides in the fine structure constant and a fluctuation anisotropy) based on information theory (Shanon entropy).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmology and the Uncertainty Principles: A New Road to the Quantum Gravity

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce the ansatz that universe size and age are the maximal spatial and temporal uncertainty, respectively within the uncertainty principles. This allows us to derive a relationship between Planck’s constant and the Hubble’s constant. Accordingly, we obtain numerical value of the minimum momentum and energy uncertainty, which are locally experimentally verifiable. A new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and cosmology/General Relativity, i.e. Quantum Gravity is given.4
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizationsof Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main conclusions of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of Self-Variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and definition of the rest mass of a material particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts an internal structure of the particles, predict and justify particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data, Self-Variation is related to quantum phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Krogh Quantum Gravity Explicitly Predicts Hubble Redshift Curve and JWST Findings Without Expansion

Authors: J. Howard Drake
Comments: 46 Pages.

JWST mature galaxies suggest an older universe. Studies show expansion imperfectly models redshift. Surface brightness and angular diameter distance do not support expansion. The crisis is resolved by replacing GR, while a new cause for redshift is found. We adopt gravity theory of Kris Krogh where gravity changes quantum vacuum rather than geometry. Redshift occurs at emission from earlier time dependent potential. A hot matter creation initiated gravity propagation changing light speed, particle mass, and physical constants. Cooling to CMB temperature achieved by mass change with momentum conservation. Estimated time for galaxy formation is 450 billion atomic years or 49 billion current years since CMB. Using cosmological principle with gravity dependency of terms in governing equation, we solve for time dependent potential since matter creation. We predict wavelength of past spectral lines, which when measured reveal emission time. Using determined variable light speed, we integrate to calculate distance from emission. We predict Hubble curve depending only on matter density without expansion or ad hoc parameters. Krogh gravity as updated remains consistent with successful GR tests and predicts testable new dynamics not predicted by GR. These include observed acceleration anomalies for Earth flybys, JUNO Jupiter orbiter, Pioneer Probe, apparent superluminal galactic jet acceleration, galaxy rotation, and more rapid growth of black holes through faster accretion. New dynamics explains MOND illusion and ring galaxy formation. JWST mature galaxies confirm older universe, while galactic jets confirm predicted higher light speed. Greater baryon mass density supports prolific star formation. Many stars are likely dead or consumed by black holes, so invisible baryon mass is expected to be greater than visible mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Connection Between Mass and Space

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 4 Pages.

We show that an elegant relation R=c^2/G arises describing the size of the universe R in terms of the speed of light c and the gravitational constant G when we treat mass as being made of space instead of in, but separate from, space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is Dark Matter?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 5 Pages.

Article explores the concept of dark matter, a postulate introduced to explain observed anomalies in the motion of cosmic objects, such as stars at the outskirts of galaxies and galaxies within clusters, that do not align with Newton's law of universal gravitation. Traditional gravitational theory, as well as Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, faces challenges in accounting for these discrepancies, including the Pioneer anomaly, the anomalous flyby effect, the behavior of Oumuamua, and the trajectory of asteroid Apophis. This paper posits that these anomalies can be explained by revising the law of universal gravitation itself, rather than introducing the concept of dark matter. By examining instances where the gravitational constant appears variable and the function of distance in gravitational equations deviates from expected values, the paper suggests an alternative approach to understanding cosmic phenomena. The implications of these findings on celestial navigation, the behavior of light in gravitational fields, and the structure of the universe are discussed, challenging prevailing theories and proposing a new direction for gravitational research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fisher-Tully Law Solely with 1915 General Relativity and Dark Energy

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 3 Pages.

Observation of the distribution of the velocity of galactic rotation curves differed from their expected centripetal form and lead to the notion of Dark Matter or modifications to Newtonian and General Relativity, such as MOND, TeVeS and the like and even Quantised Inertia. We aim to show that General Relativity with Dark Energy/the Cosmological Constant is all that is needed, with the proviso that the Cosmological Constant can increase in the presence of a light flux or some other factor from galaxies and become gravitating; the need for Dark Matter may be abated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Constant of GRT as a Radial Function in Dependence of Velocity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Under special circumstances cosmological u201econstant" of GRT can be formulated as a function in dependence of radial term. This calculation will be shown. In fact this system of physical ideas is now described only for local state of Schwarzschild-lineelement with cosmological variable but it can be easily developed to cosmic terms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Gravity Work According to Mach's Principle?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 9 Pages.

Background: Mach's Principle posits that the inertia of a body is inuenced by the sum total of matter in the universe. This paper explores the relationship between gravitational potential energy and rest mass within the framework of Mach's Principle, utilizing a thought experiment involving the elevation of mass on Earth.Methods: The study employs a theoretical approach, beginning with a thought experiment that demonstrates the change in an object's rest mass due to alterations in gravitational potential energy. Subsequently, a mathematical model is developed to express rest mass as a function of distance from a massive central body, incorporating adjustments for observed astronomical phenomena such as the precession of Mercury's orbit.Conclusion: The findings affirm the principle that an object's rest mass is influenced by the gravitational potential of all other masses in the universe, aligning with Mach's Principle. The study underscores the need for revisiting the definitions of fundamental units of measurement such as the second and the meter, in light of gravitational dependency. The implications for astronomical theories, including gravitational redshift and the assessment of quasar emissions, are discussed, suggesting a potential reevaluation of existing models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Beschleunigte Expansion Ein Trugschluß
Accelerated Expansion: a Fallacy [?]

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 75 Pages. In German

Aufgrund von Diskrepanzen beim SN-Ia-Kosmologie-Projekt wurde seinerzeit anstelle der bisher immer als abnehmend angenommenen eine zunehmende Expansion postuliert. Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit wird festgestellt, daß dies ein Trugschluß ist, der aus sich gegenseitig widersprechenden Prämissen resultiert, hauptsächlich die geometrische Dämpfung mit und die EM-Wellenausbreitung ohne Expansion. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß die vorherrschende Ausbreitungsfunktion nur lokal anwendbar ist, da die Maxwellschen Gleichungen die Expansion des Universums weder berücksichtigen, implizieren noch bedingen. In Folge wird eine alternative Ausbreitungsfunktion mit Expansion entwickelt, die sich in der ersten Näherung für z ≤ 0,1 wie die klassische Maxwellsche Lösung verhält. Damit wird der schon früher von mir vorgenommene positive Vergleich mit den Beobachtungsdaten des SN-Ia-Kosmologie-Projekts wiederholt und um die High-z-Daten z ≥ 0,9 ergänzt, wobei das MLE-Modell auch für diesen Bereich bestätigt wird.Unter konsequenter Anwendung dieses Modells wird eine zusätzliche Auswertung mb(r) vorgenommen. Dabei zeigt sich eine neue, unerwartete Abweichung bei r ≥ 0,1R. Die Beobachtungswerte sind dort dunkler als berechnet. Ursache ist der Hubbleparameter, der zeit- und entfernungsabhängig ist. Weiter entfernte Streckenabschnitte expandieren schneller als näher liegende. Je größer die Strecke, umso größer der Wert von H und die Expansions-geschwindigkeit v = Hr. Mit Hilfe des Korrekturfaktors m aus [75] wird eine Funktion mb(r) aufgestellt, die die abweichende Verteilung korrekt nachzeichnet. Dies ist gleichzeitig der Beweis dafür, daß die Expansionsgeschwindigkeit mit der Zeit ab- und nicht zunimmt.

Due to discrepancies in the SN-Ia-cosmology-project, at the time an increasing expansion was postulated instead of the previously assumed decreasing expansion. At the beginning of this work it is stated that this is a fallacy resulting from mutually contradictory premises, mainly geometric damping with and EM wave propagation without expansion. It is shown that the prevalent propagation function applies locally only, since Maxwell's equations neither take into account, imply nor condition the expansion of the universe. In succession, an alternative propagation function with expansion is developed, which behaves like the classic Maxwell solution in the first approximation for z ≤ 0.1. This repeats the positive comparison I made earlier with the observational data of the SN-Ia-cosmology-project supplementing it by the latest high-z data z ≥ 0.9, at which point the MLE model is confirmed for this area too. Applying this model consistently, an additional evaluation mb(r) is carried out. A new, unexpected deviation emerges at r ≥ 0.1R. The observational data there is darker than calculated. The reason is the Hubble parameter, which depends on time and distance. Route sections that are further away expand faster than those that are closer. The greater the distance, the greater the value of H and the expansion speed v = Hr. With the help of a correction factor m from [75], a function mb(r) is set up that correctly traces the deviating distribution. This is also proof that the expansion rate decreases over time and does not increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accelerated Expansion: a Fallacy [?]

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 75 Pages.

Due to discrepancies in the SN-Ia-cosmology-project, at the time an increasing expansion was postulated instead of the previously assumed decreasing expansion. At the beginning of this work it is stated that this is a fallacy resulting from mutually contradictory premises, mainly geometric damping with and EM wave propagation without expansion. It is shown that the prevalent propagation function applies locally only, since Maxwell's equations neither take into account, imply nor condition the expansion of the universe.In succession, an alternative propagation function with expansion is developed, which behaves like the classic Maxwell solution in the first approximation for z ≤ 0.1. This repeats the positive comparison I made earlier with the observational data of the SN-Ia-cosmology-project supplementing it by the latest high-z data z ≥ 0.9, at which point the MLE model is confirmed for this area too.Applying this model consistently, an additional evaluation mb(r) is carried out. A new, unexpected deviation emerges at r ≥ 0.1R. The observational data there is darker than calculated. The reason is the Hubble parameter, which depends on time and distance. Route sections that are further away expand faster than those that are closer. The greater the distance, the greater the value of H and the expansion speed v = Hr. With the help of a correction factor m from [75], a function mb(r) is set up that correctly traces the deviating distribution. This is also proof that the expansion rate decreases over time and does not increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expansion of the Universe in Deceleration and Relativity

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: The file contains two versions of the paper: English, pages 1-22 and Italian, pages 23-44

Light is a wave phenomenon, so it needs a medium to manifest itself, and therefore its speed can only be truly isotropic relative to the medium.However, it also appears that material objects sustain a slowdown in their time and a contraction in length, as a function of their speed relative to the medium, in such a way that it appears to each of them that the speed of light is isotropic.Based on this phenomenon, Einstein formulated the second postulate of special relativity, which states that the speed of light is isotropic relative to all reference frames.However, this phenomenon cannot be real, as Einstein himself recognized by stating that it is a stipulation.However, on the basis of this ingenious stipulation, certain phenomena can be described more simply and the GPS system can be made to work without knowing the precise speed of the Earth relative to the medium, which would be necessary without the stipulation.But the stipulation cannot be used even when results different from the real ones are obtained, as in the case of the speeds and distances of celestial objects as a function of cosmological redshift.But the scientific community has used it anyway, obtaining results incompatible with observations and with special relativity itself. But when she realized this, rather than relying on reality, it considered the cosmological redshift as an indicator of the scale factor of expansion of the Universe and thus obtained more acceptable distances of celestial objects. But they were still lower than those based on their apparent brightness, a phenomenon that it justified with an accelerating expansion of the Universe.But I have shown that the fact that the distances based on apparent brightness are greater than those based on cosmological redshift, only demonstrates that the latter does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe.Instead, considering the speed of light isotropic only relative to the medium in which it occurs, and therefore based on reality and not on stipulation, there are no compatibility problems either with special relativity or with apparent luminosity. And in this way we obtain a model of Universe whose expansion is always decelerating, as is natural to expect after a "big bang".However, to verify this thesis I proposed the observation of the redshift of celestial objects over time: if the expansion is decelerating, it should decrease, otherwise it should increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hamiltonian Chaos and Gravitational Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

The goal of this paper is to analyze the likely transition from integrability to Hamiltonian chaos in the primordial Universe. The transition is driven by curvature fluctuations and favors the onset of a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

GR Tests Solved with Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 20 Pages. In Spanish

This document consolidate all revisated GR tests to date, solved with special relativity of fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Astonishing Conflict of Time Dilation Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 15 Pages.

We show that if we assume the existence of a frame in vacuum where the one-way speed of light is c (c is the measured value of the two-way speed of light in vacuum) than for another frame moving with velocity v_1 in relation to that frame we can have time dilation, time contraction or no difference of proper times change at all. Therefore, the standard formulation is a result of a misinterpretation of the mathematical expression between the relation of the proper time of the moving frame in relation to the difference of times of Lorentzian clocks, the so-called time dilation. This is an astonishing conflict that standard formulation cannot solve. This result is easily obtained if we assume time dilation in relation to Einstein Frame (EF) the frame where the speed of light is isotropic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Averaging Vacuum Solutions

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman, Julian Cruz
Comments: 19 Pages.

This article discusses known and additional solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations without a lambda term and with a lambda term, with signatures (+ — — —) and (— + + +). The possibility of averaging these solutions is investigated. It is shown that the averaging of metrics-solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations can be used as the basis for metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum formations of the corpuscular type. Ways to solve the problems that arose in this case related to spatial singularities and spherical voids are proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Units and Constants: About Their Coherency and Cosmological Consequences

Authors: Helmut Söllinger
Comments: 24 Pages. In German

By his paper "Units and Reality" the author has shown, that the transformation of the fundamental physical constants into systems of units, which differ from the International System of Units (SI), is a powerful tool to uncover correlations - being searched for a long time — between the important dimensionless constants α = 1/137.036 and mp/me =1836.15 on the one hand and the numeric values of the constants with dimensions on the other hand.These numeric value correlations become exact equations if one transfers the physical constants c, h, G etc. into a system with a length unit of 1.0128 m, a time unit of 1.0112 s and a mass unit of 1.1531 kg.During the last years the author consequently continued his previous investigations and discovered a new numeric correlation between the Hubble radius and the number 1836.15.The numeric correlations in combination with an equation, which the author found 2012 through systematic numerical investigations lead to a new cosmological model which is based only on powers of 2π/α = 861,023 and mp/me =1836.15.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unequal Volumetric and Shear Modulus in Einstein Field Equations

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repeated submissions and cancellations))

In the Einstein Field Equations space-time undergoes volumetric and shear deformations due to presence of matter as described by the stress-energy tensor. In the Einstein field equations the modulus associated to those two type of deformations is identical. In this paper we show that, in case this assumption is removed, proper solutions for the space-time metric can still be derived.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Addendum to "The Feynman-Dyson Propagators for Neutral Particles (Locality or Non-Locality)?"*

Authors: Valeriy Dvoeglazov
Comments: 3 Pages.

We answer several questions of the referees and readers arised after publication of the commented article. Moreover, we see that is impossible to consider correct relativistic quantum mechanics without negative energies, tachyons, and without appropriate forms of discrete symmetries.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unication of Electric and Gravitational Interaction in Classical Physics

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

This paper challenges the quantum-focused search for a unified theory of fundamental interactions by exploring the potential unification of electric and gravitational forces within classical physics. Highlighting the similarities between Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation, it suggests that signs of unification should be observable on a acroscopic scale. The concept of gravitomagnetic fields, akin to magnetic fields in electromagnetism, is introduced, supported by experimental evidence from rotating masses and a notable experiment with a superconducting disk. This experiment hinted at the generation of a powerful gravitomagnetic field, suggesting a gravitational analogue to electromagnetic phenomena. The discussion extends to gravitational synchrotron radiation, proposing that celestial bodies in orbit emit this radiation, influencing their orbital dynamics. This concept is used to explain the observed mergers of black holes and neutron stars detected by gravitational wave observatories, framing these events as influenced by gravitational waves rather than spacetime vibrations. A central argument for unification is the treatment of rest mass as the true invariant gravitational charge, challenging the current understanding of black holes and suggesting they are states of matter with finite density without traditional event horizons. The paper concludes with a reevaluation of the Schwarzschild radius and event horizons, proposing thought experiments that question established interpretations and advocate for a classical physics approach to unifying gravitational and electric interactions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expanding Universe

Authors: Jörg Schmidt
Comments: 62 Pages.

In this work, the Friedmann equations, which represent the fundamental equations of cosmological models, are derived using a Newtonian and a relativistic approach by solving Einstein's field equations in a high level of detail. The space-time geometry in the form of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is derived and the calculations of the Christoffel symbols, the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar, as well as the solution of the field equations are described in detail. The energy-momentum tensor assumes that matter in the universe behaves like an ideal fluid.The relationship between the different densities in the universe and the scale factor and the resulting three phases in the evolutionary history of the universe are explained. The time-varying ratio of matter density to vacuum density in the universe eventually led to the reversal of expansion, i.e., the change from a decelerated to an accelerated expansion of space. With the help of the second Friedmann equation and an equation for the expansion force, it is demonstrated at which density ratio and at what time this occurred. Assuming a flat universe and neglecting the radiation density, the Friedmann equation is solved and equations for the scale factor and the Hubble parameter are derived.Equations are derived to determine the cosmological horizons, the Hubble radius, and the worldlines of photons (light cones) and of stationary objects moving only within the Hubble flow. Using example calculations and their representations in space-time diagrams, the interrelations of these quantities are particularly elaborated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Fully Conformal Solution of Einstein's Gravitational Equations and the Comparison of Its Implications With Astrophysical Data

Authors: Richard Dvorsky
Comments: 17 Pages.

According to general relativity, the cosmological redshift can be caused also by another mechanism, similar to the gravitational redshift of massive stars - in principle due to differences in the global metric field between a source in the past and an observer in the present. In this paper, we analyse spacetime using a fully conformal metric, where the character of natural physical time is preserved and the scaling factor acts identically on all four spacetime coordinates. Unlike the Robertson-Walker metric, the fully conformal metric preserves the time independence of the speed of light and energy-momentum tensor. The motivation was to test the possibility of the above cosmological redshift mechanism in confrontation with astrophysical data. Probably the most important consequence is the generalized formulation and interpretation of the Hubble-Lemaître law z(r) = (eHr/c — 1), which shows good agreement with astrophysical data even for farthest supernovae. Confronting the model of conformal metric with some astrophysical data shows an interesting agreement with the observed spatial distribution of astrophysical sources such as γ-ray bursts and quasars. On a cosmological scale, the fully conformal metric mentioned above naturally determines global energy density, spatial flatness, and solves the horizon problem and Olbers' paradox in infinite spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometric Foundations: a Unified Field Theory From Hypersphere Rotations

Authors: Jason Robert Leonard
Comments: 50 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI generated contents/results are in general not acceptable)

This paper presents a novel geometric model that derives both quantum mechanical and relativisticphenomena from first principles of nested rotating higher-n fractal hyperspheres. Through a series of mathematical analyses, we establish the fundamental premises, including the stereographic projection of rotating hyperspheres onto the complex plane, tracing out helical worldlines characterized by anangular velocity ω and radii r1, r2. Key results include deriving the velocity of light, gravitational and quantum constants from geometric ω/r ratios, formulating uncertainty principles and wave phenomena from ω/r fluctuations, and scale recursion relations connecting different levels.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[Critical Explorations of the Relativity Theory]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 227 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

[This paper contains a collection of my critical explorations of the relativity theory. The reader is encouraged to check the calculations.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is the Event Horizon of a Black Hole?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 10 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

In this study, the conventional understanding of the event horizon in black holes within the framework of Einstein's general theory of relativity is reevaluated. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that the event horizon acts as a physical barrier from which nothing can escape, it is proposed that it should instead be understood as an abstract mathematical concept, arising from a misinterpretation of escape velocity.Through detailed analysis, it is demonstrated that the gravitational field intensity at the event horizon is significantly lower than previously believed, challenging the existence of phenomena such as Hawking radiation which rely on the traditional concept of the event horizon as a one-waymembrane. Utilizing relativistic formulas for the first and second cosmicvelocities, the study shows that for any black hole, the escape velocities remain below the speed of light, regardless of the black hole's mass or radius. This finding implies that the concept of an insurmountable event horizon is not supported by the equations of general relativity. The paper concludes by suggesting that black holes represent a distinct state ofmatter characterized by high but finite density, and questions the traditional view of black holes within the cosmological narrative. Throughrigorous mathematical analysis, this research challenges established paradigms and opens new avenues for understanding the nature of blackholes and the fabric of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Decay of a Superbradyon Into a Baryonic Particle and Its Antiparticle

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 Figures

Superbradyons are hypothetical elementary particles that can travel faster than light keeping real values of their mass and energy. They were suggested by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres. Superbradyons do not fit Einstein’s theory of relativity. But they do fit the new theory of gravity which is called the 3D-brane universe model. Within the framework of this new theory we study the decay of a superbradyon into a baryonic particle and its antiparticle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Knot in Low Heat Schwarzschild Black Hole

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a topological object, a gravitational knot, could exist in low heat Schwarzschild black hole (Newton's theory of gravitation) by assuming that the Ricci curvature tensor especially the metric tensor consists of a scalar field i.e. a subset of the Ricci curvature tensor. The Chern-Simons action is interpreted as such a knot.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Analogy of Black Hole and Phase Singularities

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. Black hole singularity is considered as the extremely high speed changing of the eikonal. We investigate the analogy of a black hole singularity and the phase singularity in optics known as optical vortex.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two Totally Connected Superluminal Natario Warp Drive Spacetimes with Variable Velocities

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 34 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions:The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causallydisconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the $1+1$ spacetime with variable velocities and with or without lapse functions using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and we provide here the step by step mathematicalcalculations in order to outline the final results found in our work which are the following ones: For both cases with variablevelocities and with or without the lapse function the Horizon do not exists at all.Due to the extra terms in the lapse function andin the variable velocities that affects the whole spacetime geometry these solutions allows to circumvent the problem of the Horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Nature of Space, Time and the Infinity in Physics or the Real World

Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper logically explains in details that space and time in physics or the real world is of 3 types: the absolute physical space, the relative physical space, the relative psychological space, the absolute physical time, the relative physical time and the relative psychological time and explains the distinct qualities and their interrelationship. We also prove that Consciousness or Pure Existence is the only infinity in physics or the real world from which the whole universe has sprung up and which is present everywhere all the time. We use logic rather than any metaphysics or belief to prove this because we believe that "what is the truth can never be illogical and what is illogical can never be the truth!"
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Superluminal Photons

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 4 Pages.

The properties of dynamic space-matter are considered, a special case of its fixed state is the Euclidean space-time of modern theories. Such dynamic space-matter is already represented in the quantum coordinate system. And already under such conditions the possibility of the presence and detection of superluminal photons is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Origins of Supermassive Black Holes

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra admin - Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted)

Based on Bekenstein-Hawking formula, the black hole maximal entropy , the maximum amount of information bits that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). Since any sphere is limited to the amount of information bits it can contain within its volume of space, up to the limit of the information within a black hole with an event horizon at the radius of this sphere, the Bekenstein-Hawking formula is the upper limit for information contained within any sphere (or volume) of space. This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits that are concealed in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit onto its surrounding surface area. This can lead to the idea that the fabric of spacetime is a fabric of entangled information units at the size of Planck length (for each information unit). Due to entanglement, the information in a volume of space is entangled to the information on its surrounding sphere and is limited by the surrounding sphere area divided by Planck area, just as Bekenstein-Hawking calculated for the black hole entropy. The best candidate to carry the entangled information quantum bits in empty space, will be the virtual particles quantum fluctuations in the vacuum, that pop in and out of existence due to The Heisenberg uncertainty principle . Some of these virtual particles that pop in and out of existence in empty space are non-correlated random noise fluctuations that cancel each other, and some are correlated information fluctuations. The correlated information fluctuations on the surface of the sphere represent information regarding the energy and mass within the volume of this sphere. As the information carrying, correlated virtual particle pairs pop in and out of existence, they define the pulse of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Instanton: a Conspicuous Case of Scale Transition

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 261 Pages.

Light is the only physical phenomenon of our experience that transits all three scales of the world we inhabit: infrafinite, finite, as well as transfinite. The concept of instanton accomodates the transition of thesescales in space and time. This fact indicates that the quantization might be in fact, the only true law of nature. In this respect the world we inhabit is unique: the Planck’s quantization procedure asks for a special fundamentalstructure of the universe as an optical medium, which must be a Maxwell fish-eye. In order to apply the Planck’s procedure of quantization to matter, one needs to extend the electromagnetic properties of the light fields to matterfields. At this juncture, the special relativity aroused a thesis which acts implicitly in all initiatives of theoretical physics: the length — which is a differentia of the concept of matter — is identical to the distance, which is aproperty of the vacuum concept, and can be revealed only by light. A proper usage of this thesis leads to the idea of Yang-Mills fields: the equivalents in matter of the electromagnetic fields from vacuum. The planetary atomicmodel, as the fundamental structure of the physical world is considered from this point of view. Consequences are suggested and/or described; some of them are pursued up to their conclusions, some remain at the level oflogical speculations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is Mass?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages.

Mass should be understood in terms of potential energy arising from vector potentials of force elds. It reevaluates Einstein's famousequation E = mc2 and suggests that rest mass (denoted as mr) is essentially a form of potential energy. The text challenges traditional views by proposing that the rest mass of subatomic particles is not con- stant but varies with the potential of the elds in which they are located. Through a series of theoretical discussions and thought experiments, the author explores the implications of this view for understanding the uni- verse, including the additivity of rest mass, the variability of subatomic particle masses, and the principle of minimum potential energy (or rest mass) governing all interactions and processes in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Are the James Webb Space Telescope's Data so Surprising?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages.

The implications of recent astronomical observations made by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and compares them with thosefrom the Hubble Space Telescope. Specically, it discusses the discovery of galaxies such as GN-z11 and JADES-GS-z13-0, which appear to have formed at very early stages of the universe, challenging previous assumptions about galaxy formation and the age of the universe.The author uses a thought experiment involving relativistic speeds and redshift calculations to question the current estimates of the universe'sage, suggesting that the universe might be older than widely accepted. The piece critically examines the methodologies used in determiningthe age of distant galaxies and the universe, proposing that new data from JWST could necessitate a revision of cosmological models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hypothesis on the Fifth Dimension and Dark Light: A New Cosmological Model

Authors: Karim Bourébi
Comments: 86 Pages.

The proposed hypothesis explores an interdisciplinary and innovative vision of cosmology, integrating notions of the fifth dimension, "dark light", and dynamic interactions between our universe and an anti-universe. This ambitious theory aims to unify and explain a variety of cosmological and quantum phenomena still unexplained by standard models, such as the accelerated expansion of the universe, the nature and properties of dark energy and dark matter, as well as the principles of quantum superposition and entanglement. At the heart of this hypothesis is the idea of a fifth dimension that transcends the known four-dimensional space-time, acting as a mediator not only between the visible universe and a potential anti-universe but also as a source of the mysterious "dark light", conceptualized here as a form of dark energy. This additional dimension would offer a new framework for understanding the fundamental interactions of nature, proposing that the forces and phenomena observed in our universe could be influenced or directly derived from this omnipresent dimension. The goal of this hypothesis is to lay the foundation for a unified theory that could potentially fill gaps in current theories by providing new insights into the structure and dynamics of the universe, while paving the way for technological advances revolutionaries in communications, space propulsion, energy generation, and beyond. By envisioning a complex and multidimensional interaction between visible light, dark light, and fundamental forces across a fifth dimension, this theory aspires to revolutionize our understanding of the universe, its formation, its expansion, and the fundamental laws that govern it.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hubble Force and Vacuum Energy

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please only submit finalized work)

It is common knowledge that vacuum has an intrinsic energy and exerts negative pressure (force), one which acts against gravity to drive and accelerate the expansion of the Universe. Little is known, however, about the force it causing this pressure. Indeed it is controversial whether there is any force at all behind this phenomenon so the situation must be carefully weighed. Here I shall venture to argue briefly that there does exist a force driving the expansion, the force I call the `Hubble Force'. Then, with an explicit force at hand, the whole machinery of continuum mechanics would be at our service to analyze the expansion thoroughly.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity — Alternative Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein's theory of special relativity, SR, is a generally accepted theory that analyses, for instance, relationships between two inertial reference systems moving at a constant speed against each other. This relationship between the coordinates of an event in the two inertial reference systems is made using so-called Lorentz Transformations, LT. These transformations constitute the most central concept within SR. We will build an alternative theory to SR. We will derive new transformations between the two reference systems. It will be easy to compare these two theories. We will show that if all the steps taken during the derivation apply the existing mathematics, logic and physics, our transformations will be flawless, contradiction free! We follow the same steps, the same way of thinking as one do in [B1].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Time Frames: Variable Speed of Light

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 19 Pages.

Within the framework of the Theory of Time Frames, we have revealed an intuitive explanation for the longstanding enigma surrounding the constancy of light speed in a vacuum. This was achieved through the astonishingly straightforward logic that acknowledges a photon's speed varies in proportion to the flow of time and the established fact that photons do not possess rest mass. Consequently, our research indicates that the speed of light is not constant but variable. However, this insight does not contradict the laws of physics or empirical evidence. Moreover, we propose a new dimensionless constant,nc = 299,792,458, to replace the traditional constant of light speed, c. This novel constant is consistent with all observed measurements of light speed conducted within the observer's local time flow. Although this interpretation of light speed deviates from Einstein's theory, it is grounded in solid theoretical and empirical evidence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Field Theoretic Thrust of an Accelerating Frame

Authors: Kevin Player
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider the field theoretic picture where Unruh radiation was initially uncovered. We demonstrate how thrust serves as a more accurate and direct explanation of the Unruh effect and hence Hawing radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Eikonal and Black Hole Entropy

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. We assume that the mass is the mass of a black hole and it is related to a black hole entropy through its area.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Vectorial Lorentz Transformation Formulas for Spacetimes of Arbitrary Dimensions

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please list scientific references in the future!)

The article presents generalized vectorial Lorentz transformation formulas applicable to spacetimes of arbitrary dimensions within the framework of special relativity. It introduces a novel notation to differentiate between temporal coordinates and proper time, and assumes the speed of light as dimensionless and set to 1. This approach results in a homogeneous metric space, termed U-space, facilitating the extension of Lorentz transformations beyond the conventional four-dimensional spacetime to spaces with any number of dimensions. The transformations are derived and detailed for velocities, accelerations, and other vectors in U-space, highlighting their universality and ease of application compared to traditional methods.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof for Localized Energy or Inertia in Curved Spacetime

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 13 Pages.

General Relativity is known for its local character; unlike the omnipresence, i.e., instancy/immediacy of Einstein's ``spookyaction'' while Quantum Entanglement. Hence, it is expected that a local observer can measure/harvest the energy. This means that the famous problem of energy localization should have a positive solution. I introduce an inertial coordinate system (a local inertial tetrad) and derive conservation laws from the covariant four-dimensional divergence of the energy-momentum tensor. As an introduction to the revealing power of such tetrads, different mathematical methods have coincided in showing that Black Holes can start shrinking and, in the finale, completely vanish the falling test objects; the annual pointing of the rotational axis of Earth on the North Star area is also explained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Astonishing Conflict of the Constancy of the One-Way Speed of Light Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 13 Pages.

We show that if we assume the existence of a frame in vacuum where the one-way speed of light is c (c is the measured value of the two-way speed of light in vacuum) than for another frame moving with velocity v_1 in relation to that frame the speed of light in this another frame cannot be c. What is c in this another frame is the one-way Einstein speed of light. Although this has been known and affirmed several years ago, only recently we have an increase of publications stating the variability of the one-way speed of light. Therefore, since the constancy of the speed of light is sometimes considered an unquestionable postulate, we are assisting to an astonishing conflict between the "standard formulation of Relativity" and "Relativity with variable light speed". However, this conundrum can be easily resolved with the clarification of the conceptualization of simultaneity and synchronization.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Growth of the Universe: Another Approach to Cosmology

Authors: Vyacheslav A. Ruchin
Comments: 10 Pages.

At present, the idea that our space-time is emergent, as a kind of low-energy phase transition into some kind of condensed matter and superconductor, is becoming quite popular. This space-time is formed as a kind of new network, the volume of which, when measured in Planck units, is equal to the number of network nodes. The growth of such a network and the increase in its volume is not due to the stretching of existing cells, but as a result of adding new cells. Considering the growth of such a network in a similar way to the growth of the volume of a new phase, one can naturally explain the redshift and many other problems of modern cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Electric Charge Influence on Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 6 Pages. Copyright license: CC BY-NC

This article presents a novel approach to understanding the influence of electric Energy on space-time curvature. EFE actual calculations refer solely to gravitational charges. In this article, I expand them to include the electric charge with calculations carried specifically for electric charges, with exciting results. The article leverages the universal consistency of physical laws, applying the known effects of gravitational charges on space-time curvature to electric charges. The research focuses on calculating the specific impact of electric charges on space-time curvature, rooted in the principle that space-time curvature is omnipresent. The findings reveal that space-time curvature's alteration due to an electric charge is influenced by various factors, including the charge's location, magnitude, mass, density, associated electric field, and its motion through space-time. Notably, the conversion factor for electric charges differs from the conversion factor of gravitational charges. These insights significantly enhance our understanding of electromagnetism and general relativity, paving the way for a more profound comprehension of electric charges.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Galaxies, Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction, Tunguska Event — Explained by WUM

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 14 Pages.

Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered "dark galaxy" is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth's rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge; 2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents in the Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by the huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculating the Gaussian Curvature of Spacetime

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future nonconforming submission or replacement will not be accepted!)

We are working on applications of the Schwarzschild metric to the cosmos. Here we have calculated the curvature of space-time in an isotropic and homogeneous universe with a constant energy density, relating this universe to the Schwarzschild metric using the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem. Already in this metric it is possible to calculate gaussian curvatures and thus we have found a solution to this problem. The result 0,1.10-52 m-2, is very close to zero and this agrees with the opinion of many scientists. To reach this result, we have found an equation that relates the Gaussian curvature of the space-time of the Schwarzschild model with several cosmic parameters and through it and the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem we have established a relationship between the Schwarzschild metric and the universe of the standard cosmological model. This has allowed us to calculate the proportionality factor between curvature and mass density. With this, calculating the curvature of space-time is immediate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolving Relativity's Unresolvable Paradoxes

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 12 Pages, 4 Diagrams

In a recent viXra posting, David Bower identifies an unresolvable paradox in special relativity involving the Lorentz transformation. Three or more reference frames with different velocities could create multiple rates of time for each. Paradoxes are an inherent problem with special relativity. They occur in all cases. The source of the conflict is the one-dimensional consideration of light and time in linear motion when they're innately three-dimensional constituents. Abandoning light's (presumed) constancy in favor of its compounding with motion simply eliminates all paradoxes. But accepting this resolution would undermine relativity's founding premise, which would in turn invalidate nearly all of it, along with all other ancillary theories that are based on light's fixed velocity, including the Lorentz transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Study of Relativistic Gravity-Clock in Egg-Sperm Combination Process

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

In the present paper, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized in terms of the ultimate acceleration on a cell-scale. A sperm fuses with an egg to begin the process of fertilization. In a fertilized egg, it is subject to the interference of the gravity-associated relativistic matter waves between egg and sperm in the cell, which would produce a beat phenomenon. The beating pulse as a gravity-clock will evolve into the embryo's heart beat, from then on for the whole life, no matter how many times the fertilized cell reproduces itself, the body is driven by the gravity-clock. The fertilized cell will develop 5 prominent proteins on its surface, finally the human body will evolve into 5 prominent branches: one head, two arms and two legs. The mean human lifespan is determined as 84 years; the total number of heart beats for a lifespan is determined as 3.08e+9 pulses, it holds for human being, mammals, birds and fishes. These predictions agree well with the experimental observations. Filter mechanism in kidney, liver and brain are investigated. It is found that the entanglement of the gravity-associated relativistic matter waves actually establishes a filter mechanism for the organs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Totally Connected Superluminal Natario Warp Drive Spacetime with Constant Velocities

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 20 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions:The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causallydisconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble. The behavior of a photon sent to the front of the warp bubble in the case of a Natario warp drive with constant velocity and a lapse function is the main purpose of this work.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the $1+1$ spacetime with lapse function using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and we provide here the step by step mathematical calculations in order to outline the final result found in our work which is the following one: For the case of the lapse function the Horizon do not exists at all.Due to the extra terms in the lapse function that affects the whole spacetimegeometry this solution allows to circumvent the problem of the Horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[The Inconsistency] of Special Relativity

Authors: Octavian Balaci
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Reassert[ion of] the twin paradox in a new light lead[s] to the conclusion that the theory of relativity is inconsistent with the physical reality. Symmetric clocks paradox [with] two clocks in a special setup, in which both clocks are in inertial movement on the entire duration of experiment[, are used to demonstrate the inconsistency.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Einstein Equation is Fully Compatible with Purely Newtonian Gravity, but Einstein's Coordinate Condition Self-Consistently Enforces Lorentz Covariance

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 26 Pages.

In 1915 Einstein adopted a new coordinate condition for the Einstein equation, namely that the metric tensor's determinant keeps the value -1 it has in the Minkowskian case. In his landmark November 18, 1915 paper, Einstein showed that applying his new coordinate condition to the approximate calculation of the metric of a static point mass (the sun) produces agreement with the previously unaccounted-for part of Mercury's perihelion shift, and also doubles the deflection of light by the sun's gravity from his previous calculation which didn't use his new coordinate condition; a 1919 solar-eclipse expedition verified his new result. In January, 1916 Schwarzschild published the exact version of Einstein's new static point-mass metric; as expected, it slightly lengthens circular-orbit periods. In May 1916 Droste published a much simpler exact metric that fails to satisfy the Einstein equation at all empty-space points and doesn't lengthen circular-orbit periods. In 1922 Friedmann replaced Einstein's coordinate condition with setting the metric's time-time component to unity; this eliminates gravitational time dilation and sends c to infinity, causing the Einstein equation to yield purely Newtonian gravity. We revisit the Oppenheimer-Snyder model using Einstein's coordinate condition instead; the considerably different results reflect gravitational time dilation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Возможность регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн с помощью гравиметрического оборудования
The Ability to Register Wake Gravitational Waves Using Gravimetric Equipment. (Ru)

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 15 Pages. In Russian

This article follows the article "Registration of Wake gravitational waves using pulsar timing" [5] and is devoted to the registration of Wake gravitational waves using direct measurement of gravitational forces with standard equipment.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for Wake gravitational waves are presented.

Данная статья следует за статьёй «Регистрация Кильватерных гравитационных волн с помощью тайминга пульсаров» [5] и посвящена регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн при помощи непосредственного измерения гравитационных сил стандартным оборудованием. Представлены предварительные оценки физических и геометрических характеристик для поиска Кильватерных гравитационных волн.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Herds and Shepherds in Cosmology

Authors: Martín López-Corredoira
Comments: 5 pages, published in Science 2.0, December 22nd 2023: https://www.science20.com/martin_lopez_corredoira/herds_and_shepherds_in_cosmology-256895 (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements)

In the last five years, no problem in cosmology has received as much attention as what is called ``Hubble tension.'' Hundreds or perhaps even thousands of papers have investigated the observations that originate the tension within the standard cosmological model or proposed alternative scenarios. Historically, in the last five decades, we should not be surprised to find tensions of 4-6$sigma $ because they are much more frequent than indicated by the Gaussian statistics, and they stem from underestimation of errors, not from real tensions in the background physics or cosmology. Moreover, there are tens of tensions and problems in the standard model that are more challenging than this. Why, then, is there so much noise and commotion surrounding Hubble tension in the last five years? The answer to this question has to do with the fact that this tension has been promoted by the dominant groups that control cosmology, the same teams who promoted the idea of concordance cosmology and dark energy based on Supernovae Ia and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation analyses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of the Four Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe Part I: a Real Hyperspherical Four-Dimensional Universe Can Explain the Equations E=hf and E=m_0 C^2, as Well as the Wave-Particle Duality of Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 11 Pages.

This work postulates that the real universe is a true four-dimensional hypersphere (4D), with three spatial dimensions and a fourth dimension that we perceive as time. Therefore, a real 4D spacetime, whose radius is a real time dimension that expands at the speed of light. This postulate allows the definition of a privileged reference system centered on the Big Bang event representing the centre of the 4D universe. Another postulate posits that all physical phenomena occurring along the real temporal dimension of the 4D universe are perceived and measured in the three-dimensional (3D) spatial part of the 4D universe, where we live, differently from their true nature. Thus, the expansion of the time dimension is not perceived as a spatial expansion, but as "the flow of time", and the energy developed along the temporal dimension is perceived as mass. This second postulate, in analogy with the holographic principle, is termed "restricted holographic principle", since it encodes only the information related to the time dimension of the 4D universe in its 3D spatial part. Based on these two postulates and their corollaries, I derive the Planck equation of the energy of electromagnetic waves, E=hf. This derivation demonstrates that it is the sum of the spatial and temporal components of the energy in the real four-dimensional spacetime. Applying the restricted holographic principle, I find that the temporal component of the energy of an EMW, appearing as mass in the 3D portion of the 4D universe, imparts particle properties, while the wave properties are attributed to the spatial component. This explains the dual behaviour (wave/particle) of EMWs in the 3D spatial part. Another consequence of these postulates is that in the 4D universe there are no physical objects, that is, entities with mass, but only EMWs whose temporal component manifests as mass within the 3D portion of the 4D universe. If these electromagnetic waves are only temporal, the equivalence hf_t=m_0 c^2 is obtained. Other important deductions are that the physical quantities, such as acceleration, force (including gravity), and work, have physical significance only in the 3D portion of the 4D universe. Finally, since mass exists only in the spatial (3D) portion, this part can be considered as a hyperspherical shell (3D) of the 4D universe that, not exerting gravity on itself, leads to the deduction that all the mass presents in its 3D part cannot slow down the expansion of the 4D universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analysis of K­-Calculus from Introducing Einstein's Relativity by Ray D'inverno

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 11 Pages. The author shows inaccuracies in k-calculus.

Einstein's theory of special relativity, SR, is a generally accepted theory that analyses, for instance, relationships between two inertial reference systems moving at a constant speed against each other. This relationship between the coordinates of an event in the two inertial reference systems is made using so-­called Lorentz Transformations, LT. These transformations constitute the most central concept within SR. It is from these transformations that other concepts within SR are derived, concepts such as time dilation, length contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

μ0ε0 Correlation with Time Process

Authors: Yake Li, Juan Zhou, Jianlin Ning
Comments: 8 Pages.

In nature, matter and its movement are primary, while time is just a concept and a method for measuring the rate of material movement. μ0ε0 is an interesting pair of physical quantities that can be a constant when measured directly, and a variable when measured indirectly. Research has found that, μ0ε0 affects the rate of motion of all substances within a local area. From the perspective of influencing the rate of material motion and reflecting the rate of material motion, μ0ε0 is correlated with the time process. because μ0ε0 The value of can be large or small and always a positive number greater than zero, so the process of time can be fast, slow, and irreversible. Like other physical concepts, time also has a certain scope ofapplication and is not effective for studying all physical phenomena.

在自然界中，物质和物质运动是第一性的，而时间只是一个概念，只是人们量度物质运动速率的一种方法。μ0 ε0是一对有趣的物理量，当直接测量时，它是常数，当间接测量时，它又可以是变数。研究发现，μ0 ε0影响着局域内所有物质运动的速率。从影响物质运动速率和反映物质运动速率方面看，μ0 ε0与时间进程具有相关性。与其它物理概念一样，时间也具有一定的适用范围，并非对研究的所有物理现象均有效。
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Movement of Space Versus Movement in Space

Authors: G. N. N. Martin
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

Tensor calculus is particularly suitable for plotting the path of an object or wave through a stationary or slowly evolving space time. It is less easily used where the space time itself is violently evolving. I introduce an unusual metric which has some surprising properties and which can cover a vast volume of space time in a single chart. Such a chart suggests that the internals of a collapsed star are often misunderstood, and suggests a practical way for analysing those internals. One surprising property of the metric may have implications for wave theories of matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Latent Postulate of Special Relativity

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The special theory of relativity has a third postulate. This presupposition is never mentioned, it is included in the analysis as everyone knows or as a dogma. A scientific decision process was not realized for this postulate. For this reason, physicists in particular cannot overcome the captivity of this hidden local postulate and wake up to the real natural truth, even if they have some hesitations in their minds. Science cannot bear this flaw any longer.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Scale Factor of the Universe, the basis of a New Cosmology

Authors: John Hunter
Comments: 10 Pages. 8 figures

In the 25 years following the introduction of dark energy to cosmology there has been little progress in understanding this phenomenon. A radical solution is considered - to change the redshift scale-factor relation. The new relation explains why Concordance Cosmology, using the wrong relation, needs a low matter density and dark energy. An alternative cosmology is described that explains how the new relation comes about. There are solutions to the flatness problem, the coincidence problem and the Hubble tension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Interpretation of Cause of Mass Increase

Authors: Sang-Ryol Ri
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is known that the relativistic mass formula is numerically well consistent with the experiment for the charged particles. But, unfortunately, the explanation of the cause of the mass increase is insufficient. We think that the explanation of the cause and effect is very important in physics. It is an axiom that the mass of a body could never be increased unless it does not absorb an outside material, that is, the mass increase is impossible without the absorption of an outside material. In this paper, we add the content of the special theory of relativity by the interpretation of cause of mass increase, paying attention to the idea that the mass of the particle should be taken up as much as mass of the absorbed photon. We very simply derive the mass formula only with the most basic concepts of physics at the last part of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Application of Shoshany-Snodgrass Analysis to the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime with Zero Expansion

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 51 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)

Alcubierre and Natario developed their warp drives spacetimes using the Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner ADM formalism considering the lapse function alpha always equal to 1. Recently Barak Shoshany and Ben Snodgrass considered the possibility of warp drive spacetimes in which the lapse function alpha is different than 1 in very special geometric cases and we arrive at very interesting results:In order to travel to a"nearby" star at 20 light-years at superluminal speeds in a reasonable amount of time in months not in years a ship must attain a speed of about 200 times faster than light.However the negative energy density at such a speed is directly proportional to the factor 1048 which is 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 times bigger in magnitude than the mass of the planet Earth which is "only" proportional to the factor1024!!.The lapse function allows more ffectively the negative energy density requirements when a ship travels with a speed of 200 times faster than light using the Shoshany-Snodgrass analysis. We reproduce here the Shoshany-Snodgrass analysis to the Natario warp drive spacetime with zero expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Paradox Involving the Lorentz Transformation

Authors: David M. Bower
Comments: 3 Pages.

A previously unrecognized / unpublished paradox about the Lorentz transformation as interpreted and used by Einstein is presented. This new paradox shows the ultimate futility of explaining reality with Einstein’s interpretation of the Lorentz transformation and his use of the Lorentz transformation to derive the equations of time dilation. (Similar agruments would apply to length contraction.) It does not appear that this paradox has been discussed in the literature in the past; however, given the vast amount of research and speculation about the Lorentz transformation that has been published in various languages in the last hundred years, it is very difficult to verify this claim.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Coordinate Transformations for the Optical Wave Equation

Authors: Yusuf Ziya Umul
Comments: 23 Pages.

A new coordinate transform is introduced for the wave equation, defined in different inertial reference frames. It is shown that two different measurement sets can be identified for a moving reference system with respect to the motionless observer. In one of these measurements, the speed of light does not change and has the same value with the velocity of light, propagating in the medium according to which the stationary observer rests. This behavior is also mathematically proven. Coordinate transformations are derived by using the wave equation and the phase term of its general solution. The behaviors of these transforms for different cases are studied.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Quantum Luminiferous Aether

Authors: D. J. Larson
Comments: 32 Pages. Copyright to the paper is held by Physics Essays Publication, http://physicsessays.org/. The paper is uploaded to Vixra with permission granted from Physics Essays.

A solid, two-component, quantum luminiferous aether is proposed to exist. Simple postulates are hypothesized, along with some physical laws and assignments. Derivations then lead to the equations of electrodynamics (Maxwell’s Equations and the Lorentz Force Equation), Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, and to two field-masses. The theory is shown to successfully meet the classic tests of General Relativity: calculations for the advance of the perihelia, the Shapiro effect and the gravitational redshift agree with experiment, and the experimental result concerning the bending of light in gravitational fields is also understood. Additionally, gravitational waves are understood and the first of the field-masses allows for an understanding of what is presently known as dark matter. A new approach to analyzing dense objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars is discussed, and since the theory has no singularity, a replacement for black holes is suggested. Replacing relativity with an absolute, realist, and physical model returns us to a flat Euclidean space and a separate time. Absolute simultaneity enables understanding of quantum mechanics. The underlying philosophical grounding is discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Co-Moving Coordinates Cannot Maintain Their Co-Moving Status in the Spatially Non-Flat Cosmological Models

Authors: Kenneth Sandale
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is thought that consideration of the General Relativity force law demonstrates that particles will retain their stationary status in the standard cosmological models. However this argument neglects the effects of pressure-dependent gravitational forces. When these forces are correctly included, what actually happens is that in spatially non-flat universes particles do not really remain co-moving, and indeed develop motion that is not consistent with the very symmetry condition these models were designed to manifest.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Source-Free Conformal Waves on Spacetime

Authors: Carsten S. P. Spanheimer
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

Investigating conformal metrics on (Pseudo-)Riemannian spaces in any number of dimensions, it is shown that the pure scalar curvature R as the Lagrange densityleads to a homogeneous d'Alembert equation on spacetime which allows for source-free wave phenomena. This suggests to use the scalar curvature R itself rather than the Hilbert-Einstein action R*sqrt(abs(g)) as the governing Lagrange density for General Relativity to also find general, non-conformal solutions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Creation of Paired Entities is Ever Governed by the Golden Mean: About the Nested Repeatability of Living and Cosmic Processes and the Origin of the Universe Nested Repeatability

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 6 Pages.

The concept of paired entities as nature’s reproductive strategy is illuminated and the dominance of golden mean solutions by simple mathematical assumptions verified including ‘golden’ quartic polynomials. From the beginning, cosmos and life gain profit of superconducting energy and information transport by way of paired bosons like the Higgs bosons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mach’s Principle and Gravitational Shielding

Authors: Wenceslao González
Comments: 14 Pages.

We propose that inertia is the result of the gravitational force of induction of the entire Universe; that is, we understand that the force of inertia is the induction force exerted on a body by its accelerated movement with respect to the Universe, a statement that we call Mach's principle. We calculate this force by applying the weak field theory of General Relativity and using the results of electromagnetic theory. To avoid the divergence of the integral in calculating the induction force, we assume that in the Universe's early stages there was a strong gravitational absorption, which weakened as the cosmic density decreased. Admitting an ad hoc absorption function, we demonstrate Mach's principle, verifying that the inertial mass of a body is proportional to the gravitational mass with a proportionality coefficient dependent on cosmic time. Applying this result, we calculate the relative variation of the universal gravitation constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Анализ тайминга пульсаров для регистрация Кильватерных гравитационных волн
Analysis of Pulsar Timing for Registration of Wake Gravitational Waves. (Ru)

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian

Гравитационная астрономия, основанная на тайминге пульсаров, открывает возможность регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн, которые, могут генерироваться Солнцем и Луной. При воздействии этих волн на Землю, должно наблюдаться «фиолетовое» смещение частоты импульсов пульсаров.Представлены предварительные оценки физических и геометрических характеристик для поиска таких волн.

Gravitational astronomy, based on pulsar timing, opens up the possibility of registering Wake gravitational waves that can be generated by the Sun and Moon. When these waves are exposed to the Earth, a "purple" shift in the pulse frequency of pulsars should be observed.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for such waves are presented.(English version: https://vixra.org/abs/2401.0019)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Theory of Special Relativity and Motions in the Universe

Authors: Wonsub Kim
Comments: 68 Pages.

The Theory of Relativity is based on the hypothesis of the universal constancy of light velocity. Albert Einstein observed that light travel times over identical lengths of moving and stationary rods were not simultaneous in his imaginary experiment. He concluded that those light travel events must be simultaneous because the same physical facts should be the same regardless of the motions of the observation frames. He pointed out that different light velocities for those rods were responsible for the non-simultaneity. Then, for simultaneity, he asserted the same light velocity c for both rods. This was Einstein’s justification for the universal light velocity for all observers. However, the stationary and moving rod cases were actually two different events because of the aether-like setting of his stationary coordinate frame. The same light velocity c for both rods as set for the coordinate system means both rods are stationary on the stationary coordinate system. No rods are moving. Likewise, the universal light velocity c means everything in the universe is fixed to the stationary coordinate system. Nothing moves in that universe. The Doppler Effects of light waves cannot exist if light velocity is universally constant. The Doppler Effects of electromagnetic waves are real life evidence refuting the universal light velocity. He made light velocity the absolute and universal invariant, but that made all physical facts variants. The theory of relativity postulates velocity dependent time, geometry, mass, etc. These controversies are reviewed in detail herein. The review proved that the classic Newtonian mechanics arecorrect with the preservation of the physical fact invariance. The Newtonian mechanics found no clock synchronicity issue at all in Einstein’s experiment. Experiments by Michelson-Morley, Fizeau, Kennedy-Thorndike, etc. are validations of Newtonian mechanics. Immanuel Kant and W. Hoffman noted that motions of bodies are mere potentials with respect to observation references, suggesting the impossibility of universal velocities. No universal motion suggests no universal governance in the universe. Event locality is further evidenced in Newton’s bucket example. The laws of conservation in physics are consequences of event locality and independence. Newton’s Shell Theorem explains that the event locality is from the featurelessness of an infinite uniform universe. Rotational motions of celestial systems are perpetual and inevitable local stability mechanisms in the non-influential global universe. A finite universe would suffer from non-uniformity and instability. The Epicurean universe is determined to be the most satisfactory universe model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Higgs Boson Mass Relations and Hole Superconductivity

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 12 Pages.

We suggest relationships between the experimentally measured Higgs boson mass and the mass of elementary particles like electron or proton by scaling with Sommerfeld’s α constant and the golden mean.The depressed quartic potential of the Higgs field is governed by the golden mean, because every quartic polynomial is a golden one. The Higgs boson with zero spin, considered as composite particle like the Cooper pair, could be associated with properties of superconductivity. However, when superconductivity is exclusively caused by interacting holes, the Higgs boson should be related to any paired holes of matter. Furthermore, the Higgs field can be related to Bhandari’s energy field that is believed to come from an extern energy source, and this field is related to gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Registration of Wake Gravitational Waves Using Pulsar Timing

Authors: A.V. Antipin
Comments: 8 Pages.

Gravitational astronomy, based on pulsar timing, opens up the possibility of registering Wake gravitational waves that can be generated by the Sun and Moon. When these waves are exposed to the Earth, a "purple" shift in the pulse frequency of pulsars should be observed.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for such waves are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Theory of the Double-Slit Experiment

Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 19 Pages.

The double-slit experiment is a fundamental experiment in physical optics and is currently regarded as a demonstration of the wave-like properties of microscopic particles. This is due to the pattern of alternating bright and dark fringes that appear on the screen as a result of the experiment. However, another characteristic of the double-slit fringe pattern—the nested fringes—has not been previously discussed. In this paper, the authors propose a novel theory of double-slit separation based on this feature and design a new double-slit experimental apparatus to conduct the experiment, allowing for the adjustment of the slit width during the process and thus observing the variation in the fringe pattern. The experiment revealed that the double-slit fringe pattern is actually a localized magnification at the center of the single-filament diffraction pattern, inheriting the nested feature of the single-filament diffraction fringes. A set of obstruction theories utilizing relativity is summarized to explain the double-slit experiment. This new discovery opens up a new direction for research into double-slit experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modified Alcubierre Warp Drive I: Computation III

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 6 Pages.

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system in which it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the components of the energy impulse tensor (thus reducing energy density) by an arbitrary value.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modified Alcubierre Warp Drive I: Computation II

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 6 Pages.

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system in which it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the components of the energy impulse tensor (thus reducing energy density) by an arbitrary value.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Understanding the Mathematics of the CMB Power Spectrum

Authors: David Selig
Comments: 14 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

The CMB Power Spectrum is one of the most important concepts in Big Bang theory. However, the mathematics of power spectrum analysis are complex and less than intuitive. This paper discusses the mathematics of the power spectrum analysis for CMB, with a focus on bringing clarity to this topic. We discuss the concepts involved and provide examples of the calculations that build towards the CMB power spectrum chart. We examine topics such as the angular power spectrum calculation and associated amplitude calculation. We discuss the spherical harmonic equations and the Legendre functions. We provide example calculations to assist readers in understanding the mathematics behind developing the power spectrum chart. Our audience is those individuals that are interested in cosmology and the Big Bang, and who want to have a better understanding of the mathematics behind the CMB power spectrum analysis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Proper Light Speed

Authors: Russell R. Smith
Comments: 15 Pages.

The weak, strong, gravitational, and electromagnetic forces collectively propagate at a rate that is bounded by the speed of light. Since all of the particles within a clock communicate with each other through these forces, when the speed of light dilates, the clock speed changes giving the illusion of time dilation. This can be confusing because the clock slows down, but only due to light speed slowing down, not time itself physically dilating. When you try to measure the speed of light, the clock speed therefore changes proportionally with the change in light speed, so you always measure a value of c no matter what the local speed of light is or how much it changes.Rather than proper time, you have proper light speed, which is how a specified reference frame perceives the speed of light relative to a stationary reference frame in zero-g. The faster an object moves, the slower its proper light speed, which means that all of the fundamental forces slow down causing the moving clock to tick slower than the stationary one. When a muon travels at relativistic speeds, its proper light speed is slow, so all of the forces involved in its decay are slow, causing it to exist for a longer clock-time in the stationary reference frame.The presence of matter changes the local index of refraction, causing light to curve and change velocity. The event horizon of a black hole is where the speed of light is zero. Inside the event horizon, the speed of light is reversed, causing all matter and energy to be forced towards the event horizon, not a singularity.If x is nothing, then by definition, all components of x are also nothing. That is, if a and b are components of x, then [a = x] - [b = x] = x proving that if A - B ≠ x, then A and or B are not components of x. Thus, even in quantum mechanics, something never comes from nothing. Since you cannot produce something from nothing, and something exists today, the fundamentals for said something have always existed. As shown below, time therefore has always passed. We therefore need to consider a model of the universe in which time has always passed, and the universe was organized from fundamentals that have always existed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Implications if the Electric Field Will be Recognized as a Form of Acceleration

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 19 Pages.

Gravity is already recognized as form of Acceleration, but the nowadays Science of Physics does not recognize (yet) the Electric Field also as a form of Acceleration. However, Structural Identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, strongly indicate that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration. The implications resulting from the realization, that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, might not seem to be very significant implications, at first glance. However, this paper does present that, the implications resulting from the realization that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, are indeed very significant. One immediate implication, from the realization that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, presented in this paper, is the realization that Newton's Second Law of Motion (F=ma) might not be always valid. Newton's Second Law of Motion is accepted, by the nowadays Science of Physics, as a Universal Law, and as such, it is accepted as being valid for any scenario containing a Force exerted on a massive body. However, as presented in this paper, if the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, then, Newton's Second Law of Motion might not be valid for Electrically Charged bodies attracted or repelled under Coulomb's Law, and, in such a scenario, Newton's Second Law of Motion should be replaced by a different Law. In addition to the above, additional more significant and revolutionary implications, regarding how Humans perceive, the very Nature of the entities of Space and Time, also arise, if the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, which also might provide an answer to the question: why Electric Charges attract or repel each other? That question is still a mystery today, although the answer to the question: why Mass bodies attract each other? is already provided by Einstein's General Relativity theory. The above might also provide a lead to achieve a simple Unification between Gravity and Electricity, a quest which the nowadays Science of Physics is still struggling with, without achieving yet satisfactory results. In addition to presenting very convincing arguments that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, based on Structural Identities between Newton's Universal. (Truncacted by biXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Alternative Approach in General Relativity Describing Gravitational Redshift, Black Holes Without Singularities and Dark Matter

Authors: Wim Vegt
Comments: 33 Pages.

Differently than in General Relativity, the Interaction between Gravity and Light [35] fundamentally has been based on the sum of the "Stress Energy Tensor" and the introduced "Gravitational Tensor". The theory describes "Gravitational-Electromagnetic Interaction" resulting in a mathematical Tensor presentation for BLACK HOLEs. (Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinements) [1] The "Electromagnetic Energy Gradient" creates a second order effect "Lorentz Transformation" which results in the Gravitational Field of BLACK HOLEs which determines the interaction force density between the confinement of Light (BLACK HOLE’s) and the Gravitational Field.Einstein approached the interaction between gravity and light by the introduction of the "Einstein Gravitational Constant" in the 4-dimensional Energy-Stress Tensor (1). In this alternative approach related to General Relativity, the interaction between gravity and light has been presented by the sum of the Electromagnetic Tensor and the Gravitational Tensor (2) . The new approach presents mathematical solutions for the BLACK HOLEs (Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction) introduced in 1955 by Jonh Archibald Wheeler in the publication in Physical Review Letters in 1955 [1]. The mathematical solutions for BLACK HOLEs are fundamental solutions for the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac equation (Quantum Physics) in Tensor presentation (35). Assuming a constant speed of light "c" and Planck’s constant ħ within the BLACK HOLE, the radius "R" of the BLACK HOLE with the energy of a proton, is about 1% of the radius of the hydrogen atom (14). The New Theory has been tested in an experiment with 2 Galileo Satellites and a Ground Station by measuring the Gravitational RedShift in an by the Ground Station emitted stable MASER frequency [2]. The difference between the calculation for Gravitational RedShift, within the Gravitational Field of the Earth, in "General Relativity" and the "New Theory" is smaller than 10-16 (12) and (13). In all "General Redshift Experiments" General Relativity and the New Theory predict a Gravitational RedShift with a difference smaller than 15 digits beyond the decimal point which is beyond the accuracy of modern "Gravitational Redshift" observations. Both values are always within the measured Gravitational RedShift in all observations being published since the first observation of the gravitational redshift in the spectral lines from the White Dwarf which was the measurement of the shift of the star Sirius B, the white dwarf companion to the star Sirius, by W.S. Adams in 1925 at Mt. Wilson Observatory.Theories which unify Quantum Physics and General Relativity [32], like "String Theory", predict the non-constancy of natural constants. Accurate observations of the NASA Messenger [11] observe in time a value for the gravitational constant "G" which constrains until ( /G to be < 4u2009×u200910-14 per year) . One of the characteristics of the New Theory is the "Constant Value" in time for the Gravitational Constant "G" in unifying General Relativity and Quantum Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Postulate-Free Treatment of Lorentz Boosts in Minkowski Space

Authors: Archan Chattopadhyay
Comments: 4 Pages.

Fundamental results of special relativity, such as the linear transformation for Lorentz boosts, and the invariance of the spacetime interval, are derived from a system of differential equations. The method so used dispenses with the need to make any physical assumption about the nature of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introduction to the Theory of Time Frames: (2) Time Frames and Time Transformations

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper extends the ideas presented in our previous work, "Introduction to the Theory of Time Frames: 1) Time Flow."Central to this theory is the notion that time can flow at different rates in different regions of space, leading to a reevaluation of time dilation.As a logical consequence of observing inertial reference frames within the context of different time flows, the need to introduce the concept of "time frames" became apparent. The concept of time frames includes inertial frames of reference within a region of space with a definite flow of time.To compare physical phenomena between time frames with distinct time flows, we introduced a set of relations or formulas referred to as "time transformations." These time transformations enable observers to translate and relate measurements made in one time frame to those made in another time frame with a different time flow.Within the framework of time transformations, several novel concepts were additionally introduced. These concepts include the "time flow coefficient (p)," the "time flow ratio ()," and the "time deceleration coefficient (δ)," which are necessary for furthering our understanding of the relationship between different time frames with varying flows of time.It should be noted that the theory of time frames departs from Einstein's established theories of relativity, rejecting the concept of four-dimensional spacetime and describing a universe with three spatial dimensions and time as a separate, variable entity.This unconventional viewpoint aims to open up new perspectives on the underlying nature of time and its role in shaping the universe.With these advancements, we have laid a solid foundation for the theory of time frames and established a robust framework for its ongoing exploration and refinement.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Explaining Imbalance of Tidally Ejected Stars from Open Stars Clusters Without Mond

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 18 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Results from a recent paper, and accompanying popular articles, have argued that the observed asymmetry in the numbers, and distributions, of stars tidally ejected in front, versus at the tail of open stars clusters, would favor the MOND theory (Modified Newtonian dynamics), over Newton gravity, and hence General Relativity (GR). This paper disputes such conclusions by showing that the observed asymmetry can equally well be qualitatively explained with multi-fold mechanisms, which propose that macroscopic entanglements between real particles are behind the effects of Dark Matter, and that entanglements of virtual particles explain gravity. This is captured by the E/G conjecture. Considering other similar results, and the fact that we encounter hints of multi-folds in our real universe, in particular with GR at Planck scales, we believe that the explanation proposed in our paper is another viable alternative to relying on MOND. As the multi-fold theory recovers GR, our approach does not require modifying GR, with ideas like MOND. In such a universe we can justify why more starts are ejected in the front than at the tail of galaxy clusters, where the galaxies tends to dilute.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Uniformly-accelerated Motion in an Expanding Universe

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 6 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

Null geodesics of a spacetime are a key factor in determining dynamics of particles. In this paper, it is argued that, within the scope of validity of Cosmological Principle where FLRW model can be safely employed, expansion of the Universe causes the null geodesics to accelerate, providing us with a universal acceleration scale a_0=cH_0. Since acceleration of null rays of spacetime corresponds to null rays of velocity space, demanding the invariance of acceleration of light a_0 yields a new metric for the velocity space which introduces time as a dimension of the velocity space. Being part of the configuration space, modification of distance measurements in velocity space alters the Euler-Lagrange equation and from there the equation of motion, Newton's Second Law. It is then seen that the resulting modification eliminates the need for Dark matter in clusters of galaxies and yields MOND as an approximation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Redshift Distances in Modified Flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker Spacetime Containing G00(t)

Authors: Steffen Haase
Comments: 50 Pages.

In the present paper we use a modified flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric containing g_00(t) describing a spatially homogeneous and isotropic universe to derive the cosmological redshift distance in a way which differs from that which can be found in the general astrophysical literature. Using the flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric the radial physical distance is described by R(t) = a(t)r. In this equation the radial co-moving coordinate is named r and the time-depending scale parameter is named a(t). We use the co-moving coordinate r_e (the subscript e indicates emission) describing the place of a galaxy which is emitting photons and r_a (the subscript a indicates absorption) describing the place of an observer within a different galaxy on which the photons - which were traveling thru the universe - are absorbed. Therefore the physical distance - the real way of light - is calculated by D = a(t_0)r_a - a(t_e)r_e ≡ R_0a - R_ee. Here means a(t_0) the today’s (t_0) scale parameter and a(t_e) the scale parameter at the time t_e of emission of the photons. The physical distance D is therefore a difference of two different physical distances from an origin of coordinates being on r = 0. Nobody can doubt this real travel way of light: The photons are emitted on a co-moving coordinate place r_e and are than traveling to the co-moving coordinate place r_a. During this traveling the time is moving from t_e to t_0 (t_e ≤ t_0) and therefore the scale parameter is changing in the meantime from a(t_e) to a(t_0). Using this right physical distance we calculate some different redshift distances and some relevant classical cosmological equations (effects) and compare these theoretical results with some measurements of astrophysics (quasars, SN Ia and black hole). We get the today’s Hubble parameter H_0a ≈ 65.2 km/(s Mpc) as a main result. This value is a little smaller than the Hubble parameter H_0,Planck ≈ 67.66 km/(s Mpc) resulting from Planck 2018 data. Furthermore, we find for the radius of the so-called Friedmann sphere R_0a ≈ 2,586.94 Mpc. This radius is not the maximum possible distance of seeing within an expanding universe. Photons, which were emitted at this distance, are not infinite red shifted. The today’s mass density of the Friedmann sphere results in ρ_0m ≈ 9.09 x E-30 g/cm3. For the mass of the Friedmann sphere we get M_Fs ≈ 1.94 x E+55 g. The mass of black hole within the galaxy M87 has the value M_BH,M87 ≈ 1.56 x E+43 g. The redshift distance of this object is D ≈ 19.60 Mpc but its today’s distance is only D_0 ≈ 12.27 Mpc. The radius of this black hole is R_S ≈ 1.498 x E-3 pc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The True Universe with Cosmic Inertia

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 11 Pages.

Will the universe allow us to talk past each other forever? Impossible! All theories of the universe proposed by physicists and humanity will eventually compete for a theory of everything, the true universe. For most physicists, a theory of everything has not yet been discovered. However, as a free individual, I used Einsteinian science to discover how cosmic inertia governs the true universe in 2021. Sadly, no physicist knows Einsteinian science (a fact I consider the ultimate absurdity of science), or the true universe would have been uncovered earlier than 2021, and science would have already transformed itself. Whereas Einsteinian science has a sympathetic understanding of the universe, physicists have a cold understanding of the universe. This paper focuses on how Einsteinian science analyses the universe as a single significant whole by highlighting how it tackles intelligibility and avoids and overcomes intellectual obstacles in order to uncover cosmic inertia ruling the true universe. Physicists seek theories of the universe using disciplinary physical research within a cosmic synthesis paradigm as opposed to the cosmic analysis paradigm in Einsteinian science, which leaves them ill-equipped to pursue the true universe. This paper expands on Einsteinian science with the true universe and cosmic inertia, the beginning or ending point of science, the future work of science, and the new role of physicists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmos as a Chronosphere

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 16 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Repeated withdrawals and Resubmissions of the same or similar articles are prohibited)

As shown by Larmor (1927a & b), Gödel (1949) and Kühne (2002), absolute time is indispensable at the cosmic scale, and is required by the General Theory of Relativity. Melia (2007; 2012) and Melia and Shevchuk (2012) have argued that FLRW-type metrics reduce to the Minkowski metric, and the Hubble horizon is a ‘gravitational horizon’, as defined by Melia (2018), as opposed to either a particle or an event horizon, as these are defined by Rindler (1956). Their argument depends on the mass of the Hubble sphere being variable, whereas, if it is constant, its radius becomes that of a black hole, and its horizon is an event horizon. In every direction we look, total cosmic distance is given by the present age of the Universe multiplied by the speed of light in vacuum. If we abandon the cosmological principle as defined by Milne (1933), we can see we are at the centre of a chronosphere, with the ‘Big Bang’ singularity at its circumference. Eddington (1939) would doubtless have seen the numerical ‘coincidences’ that arise in cosmology as proof of God’s existence and creation of the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Background-Free Relativity

Authors: Barbara Spangenberg
Comments: 6 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Starting at the volume element of four-dimensional space-time and the determinant of the metric tensor as Einstein did in his derivation of his field equations in 1915, we want to try here to tread a new path to derive field equations for gravity. Here, in contrast to Einstein’s work in 1915, the space itself is treated as the field of gravity, not its curvature as in general relativity. The newly derived field equations become astonishingly simple and comprise the well-known solutions within solar systems. However, they lead to an increased gravity for galactic systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galileo's Undone Gravity Experiment: Part 2

Authors: Richard Benish
Comments: 198 Pages.

Certain preconceptions about the physical world inherited from antiquity as yet permeate our established theories of physics and cosmology. Tacitly prominent in this world view is the fact that humans evolved on a 5.97 x 10^24 kg ball of matter.One of the consequences is the "relativistic" point of view, according to which accelerometers may or may not be telling the truth, whether they fall (a = 0) or when they are "at rest" on a planet’s surface (a > 0). The result of an experiment proposed by Galileo in 1632, but not yet performed, would unequivocally prove whether this schizoid relationship with accelerometers rings true or not.An imaginary alien civilization (of Rotonians) evolved on a rotating world in which the truthfulness of accelerometers is never doubted. Adopting a Rotonian perspective leads to a model of gravity according to which the result of Galileo’s experiment dramatically conflicts with the predictions of both Newton and Einstein.The consequences of this new perspective bear on and invite a rethink of many facets of established theories of physics and cosmology. Herein we discover that the Rotonian perspective is consistent with what we actually KNOW about the physical world and -- depending on the result of Galileo’s experiment -- it opens the door to a much more coherent, contradiction-free world view, which spans all scales of size, mass, and time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galileo's Undone Gravity Experiment: Part 3

Authors: Richard Benish
Comments: 134 Pages.

Failure of LIGO physicists to provide a spacetime diagram showing the simultaneous laser paths and gravitational waves propagating through their interferometer is argued to be fatal to the whole enterprise.After establishing the cogency of this argument, the seemingly "unhackable" multi-messenger event GRB170817A is similarly placed under suspicion. Claims to have detected the gravitational waves from a coalescing neutron star binary suffer the red flag of a prominent (and suspiciously placed) glitch which prevented the event from triggering a real time alert to the community.Altogether, we have many reasons to suspect that all the claims of having detected gravitational waves are false. LIGO is a hoax. Perhaps the most dramatic way to expose the charade would be to at last perform the simple gravity experiment proposed by Galileo in 1632. We predict a result that conflicts with both Newton’s and Einstein’s theories of gravity. If our prediction is confirmed, gravitational waves and much else about modern gravitational theory would be falsified.Even if the result of Galileo’s experiment supports Newton and Einstein, we are way overdue to find out directly from Nature, instead of pretending to know, based on faith in popular theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Exact Solution to Einsteins Field Equation Gives a New Cosmological Model

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug, Gianfranco Spavieri
Comments: 11 Pages.

Haug and Spavieri have recently presented a new exact solution to Einstein’s field equations. In this paper, we will explore how this new metric could potentially lead to a new model for the cosmos. In the Friedman model, the cosmological constant must be introduced ad-hoc in Einstein’s field equations or, alternatively, directly into the Friedmann equation. However, a similar constant automatically emerges in our cosmological model directly from Einstein’s original 1916 field equations, which initially did not include a cosmological constant. We will analyze this, and it appears that the cosmological constant is little more than an adjustment for the equivalence of the mass-energy of the gravitational field, which is not taken into account in other exact solutions but is addressed in the Haug and Spavieri solution. Our approach seems to indicate that the Hubble sphere can be rep- resented as a black hole, a possibility that has been suggested by multiple authors, but this is a quite different type of black-hole universe that seems to be more friendly than that of a Schwarzschild black-hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Energy, MOND and the Mirror Matter Universe

Authors: Greg Filewood
Comments: 39 Pages.

The purpose of this study is to entrench the Copernican principle into cosmology with regard to dark energy (DE). A dual-universe solution is proposed for both the scale and coincidence problems of DE which is simple and involves no `fine-tuning'. It is also, in principle, testable and falsifiable. The model enables computation of the total entropy of the universe contained within the horizon expressed holographically projected onto the area of the cosmic horizon in units of Planck area. We subsequently compute the Planck entropy, which takes an irreducibly simple form. A derivation of the relation $[{DE}]={sqrt{m_{pl}.H_0}}$ is provided and we further show that this relation is valid in all (local i.e. $H'_{tau}=H'_0$) observer frames. We prove that the vacuum energy is exactly zero in this dual universe model. Lastly we propose that our analysis implies that the MOND paradigm is due to gravitation interaction of the two universes and we compute the MOND acceleration scale $a_0$ and scale invariant ${cal.{A}}_0$ as a consequence of cosmology, completely independent of galaxy dynamics. Significantly, this allows us to bring the MOND paradigm into a cosmological model without modifying General Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Vacuum Catastrophe Solved by Taking into Account Hawking-Bekenstein Black Hole Entropy

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 7 Pages.

We will demonstrate that the vacuum catastrophe can be solved by utilizing Bekenstein- Hawking entropy and applying it to black hole type cosmology models, as well as to a large class of Rh = ct models. Additionally, we will examine a recent exact solution to Einstein’s field equation and explore how it may potentially resolve the vacuum catastrophe rooted in both steady-state universe and possibly growing black hole universe scenarios.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Variability of Rydberg Constant and Its Implications on Particle Cosmology

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 16 Pages.

Inspired by numbers of hardly-to-be-coincidence relations between the current state of universe and its Planck scaled precursor, we audaciously propose a hypothesis in which the mass of all elementary particles is generally proportional to the inverse cube of the cosmic scale factor, while their electric charge is inversely proportional to the square of scale factor, both of which are due to a scale factor or time-dependent evolution of the Planck constant. It implies that the Rydberg constant may be actually a variable, urges us to re-examine the raw redshift data and our well-established theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, which in turn demystifies the delusion that the matter content of the universe is insufficient to let it expand so fast, let alone accelerate.In spite of its pivotal importance in physics, the entity of time and energy has successfully evaded all attempts for revelation to date. We present a novel theoretical paradigm where all perceivable physical realities can be concretely defined by the degree of asymmetry in a digital field made of Planck scaled spatial quantum. The field has an inherent potential to spontaneously and totally stochastically break its symmetry. Our scheme not only solves numbers of hierarchy problems in one shot but can also theoretically calculate the mass of elementary particles and exotic baryons only with fundamental physical constants and fractional powers of pi or integer or half integer. By providing clearcut physical images for why particular Lie group may rightly characterize its corresponding force, it proves itself as a powerful guide toward the super-unification of all the four fundamental interactions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Observational Relativity: The Unity of Newton and Einstein (The First Part: Inertially Observational Relativity)

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: This manuscript is written in English with 226 pages, 10 pictures, and 4 tables.

The Theory of Observational Relativity, the theory of OR for short, is a new discovery and a new theory, which has revealed the root and essence of relativity: All relativistic effects or relativistic phenomena are observational effects and apparent phenomena rather than the objective and true physical reality. In particular, the whole theoretical system of OR has generalized and unified Newton’s mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity, integrating such two great theories in physics into the identical theoretical system under the identical axiom system. The theory of OR is divided into two parts: the theory of inertially observational relativity (IOR); the theory of gravitationally observational relativity (GOR). The theory of IOR takes the definition of time as the most basic logical premise and theoretically deduces the spacetime transformation of IOR, so-called the general Lorentz transformation, which has generalized and unified the Galilean transformation and the Lorentz transformation. The theory of IOR has proved an important theorem: the invariance of information-wave speeds. It suggests that the invariance of light speed is only a special case of the invariance of information-wave speeds. Actually, Einstein’s invariance of light speed can only be valid when light acts as the observation medium for transmitting observed information to observers. So, the speed of light is not really invariant. Based on the invariance of information-wave speeds, the author has established the whole theoretical system of IOR which has generalized and unified Newton’s inertial mechanics and Einstein’s special relativity, and moreover, integrated de Broglie’s theory of matter waves into the theory of IOR, marching towards the unification of relativity theory and quantum theory. The theory of IOR is logically consistent not only with Einstein’s special relativity but also with Newton’s inertial mechanics. Such logical consistency and strict correspondence show that the theory of IOR is logically self-consistent, and from one aspect, confirm the logical rationality and theoretical validity of the theory of IOR. In particular, the theory of IOR is supported by observations and experiments, including the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Observational Relativity: The Unity of Newton and Einstein (The Second Part: Gravitationally Observational Relativity)

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: This manuscript is written in English with 363 pages, 13 pictures, and 2 tables.

The Theory of Observational Relativity, the theory of OR for short, is a new discovery and a new theory, which has revealed the root and essence of relativity: All relativistic effects or relativistic phenomena are observational effects and apparent phenomena rather than the objective and true physical reality. In particular, the whole theoretical system of OR has generalized and unified Newton’s mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity, integrating such two great theories in physics into the identical theoretical system under the identical axiom system. The theory of OR is divided into two parts: the theory of inertially observational relativity (IOR); the theory of gravitationally observational relativity (GOR). The theory of GOR takes the three principles of GOR as its axiom system: (1) the principle of GOR equivalence; (2) The Principle of GOR covariance; (3) the principle of the invariance of information-wave speeds. Based on the three principles of GOR, by following or by analogizing the logic of Einstein’s general relativity, the author has established the whole theoretical system of GOR, including the field equation of GOR and the motion equation of GOR. GOR’s field equation has generalized and unified Einstein’s field equation and Newton’s field equation (i.e., the Poisson equation form of Newton’s law of universal gravitation). GOR’s motion equation has generalized and unified Einstein’s motion equation and Newton’s motion equation (i.e., the second law form of Newton’s law of universal gravitation). The theory of GOR has proved an important theorem: the theorem of Cartesian spacetime which suggests that the objectively real spacetime could never be curved. So, spacetime is not really curved. Finally, the theoretical system of GOR has generalized and unified Newton’s theory of universal gravitation and Einstein’s theory of general relativity. It suggests that the theory of GOR is logically consistent not only with Einstein’s theory of general relativity but also with Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Such logical consistency and strict correspondence show that the theory of GOR is logically self-consistent, and confirm the logical rationality and theoretical validity of the theory of GOR.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Complex Dynamics and the Age of the Universe

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

There are growing indications today that complex dynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems lies at the root of primordial cosmology and the ultraviolet (UV) sector of particle physics. We recently pointed out that dimensional fluctuations of the UV sector can reproduce the morphology of the cosmic web. Expanding on the same line of inquiry, this provisional report explores the link between the long-range temporal correlations of critical phenomena and primordial cosmology. Excluding systematic measurement errors, our report sheds new light on the tension in the age of the Universe sparked off by the latest observations of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativity Time Dilation a Two Signal Time Delay Theory

Authors: Harvey Scribner
Comments: 6 Pages.

Special relativity time dilation has until now a un-discovered physics disconnect, "the signals used to derive the expression for time dilation (1) are actually from fixed sources in space". This observation presents a dilemma for the foundation of special relativity where it assumes a moving source emits the signals with time delayΔt'. The physics is shown that two fixed sources emit the signals independent of the velocity of the supposed moving source.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Transverse Relative Time and Length Shift Explained

Authors: Harvey Scribner
Comments: 10 Pages.

A source S moving with a constant velocity v emits a signal s moving with the velocity of light c relative to source S position with time t. The velocity v of signal s is the sum of v and c. The time of flight t for the signal s when emitted from S and observed at O is calculated using purely Galilean transformation of velocities in Euclidean Space Geometry. O must reside in the s light cone to observe s and avoid the artificially introduced infinities that plague classical relativity models. The geometrical interpretation of the physics is valid for velocities greater than c.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Reciprocal Transformation Between Alpha and Omega Condition of the Steady State Universes and Exercising the Hollow Super Massive Black Holes

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

In the previous paper ref 1 the group symmetric relation of (243 x √2 x 6)2 = 1.375941 1010 years for the age of the universe was stated and not derived. Further also the reciprocal transformation of one year is 8677 or 5 x 1728 = 8640 hours, as it seems as a group symmetric number and determining the time scale of a galaxy around a super massive black hole was used, which was not understood and let alone derived. This will be remedied here in par 1.Another subject also treated in ref 1 was the initial condition, apparently generating the super massive black holes in time sequence for an initial macro mass of M40 = 4.4587 1040 kg compromising the entire universe. The state of these BH from M35 to M40 consequently releasing superfluous dark matter as galaxy matter, was not checked provided these BH states where really possible from the view of the weak gravity condition for the intermediating dark matter medium. This is remedied in par 2.The appendix shows some work from around 2017, about the LIGO gravity wave detection of colliding black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The GCDM Model: a Primer

Authors: Martin R. Johnson
Comments: 19 Pages.

This is a presentation of the gas-cold-dark-matter model of Universal development designed for a younger audience. It uses simple language and has elementary development of gas thermodynamic principles appropriate for undergraduates and the general public. The essay also explores the origin of the Hubble tension in more detail than originally provided.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two Alternative Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner,formalisms Using the Conventions Adopted by Misner-Thorne-Wheeler and Alcubierre Applied to the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 80 Pages.

General Relativity describes the gravitational field using the geometrical line element of a given generic spacetime metric where do not exists a clear difference between space andtime.This generical form of the equations using tensor algebra is useful for differential geometry where we can handle the spacetime metric tensor in a way that keeps both space and time integrated in the same mathematical entity (the metric tensor). However there are situations in which we need to recover the difference between space and time.The 3 + 1 ADM formalism allows ourselves to separate from the generic equation of a given spacetime the 3 dimensions of space(hypersurfaces) andthe time dimension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proof of the Rationality of the Definition of Momentum in Relativity

Authors: Chengshen Xu
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we firstly use a new method--the invariance of space-time interval and some simple linear algebra knowledge to derive Lorentz transformations and four-dimensional vectors. Finally we discuss and prove how to define the force and the momentum in relativity which has not been discussed and proved in textbooks and scientific literature. The first three dimensions of a four-dimensional momentum are defined as momentum and the derivative of momentum with respect to time is defined as force. But there is a problem that the rationality of the definition of momentum is not discussed and proved. Force and momentum cannot be arbitrarily defined. Because if our senses are sensitive and sophisticated enough, only a correct definition can guarantee that when we accelerate an object with a constant force, the momentum will increase at a constant rate. It is not necessary to be discussed in classical mechanics, because in classical mechanics the force is proportional to the acceleration and the force comes before the momentum. But it is just the opposite that the momentum comes before the force in relativistic mechanics, so it's important to discuss and prove how to define the force and the momentum in relativity. In addition the fact that the same physical process does not depend on the space-time point means that the Lorentz transformations must be linear transformations, so we can derive Lorentz transformations and four-dimensional vectors by using the invariance of space-time interval and some simple linear algebra knowledge.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Consistent Unification of Space and Time

Authors: Richard M. Blaber
Comments: 8 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.

This paper will argue that the Special Theory of Relativity does not unify space and time consistently, and that the Lorenz-FitzGerald transformations, which Einstein inherited from his predecessors, H.A. Lorenz and G.F. FitzGerald, fail to show how space, as such, is contracted by time dilation for moving observers in inertial reference frames.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Robust Understanding of Gravitational Redshift

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 14 Pages. 10 figures

In the early 20th century, a lack of understanding of the physical mechanism of gravity led to erroneous assumptions. In 2020, a new physical paradigm that uses only one entity to describe the world of the masses was published. That work, seven additional publications, and two videos have together clarified and illustrated the true causes of many physical phenomena including gravity, dark matter, dark energy, and electric charge.Here, we continue to reexamine physics assumptions in light of the new paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The S-Shaped Plane of Rotation of Planets is a General Law of Nature

Authors: V. D. Krasnov
Comments: 6 Pages. In Russian

Around 1100 BC The Chinese scientist Chu Kong, observing the shadow of the gnomon during the winter and summer solstices, measured the inclination of the ecliptic to the equator and determined it to be 23° 54' 02".Since then and now it is accepted that the rotation of the planets of the solar system occurs in one plane - the ecliptic, with small deviations of a few degrees of individual planets from the plane of rotation of the Earth.The planes of rotation of all planets in the past centuries and now are characterized by only one parameter - the angle of inclination. Searches for other parameters characterizing the planes of rotation of planets have not been carried out and today they do not exist.The study showed that the movement of any objects within planetary systems occurs along a wavy surface. The study showed that the "plane" of rotation of the planets is an S-shaped surface.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Origin of the Big Bang' Singularity (Entangled Dawn Model)

Authors: Michael Prince
Comments: 14 Pages.

For [a long time], scientists and philosophers have grappled with the enigma of the Big Bang’s singularity, seeking to understand the primordial trigger that ignited the universe’s explosive expansion. Despite significant advances in cosmology, the origins of this singularity remain shrouded in mystery, fueling ongoing debate and research. We all learn that the Big Bang marked the birth of our observable universe from an ultra-hot, ultra-dense singularity of infinite density and zero volume. But if we follow the logic rigorously, this conventional picture turns out to be incomplete and inconsistent with some fundamental premises. For any volumetric increase or growth to occur, there must be pre-existing available space or "room" to expand into initially. This intuitive - things simply cannot begin increasing in size if there is no space to expand into. Now consider the conventional model of the Big Bang - our entire observable universe emerged from an initial state of infinite density called the "singularity" which had zero volume. Zero volume means no dimensions, no space whatsoever. Here’s the key point - if the singularity truly started with zero volume, and yet it expanded rapidly in all directions producing the vast volumes we see today, then there logically had to be some pre-existing space surrounding that singularity to allow for that expansion. Total zero volume couldn’t just grow spontaneously into something with dimension - that violates the premise. But there’s more. In our current understanding, the concepts of space and time are inseparably interlinked through Einstein’s theories. Space and time are woven together into the fabric of spacetime. So if there was pre-existing space before the ingularity, basic logic demands there must also have been some form of pre-existing time dimension as well. I know this may seem contradictory to the standard idea that space and time themselves emerged from the Big Bang event. But follow the logic clearly — if there was room for the expansion, and space implies time, then some sort of primordial space-time must have pre-dated the singularity itself. This doesn’t negate or deny the Big Bang paradigm. The initial inflation could still have propelled the singularity outwards rapidly creating the spacetime we experience today. But it shows that the Big Bang wasn’t the beginning of all existence - some earlier form of space and time had to have preceded and allowed for that expansion in the first place.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Misconceptions and Imaginary Entities in Astronomy, Cosmology and Physics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 54 Pages.

The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy, cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension of physical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena and objects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special and General Relativity. Author have analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and have shown the possible ways to overcome them. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonic dark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The current usage of exponential scale instead of metrically homogeneous scale of cosmological time in cosmology is shown. Therefore, the ignorance of the fact that only the infinitely far cosmological past on the event horizon and infinitely far cosmological future on Schwarzschild sphere are simultaneous with any event in people’s world is shown. The ignorance of the fact that this pseudo-horizon covers the past of all infinite Universe is also shown. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron stars and quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The big redshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of the gravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The absence of gravitational fields in the Universe up to the moment of discontinuity of its uniform gas continuum is shown. The origination of the gravity phenomenon is related to the formation of spatially inhomogeneous thermodynamic states by the matter and to the tendency of the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter to reach the minimum of the integral values of its inert free energy and Gibbs free energy. The temporal invariance of not only all thermodynamic parameters and potentials of matter and its momentum but also of Lagrangian of ordinary internal energy and of equivalent to it gravitational mass of matter (to which the inertial mass is identical only in intrinsic time of this matter) is justified. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead of luminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It is concluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of the presence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Structure Formation and Fractal Spacetime

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

Matter structures in cosmology include large-scale objects such as galaxies, galaxy clusters and Dark Matter halos. It is widely accepted that the formation of cosmic structures in the early Universe follows from the gravitational collapse of density perturbations. Here we argue that the genesis of cosmic structures is tied to the fractaltopology of spacetime near the Big Bang singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Possible to Arbitrarily Slow Down Time in a Limited Volume With an Energy-Impulse Tensor Whose Components Can be Reduced Arbitrarily? Part II: Summary of Introduction and Computations of Density and Energy in Warped Region

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 9 Pages.

A solution is presented that describes a region of space, box or warp bubble, where time getsslowed down by an arbitrary factor, while reducing the components of the energy-impulse tensor byany chosen amount.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unlike Newton's Gravitational Acceleration, Einstein's is Velocity-Dependent; it Repels Sufficiently Near-c Objects, Obviating the Need for "Dark Energy"

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 Pages.

If a test body radially approaching a static point mass at near-c speed undergoes the same attractive gravitational acceleration as a nonrelativistic test body, its speed soon exceeds c. That doesn't occur because Einstein's gravitational acceleration by a static point mass is velocity-dependent; it counterintuitively repels a test body traveling radially at a speed sufficiently near c. Indeed, a basic feature of the gravitational refraction of light is that a radially-traveling light packet's speed increases monotonically toward c with its increasing radial distance from a static point mass, so a light packet traveling radially away from a static point mass is gravitationally accelerated toward radial speed c in the outward direction of its travel. Likewise, a test body traveling radially away from a static point mass at a speed sufficiently near c is counterintuitively gravitationally accelerated in the outward direction of its travel. The universe expands radially at a speed sufficiently near c to undergo such a counterintuitive gravitational acceleration in the outward direction of its radial expansion, "dark energy" isn't needed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Non Conservative Gravity Model

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

I will explore a non-conservative gravity field model with base idea rooted in trying to re-think free-falling observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmology and the Uncertainty Principles: A New Road to the Quantum Gravity

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce the ansatz that universe size and age are the maximal spatial and temporal uncertainties, respectively - within the uncertainty principles. This allows us to derive a relationship between Planck’s constant and the Hubble’s constant. Accordingly, we obtain numerical value of the minimum momentum and energy uncertainty, which are locally experimentally verifiable. Reciprocally, if one has experimentally verified values of minimum Energy and Momentum, then the Universe’s Age and size can be calculated — independently — i.e., aside from other methods. A new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and cosmology/General Relativity, i.e. Quantum Gravity is given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizations of Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizations of Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-Variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 59 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main consequences of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of self-variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and a definition of the rest mass of a fundamental particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts a structure of the particles, predicts and justifies the particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data and it shows that quantum phenomena are implicit in the Self-Variation Theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-Variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main consequences of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of Self-Variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and the definition of the rest mass of a fundamental particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts an internal structure of the particles, predict and justifies the particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data and proves that Self-Variation is related to quantum phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Connection Between Mass and Space

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper we look at the connection between mass and space. We start with postulating that there is only space. Then we derive what mass stands for. It appears that what we call mass is equal to the surface area of a black hole. The unit kg transforms into m². We find equation R=c²/G describing the size of the universe. Constant G transforms into a ‘universal acceleration’ with units m/s². Rewriting the equation as G=c²/R tells us that the universe has an inherent ‘rotational’ aspect and therefore gives rise to a coriolis force. The latter force might be the reason for galaxies having spiral arms. We show that the universe has an associated time scale T=c/G and that its mass is defined by equation M=cu2074/G². Furthermore we show that the ‘planck length’ and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle are connected to the size of the universe and we argue that energy is quantized with levels defined by equation E(n)=nhG/c where E(1)=hG/c is the zero-point energy. We show that the photon might have a defined volume. And finally we derive a value for the total amount of energy packets in the universe and show that the vacuum energy density is given by the equation P(E)=G.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Constant of GRT as a Radial Function in Dependence of Velocity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Under special circumstances cosmological u201econstant" of GRT can be formulated as a function in dependence of radial term. This calculation will be shown. In fact this system of physical ideas is now described only for local state of Schwarzschild-lineelement with cosmological variable but it can be easily developed to cosmic terms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expansion of the Universe in Deceleration and Relativity

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-23 and Italian, pages 24-46

According to the second postulate of Special Relativity, the speed of light is isotropic relative to every reference frame, which therefore should consider itself stationary and all the others in motion. But, as Einstein himself stated, this is a stipulation and therefore not a real phenomenon. In fact, it is impossible, because light is a wave phenomenon which therefore needs a medium to manifest itself, and therefore its speed can only be isotropic relative to the medium and therefore not also relative to a celestial object, such as the Earth, which moves relative to the medium.However, the scientific community states that there are numerous phenomena and experiments that demonstrate the isotropy of the speed of light relative to the Earth. But it can be refuted by demonstrating that the demonstrated isotropy concerns the average round-trip velocity and not that in just one direction.However, according to stipulation, the GPS system can operate without knowing the precise speed of the Earth relative to the medium.But the fact that the average forward and return speed of light is isotropic does not demonstrate that the Earth is stationary and all celestial objects are in motion, so the Earth should not be considered stationary in the calculation of the speed of move away of celestial objects in cosmological redshift function. Instead the scientific community did it anyway.But when higher redshifts were observed, resulting in speeds and distances incompatible with special relativity itself, they were considered as scale factors of the expansion of the Universe, thus obtaining compatible distances. But celestial objects were subsequently observed which, based on their apparent brightness, were further away than expected based on their redshift. Phenomenon that the scientific community has justified with an accelerating expansion of the Universe.But I have shown that the fact that the distances based on apparent brightness are greater than those based on redshift, only demonstrates that the redshift does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe.Instead, considering the redshift as an indicator of the speed of the Earth move away from the emitter, there are no compatibility problems with special relativity and apparent luminosity. And you obtain a model of the Universe whose expansion results in deceleration. To verify this thesis I proposed the observation over time of the redshift of celestial objects: if the expansion is decelerating, it should decrease, otherwise it should increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hamiltonian Chaos and Gravitational Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages.

The goal of this paper is to analyze the likely transition from integrability to Hamiltonian chaos in the primordial Universe. The transition is driven by curvature fluctuations and favors the onset of a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

GR Tests Solved with Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 24 Pages. In Spanish

This document consolidate all revisated GR tests to date, solved with special relativity of fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Units and Constants: About Their Coherency and Cosmological Consequences

Authors: Helmut Söllinger
Comments: 24 Pages.

By his paper "Units and Reality" the author has shown, that the transformation of the fundamental physical constants into systems of units, which differ from the International System of Units (SI), is a powerful tool to uncover correlations - sought for a long time — between the important dimensionless constants α = 1/137.036 and mp/me =1836.15 on the one hand and the numeric values of the constants with dimensions on the other hand.These numeric value correlations become exact equations if one transfers the physical constants c, h, G etc. into a system with a length unit of 1.0128 m, a time unit of 1.0112 s and a mass unit of 1.1531 kg.During the last years the author consequently continued his previous investigations and discovered a new numeric correlation between the Hubble radius and the number 1836.15.The numeric correlations in combination with an equation, which the author found 2012 through systematic numerical investigations lead to a new cosmological model which is based only on powers of 2π/α = 861,023 and mp/me =1836.15.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expanding Universe - Derivation and Solution of the Friedmann Expansion Equation

Authors: Jörg Schmidt
Comments: 62 Pages.

In this work, the Friedmann equations, which represent the fundamental equations of cosmological models, are derived using a Newtonian and a relativistic approach by solving Einstein's field equations in a high level of detail. The space-time geometry in the form of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is derived and the calculations of the Christoffel symbols, the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar, as well as the solution of the field equations are described in detail. The energy-momentum tensor assumes that matter in the universe behaves like an ideal fluid.The relationship between the different densities in the universe and the scale factor and the resulting three phases in the evolutionary history of the universe are explained. The time-varying ratio of matter density to vacuum density in the universe eventually led to the reversal of expansion, i.e., the change from a decelerated to an accelerated expansion of space. With the help of the second Friedmann equation and an equation for the expansion force, it is demonstrated at which density ratio and at what time this occurred. Assuming a flat universe and neglecting the radiation density, the Friedmann equation is solved and equations for the scale factor and the Hubble parameter are derived.Equations are derived to determine the cosmological horizons, the Hubble radius, and the worldlines of photons (light cones) and of stationary objects moving only within the Hubble flow. Using example calculations and their representations in space-time diagrams, the interrelations of these quantities are particularly elaborated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

­Special Relativity and Length Contraction

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 3 Pages.

The special theory of relativity, SR, is based on two so-called postulates/axioms:1) The constancy of the speed of light The special theory of relativity postulates that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant equal to c for all observers in uniform relative motion.2) Principle of relativityAll systems, where observers move at constant speed, inertial systems, are equivalent and therefore the laws of physics must give the same result for all of them.As a consequence of SR comes two concepts/physical phenomena: - time dilation- length contraction.In this article we take a look at length contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolving Relativity's Unresolvable Paradoxes

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 15 Pages. 4 Diagrams

In a recent viXra posting, David Bower identifies an unresolvable paradox in special relativity involving the Lorentz transformation. Three or more reference frames with different velocities could create multiple rates of time for each. Paradoxes are an inherent problem with special relativity. They occur in all cases. The source of the conflict is the one-dimensional consideration of light and time in linear motion when they're innately three-dimensional constituents. Simply abandoning light's (presumed) constancy and recognizing its (factual) compounding with motion, and variability, completely eliminates all paradoxes. But this practical real-world resolution would undermine relativity's founding premise, which would in turn invalidate nearly all of it, along with all other ancillary theories that are based on light's (untenable) fixed velocity, including the Lorentz transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein's Coordinate Condition Makes GR Self-Consistently Lorentz Covariant; Friedmann's Galilean Metric Condition Eliminates Gravitational Time Dilation

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 25 Pages.

In 1915 Einstein adopted a new coordinate condition for his GR gravity theory, namely that the metric tensor's determinant always equals -1, its Minkowskian zero-gravity value. In his landmark November 18, 1915 paper, Einstein showed that applying this coordinate condition to the approximate calculation of the metric of a static point mass (the sun) results in agreement with the previously unaccounted-for part of Mercury's perihelion shift, and doubles the deflection of light by the sun's gravity from his previous calculation which didn't use this coordinate condition; a 1919 solar-eclipse expedition verified the doubled deflection. In January, 1916 Schwarzschild published the exact version of Einstein's new static point-mass metric; as expected, it slightly lengthens circular-orbit periods. In May 1916 Droste published a much simpler metric which violates the Einstein equation at an empty-space radius and fails to lengthen circular-orbit periods. In 1922 Friedmann tried fixing the metric's time-time component to unity, making it Galilean covariant instead of Lorentz covariant, and eliminating gravitational time dilation. We replace Friedmann's metric condition by Einstein's in the Oppenheimer-Snyder model; the resulting gravitational time dilation accommodates both the acceleration of the universe's expansion and its early inflation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of the Four Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe Part I: a Real Hyperspherical Four-Dimensional Universe Can Explain the Equations E=hf and E=m_0 C^2, as Well as the Wave-Particle Duality of Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 11 Pages. More detailed the chapter 4.4 (Composition of spacetime velocity (ST))

This work postulates that the real universe is a true four-dimensional hypersphere (4D), with three spatial dimensions and a fourth dimension that we perceive as time. Therefore, a real 4D spacetime, whose radius is a real time dimension that expands at the speed of light. This postulate allows the definition of a privileged reference system centered on the Big Bang event representing the centre of the 4D universe. Another postulate posits that all physical phenomena occurring along the real temporal dimension of the 4D universe are perceived and measured in the three-dimensional (3D) spatial part of the 4D universe, where we live, differently from their true nature. Thus, the expansion of the time dimension is not perceived as a spatial expansion, but as "the flow of time", and the energy developed along the temporal dimension is perceived as mass. This second postulate, in analogy with the holographic principle, is termed "restricted holographic principle", since it encodes only the information related to the time dimension of the 4D universe in its 3D spatial part. Based on these two postulates and their corollaries, I derive the Planck equation of the energy of electromagnetic waves, E=hf. This derivation demonstrates that it is the sum of the spatial and temporal components of the energy in the real four-dimensional spacetime. Applying the restricted holographic principle, I find that the temporal component of the energy of an EMW, appearing as mass in the 3D portion of the 4D universe, imparts particle properties, while the wave properties are attributed to the spatial component. This explains the dual behaviour (wave/particle) of EMWs in the 3D spatial part. Another consequence of these postulates is that in the 4D universe there are no physical objects, that is, entities with mass, but only EMWs whose temporal component manifests as mass within the 3D portion of the 4D universe. If these electromagnetic waves are only temporal, the equivalence hf_t=m_0 c^2 is obtained. Other important deductions are that the physical quantities, such as acceleration, force (including gravity), and work, have physical significance only in the 3D portion of the 4D universe. Finally, since mass exists only in the spatial (3D) portion, this part can be considered as a hyperspherical shell (3D) of the 4D universe that, not exerting gravity on itself, leads to the deduction that all the mass presents in its 3D part cannot slow down the expansion of the 4D universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Анализ тайминга пульсаров для регистрация Кильватерных гравитационных волн
Analysis of Pulsar Timing for Registration of Wake Gravitational Waves

Authors: A.V. Antipin
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian; English version: https://vixra.org/abs/2401.0019

Гравитационная астрономия, основанная на тайминге пульсаров, открывает возможность регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн, которые, могут генерироваться Солнцем и Луной. При воздействии этих волн на Землю, должно наблюдаться «фиолетовое» смещение частоты импульсов пульсаров. Представлены предварительные оценки физических и геометрических характеристик для поиска таких волн.

Gravitational astronomy, based on pulsar timing, opens up the possibility of registering Wake gravitational waves that can be generated by the Sun and Moon. When these waves are exposed to the Earth, a "purple" shift in the pulse frequency of pulsars should be observed.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for such waves are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Theory of Special Relativity and Motions in the Universe

Authors: Wonsub Kim
Comments: 69 Pages.

The Theory of Relativity is based on the hypothesis of the universal constancy of light velocity. Albert Einstein observed that light travel times over identical lengths of moving and stationary rods were not simultaneous in his imaginary experiment. He concluded that those light travel events must be simultaneous because the same physical facts should be the same regardless of the motions of the observation frames. He pointed out that different light velocities for those rods were responsible for the non-simultaneity. Then, for simultaneity, he asserted the same light velocity c for both rods. This was Einstein’s justification for the universal light velocity for all observers. However, the stationary and moving rod cases were actually two different events because of the aether-like setting of his stationary coordinate frame. The same light velocity c for both rods as set for the coordinate system means both rods are stationary on the stationary coordinate system. No rods are moving. Likewise, the universal light velocity c means everything in the universe is fixed to the stationary coordinate system. Nothing moves in that universe. The Doppler Effects of light waves cannot exist if light velocity is universally constant. The Doppler Effects of electromagnetic waves are real life evidence refuting the universal light velocity. He made light velocity the absolute and universal invariant, but that made all physical facts variants. The theory of relativity postulates velocity dependent time, geometry, mass, etc. These controversies are reviewed in detail herein. The review proved that the classic Newtonian mechanics are correct with the preservation of the physical fact invariance. The Newtonian mechanics found no clock synchronicity issue at all in Einstein’s experiment. Experiments by Michelson-Morley, Fizeau, Kennedy-Thorndike, etc. are validations of Newtonian mechanics. Immanuel Kant and W. Hoffman noted that motions of bodies are mere potentials with respect to observation references, suggesting the impossibility of universal velocities. No universal motion suggests no universal governance in the universe. Event locality is further evidenced in Newton’s bucket example. The laws of conservation in physics are consequences of event locality and independence. Newton’s Shell Theorem explains that the event locality is from the featurelessness of an infinite uniform universe. Rotational motions of celestial systems are perpetual and inevitable local stability mechanisms in the non-influential global universe. A finite universe would suffer from non-uniformity and instability. The Epicurean universe is determined to be the most satisfactory universe model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Registration of Wake Gravitational Waves Using Pulsar Timing

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 8 Pages.

Gravitational astronomy, based on pulsar timing, opens up the possibility of registering Wake gravitational waves that can be generated by the Sun and Moon. When these waves are exposed to the Earth, a "purple" shift in the pulse frequency of pulsars should be observed. Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for such waves are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About CMBR

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 48 Pages.

Because the CMBR follows the Planck's radiation law more or less exactly, it should, because of the indistinguishability of individual photons, apply to a whatever black emitter. Therefrom arises the guess, that the existence of an upper cut-off frequency of the vacuum could be the cause for the decrease in the upper frequency range. Since the lower-frequent share of the curve correlates with the frequency response of an oscillating circuit with the Q-factor ½, it is examined, whether it succeeds to approximate the Planck curve by multi-plication of the initial curve with the dynamic, time-dependent frequency response of the above mentioned model. Reason of the time-dependence is the expansion of the universe. This work is based on a model published in [7]. It is shown, that the Planck graph can be approximated by application of the cumulative frequency response given by the model, upon the spectrum of an oscillatory circuit with the Q-factor ½. Furthermore the progression of frequency, energy and entropy is analyzed. The results point out, that origin and progression of the CMBR have elapsed in a totally different manner than generally assumed. Because photons behaved like neutrinos immediately after BB they did not interact with other matter then. Thus, we can exactly calculate back to 8.08·10—106s instead of 379,000 years after BB. Section 6. has been reworked.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmos as a Chronosphere

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 16 Pages. Creative Commons License, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

As shown by Larmor (1927a & b), Gödel (1949) and Kühne (2002), absolute time is indispensable at the cosmic scale, and is required by the General Theory of Relativity. Melia (2007; 2012) and Melia and Shevchuk (2012) have argued that FLRW-type metrics reduce to the Minkowski metric, and the Hubble horizon is a ‘gravitational horizon’, as defined by Melia (2018), as opposed to either a particle or an event horizon, as these are defined by Rindler (1956). Their argumentdepends on the mass of the Hubble sphere being variable, whereas, if it is constant, its radius becomes that of a black hole, and its horizon is an event horizon. In every direction we look, total cosmic distance is given by the present age of the Universe multiplied by the speed of light in vacuum. If we abandon the cosmological principle as defined by Milne (1933), we can see we are at the centre of a chronosphere, with the ‘Big Bang’ singularity at its circumference. Eddington (1939) would doubtless have seen the numerical ‘coincidences’ that arise in cosmology as proof of God’s existence and creation of the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New atom model and new SU(5) model

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 25 Pages. (Title modified by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission or replacement will not be accepted)

This manuscript provides a new determinative atom model. The magic number 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 can be well explained without using quantum mechanics. In addition, spin-orbit coupling can also be deducted without quantum mechanics. In the final part of the manuscript, modified su(5) model called Hu SU(5) model includes all the fundamental particles and explain mass origin and decay mode in a clear picture.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Embedding the Einstein Tensor in the Klein-Gordon Equation Using Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 46 Pages.

In this paper, we will use Geometric Algebra to be able to embed the Klein-Gordon equation for a particle in a non-Euclidean field (gravitational field). This way, we will obtain an expression similar to the Dirac equation, but with a slight change in one of the terms. This variation is produced and depends on the curvature of the space where the particle lies in (the Ricci scalar).In a similar manner, we will find variations in the equation for the energy of a particle and in the Einstein gravitational equation that will depend again on the value of the Ricci scalar (the curvature of the space where the particle lies in). An important outcome will be an equation that limits the value of the Ricci scalar depending on the value of the mass that provokes it (the value of the mass not the mass density) highly reducing the possibilities of arriving to singularities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Complex Dynamics and the Age of the Universe

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

There are growing indications today that complex dynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems lies at the root of primordial cosmology and the ultraviolet (UV) sector of particle physics. We recently pointed out that dimensional fluctuations of the UV sector can reproduce the morphology of the cosmic web. Expanding on the same line of inquiry, this provisional report explores the link between the long-range temporal correlations of critical phenomena and primordial cosmology. Excluding systematic measurement errors, our report sheds new light on the tension in the age of the Universe sparked off by the latest observations of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology