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Any replacements are listed farther down
[43015] viXra:2411.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-06 21:59:08
Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 8 Pages.
Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT), a tripartite exotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni, is known for inducing DNA damage and apoptosis. In this study, we engineered the A subunit (CDTA) to selectively target cancer cells by replacing its native binding region with anti-PD-L1 antibody sequences. Using sequence data from UniProt (CDTA: A1VXG4, PD-L1: Q9NZQ7), we identified and modified CDTA’s residues 129-140. Structural validation using AlphaFold 2 confirmed that these modifications retained CDTA’s structural stability and affinity for PD-L1, supporting its potential as a targeted cancer therapeutic. Future experimental steps include protein expression, purification, and cytotoxicity testing to confirm the toxin’s selective binding and apoptotic effects on PD-L1 positive cancer cells.
Category: Physics of Biology
[43014] viXra:2411.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-06 21:33:39
Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 15 Pages.
Impressively, against the background of extraordinary advances in physics and technology, the mainstream continues to support the two most obvious delusions in 20th-century physics: "special relativity" and "the accelerating expansion of the universe". Both of these problems are based on a lack of understanding of the nature and behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the gravitational field. In this paper, an attempt is made to present a new approach to this problem.To understand the real fabric of the Universe, to understand the influence of gravitation on the characteristics of light (frequency, wavelength, speed of light in vacuum), we must first be aware of the nature of electromagnetic radiation and the nature of the medium of propagation of electromagnetic radiation. In this respect, as discussed at the 3rd Annual International Conference on Physics, 20 — 23 July 2015, in Athens, Greece, the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation must be considered in two aspects:1) in the "local time-spatial domains in any place of the Universe" (the regions with a uniform intensity of the gravitational field), and 2) in the "global physical reality of the Universe" (related to the regions with different intensities of the gravitational field as an infinite set of local time-space domains).On the basis of the modern achievements of science and the analysis of the behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the local and global physical reality of the Universe, this article contains the following scientific contribution: "Thesis On the Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Gravitational Field of the Universe", which should replace the erroneous "postulate of the constancy of the speed of light for all inertial frames of reference". This thesis also ends the delusion that the speed of light in vacuum measured on the Earth’s surface is the limit speed for the entire Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43013] viXra:2411.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-06 21:46:05
Authors: Jau Tang, Brian Tang, Qiang Tang
Comments: 12 Pages.
We present an approach to solving the mystery of the fine structure constant (α) usinghyper-complex algebra. Extending Einstein’s continuous 4D Minkowski space and the Dirac equation, we address internal 4D or 12D spacetime in particles for the octonion and sedenion models. We propose that particle mass originates from internal dynamics, not the Higgs mechanism in Yang-Mills theory. By quantizing mass and internal spacetime, we derive a geometric constant of 137 for the octonion model, and 137.03599920605017 for the sedenion model, precisely matching the experimental value of 1/α = 137.035999206 (11) to within ~10-12. Our theory also suggests a fundamental mass energy of 0.05 eV, likely related to neutrinos. This work reveals that α is not merely a physical parameter but a dimensionless geometric constant, akin to π or Euler’s constant. We found simple empirical mass-ratio formulas linking α to the masses of the electron, Higgs boson, quarks, and Planck mass, elucidating the role of this constant in fundamental forces. This theory revolutionizes the understanding of mass and spacetime quantization, going beyond the Standard Model and opening new paths toward quantum gravity and grand unification.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[43012] viXra:2411.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-06 21:36:42
Authors: Shreyansh Jaiswal
Comments: 7 Pages.
This article is regarding the author’s experiences and opinions on the project GIMPS. This is a personal memo and also an appeal to educational institutes.
Category: General Mathematics
[43011] viXra:2411.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 01:14:26
Authors: Subhayan Maity, Parna Patra
Comments: 7 Pages.
The most popular approach of understanding the cosmic evolution is Einstein’s General Relativity(GR). GR is the classical gateway to obtain the dynamics of the cosmic fluid and it canat best describe the macroscopic evolution of the Universe. In this work, we have accomplishedan alternative tool to examine the microscopic dynamics of the cosmic fluid particles via quantumfield theory (QFT). We have proposed a cosmic fluid model with complex scalar field Lagrangiancorresponding to the modified Klein-Gordon equation (KG equation) of the scalar field in FLRWspace-time. Following this Lagrangian, the cosmic fluid system has been quantized under certainrestrictions on the parameters. This restrictions are used to determine the cosmic evolution patternin the macroscopic level.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43010] viXra:2411.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 01:36:38
Authors: Jay Pillai
Comments: 5 Pages.
A relatively concise method on proving the irrationality of a given infinite series based on a few conditions.
Category: General Mathematics
[43009] viXra:2411.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 03:15:17
Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 36 Pages.
The ionization potential depression (IPD) is crucial for understanding the ionization processes of atoms and ions in plasmas. Many efforts have been devoted to exploring the temperature and the density dependence of IPD, leading to the development of models such as the Ecker-Kröll (EK) and Stewart-Pyatt (SP) models. However, these models fail to explain the plasma spectroscopy observed during laser nitriding process. To address the problem, the present study introduces a novel IPD model and the concept of mechanical-electric coupling (MEC) for the plasma. The MEC is important as it can influence a multitude of physical properties, including the diffusion of ionized electrons, Debye screening and the ionized electron pressure. The IPD model proposed herein is constructed based on spherical wave functions for the ionized electrons. It has been shown that this IPD model aligns well with both experimental spectroscopic data and the experimental IPD values for ions across various charge states. The integration of MEC with the IPD model may culminate in the formulation of an equation of state that is in concordance with experimental observations of the plasma behaviors. Overall, the MEC and IPD model proposed in this study could be instrumental for comprehending the ionization processes and the diverse properties of plasmas.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[43008] viXra:2411.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 21:41:46
Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 6 Pages.
The impact of a photon hitting a surface is determined. Newton law of dynamics is demonstrated from thermodynamics considerations in which Planck oscillator is considered as a 4-space dimensions oscillator. Wave-corpuscle duality is remodeled.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43007] viXra:2411.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 21:40:58
Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 7 Pages.
Gingival recession, characterized by the apical migration of gingival tissue, leads to root exposure and subsequent complications such as sensitivity, root caries, and periodontal disease. Current treatment options, including tissue grafts and regenerative therapies, are limited by their invasiveness and inconsistent outcomes. This study proposes a silk fibroin scaffold infused with three growth factors (EGF, FGF, VEGF) and three adhesive proteins (laminin, fibronectin, osteonectin) to enhance gingival cell proliferation, attachment, and integration with the alveolar bone. The scaffold aims to promote natural gingival regeneration while providing structural support. The development process, efficacy testing, and expected clinical application of this novel gingival regeneration scaffold are outlined. This approach, if successful, could offer a safer, non-invasive, and cost-effective solution for treating gingival recession.
Category: Physics of Biology
[43006] viXra:2411.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 16:36:03
Authors: Dmitri Martila, Stefan Groote
Comments: 3 Pages.
A criterion given by Jean-Louis Nicolas is used to offer a proof for the Riemann Hypothesis in a straightforward way.
Category: Number Theory
[43005] viXra:2411.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 21:33:39
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 7 Pages.
It can be clearly, simply and decisively explained that the Ehrenfest Paradox arises from an incorrect application of the length contraction rule, and that a correct analysis of the case of the rotating disk leads to the fact that the relationship between the radius and the circumference remains as usual.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43004] viXra:2411.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 23:35:53
Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
The eightfold way is an organizational scheme for a class of subatomic particles known as hadrons leading to the.development of the quark model. Murray Gell-Mann proposed the idea in 1961 alluding to the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism. However, the concept goes deeper; applying not only to hadrons (triplets of RGB quarks) but to the building blocks of all the fermions (as this analysis demonstrates: i.e.: e(h)-earth, v(h)-wind, u(h)-fire, d(h)-water.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43003] viXra:2411.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 06:50:15
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 9 Pages.
On October 20, 2024, a relatively large-scale seawater inflow occurred in the Bohai Sea region of China. This paper argues that this large-scale influx is mainly caused by the relatively large number of super typhoons that have generated over the entire Pacific Ocean this year. The energy accumulated by several super typhoons caused very long Seiche standing waves throughout the Pacific Ocean. Although the amplitude of the standing wave is not large, about 0.3m, such an amplitude of Seiche may cause the existence of a secondary Seiche phenomenon with a higher amplitude after passing through a relatively narrow bay on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. In some narrow bays, the amplitude of this Seiche standing wave may reach more than 1m, resulting in a more serious seawater inflow problem in the coastal areas of the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, in this paper, we should consider the changes in sea level throughout the Pacific Ocean caused by the accumulation of energy from multiple super typhoons over a relatively long period of time, in addition to the disasters caused by a single typhoon when disasters such as seawater inflow occur.
Category: Climate Research
[43002] viXra:2411.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 07:35:28
Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 7 Pages.
The RNA world hypothesis, which posits that RNA was the first biomolecule capable of storing genetic information and catalyzing biochemical reactions, has long dominated theories on the origin of life (1). However, RNA's chemical instability under prebiotic conditions raises questions about its viability as the primary molecule in early life (2). This paper proposes that peptides, rather than RNA, may have functioned as the first biological machines. I introduce the hypothesis of the Reverse Central Dogma, suggesting a molecular evolution sequence of proteins > RNA > DNA. I hypothesize that simple peptides, particularly those with disulfide bonds, could have formed spontaneously and catalyzed primitive biochemical processes (3). Among potential candidates, the heat-stable toxin (HST) from Vibrio mimicus is a compelling model due to its thermal stability, 17-amino-acid length, and specific catalytic activity (4). HST comprises only ten types of amino acids (I, D, C, E, N, P, A, F, G, L), with the sequence "IDCCEICCNPA CFGCLN" (5). This research aims to determine whether peptides formed under prebiotic conditions can exhibit machine-like activity, interact cyclically, and functionally connect with RNA. Testing peptide formation and activity in simulated early Earth conditions may provide insight into the role of peptides as foundational biological machines that set the stage for RNA and DNA evolution.
Category: Biochemistry
[43001] viXra:2411.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 08:48:35
Authors: Eugene Rulko
Comments: 18 Pages.
The main hurdle for terrain relative navigation systems is the incongruity of visual features between a patch of a satellite reference map and a view from an onboard UAV camera. Images are taken during different time of year, under different weather, vegetation and lighting conditions, with different angles of observation. This work proposes the usage of deep feature template matching, where features are extracted during unsupervised training using a triplet loss. It provides semantic understanding, agnostic to terrain transformations. In order to overcome struggling to navigate over featureless terrains, the work proposes additional usage of visual odometry with the procedure of sticking to the map after encountering enough features, with the procedure of hypothesizing over possible locations. Passing a fragment of the reference map through the trained feature extractor, applying an entropy filter and then a pathfinding algorithm allows planning a flying path over areas rich of features relevant for navigation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[43000] viXra:2411.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 09:11:32
Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 6 Pages.
We define here intrinsic empty space as physical, hypothetical space, containing no particles but, above all, no radiation. However, there remains energy, the nature of which will be clarified. We will evaluate the fundamental physical constants in such a vacuum which differs from real vacuum space by the absence, in particular, of fossil radiation. We will also see why these constants are involved in the existence of the elementary particles constituting the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[42999] viXra:2411.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 10:40:36
Authors: Mirtill Boglárka Naghi, Bence Tureczki, Katalin Szenes
Comments: 23 Pages.
This paper introduces a novel approach to fortify data security through the seamless integration of fuzzy clustering techniques within blockchain technology. Fuzzy clustering, known for its ability to handle uncertainties and complexities in data, synergizes with blockchain’s decentralized and immutable ledger to establish a robust framework for secure data storage, analysis and retrieval. The proposed fusion not only enhances confidentiality, integrity and effectivity but also offers adaptability to the evolving dynamics of modern data landscapes. In this paper we propose a theoretical model that implements the integration of fuzzy c-means clustering on the blockchain using a cryptographically verifiable distributed computing system. By leveraging the decentralized nature of blockchain, the proposed framework ensures that data analysis processes are verifiable and tamper-resistant. Furthermore, the integration of fuzzy clustering within the blockchain not only bolsters security but also introduces a layer of transparency in the confidential data handling process.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42998] viXra:2411.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 16:15:50
Authors: Jay Pillai
Comments: 3 Pages.
Paper detailing a conjecture of exponent patterns found in prime numbers.
Category: General Mathematics
[42997] viXra:2411.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 18:02:14
Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.
We give a sequence that converges to pi quickly.
Category: Number Theory
[42996] viXra:2411.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 18:16:21
Authors: Gerald Malczewski
Comments: 31 Pages.
Based on a method to calculate the deflection of light near the Sun based on General Relativity, a formula is derived which expresses the light path as a function of the radial distance r from a gravitating central body. This method, based on the General Relativity (GR) geodesic equation applied to the Schwarzschild metric, uses an infinite Taylor series expansion. This requires a ‘finite cutoff’ of the series be taken to compute the polar angle of a light path coordinate for a given radial distance. We take the light path to be a trajectory of a photon or light packet originating at radial infinity and then departing to radial infinity after reaching its point of closest approach to the central body. Constraints are found that limit the discussion to central bodies of mass M which obey M/R< 1/3 where R is the turning point, the point of closet approach. A comparison is then made with a different approach previously published using Jacobian elliptic functions which yields a closed expression for the light path equation. It is shown that the two approaches are equivalent if a finite cutoff is not taken for the Taylor series. If the cutoff is taken, then computationally the two methods yield approximately the same result for small radial distances but diverge as r increases. The elliptic function method has the advantage that the method can be applied to the case where M/R ≥ 1/3, including calculating light paths inside a black hole horizon. This case is outside the scope of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42995] viXra:2411.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 23:24:18
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract and scientific references in the article are required)
The increasing incorporation of speculative constructs such as dark matter, the Higgs field, and cosmic inflation within modern physics indicates a shift towards metaphysical frameworks, potentially compromising the empirical rigor traditionally upheld in physical sciences. This article critically evaluates the foundational paradigms in quantum mechanics and cosmology, asserting that constructs like the Big Bang theory and baryogenesis introduce elements that lack experimental validation and challenge established physical principles. By examining the epistemic and methodological implications of these paradigms, the author argues that theoretical physics must resist the encroachment of metaphysical assumptions and prioritize models grounded in measurable, observable phenomena. The article proposes a recalibration of the discipline, advocating for a return to empirically verifiable principles and logically cohesive theories that align with classical physics. Through this approach, the author suggests, physics can maintain its empirical integrity, ensuring that theoretical advancements remain anchored in experimentally testable reality and do not drift into speculative abstraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42994] viXra:2411.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 20:17:05
Authors: Amel Mara
Comments: 32 Pages.
The significance of the Inductive Hypothesis is examined with respect to the Principle of Mathematical Induction. A few relevant theorems that involve functions in set theory are specified with respect to the Inductive Hypothesis.The countability of rational numbers is reviewed, as to Cantor’s "intuition" (i.e., the "zig-zag" method of enumerating rational numbers) and constructive formulas that would map the set of natural numbers to a subset of the rational numbers (e.g., a multiplicative inverse function, a divisive function).Von Neumann and Zermelo ordinals are introduced to support the definition of a non-dense, well-ordered set of numbers. It is determined that for a specific transfinite set of ordinals with a maximal element that is a limit ordinal, the set must contain at least one successor ordinal that cannot be recursively accessed in a finite number of steps from a specified base ordinal.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[42993] viXra:2411.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 23:00:55
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this note, we introduce and develop the analysis of the fractional invariance. This analysis is used for estimating the partial sums of arithmetic functions $f:mathbb{N}longrightarrow mathbb{R}$ of the form $sum limits_{substack{nleq xin mathbb{A}}}f(n)$ for $mathbb{A}subseteq mathbb{N}$. This analysis can be applied to a broad class of arithmetic functions.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42992] viXra:2411.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 02:18:46
Authors: Oleg Kupervasser, Domoshnitsky Alexander
Comments: 45 Pages.
In the presentation described algorithms for airborne ground robot's control and navigation developed in Ariel University during Kamin project
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42991] viXra:2411.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 02:23:41
Authors: Oleg Kupervasser, Domoshnitsky Alexander
Comments: 72 Pages.
In the presentation described algorithms for Vision-based UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicle) control and navigation developed in Ariel University during Nofar project.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42990] viXra:2411.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 22:56:12
Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 8 Pages.
In the earlier paper, The Absence of the Implications of Negative Mass and the Resultant Problems in Physics, various insights on different kinds of matter and the existing ideas such as the Dark Matter and the Dark Energy were presented. The article, Non-Stellar Black Holes, including microscopic Black Holes, brings into attention a very pertinent aspect overlooked by all earlier researchers. The present article probes further into such various overlooked aspects of our universe. Various other important inferences are drawn from the said model that seem to agree to the experimental results better than the existing models, such as the possible reason for Hubble Tension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42989] viXra:2411.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 22:54:12
Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 10 Pages.
This study proposes an innovative therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) targeting the aggregation and clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) peptide. Utilizing computational design tools such as AlphaFold 2, we identified and optimized functional peptides capable of binding the hydrophobic C-terminal region of Aβ42 to prevent aggregation and promote degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). This non-invasive strategy envisions peptide administration through a nasal ultrasonic nebulizer, which could bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver peptides directly to the brain. The concept focuses on the potential of combining targeted peptide design with a delivery system that enables rapid, brain-specific absorption, presenting a novel direction for AD therapy.
Category: Physics of Biology
[42988] viXra:2411.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 22:51:57
Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 48 Pages.
The Riemann hypothesis is more than just a mathematical problem. It is an age-old enigma, a challenge to all those who dare to explore the depths of prime numbers. For more than 160 years, it has fascinated, intrigued, and resisted the attempts of the greatest minds. This document is the result of a passionate quest to elucidate this mystery. Here, each line traces a path through the complexities of the hypothesis, with the hope of shedding new light on this fundamental question. Whether you are an expert or simply curious to discover one of the greatest mysteries of the mathematical universe, I invite you to dive into this intellectual adventure. Together, let's explore the elegance hidden behind the formulas and perhaps get closer to the truth.
Category: Number Theory
[42987] viXra:2411.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 22:49:27
Authors: Edigles Guedes
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this paper, we present an integral representation involving trigonometric functions and variable transformation techniques to turn it into a triple integral. The proposed integral is initially simplified using trigonometric identities, so we rewrite the original integral in terms of a three-variable integral representation. The main theorem demonstrates the equivalence between the initial integral and the resulting triple integral, illustrating the applicability of trigonometric identities in calculations of complicated integrals.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42986] viXra:2411.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 22:48:28
Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper shows how big bangs, which do not produce new universes, can be used to build a framework that enables the location of the centre of our big bang to be estimated. The calculation also requires the use of failed big bangs that are apparently conjoined with commoving objects within our own big bang flow to calculate that flow over time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42985] viXra:2411.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 15:03:31
Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 27 Pages.
In this paper of "The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics" series we investigate the epistemological significance and sensibility (and hence interpretability and interpretation) of classical mechanics in its Newtonian and non-Newtonian formulations. As we will see, none of these formulations provide a clear and consistent framework for understanding the physics which they represent and hence they all represent valid formalism without proper epistemology or sensible interpretation.
Category: Classical Physics
[42984] viXra:2411.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 22:45:24
Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 26 Pages.
This paper presents a novel perspective on the nature of space and time, arguing for the coexistence of both absolute and relative aspects at the classical level and the existence of only absolute aspects at the quantum level. We propose using various arguments that the static space-in-itself exists as absolute space and the universal objective present moment with an infinitesimal duration continuously exists as absolute time in the universe since its creation until the present, along with the measured space being relative space and the measured time being relative time. We also prove the continuous nature of absolute and relative space, absolute and relative time, and relative spacetime and, thus, challenge all theories that use discrete relative space or discrete relative time or discrete relative spacetime, such as loop quantum gravity and causal set theory, among others. This framework dissolves several fundamental problems: the quantum gravity question by proving its impossibility due to the absence of reference frames at quantum scales, the unified field theory question by proving its impossibility by showing gravity’s classical-only nature, whereas electromagnetic force being present at quantum and classical level both, and the wave-particle duality through establishing universal quantum fields/waves as the sole quantum reality with each of these fields being one singular reality with varying level of intensity at different spatial regions in the universe and with continuous non-deterministic interactions explaining quantum phenomena without randomness while preserving causality and particles being just the 1emergent reality at the classical level. We also disprove string theory and any potential higher spatial dimensional theory using fundamental logic. Thus, this comprehensive framework completes Einstein’s unfinished revolution in understanding space, time, and physical reality at both quantum and classical levels.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[42983] viXra:2411.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-02 19:58:57
Authors: Philippe Sainty
Comments: 19 Pages.
In this paper, the proof of the binary Goldbach conjecture is established (Any integer strictly greater than one is the mean arithmetic of two primes) . To this end, a "local" algorithm is determined for the construction of two recurrent sequences of primes ( ) and ( ), (( ) dependent of ( ) ) such that for each integer n their sum is equal to 2n . To form this a third sequence of primes ( ) is defined for any integer n by = Sup ( p ∈ : p ≤ 2n - 3 ) where is the infinite set of primes. The Goldbach conjecture has been proved for all even integers 2n between 4 and 4. In the table of terms of Goldbach sequences given in appendix 10 values of the order of 2n = are reached. This "finite ascent and descent" method proves the binary Goldbach conjecture. An analogous proof by recurrence and "shifts" of arithmetic sequences with infinitely many primes = -2k + 2n - r - 3 (k, r bounded integers by constructing the G2n sequence and the U2n frames)is established, (parameterizations of sequences U2n and V2n). The situation can be visualized graphically by plotting the straight lines with equations Dr : y = 2x + 3 + r and D'r with equations D'r : y = - 2x - 3 + 2n - r , so that two points representing primes on these straight lines are on the same vertical line, by translating the straight line Dr and D'r along (Oy),(«The primes-points move horizontally by an integer value of r or -r ») or equivalently, by choosing the parameter «r « judiciously which is always possible. (In a Lemma xx to define and elaborate).Then, an increase in by 0.7( is justified. Moreover, the Lagrange-Lemoine-Levy conjecture and its generalization, the Bezout-Goldbach conjecture are proven by the same type of procedure.
Category: Number Theory
[42982] viXra:2411.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-02 00:35:56
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 Pages.
As a long-cherished postulate of theoretical physics, Hamilton’s principle (HP) defines the basis of classical mechanics and field theory. We argue here that HP is overturned in physical settings where sensitivity to initial conditions cannot be ignored. We find that the approach to chaos of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems sheds new light on several foundational aspects of effective field theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[42981] viXra:2411.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-02 03:51:48
Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.
Recent advances in deterministic models of quantum cosmology of the RH=c tH type have paved the way for the possible appearance of Planck power in the ΛCDM model as a constant, beyond the Planck era, thanks to Joule heating applied to cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42980] viXra:2411.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-02 19:51:19
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 15 Pages.
For over 300 years, the formula for the force of gravitational interaction has been represented by the single law of universal gravitation of Newton. During this period, facts have been revealed that Newton's law of gravitation gives predictions that do not agree with observations. It is shown that Newton's law of gravity is not the single law of gravitational interaction in the Universe. Newton's law of universal gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2) is only one of three laws of gravitational interaction. In addition to Newton's law of gravitation, two new laws of gravitation are given: FK=mR^3/(T*r)^2; FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ. These two laws of gravitational interaction remained undiscovered for more than 300 years. The three laws of gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2, FK=mR^3/(T*r)^2, FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ) revive classical gravity and develop Newtonian dynamics towards a complete model of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation together with the two new laws of gravitation provide a complete and consistent description of gravitational interaction in the Universe.
Category: Classical Physics
[42979] viXra:2411.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-02 07:03:48
Authors: Debjoy Thakur
Comments: 28 Pages.
The application of deep neural networks in geospatial data has become a trending research problem in the present day. A significant amount of statistical research has already been introduced, such as generalized least square optimization by incorporating spatial variance-covariance matrix, considering basis functions in the input nodes of the neural networks, and so on. However, for lattice data, there is no available literature about the utilization of asymptotic analysis of neural networks in regression for spatial data. This article proposes a consistent localized two-layer deep neural network-based regression for spatial data. We have proved the consistency of this deep neural network for bounded and unbounded spatial domains under a fixed sampling design of mixed-increasing spatial regions. We have proved that its asymptotic convergence rate is faster than that of cite{zhan2024neural}'s neural network and an improved generalization of cite{shen2023asymptotic}'s neural network structure. We empirically observe the rate of convergence of discrepancy measures between the empirical probability distribution of observed and predicted data, which will become faster for a less smooth spatial surface. We have applied our asymptotic analysis of deep neural networks to the estimation of the monthly average temperature of major cities in the USA from its satellite image. This application is an effective showcase of non-linear spatial regression. We demonstrate our methodology with simulated lattice data in various scenarios.
Category: Statistics
[42978] viXra:2411.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-01 20:41:28
Authors: Amine Oufaska
Comments: 5 Pages.
Since the ancient Greeks over 2000 years ago , mathematicians have asked the question about the distribution of the twin prime numbers . In this paper we present the set of definition and the Diophantine equation of the twin prime numbers,it is a magic subset of the natural numbers which arranges the twin prime numbers. This theory will provide a deep understanding of the twin prime conjecture and the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory
[42977] viXra:2411.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-01 20:39:07
Authors: Fian Qnoz
Comments: 6 Pages.
This short document purported to publicise assorted constants to be targeted for Reverse Arithmetic (known as unscrambling the egg in pop culture) experimentation. In section one, a tangential intermezzo intended to justify the urgency to archive and some trivia regarding Pie and its defense against the manifesto of otherwise obscure alternative. Later sections detail the constants aimed for Reverse Arithmetic experimentation.
Category: Number Theory
[42976] viXra:2411.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-01 01:07:02
Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 19 Pages.
In this paper, we investigate the interaction of two breathers in the Sine-Gordon model. We derive an explicit analytic expression for the two-breather solution of the Sine-Gordon equation and study its dynamics. We show that the breathers behave like classical particles of equal masses upon collision, but with the momentum continuously transferred via their fields. By suitably averaging the oscillations of the solution we derive analytic expressions for the trajectories of the two breathers. It is shown that in the non-relativistic limit, the interaction potential between the two breathers has the same form as the velocity-dependent interaction potentials used for Machian unified theories of gravity and inerita.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42975] viXra:2411.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-01 20:37:47
Authors: Vitaly E. Pilkin
Comments: 12 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)
This paper provides answers to current questions of experts working with artificial intelligence (AI), and offers recommendations on how to control AI development and prevent AI from getting out of human control.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42974] viXra:2411.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-01 20:31:08
Authors: Misaki Kasai
Comments: 220 Pages. In English & Japanese (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)
In this study, we develop a modified Einstein field equation that incorporates the effect of gravitons into the dark matter term. From the spherically symmetric solution of the Schwarzschild metric, we derive the Graviton Inverse-Square Decay Galactic Rotation Model (Galactic Rotation Curve MiSAKi Model). By analyzing its alignment with actual observational data, we explore the unifying explanation for gravity, dark matter, and dark energy through the "Repulsion Graviton Space Model (Re:GraviS Model)." This model enables a unified understanding of relativity and quantum mechanics, considering the role of gravitons in cosmic structure formation. Keywords:Quantum Gravity Theory, Graviton, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Black Hole, Galactic Rotation Curve
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[42973] viXra:2411.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-01 16:05:44
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 1 Page.
I taught myself Calculus seriously the last months and I want to share some thoughts about Real constants Calculus with a single variable. It will may be mostly know this results by professionals but, in any case it could be interesting to share my conclusions in a short paper.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42972] viXra:2411.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-01 18:56:26
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 20 Pages. 7 Figures, in Chinese.
This paper is a brief review of our previous relevant papers, it is narrated mainly from points of view of the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and 126th elements. Firstly we review the theories we constructed previously including the four principles of the theory of chirality, the chirality model of atomic nucleus and the periodic table of nuclides, the new circular periodic table of elements and the integrated periodic table of elements, the formulas of the fine structure constant and the formulas of the speed of light in atomic units as well as the formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of muon, tauon and electron, then we mainly give the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and 126th elements including some new synthetic routes. Specifically, we regard that the 120th element has neutron number of 180 and the total nucleon number of 300 and the 126th element has neutron number of 188 and the total nucleon number of 314, regard they are relatively stable and most worthwhile and likely to be synthesized, and the 126th element is more important.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[42971] viXra:2410.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-31 20:59:28
Authors: Mouhamadou Diagne
Comments: 93 Pages.
In this work we have tried to understand the mechanisms of consciousness by means of a certain symbolic representation. It is from this that we arrive at the establishment of mathematical formulae on the dynamic psychophysical mechanisms of consciousness, which can allow an explanation and a mechanistic description of the basic phenomena linked to it, and leading specifically to the concept of the fundamental state of consciousness.The theory thus established is based on concepts developed through mathematical reasoning and a psycho-cognitive approach. It is therefore a reflective theory, none of whose concepts derive from neuroscientific work on the subject. Consequently, it is not particularly necessary to have prior knowledge of neuroscience or any other cognitive science in order to approach it. And although its structure derives from a relatively simple mathematical reasoning, the basis of the work is modelled on a psycho-cognitive interpretation and a particular symbolism that reduces the complexity of the subject and thus justifies the formalism proposed.Although it is a hypothesis, it nonetheless allows us to approach the field of consciousness from a different angle than is usually the case. Isn't it important to have a theory that goes beyond the strict framework of neuroscience in order to unify the various fields of study linked to consciousness, including philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence and neuroscience itself? In other words, shouldn't the starting point be abstract concepts, where empirical data can serve as evidence? In this way, we can create a junction that will make it easier to understand this complex field.Moreover, not only does this theory touch on the neurocognitive domain, it also offers insights into the understanding of temporal distortion ; suggesting in particular an indirect process of subjective temporal measurement.It is by starting from a psychophysical postulate that we arrive at certain conclusions where neural correlates can constitute a justification. Ultimately, it is more of an explanatory tool of consciousness, making it possible to devise a mechanistic basis for understanding human consciousness, and perhaps any other form of consciousness.
Category: Mind Science
[42970] viXra:2410.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-31 20:00:47
Authors: Subrat Kumar Verma
Comments: 7 Pages. CC-BY
This article discusses the notion of uniform continuity, its relation with the derivative of differentiable functions and Lipschitzcontinuity or even more weakly Hölder continuity related in some way to how wildly the function oscillates. It also discusses its connectionwith compactness for the very large general class of functions - continuous functions. Further, a few properties of uniform continuous function especially with regards to unique continuous extension of functions are discussed.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42969] viXra:2410.0187 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-31 19:56:36
Authors: Mark Syrkin
Comments: 21 Pages.
Reviewing quantum fundamentals and related subtleties, which typically are not discussed sufficiently — even if at all — in standard texts and discussing "paradoxes" arising as a result. The purpose is to expose quantum ideology in manifestly wholesome, yet possibly plain and simple way, without mysterious surrogates. Main topics include: general Quantum Mechanical framework as imaginary "diffusion"; superposition / interference of probability amplitudes, not particles; Statistical vs Copenhagen interpretations of Quantum Mechanics; quantum measurements as mapping from amplitudes to probabilities; wave-ensemble parity instead of wave-particle duality; quantum field theory as a manifestation of quantum vacuum and the ideas of Grand Quantum Canonical Ensemble; entanglement as a consequence of an integrity of the quantum system and "spooky actions" as a mystification of simple conditional probabilities.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42968] viXra:2410.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-30 21:00:12
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 6 Pages.
The article presents a relativistic extension of Newton's second law of motion, adapted to a four-dimensional spacetime construct where time and space are treated under the framework of special relativity. By introducing a unique concept of"U-space", where time functions as a spatial coordinate with its own metric pro-perties, the study explores Newtonian dynamics through a relativistic lens. Thisexploration includes the derivation of relativistic force and acceleration equations,considering both constant and variable rest mass scenarios. The derived formulations, based on the principles of special relativity, are presented with modications that incorporate mass-energy equivalence, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of force interactions within relativistic contexts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42967] viXra:2410.0185 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-30 20:58:53
Authors: Corrado Soddu
Comments: 25 Pages. In Italian
The article presents the results of a rereading of all the historical-geographical and archaeological sources with the addition of new data obtained from the construction of the Cremona-Sergnano gas pipeline. The territory that is commonly identified as Cremasco is a geographical area of u200bu200b573.2 km² inhabited by just over 150,000 people. This area is located in the center of the Lombardy region, is part of the Province of Cremona and occupies the northernmost area. The city of Crema is to be considered the capital of this area, an area delimited in a very precise way, also thanks to a very specific element, the dialect, here the Crema dialect is spoken. the research period considers all literary and material evidence in the period from the 3rd century BC. until the end of Roman domination on the peninsula between the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
Category: Archaeology
[42966] viXra:2410.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-30 20:57:00
Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 3 Pages.
I Ching hexagram groups and subgroups Groupings and subgroups exist between the hexagrams of the I Ching The I Ching (Yijing) (Book of Changes) is an ancient Chinese divination text that is manual in the Western Zhou period (1000-750 BC). Thus, the I Ching Zhou yi originated around 5000 years ago. The Zhou yi was traditionally scribed to King Wen of Zhou and the Duke of Zhou, and also associated with the legendary Fuxi. Relationships exist between I Ching hexagram groups (and subgroups). One may wonder on the mathematical insight of the initial developer of the yinyang-trigram-hexagram system five thousand years ago!
Category: General Mathematics
[42965] viXra:2410.0183 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-30 06:01:00
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 6 Pages.
When analysing the issue of relative motion between two bodies, one of which is rotating around itself, it becomes clear that the common perception that fixing the reference system on the rotating body means the movement of the other body around it at a speed equal to the angular velocity multiplied by the distance between the two bodies is a false perception based on mixing the concept of relative motion with another different concept. Therefore, the rotational motion is relative motion and does not conflict with the fact that the speed of light is the maximum speed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42964] viXra:2410.0182 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-30 10:25:44
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 4 Pages.
Textbooks tell us that the coupling constant of Dirac magnetic monopoles is 34.259. Here I show by using the quark hypothesis that at zero temperature the coupling constant is as high as 308.331. Moreover I show that it is a running coupling constant and is smaller than 0.5 at the Planck temperature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[42963] viXra:2410.0181 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-30 20:54:02
Authors: Axel Egon, Abram Gracias, Peter Broklyn
Comments: 17 Pages.
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in human-computer interaction (HCI) has significantly transformed how users engage with technology, particularly through gesture recognition. This paper explores the advancements in AI-driven gesture recognition systems, emphasizing their potential to enhance user experience across various applications, from gaming and virtual reality to accessibility tools and smart environments. We analyze the underlying algorithms and machine learning techniques that facilitate real-time gesture detection and interpretation, highlighting the importance of accuracy and responsiveness in user interactions. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges faced in developing robust gesture recognition systems, including variability in user behavior, environmental factors, and the need for extensive training data. By examining case studies and recent innovations in the field, we illustrate the growing impact of AI-driven gesture recognition on user interfaces and the future of interactive technology. Ultimately, this research aims to provide insights into the transformative role of gesture-based interactions in creating more intuitive, immersive, and inclusive digital experiences.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42962] viXra:2410.0180 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-30 20:52:30
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article
We consider the possibility that black-body photons are created by the energetical sources in space. It leads to the integral equation for the energy distribution of sources. The Planck formula for photons is, in this situation, valid, for the special distribution of sources. It means that the black-body is at the crystalline form.
Category: Astrophysics
[42961] viXra:2410.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-30 20:49:15
Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.
We give some formulas of the type: y*arcsin(x)+y*arctan(x)=pi.
Category: General Mathematics
[42960] viXra:2410.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 20:19:28
Authors: Khalid Jerrari
Comments: 69 Pages. In French (Note by viXra Admin: Title and abstract should be in English)
The book entitled "[] Space Theory" by Khalid Jerrari offers an exploration of concepts relating to the expansion of the Universe and the rotation speed of spiral galaxies, without using energy or dark matter. Structured in several parts, it begins with a reminder of the foundations of space theory presented in a previous work entitled "The mysteries of space". This concept is based on the notion of "spatial density", a new interpretation of space as a form of energy linked to matter. The book is divided into three parts. The first summarizes the basic principles of space theory, notably the idea that space and matter are inseparable. It also discusses the "principle of universal balance", which suggests that the Universe constantly seeks to maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium. The second part studies the expansion of the Universe through the evolution of spatial density, an alternative to current explanations involving dark energy. The author develops several mathematical models to describe spatial density, proposing functions such as the inverse power law or the increasing exponential function. These models make it possible to simulate universal acceleration and the distribution of mass in the Universe. Finally, the third part examines the rotation curves of galaxies. Based on spatial density, the author explains how the distribution of visible matter can influence the rotation speed of galaxies without resorting to dark matter. The work is intended to be an introduction to an alternative theory of the expansion of the Universe and the rotation curves of galaxies, offering avenues for future research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42959] viXra:2410.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 20:15:03
Authors: Imran Ansari
Comments: 40 Pages.
In this article, study related to the distribution of the Goldbach prime pairs for the even integers of form $ 2(n+1)^{2} $ has been carried out with the help of other conjectures(/postulate), that is, Legendre's conjecture and Bertrand's postulate. From the obtained results, various possible conjectures have been proposed/suggested. In brief, first the term, Goldbach first prime pair ($ p_{f},p'_{f} $) was defined and for ascertaining the interval in which Goldbach first prime pair would always be present for all the values of $ 2(n+1)^{2} $, where, $ n =1,2,3,..., $ was suggested. The proposed conjectures on distribution were tested for all values of $ n = 1,2,3,...,1,000,000 $ using algorithm. The expression, $ (n)(n+1) < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - n(n+1) $ showed that, the Goldbach first prime pair would always existing for all the $n$ values, where, $ n = 1,2,3,...- $ ${4,6,10,16,19,21,22,23,30,33,36,43,48,49,56, 57,61,66,72, 76,81,106, 117,127,130, 132,141,210,276,289,333,418}.$ The expression, $ (n)^{2} < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - (n)^{2} $ showed that, the Goldbach first prime pairs would always existing for all the $n$ values, where, $ n = 1,2,3,... - {21,23,30,33,36,48,49,117,141}. $ While, for the expression, $ (n)(n-1) < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - (n)(n-1) $, were true for all the $ n = 1,2,3,...$, values. Another observation was found that, in the proposed conjecture 1, the gap between Goldbach first prime pair, that is, ($ p'_{f} - p_{f} $) was found to be always less than its corresponding $ n $ value after $ n=2538 $, hence, Gap($ p'_{f} - p_{f} $) $ << $ $ n $, where, $ n=2539,2540,2541,...$.
Category: Number Theory
[42958] viXra:2410.0176 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 17:44:58
Authors: Alfred Schaub, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 8 Pages.
Based on a modified interpretation of Coulomb's repulsive force, the misunderstood Biefeld-Brown effect can be explained and used to demonstrate antigravity.
Category: Classical Physics
[42957] viXra:2410.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 20:10:31
Authors: Mouhamad Diagne
Comments: 98 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)
In this work we have tried to understand the mechanisms of consciousness by means of a certain symbolic representation. It is from this that we arrive at the establishment of mathematical formulae on the dynamic psychophysical mechanisms of consciousness, which can allow an explanation and a mechanistic description of the basic phenomena linked to it, and leading specifically to the concept of the fundamental state of consciousness.The theory thus established is based on concepts developed through mathematical reasoning and a psycho-cognitive approach. It is therefore a reflective theory, none of whose concepts derive from neuroscientific work on the subject. Consequently, it is not particularly necessary to have prior knowledge of neuroscience or any other cognitive science in order to approach it. And although its structure derives from a relatively simple mathematical reasoning, the basis of the work is modelled on a psycho-cognitive interpretation and a particular symbolism that reduces the complexity of the subject and thus justifies the formalism proposed.Although it is a hypothesis, it nonetheless allows us to approach the field of consciousness from a different angle than is usually the case. Isn't it important to have a theory that goes beyond the strict framework of neuroscience in order to unify the various fields of study linked to consciousness, including philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence and neuroscience itself? In other words, shouldn't the starting point be abstract concepts, where empirical data can serve as evidence? In this way, we can create a junction that will make it easier to understand this complex field.Moreover, not only does this theory touch on the neurocognitive domain, it also offers insights into the understanding of temporal distortion ; suggesting in particular an indirect process of subjective temporal measurement.It is by starting from a psychophysical postulate that we arrive at certain conclusions where neural correlates can constitute a justification. Ultimately, it is more of an explanatory tool of consciousness, making it possible to devise a mechanistic basis for understanding human consciousness, and perhaps any other form of consciousness.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[42956] viXra:2410.0174 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-28 06:59:23
Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 7 Pages.
In this paper, we derive a specific form of the energy-time uncertainty principle as it applies to Temporal Waves (TWs) in the context of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe (4DEU) Theory, providing further evidence of the stability of TWs from the beginning and throughout the four-dimensional (4D) universe's expansion. In this model, the universe is proposed to exist in four real spatial dimensions, with the fourth dimension, which we perceive as time, along which the cause of the 4D universe's expansion acts. TWs play a fundamental role in the formation and expansion of the 4D universe, with this expansion being caused by their radiation pressure. In this work, we derive the specific form of the uncertainty principle for TWs, demonstrating that the product of the uncertainties in the TW energy and privileged time is not merely constrained by a lower bound, as in the canonical uncertainty principle, but is exactly equal to h/4. In contrast to the canonical uncertainty principle, where the product of uncertainties is greater than or equal to h/4π, in the case of TWs this product is strictly equal to h/4, indicating a precise and unique relationship in the 4DEU theory. Our findings also confirm the stability of TWs from the beginning and throughout all phases of the 4D universe’s expansion, ensuring their persistence over time. This paper offers further mathematical evidence supporting the stability of TWs and strengthens the foundational principles of the Theory of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42955] viXra:2410.0173 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-28 13:19:20
Authors: Kim Tumlinson Eaton
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper explores the concepts of validity and soundness within deductive arguments. A deductive argument is valid if its logical form ensures that the premises, if true, make it impossible for the conclusion to be false. Soundness, on the other hand, requires that the argument is valid and that all its premises are true. The distinction between validity and soundness is crucial, as a valid argument can still lead to a false conclusion if its premises are false. Conversely, a sound argument always guarantees a true conclusion. The paper emphasizes the importance of logical form in determining validity, illustrating that similar surface grammar can mask different logical structures. Additionally, it discusses how symbolic logic is used to clarify the relationship between premises and conclusions in formal reasoning. This distinction helps in understanding that while validity concerns the structure of an argument, soundness relates to the truthfulness of its premises. Finally, the paper touches upon the relevance of these concepts in more advanced logical systems, such as mathematical logic.
Category: Linguistics
[42954] viXra:2410.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-28 15:24:49
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.
It is well known that the Kepler constant R^3/T^2 is a constant of celestial mechanics. It is shown here that the ratio of the cube of the distance to the square of time is a constant for many physical objects and is of a universal nature. The cosmological equation GMUTU2=RU3 is obtained, which includes the constant RU^3/TU^2 as a ratio of the parameters of the Universe. The cosmological equation combines 4 parameters of the Universe: mass MU, radius RU, time TU and the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. In the cosmological equation, the constant RU^3/TU^2 is a constant of the Universe. The electrodynamic equation e2t02=mere34πε0 is obtained, which includes the constant re^3/t0^2 as a ratio of the parameters of the electron. The equation combines 4 parameters of the electron: mass me, classical radius of the electron re, characteristic time t0, electric charge e. In the equation containing the electron parameters, the constant re^3/t0^2 is a constant of electromagnetism. These equations show that the limits of applicability of Kepler’s ratio R^3/T^2 go far beyond planetary mechanics. Ratio R^3/T^2 is a constant not only of celestial mechanics, but also a constant of the Universe and even a constant of the electron.
Category: Classical Physics
[42953] viXra:2410.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 02:41:27
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.
The article explores the relationship between the masses of elementary particles and the fine-structure constant α. In addition to the Koide formula, a new formula is proposed, which is as accurate as the Koide formula. The new formula demonstrates the connection between the masses of four elementary particles (electron, proton, tau lepton, and muon) with the fine-structure constant α: Considering the high precision of the fine-structure constant and the accurate experimental values of the electron, proton, and muon masses, the new formula provides a significantly more accurate value for the mass of the tau lepton compared to the current experimental value:mτ/me=3477.0298u2026 (1776.7586u2026 MeV)The obtained value of the tau lepton mass (1776.7586... MeV/c2) is within the range of the experimental value but does not coincide with the result obtained by the Koide formula (1776.9688... MeV/c2). The Koide formula and the new formula yield different values for the mass of the tau lepton with high precision in both results. Both mass values are significantly more accurate than the current experimental value. The discrepancy between the results of the two formulas requires explanation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[42952] viXra:2410.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 02:40:23
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.
t is shown that Newton's law of gravity is not the only law of gravitationalinteraction in the Universe. Newton's law of universal gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2) is only one of threelaws of gravitational interaction. In addition to Newton's law of gravitation, two new laws ofgravitation are given: Fк=mR^3/(T*r)^2; Fcos=(mc^2)√Ʌ. These two laws of gravitationalinteraction remained undiscovered for more than 300 years. The three laws of gravitation(FN=GmM/r^2, Fк=mR^3/(T*r)^2, Fcos=(mc^2)√Ʌ) revive classical gravity and develop Newtoniandynamics towards a complete model of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation together with the two newlaws of gravitation provide a complete and consistent description of gravitational interaction in the Universe
Category: Classical Physics
[42951] viXra:2410.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-28 19:14:50
Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 5 Pages.
We integrate the nonlinear Schrödinger differential equation, looking for "lone wave" solutions, and then use the method ofindeterminate coefficients.The integration is in closed form for the free particle, and then we integrate numerically for the particle subject to a weak periodic potential. In both cases, the system is one-dimensional.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[42950] viXra:2410.0168 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 02:37:04
Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 3 Pages.
In previous work, we have looked at the product of the 26 sporadic groups. We've observed specific distances and masses related to the observable universe at the moment of "maximum expansion". It appears that the energy released by the fusion of hydrogen (protium) into iron-56 (or the iron group) is just enough to allow the resulting nuclei to enter a "MOND-stable" orbit around the baryonic mass of the local Hubble volume, i.e. at the orbit defined by the global Hubble radius. This energy is just about half of the energy of a proton accelerated at the critical acceleration a0 (Milgrom's constant) for the duration of Hubble time (global), with the resulting Planck-diameter channel having the volume of a proton. Links to the masses of the quarks might arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42949] viXra:2410.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 02:33:28
Authors: Daniel G. Boyle
Comments: 15 Pages.
This document proves that the Collatz Conjecture is true for the Natural numbers excluding zero. Use is made of the probability distribution of even and odd numbers in supposed diverging Collatz sequences to establish that Collatz sequences do not diverge, having a finite number of terms, and are bounded. Finally proof by contradiction, the pigeon hole principle and proof by induction are used to prove that the Collatz Conjecture is true via two theorems.
Category: Number Theory
[42948] viXra:2410.0166 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 02:32:29
Authors: Jiang Yang
Comments: 8 Pages.
In this paper, I construct natural numbers by using empty sets, cardinality of set theory and definite operations. Based on the discussion of kernel numbers dynamic space reasoning in [1] to [4], the ruler set is introduced. And the enhanced definition of one-to-one correspondence mapping is called one-to-one correspondence ordinal mapping. And it makes the Continuum Hypothesis(CH) a new conclusion.
Category: General Mathematics
[42947] viXra:2410.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-27 16:43:26
Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 17 Pages.
This paper examines the relationship between interest payments as a percentage ofgovernment revenue and the stability of reserve currencies, identifying critical thresh-olds that historically preceded currency crises or the loss of reserve currency status.Through detailed analysis of cases including the British pound sterling, Argentine peso,Greek drachma, and Japanese yen, we identify a consistent pattern where fiscal crisesemerge when interest payments reach 20-30% of government revenue. This thresh-old appears remarkably stable across different historical periods, economic systems,and levels of development. These findings have profound implications for the UnitedStates, where interest payments are projected to rise from 19.5% of revenue in 2024to 63.4% by 2028, far exceeding historical crisis levels. The paper analyzes both do-mestic challenges (including demographic pressures, political gridlock, and structuraleconomic issues) and international pressures (such as de-dollarization initiatives, dig-ital currency development, and changing geopolitical dynamics) that could acceleratea potential crisis. We examine potential policy responses across fiscal, monetary, andstructural domains, while acknowledging the significant political and practical chal-lenges to implementation. The analysis suggests that the convergence of these factorscreates an unprecedented risk to dollar stability, potentially requiring preventive actionbefore critical thresholds are breached to avoid a disorderly adjustment in the globalmonetary system.
Category: Economics and Finance
[42946] viXra:2410.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-28 01:09:13
Authors: Nilhan Ozceylan
Comments: 2 Pages.
This paper proposes an alternative approach to understanding gravity, not as the result of space-time curvature, as suggested by classical general relativity, but through the principles of special relativity. In this view, gravity emerges from the combined effects of relative velocity and acceleration at a micro-level within the fabric of space, influenced by the presence of large masses. This hypothesis suggests that each tiny point in the fabric of space moves at different speeds and accelerations due to the effect of massive objects, creating a large-scale gravitational effect. This approach reinterprets gravitational pull as an emergent phenomenon, potentially bridging insights between special and general relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[42945] viXra:2410.0163 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-27 23:55:28
Authors: Jiang Yang
Comments: 24 Pages.
The limit of mathematical analysis is defined by ε- δ. A concept of dynamic limit is proposed in the article, and the dynamic space of kernel numbers is established. This concept has been extended and studied in depth, yielding several results, including setting up shell-medium cluster, dynamic limit process and steps; kernel number clouds; introducing elfin number and elfin space which the elfin number is non-construct and extend of real number; discussions on the Continuum Hypothesis (CH) what is not contradiction with new dynamic space.
Category: General Mathematics
[42944] viXra:2410.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-28 01:06:50
Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 4 pages
This research proposes a new understanding of gravity, diverging from the classical views of both Newton and Einstein. Unlike Newton's gravitational force and Einstein's curvature of space-time, this study suggests that gravity originates from the positive charge force of an atom’s nucleus. It posits that gravity is a result of electrostatic interactions, where the nucleus of atoms exerts a weak attractive force on neutral atoms and repels similarly charged atoms. This framework offers an alternative approach to gravity by explaining it as a function of atomic structure rather than mass or space-time geometry. The study aims to establish a theoretical link between gravitational force and electrostatic force, proposing that nuclear charge at the atomic level is central to gravitational phenomena on Earth and throughout the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42943] viXra:2410.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-26 15:12:18
Authors: Hai-Fei Ma
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper introduces a new approach to solving fundamental scientific problems, such as the origin of gravitation, the nature of Newton’s gravitational force, and what the universe is made of, along with unexpected findings. The core idea of this study is that every mathematical formula in physics must correspond to a physical process or existence. Since Newton’s formula for gravity has been repeatedly validated and proven useful, it is employed in this study. Through a detailed analysis of Newton’s formula, I uncovered many astonishing findings and resolved several long-standing fundamental scientific problems. These findings are significant for a better understanding of the universe. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that this new approach is both useful and effective.
Category: Classical Physics
[42942] viXra:2410.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-26 15:40:37
Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 3 Pages.
A spiking neural networks neurons can viewedas feature detectors or alternatively instances of hieroglyphic symbols defined by the associated features they represent .The set of activations at any time step then represent a document written in this alphabet. If we feed this information from the previous time step back to the spiking neural network at each time step ,the network will navigate its own space of internal representations and form a grounded language in which to analyze its own internal states and to guide their evolution. We describe this method and how it could be used by the algorithm to plan and design connections and critic its own thought processes if all of this increases the expected reward. We also show a simple method for an agent to learn levels of abstractions ordered by priority that ultimately increase the global expected reward. Each level is associated with a separate scalar output of the neural network at each time step t which is fed back to the agent as part of the state at time t+1. The agent then correlates them with features of the state initially randomly. It however learns the correct assignment by doing it in such a way that it increases the global reward.We describe an equation meant to order these scalar values and the global reward in order of priority and hence induce a heir-achy of needs for the agent. This then forms the basis of goal formation for it
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42941] viXra:2410.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-27 01:39:18
Authors: V. Korniienko, M. Turkin M
Comments: 14 Pages. in Russian and English
We have developed a new method for searching for hydrocarbons (HC) based on the analysis of space images in the spectrum of quantum energies. He made it possible to detect a global network of channels through which endless volumes of hydrocarbons migrate from the North Polar Field to Antarctica. Along the way, they suppress all known hydrocarbon deposits, volcanoes and earthquake zones, pass under power units of power plants, as well as under craters on the Yamal Peninsula. The origin of these channels follows from Einstein's STO, according to which the power units of nuclear and other power plants, together with electric energy, produce quantum electromagnetic waves (S-radiation), which have the same properties as GR. The combined effect of these radiation forms channels in rocks, as well as geoblanders (GB), in which large volumes of hydrocarbons accumulate, the explosions of which caused the emergence of craters in Yamal, as well as severe accidents at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, and other power plants. Therefore, in order to prevent severe accidents of power units, we propose to evaluate the dynamics of the movement of channels with hydrocarbons to power plants under construction and existing power units, as well as to involve oil producing companies for drilling and production of hydrocarbons from them. This HC production from the canals will not only prevent GB explosions under the power units, but also reduce the activity of volcanoes and earthquakes in the countries of the Ring of Fire.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[42940] viXra:2410.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-26 17:10:18
Authors: Andrey Belov
Comments: 11 Pages.
The article contains formulas that can specify sequences of both simple and composite numbers. The existence of such formulas proves that the appearance of primes in a series of natural numbers can be predicted. This means that the problem of factoring large numbers can be solved without waiting for the creation of appropriate quantum computing devices.
Category: Number Theory
[42939] viXra:2410.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-27 01:36:59
Authors: William Manuel
Comments: 9 Pages.
Maxwell's Demon has been used to show that measurement has an energy cost. The price Maxwell's Demons must pay can be found by use of Landuauer's Limit at Hawking Temperature. The use of Hawking Temperature in the Landauer Limit will extract just the energy contained in a constrained degree of spin freedom for spin 1u20442 particles.The Landauer Limit describes the amount of energy required to erase one quantum bit of information, which is equivalent to the amount of energy originally constrained . The goal is to see if there is a relationship between the Landauer Limit at Hawking Temperature and the gravitational energy of a one Planck Area of a given black hole's event horizon. We will assume a 1km radius, non-rotating Schwarzschild Black Hole. This will require several steps outlined below.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[42938] viXra:2410.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-26 22:08:37
Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 4 Pages.
Qualia—the subjective experience of perception—has long been considered unique to biological consciousness. However, with the advent of sophisticated Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, the question arises: could complex AI architectures also manifest a form of qualia, albeit different in nature from biological systems? This paper explores the hypothesis that both biological and artificial systems may generate unique moments of consciousness or qualia through information processing. By examining theories of consciousness, such as emergentism and Integrated Information Theory (IIT), this paper discusses the potential for qualia to arise as an emergent phenomenon in systems that handle complex information processing. Additionally, the ethical implications of AI-generated qualia are explored, alongside a discussion of what this means for the future of AI and philosophy of mind.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42937] viXra:2410.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-26 22:30:17
Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.
A short informal philosophical essay proposing an algorithmic framework or a matrix of steps that define intelligence. Thus, it is argued that the human genome system (DNA) can be considered intelligent as well as gene pools of organisms in Nature. Concepts like minds, the multiverse, and even the existence of the past, are proposed as derivative of an existential algorithm of intelligence.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[42936] viXra:2410.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-25 17:23:04
Authors: Ruohan Yang
Comments: 12 Pages.
This article investigates the two-dimensional Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem within the context of a surjective continuous transformation function ( f(x) ). This function can be interpreted as defining a continuous vector field. In this framework, each point in the disk is mapped to another point via a specific vector associated with the continuous transformation, thereby establishing a coherent vector field. This function can be interpreted as defining a continuous vector field. In this framework, the vector field can be decomposed two vector fields. Instead of proving the existence of fixed point directly, the article aim to focus on prove the vector fields always has intersection where at this point, the vector fields has opposite directiond and same norm.The paper also provide the programming experiment which further verifies the proof.
Category: Topology
[42935] viXra:2410.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-25 17:21:54
Authors: Ruohan Yang
Comments: 7 Pages.
This article present a constructive proof by analyzing decompositions of continuous vector field. The original proof of Brouwer's theorem relies on a contradiction argument, which, while effective, does not offer a constructive method for locating the fixed point. Through projecting arbitrary vector field the basis of the vector field, it can be proved there exists zero points on both of the basis. The article will also generalize the proof from 2D to 3D dimensions. The method is also valid under surjective and scaling map.
Category: Topology
[42934] viXra:2410.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-25 22:42:26
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 25 Pages.
Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report was built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1].JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST's findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe.In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to bring about a significant transformation in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST's discoveries, WUM's achievements, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is time to initiate a fundamental transformation in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.The present paper is a continuation of the published article "JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions" [2] and a summary of the paper "Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society" [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42933] viXra:2410.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-24 20:46:59
Authors: Garry Goodwin
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)
The asymmetry that distinguishes the direction of entailment of the two forms of universal disjunction is a tenet of Quantificational Logic but it is also poorly understood. The paper offers a semantics that sheds light on this asymmetry.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[42932] viXra:2410.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-24 20:44:40
Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 10 Pages.
This research redefines gravity, showing that it is not a separate force but originates from atoms, specifically from the nucleus of the atom. Rather than arising from space-time curvature or the hypothetical graviton particle, this theory suggests that gravity is positive force of atom, that exhibits a weak attraction to neutral atoms (neutral objects) and repel same charge atom (positive charge objects). Moreover, utilizing the framework of gravity, this paper provides a practical and detailed explanation of how the solar system, galaxy, and the broader universe operate. This model solves key cosmological problems, presenting a more tangible and applicable understanding of cosmic phenomena, as opposed to purely theoretical and hypothetical approaches, and combines quantum mechanics and classical physics with gravity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[42931] viXra:2410.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-24 20:43:23
Authors: Yukihiko Hoshino
Comments: 17 Pages.
In our previous report, we investigated the mechanism of generation of magnetic quanta that transmit magnetic force, and found that magnetic quanta with right-hand and left-hand rotation in the direction of travel are generated simultaneously and propagate through space in opposite directions on a straight line. Based on this premise, the mechanism of electromagnetic induction was investigated. As a result, it was found that when a magnet is brought close to a coil, the free electrons in the coil are caused to flow by the flow of "aether" in the same direction as the rotation of the magnetic quantum, which is created by the rotation of the magnetic quantum, and an electric current flows in the coil in the opposite direction to the rotation of the magnetic quantum, but because the movement of the free electrons caused by the flow of "aether" immediately stops based on the "laws of elementary particle motion," the electric current also stops immediately. On the other hand, when the magnet is moved away from the coil, the free electrons that were stabilized and stationary in one direction's flow of "aether" will, due to the cessation of the "aether" flow, momentarily move in the opposite direction of the previous "aether" flow according to the "laws of elementary particle motion", and then stop moving. This results in the generation of a momentary current flowing in the opposite direction to the current generated when the magnet was brought close. In addition, based on the relationship between the magnetic pole approached to the coil and the direction of the generated current, it was found that the magnetic quantum generated from the N pole (N magnetic quantum) rotates right in the direction of travel, and the magnetic quantum generated from the S pole (S magnetic quantum) rotates left in the direction of travel.
Category: Classical Physics
[42930] viXra:2410.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-24 20:41:06
Authors: Akash Dixit
Comments: 15 Pages.
In this paper, we critically examine general and special relativity, with a particular focus on the concept of time dilation. Relativity introduces counterintuitive predictions, including the distortion of time and space, the speed of light as the ultimate velocity limit, and bizarre results like the omnipresent photon and theoretical time travel. Given these contradictions, we argue that the foundational assumptions of relativity demand thorough reevaluation. Alongside highlighting these contradictions, we also provide alternative reasoning for some of the experimental results commonly thought to validate relativity, offering interpretations that shift the validation away from relativity. We propose that many of these experimental results, traditionally interpreted through a relativistic lens, could instead be reexamined within a classical framework. This paper challenges the prevailing belief that classical mechanics is restricted to specific physical domains, suggesting that with the inclusion of additional forces and effects, Newtonian mechanics can account for phenomena typically attributed to relativistic physics. In summary, this paper advocates for a science grounded in human intuition and their logical consistency over science that is counterintuitive.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42929] viXra:2410.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 23:01:19
Authors: Rick Ferreira, Melissa Smith
Comments: 16 Pages.
There are two common problems when designing and using artificial neural networks. The first is the need for better performance. The second is the need to combat the increasing complexity with enhancements. In this paper we design a way to do both.This is done in each iteration by calculating what weights would give the optimal answer for each input and output pair. The weights are then updated by the difference between the ideal weight and the current weights all of it times the learning rate.We find that this method not only converges much faster for an image classification problem but it also is much simpler to understand and does not rely on using calculus or derivatives. However the method only works for a shallow or single layer neural network.By using simple arithmetic, neural networks can be updated in a way that is both simpler and more efficient than back-propagation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42928] viXra:2410.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-23 13:29:46
Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: 14 Pages.
Despite decades of research, the origin of high-temperature superconductivity is still unclear, and its microscopic mechanism remains a subject of intense debate. The intrinsic Mott insulating properties of copper oxide parent compounds and the experimentally observed charge-ordered phases in real space suggest that high-temperature superconductivity may stem from localized electrons rather than itinerant electrons. In this work, we propose a unified microscopic mechanism where confined electrons within polyhedral quantum wells represent the Mott ground state, and symmetry-breaking of electron-hole pairs acts as the superconducting mechanism. A single parameter formula for the critical temperature (Tc) of unconventional superconductors is developed, allowing accurate determination of Tc based on lattice constants. The approach elucidates relationships between various charge-order phases and doping concentration, explores Fermi surface structures, investigates spin resonance peaks and parities, and examines pressure-induced dual superconducting phase transitions - all consistent with experimental observations. It is also estimated that the highest Tc of the newly discovered nickel-based superconductor will not exceed 100 K. This work offers critical insights into unconventional superconductivity’s fundamental mechanisms while introducing a new paradigm to reveal more intrinsic connections between superconductivity, conductivity, and magnetism.
Category: Condensed Matter
[42927] viXra:2410.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-23 20:33:10
Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 11 Pages.
Chord diagrams are cubic graphs with two types of edges: the first set of edges comprise a subgraph which is a simple cycle (the frame); the second type of edges (the chords) comprise disconnected 2-vertex subgraphs incident to distinct vertices of the frame. We define associated cubic graphs with directed chords (arcs) while keeping the edges of the frame undirected, and plot all 1, 3, 13, and 121 of them for 2, 4, 6, and 8 vertices.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[42926] viXra:2410.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-23 18:37:17
Authors: Fred Strohm
Comments: 33 Pages.
A polynomial time algorithm for solving the Traveling Salesman Problem is described.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[42925] viXra:2410.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-23 19:49:13
Authors: Temesgen Mechal Degu
Comments: 8 Pages.
This study delves into the concept of velocity within the context of the physical interpretation of acceleration and deceleration for objects in motion through space. A thought experiment involving a marble and a photon is utilized to propose the hypothesis that all objects in space, inherently, do not take time to move from a specific source to a destination. Through a series of methodically structured thought experiments, this hypothesis and the accompanying conclusions are explored and validated. Newton’s first law of motion serves as the basis for these scenarios, enabling logical conclusions to be drawn. Based on the arguments presented, this hypothesis is used to provide a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics. The methodology emphasizes logical reasoning over detailed mathematical formulations, offering a more accessible presentation.
Category: Classical Physics
[42924] viXra:2410.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-23 19:57:10
Authors: Temesgen Degu
Comments: 16 Pages.
This paper introduces a conceptual framework, denoted as ‘Line Theory,’ which is predicated on the procedural anatomy inherent in ordinary plans. A plan, recognized as a set of instructions for execution, undergoes in-depth scrutiny to analyze its constituent elements. The concise examination delves into the formation of line and effect within real space stemming from procedures. Line theory serves the purpose of elucidating the absolute optimization of plans. It is formulated to inaugurate an exploration into the veracity of procedures and their elemental changes, examining their correlation with space and motion at the most fundamental level. The scientific community has extensively delved into the examination of the behavior and structure of objects at the microscopic level. This paper endeavors to stimulate interest in the analogous analysis of procedures. The fundamental objective within this theoretical framework is to offer a distinct philosophical perspective on changes and effects.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[42923] viXra:2410.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 22:14:11
Authors: Mun Ju Won, Choe Yu Song, Kang Hyok Chol
Comments: 12 Pages.
In control system synthesis, the use of orthogonal functions such as Chebyshev polynomials, Lagrange polynomials, Legendre polynomials and Fourier series has recently attracted special attention.An important objective of applying these functions and polynomial sequences is to avoid the complexity as possible in considering optimal control problems and to fix the solution of algebraic equations, thus simplifying the problem consideration.In this paper, the Legendre approximation method for solving optimal control problems is proposed.Using the Gauss-Legendre quadrature method, the given integration problem is transformed into a polynomial series, and Legendre approximations for the control and state variables are performed to consider the given problem as a nonlinear programming problem.
Category: General Mathematics
[42922] viXra:2410.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 22:11:22
Authors: Kang Kum Phyong, Ji Ryong Hwan, Kang Hyok Chol
Comments: 9 Pages.
In control system synthesis, it is interesting to use orthogonal basis functions such as various polynomials and series.However, there are still no examples of applying spectral methods to closed-loop control systems and poor applications to nonlinear plants.In this paper, we proposed a control method of allowing the state of the plant to pass through the desired points that the user suggests subjectively in case a model of the control plant is given and the boundary values at a given time point are given.In other words, to generate the optimal response curve of the Volza problem, we used the standard Chebyshev pseudo-spectral (PS) method, which deals with the state and control of the plant with Chebyshev polynomial approximation, based on which the optimization problem is considered to be a nonlinear programming problem. At that time we obtained the desired control quantity u with the polynomial coefficients and thus implemented the control.In this paper, we demonstrated the practical applicability of this method by showing not only examples of linear plants but also applications of nonlinear plants.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42921] viXra:2410.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 22:10:30
Authors: Ri Kum Ju, Kang Yu Song, Kang Hyok Chol
Comments: 18 Pages.
In this paper, we propose a response optimization method for time-varying or nonlinear systems using lattice matrix operators.In order to compare the effectiveness and accuracy of this method against previous nonlinear optimal control methods, simulation results for nonlinear plants with time-varying and gap nonlinearity are presented in this paper.This method overcomes the drawbacks of previous controller design methods that have been complicated by the characteristics of the plant and allows easy and general development of controllers by matrix algebraic equations for objects with time-varying or nonlinear or uncertain parameters, which have strong robustness to variations in disturbances, environmental noise and parameters.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42920] viXra:2410.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 22:09:38
Authors: Kang Hun Won, Chol Sik Ryang, Un Jong Hong, Kang Song Ham, Yu Gang Song
Comments: 11 Pages.
In this paper, new algorithm is proposed to estimate the state of lithium ion battery capacity using Chaos optimization-least squares support vector machine. Here ,at first we had set parameters of the least squares support vector machine using Chaos optimization algorithms. Next we had made the regression model of least squares support vector machine using Gaussian kernel function. Also it had estimated the state of lithium ion battery capacity using Chaos optimization-least squares support vector machine.And the exactness on the estimation model of Chaos optimization-least squares support vector machine had verified through the simulation analysis.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42919] viXra:2410.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 22:08:43
Authors: Chol-Sik Ryang, Kyong-Min Yun, Tae-Song Kwan, Il Song Rim, Hyon Ho Han
Comments: 19 Pages.
This paper makes an accurate fractional model of the existing non-linear systems using fractional order theory and various intelligent optimization methods and proposes a novel method to identify time-varying parameters of the fractional non-linear system offline and online. More accurate mathematical model of the proposed system was made by applying approximated fractional derivative into the state space model of the classical non-linear system. The initial parameter values of the proposed non-linear fractional system were identified offline by using hybrid particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm method that is a combination of particle swarm optimization(PSO) and genetic algorithm(GA) that are typical intelligent optimization methods. The time-varying parameters of the non-linear fractional order systems were identified online in real-time by using the output error technique and the recursive least square method. In order to verify the efficiency of the proposed identification technique, we made a simulation experiment for offline and online identification of the time-varying parameters in the existing nonlinear fractional Lorentz system and nonlinear fractional lithium-ion battery system. Simulation results show that the proposed novel identification method can be effectively used for offline and online parameter identification of many complicated non-linear fractional order systems in practice.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42918] viXra:2410.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 22:07:49
Authors: Jo Sok Chol, Ryang Chol Sik, Choe Yu Song, Kim Hyok Jin, U Hyok Chol
Comments: 5 Pages.
This paper proposes a novel denoising and edge detection algorithms for image using least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) with Gaussian radial basis functions (RBF) kernel. The new filter, called least squares support vector machine filter (LS-SVMF) for image denoising, is based on the general concept of binary filters and machine learning theory. Using the LS-SVM, a set of the new gradient operators and the corresponding second derivative operators are obtained. Computer experiments are carried out for denoising and extracting edge information from real images. The results obtained for the applications show that the proposed algorithms outperform many other existing methods in the image denoising task and the traditional edge detectors. The proposed algorithms can be successfully applied for the processing of images corrupted with impulsive noise while maintaining the visual quality and a low reconstruction error.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42917] viXra:2410.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 22:06:08
Authors: Kim Kyong Il, Jo Yong Hun, Ri Kwang
Comments: 13 Pages.
In this paper, we provide a new continued fraction approximation for the Lugo’s constant. Then, we derive the inequalities concerning the Lugo’s constant. Finally, we give some numerical computations to demonstrate the superiority of our new results.
Category: General Mathematics
[42916] viXra:2410.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 22:02:56
Authors: Kuk Hyon Ham, Song Jin Kim, Jong Hyok Choe
Comments: 17 Pages.
In satellite mission, attitude control system plays an important role, and precise attitude control presents high attitude determination requirements. The TRIAD (TRIaxial Attitude Determination) method, which is widely used for satellite attitude determination, requires two sensor signals. However, when the reference vector direction to be observed in these sensors is close, the attitude determination error increases. Thus, in this case, attitude estimation is required, and the state estimator of nonlinear objects is widely used for extended Kalman and unscented Kalman filters. In this paper, we propose a method for determining satellite attitude using an unscented Kalman filter with high estimation accuracy compared to an extended Kalman filter. To reduce the amount of computation in the unscented Kalman filter and to ensure the real-time of the estimation, we use the unscented Kalman filtering method with a new sigma point selection. Compared with the traditional unscented Kalman filter, it ensures better real-time and higher accuracy.
Category: General Mathematics
[42915] viXra:2410.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 22:00:06
Authors: Yong Dok Pyon, Chol Ju Han, Kwang Chol Bang, Song Jin Jong
Comments: 6 Pages.
When you are going to create a Node-based project, it will be necessary to find solutions for the management of tens or hundreds of thousands of node modules and sources, and for the protection of the source code in the distribution. Using the existing versions of various products such as NW.js, you could find those solutions. In this paper, we proposed a file request processing method using the encrypted file set on the basis of the analysis of the file request processing of the open source project Node.js, implement the managing method of the source code and resource files, verify the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed methods, and newly established the distribution and protection mode of Node-based product.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[42914] viXra:2410.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 21:58:59
Authors: Pyon Kwang Hyok, Son Jin Song
Comments: 13 Pages.
These papers introduce control method of random vibration test using fuzzy CMAC (Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller) based on high learning power of CMAC and knowledge-expression of fuzzy.Proposed method is real time control method in time domain in some other way spectra method based on amplitude frequency response. These papers establish the random vibration control theory to neglect the change of mathematical models of vibration testers according to its types and sizes, using fuzzy CMAC neural network. Finally, its accuracy is proved through MATLAB SIMULINK simulation.
Category: Digital Signal Processing
[42913] viXra:2410.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 21:57:53
Authors: Tae Hyok Kim, Yun Hak Ri, Yong Ho Kim
Comments: 17 Pages.
This paper proposes a method to improve the disturbance rejection performance and guarantee the high-precision tracking performance in the active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) system using the m-th order extended state observer(ESO) with frequency e.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42912] viXra:2410.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 21:55:54
Authors: YunHak Ri, TaeHyok Kim, YongHo Kim
Comments: 21 Pages.
This paper analyses the disturbance error coefficients for the active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) system and proposes a new method to improve the disturbance rejection performance using the m-th order extended state observer(ESO) in order to guarantee the high-precision stabilisation performance of control systems. Using the first order extended state observer in the ADRC system, the disturbance rejection performance is limited due to the disturbance error coefficients. As well, the m-th order extended state observer was hardly used for the active disturbance rejection control. In this paper the relationship between error coefficients and gain coefficients of observer and the relationship between error coefficients and natural angular frequency of observer of the ADRC system are analysed for the plant representing in the canonical form according to the extended state order m, and the disturbance rejection performance on the constant, ramp, parabolic and harmonic disturbances is analysed comparing with the results in [32]. The proposed method shows that the constant, ramp and parabolic disturbances are rejected perfectly according to the increase of extended state order m while the rejection performance is improved for the harmonic disturbance of the same frequency by the multiple of m. Taking the merits of principle and method of ADRC and introducing the m-th order ESO the disturbance rejection performance can be improved by making the error coefficients to be ‘zero’ according to the extended state order m.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[42911] viXra:2410.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 06:28:13
Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: Pages. This article has been submitted to the Gravity Research Foundation 2025 Essays on Gravitation competition.
Strong nuclear force increases when density of nucleons increases inside a nucleus. Additional strong nuclear force adds to the mass of the nucleus. When a star collapses to a neutron star, the increased density of the nucleons will increase the total strong nuclear force of the star and the mass. Because gravity is proportional to mass, we can deduce that the density of the nucleons increases the gravity of the object. If the earth ever turns to a point size object, it will exert more gravity due to increased density of the matter. Definition of mass and the concept of mass defect hides the effect of density of nucleons on the gravity. Elimination of these two concepts unifies all physical forces. This new theory explains many of the observations without hard to imagine concepts like spacetime curvature and dark matter.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[42910] viXra:2410.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 21:51:10
Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-3 and Italian, pages 4-6 (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetitions will not be accepted)
The model of the Universe supported by the scientific community is unsustainable because, among other things, it predicts that its expansion is accelerating, in contrast with the law of conservation of energy.But what is the primary cause for which this model was theorized?It is that of having considered the isotropy of the speed of light relative to the Earth as real, while it is only apparently so.Instead, considering the speed of light isotropic only relative to the space, I have theorized a very simple model of the Universe, whose expansion is decelerating and therefore compatible with the law of conservation of energy. I have also developed a theory on how the Universe really works, compatible with this model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42909] viXra:2410.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 21:49:18
Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 9 Pages.
A very important concept for the evolution of a wonderful world, the "goodness" having survived to the "evilness" should be isolated , industrially grown, stimulated for a further evolution and finally released. Another important concept, Herpesviruses infecting human neural cells would enforce a large human brain diversity. A wonderful world could be built from a golden balance between the two concepts mentioned previously.
Category: Physics of Biology
[42908] viXra:2410.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 16:54:09
Authors: Yutong Gao
Comments: 13 Pages.
This paper explores the rational decision-making process of individuals in situations of incomplete and uncertain information, and proposes a hierarchical model of information importance. By analyzing the common behavior of jaywalking in daily life, the paper demonstrates how individuals, constrained by limited time and cognitive resources, make rational choices by weighing costs and benefits. Although jaywalking may appear "irrational," decision-makers often make reasonable assessments based on available information and context, particularly under time pressure or other external stresses. The paper further examines how information asymmetry can lead to decision biases, especially when information is insufficient or when its dynamic changes are difficult to predict, potentially resulting in outcomes that deviate from expectations.Additionally, the paper analyzes information acquisition behaviors during the Cold War standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, as well as in civil aviation navigation systems, to explore how decision-makers in high-stakes environments invest significant resources to obtain information and optimize decisions through a hierarchical information mechanism. In situations where the importance of information is extremely high, the balance between the accuracy and completeness of information, its correctability, and the cost of acquiring information becomes a key factor in determining decision quality. The paper innovatively proposes the concept of "predicting the importance of yet-to-be-acquired information" as crucial to whether decisions align with expectations. This research provides a new theoretical framework for understanding information acquisition and rational decision-making in complex contexts and offers practical insights into optimizing decisions in high-risk environments.
Category: Economics and Finance
[42907] viXra:2410.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 21:02:10
Authors: Tathagata Biswas
Comments: 8 Pages.
Contrary to the claims by Elisha S Loomis in his famous book and popular belief, several approaches towards proving the Pythagorean theorem using trigonometry exists. These approaches essentially use trigonometric identities and concepts that can be derived independent of the identity {sin}^2x + {cos}^2x = 1, to avoid any circular reasoning. Crucial to the trigonometric approaches are the law of sines, trigonometric angle sum and difference identities and modern definitions of trigonometric functions using the power series and Euler’s formula. This article describes these trigonometric proofs of the theorem.
Category: General Mathematics
[42906] viXra:2410.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 00:17:04
Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 6 Pages.
Physical phenomena, sometimes with the exception of gravity, are usually assumed to be described by Lorentz transformation covariant theories, and the validity of the Lorentz transformation has been empirically verified to very high accuracy. The Einstein equation of gravity theory, however, has an infinite set of metric solutions, an infinite subset of which aren't Lorentz covariant, and one of the latter might be taken as valid, e.g., the Robertson-Walker metric for cosmology. But if all of nongravitational physics is in fact Lorentz covariant, it would almost certainly be physically inconsistent for gravity theory not to be Lorentz covariant as well. The solution ambiguity of the Einstein equation is a consequence of its important symmetry of general coordinate transformation covariance. However the four-vector potential form of electromagnetic theory has an analogous solution ambiguity as a consequence of its important symmetry of gauge transformation invariance, but in that case it is standard practice to break this symmetry by imposing the retarded Lorentz gauge condition, the simplest gauge condition which is Lorentz covariant and causal. Here we show that both gauge transformation invariance in electromagnetic theory and general coordinate transformation covariance in gravity theory arise spontaneously from fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions. These subsidiary dynamic symmetries crucially affect the structure of the equations of their respective theories, but any solutions they happen to admit which aren't fully Lorentz covariant are ipso facto excluded by the fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42905] viXra:2410.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 04:32:35
Authors: David L. Selke
Comments: 4 Pages.
We show that the definition of the Von Neumann ordinal $omega_2$ fails to have the properties of an ordinal. In the notation that uses braces to denote ordinals, the ``depth" or ``height" of nesting of these braces becomes infinite leading to objects which have no top level of braces and which therefore have their elements undefined, leading to the conclusion that they are not sets at all, let alone ordinals. The least of these objects occurs before (that is, within) $omega_2$.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[42904] viXra:2410.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 21:00:23
Authors: Temur Z. Kalanov
Comments: 7 Pages.
The irrefutable proof of the incorrectness of the Korteweg—De Vries (KdV) equation is proposed. The correct methodological basis for the proof is the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. The unity of formal logic and rational dialectics is the only correct criterion of truth. The proof leads to the following irrefutable statement: the Korteweg—De Vries (KdV) equation — a partial differential equation with respect to the dimensionless displacement as the function of the dimensionless coordinate and the dimensionless time — represents an incorrect equation in physics. The proof of this statement is based on the following irrefutable assertions: (1) the Korteweg-de Vries equation does not describe a physical phenomenon (process) because the dimensionless displacement, the dimensionless coordinate and the dimensionless time are non-physical quantities; (2) in the formal logical point of view, the physical (or geometric) interpretation of the equation and solutions of the equation are inadmissible; (3) comparison with experimental data (which have dimensions) is inadmissible (impossible).Consequently, the Korteweg-de Vries equation is a gross error in physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[42903] viXra:2410.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 07:38:03
Authors: Rao Yanamadala
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper presents a generalization of the mass-energy equivalence principle, traditionally expressed as E = mR^2 by introducing a variable radiation velocity R. This generalization extends the applicability of mass-energy equivalence beyond the confines of electromagnetic radiation and the speed of light c, allowing it to apply universally to any form of matter, including dark matter and exotic particles. The formula accounts for the possibility of varying radiation velocities for different types of matter and suggests new pathways for understanding energy conversion, cosmological dynamics, and fundamental physics. The implications of this formula extend into areas such as cosmology, particle physics, and energy technology, offering a new framework for interpreting energy-mass relationships across different forms of matter.
Category: Astrophysics
[42902] viXra:2410.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 07:36:38
Authors: Dave E. Dunstan
Comments: 8 Pages.
Current cosmological models of the universe are founded largely on redshift-distance measurements. Since Hubble first presented the Hubble diagram, considerable effort has been undertaken by astronomers to expand the data set. Here we contend that the redshift data has been incorrectly interpreted as a receding velocity. Interpretation of the data as a gravitational redshift enables the redshift-distance data to be fitted with a constant mass of 3 x 1011 solar masses. The accelerating universe, dark energy, dark matter and stretched space are not required. This interpretation suggests a static universe.
Category: Astrophysics
[42901] viXra:2410.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 20:58:20
Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 66 Pages.
A new non-Archimedean approach to interacted quantum fields is presented. In proposed approach, a field operator φ(x,t) no longer a standard tempered operator-valued distribution, but a non-classical operator-valued function. We prove using this novel approach that the quantum field theory with Hamiltonian P(φ)_4 exists and that the corresponding C^* algebra of bounded observables satisfies all the Haag-Kastler axioms except Lorentz covariance. We prove that the λ(φ^4 )_4 quantum field theory model is Lorentz covariant. In this paper we consider a some-what different hyperfinite cut-off theory, namely the λφ_4^4 theory in a periodic box. This gives a cut-off interaction which is translation invariant, and therefore it is useful for the study of the vacuum state. In a finite interval we prove that the total Hamiltonian is self #adjoint and has a complete set of normalizable eigenstates.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[42900] viXra:2410.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 09:21:20
Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 7 Pages.
The propagation of a wave packet in a dispersive and dissipative medium is really complicated. We limit ourselves to an analysis deriving from series expansions truncated to the first order. We will start from a one-dimensional De Broglie wave packet relating to two special cases: 1) free particle; 2) particle in a periodic potential. In these two cases we will refute the assertion according to which the energy is transported with the group velocity, since the observable energy is not defined (the wave packet is a superposition of eigenfunctions of the energy). We will show however that the expectation value of the energy is transported with the group velocity.The conclusions can be immediately generalized to the propagation of a packet of electromagnetic waves in a dispersive and dissipative medium, justifying the expression group delay of a wave packet.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42899] viXra:2410.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 15:37:43
Authors: Theodoros Aliferis
Comments: 27 Pages.
The aim of this theoretical, interdisciplinary article is to extend the work initiated in the article, "The Einstein Model of a Solid as a Model of the Mental Apparatus from the Economic Perspective of Psychoanalytic Theory.", by T. Aliferis (2023). In this article I referred to equilibrium fluctuations of the physical system Einstein Solid (ES). Here, I describe the progression of the ES contra the Law of Approach to Equilibrium and the Second Law of thermodynamics based on the concept of Maxwell’s Demon. I juxtapose with the deviation from equilibrium according to psychoanalysis. If this depiction is accomplished, the only case which may, or may not, be left open for further investigation involves the progression of the ES towards equilibrium starting from a non-equilibrium state. Upon success, we would have established a complete correspondence between the physical model and the mental apparatus psychoanalytically. This article is technical, and the psychoanalytic part is interwoven with the physical. One of the key findings is that the ego will be considered as correlated with the environment in accordance with the requirement dictated by the Reality Principle.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[42898] viXra:2410.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 18:29:36
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 11 Pages.
We all have heard of big bangs (or The Big Bang).Who in experimental physics has examined smallbig bangs beyond puny particle colliders with theirmicro results? Until recently relevant cosmologicalimagery was not available to help science explainmini versions. Awesome data is just now availableto support understanding within our local universe,and beyond.
Category: Astrophysics
[42897] viXra:2410.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-20 22:07:42
Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This submission is a stub needing improvement)
Perhaps the most puzzling aspect of entanglement[1] is that a measurement ofa local member of a pair of entangled particles causes an instantaneous reaction in the distant particle. This model makes use of stochastic time[2] which posits that time isn't a smooth blanket over space-time. This says thata distant observer observes each particle of the pair at a different proper time. The initially close together pair in their proper frame of reference only to a distant observer only appears to spread. In this model there is no action at a distance.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[42896] viXra:2410.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-18 22:33:29
Authors: Brian Gordon Leo Brown
Comments: 82 Pages.
This paper presents a unified theory of reality, which integrates two interdependent frameworks: Cellular Primary Consciousness Theory (CPCT) and Open and Closed Systems Theory (OCST). Although CPCT and OCST can each stand as individual theories, they are, in this work, combined to form a cohesive explanation of both the mechanics and purpose of the universe. CPCT posits that consciousness is a fundamental aspect of all life, extending to even the simplest cells, rather than being an emergent property exclusive to complex neural systems. Drawing upon evidence from quantum mechanics, cell biology, and systems theory, CPCT challenges traditional views on the origins of consciousness by suggesting that awareness is a universal property present from the cellular level. OCST, which forms the second component of this unified theory, examines the nature of the universe as a closed system subject to the laws of entropy. This theory explores how the universe is moving toward maximum entropy, where meaning and contrasts dissolve. However, beyond this closed system lies the realm of an open system—a domain of infinite potential that transcends the dualities and limitations of the physical universe. This open system offers a philosophical explanation for existence and the possibility of eternal meaning. Together, these two theories provide a novel and cohesive framework that addresses both the mechanics of consciousness and the ultimate purpose of the universe. The integration of CPCT and OCST bridges scientific evidence from quantum biology and systems theory with philosophical explorations of existence, presenting a comprehensive vision of reality as both a closed physical system and an open metaphysical one. This unified theory encourages a reexamination of our place in the cosmos, suggesting that beyond the observable universe lies an infinite realm of potential where consciousness and meaning endure.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[42895] viXra:2410.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-19 01:51:57
Authors: Guo Shile, Huanyin Chen
Comments: 15 Pages.
In this article, we present novel additive properties for the g-Drazin inverse within the context of Banach algebras. Subsequently, we provide representations for the g-Drazin inverse of block operator matrices defined over Banach spaces. These findings build upon and extend various well-known results, such as those by Bu, Feng, and Bai (J. Comput. Appl. Math., 218(2012), 10226--10237) and Dopazo and Martínez-Serrano (Linear Algebra Appl., 432(2010), 1896--1904).
Category: Algebra
[42894] viXra:2410.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-19 02:40:00
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper introduces an analysis on the topology of problem spaces.
We develop the analysis of the theory of problem and their solution spaces. We adapt some classical concepts in functional analysis to study problems and their corresponding solution spaces. We introduce the notion of compactness, density, convexity, boundedness, amenability and the interior. We examine the overall interplay among these concepts in theory.
Category: Topology
[42893] viXra:2410.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-19 23:44:09
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 15 Pages.
A continuation of the Born Reciprocal Relativity Theory (BRRT) program in phase space shows that a natural temperature-dependence of mass occurs after recurring to the Fulling-Davies-Unruh effect. The temperature dependence of the mass $ m ( T ) $ resemblances the energy-scale dependence of mass and other physical parameters in the renormalization (group) program of QFT. It is found in a special case that the effective photon mass is no longer zero, which may have far reaching consequences in the resolution of the dark matter problem. The Fulling-Davies-Unruh effect in a $ D = 1 + 1$-dim spacetime is analyzed entirely from the perspective of BRRT, and we explain how it may be interpreted in terms of a linear superposition of an infinite number of states resulting from the action of the group $ U (1,1) $ on the Lorentz non-invariant vacuum $ | {tilde 0 } angle$ of the relativistic oscillator studied by Bars cite{Bars}.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[42892] viXra:2410.0110 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-19 12:48:06
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 4 Pages.
String theory and loop quantum gravity defines the elementary blocks of matter and space to be within the size of the Planck length. Einstein’s special relativity requires that any two frames of reference will experience length contraction in the direction of their relative movement one towards the other. Since the Planck length is a universal constant in all frames of reference, and it is the building block of matter and maybe even the fabric of space, how can this length contraction occur? This is the question that this paper will try to answer.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42891] viXra:2410.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-19 13:50:43
Authors: Thomas Günther
Comments: 14 Pages. Published in International Journal of Engineering and Applied Physics - Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1041—1054, 2024.
The present article provides a detailed mathematical treatise on the geometry of skateboard transition ramps. These usually form a circular segment shape and are used in skateboarding for transitioning from a horizontal plane to another angle of incline. Transitions play a crucial role in the flow of skateparks and are required, for example, for quarter pipes, mini ramps, vert ramps, or jump ramps. Skateboarding has been an Olympic sport since 2023, yet many publicly funded skateparks still do not meet the demands of the sport. On one hand, there is often a lack of willingness from authorities to engage with the athletes beforehand; on the other hand, the people involved in the planning process often lack the necessary experience and mathematical expertise to perfectly fulfill the users' needs. Thoughtful planning is particularly crucial for ramps with curved surfaces to ensure the flow of the skatepark. In addition to the mathematical analysis, source codes for programs are provided to make the calculations as convenient as possible for all users.
Category: Geometry
[42890] viXra:2410.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-19 20:31:26
Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 11 Pages.
In this paper, we examine the symmetry of motion in special relativity and show that the 'twin paradox' resolves when considering the history of acceleration. Acceleration creates a permanent asymmetry in motion, which persists even after the acceleration stops and the objects move uniformly in inertial frames. This suggests that the apparent symmetry of motion, as described in Einstein's theory, arises largely from ignoring acceleration history. When acceleration is accounted for, the symmetry unravels, revealing a deeper asymmetry rooted in the objects' dynamic histories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42889] viXra:2410.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-19 23:47:18
Authors: Hyun-Tak Kim
Comments: 5 Pages. 3 Figures; in Korean
The government bill announced on September 4, 2024, is problematic because it violates both Article 34 of the Constitution (the right to live a humane life) and Article 102, Paragraph 2 of the National Pension Act (management and operation of funds), which states that "in order to ensure the long-term stability of the National Pension Fund, the returns of the fund must be maximized." If these violations are resolved, the people will accept the government bill. To address the violation of Article 34 of the Constitution, an "automatic pension benefit increase system" will be introduced. To address the violation of Article 102, Paragraph 2 of the National Pension Act, the term "maximum" will be replaced with a provision stating that "100% of the fund, managed by external fund managers selected through competitive bidding for the highest returns, shall be invested in and managed with stocks that grow steadily over the long term, with an average return of 23% per year or more (resulting in a 10-year compound interest of 693% or more)." This approach will maximize the compound interest effect, with an expected average annual return of 30% over 10 years. Supporting legislation should be enacted for such measures. Additionally, actual data for periods of less than 10 years can be compared to the 10-year average return of 27% for SMH (a U.S. semiconductor ETF), which has demonstrated returns of about 40% per year.[요약]2024년 9월 4일 발표된 정부 법안은 헌법 34조(인간다운 삶을 살 권리)와 국민연금법 102조 ②항(기금의 관리 및 운영)에 명시된 "국민연금 기금의 장기적 안정을 위해서는 기금의 수익을 최대화해야 한다"는 내용을 모두 위반해 문제가 제기된다. 이러한 위반 사항이 해결되면 국민이 정부법안을 받아들일 것이다. 헌법 34조 위반을 바로잡기 위해 "연금 급여 자동 증가 장치"를 입법한다. 국민연금법 102조 ②항 위반을 바로잡기 위해, 조항속에 있는 "최대"를 "최대 수익률 상위 경쟁입찰로 선발된 외부 펀드 매니저가 운용하고자 하는 기금의 100%를 장기적으로 꾸준히 성장하는 주식에 투자하고 운용하여 그 수익률 10년 평균 23%/년 이상 (10년 복리 693% 이상)"로 바꾸는 법률을 개정한다. 이 경우 복리효과 최대가 될 수 있고 10년 평균 30%/년 이상이 기대된다. 추가로, 약 40%/년 수익률은10년이 되지 않은 실제 데이터를 SMH(미국 반도체 etf)의 10년 평균 수익률 27%와 비교 추산하여 얻은 것으로 목표달성의 가능성의 실시예를 제공한다.
Category: Economics and Finance
[42888] viXra:2410.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-19 23:48:56
Authors: Hamidreza Seiti, Mostafa Shabani
Comments: 34 Pages.
This study addresses the complexities of selecting the optimal virtual reality (VR) platform for risk management in Supply Chain Management (SCM), emphasizing the significance of human-centric attributes in this decision-making process. As SCM encompasses the strategic coordination of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors, the integration of advanced technologies, including VR, becomes essential for enhancing operational efficiency and resilience in today’s dynamic market environments. This paper proposes a novel MADM model that incorporates the R.Graph method to account for the interactions between criteria. We developed two distinct algorithms: the first directly calculates ranks based on attribute interactions, while the second modifies weights to reflect these interactions. By focusing on user experience, accessibility, collaboration features, and other relevant attributes, the model aims to facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of VR platforms. The application of qualitative input data allows for a more nuanced analysis, particularly in scenarios where quantitative data is limited
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42887] viXra:2410.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-17 23:13:42
Authors: Daniel Uranga
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this study, we analyze a dataset of survey papers on Large Language Models (LLMs) published over the last 3 years to gain insights into the current trends surrounding LLMs. Primarily we analyze the author landscape and the effectiveness at predicting the taxonomies of the surveys from their title, summary, and listed categories. I find that the amount of surveys released has increased drastically in the last three years. Also, most surveys have around 8 authors, but each author appears only on one survey usually. This indicates the research is spread widely between those in the field. Finally, our investigation into predicting taxonomies was a failure with the machine learning methods we applied. However, valuable insights about the dataset can be gained from the attempts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42886] viXra:2410.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-18 20:00:24
Authors: Guo Shilu, Huanyin Chen
Comments: 21 Pages. In Chinese
In this paper, we investigate the p-Drazin inverse of the anti-triangular operator matrix $left(begin{array}{cc} a & 1 b & 0 end{array} ight)$. We identify two new class of necessary and sufficient conditions for an anti-triangular matrix to possess a p-Drazin inverse. Subsequently, we generalize several established results to a broader context. As practical applications, we demonstrate the p-Drazin invertibility of specific block operator matrices $left( begin{array}{cc} A & B C & D end{array}ight)in mathcal{B}(Xoplus X)$.
Category: Algebra
[42885] viXra:2410.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-18 04:14:07
Authors: Seiji Tomita
Comments: 5 Pages.
It is known that the equation X^4+Y^-(Z^4+W^4) = N has infinitely many rational solutions for any rational number N.We present three new solutions for the equation X^4+Y^4-(Z^4+W^4) = N.
Category: Number Theory
[42884] viXra:2410.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-18 08:06:35
Authors: Vaishnav Shailesh Kakade
Comments: 17 Pages.
The Quantum Relativity Concepts (QRC) Theory introduces a pioneering framework that seeks to bridge one of the most profound gaps in modern physics: the unification of Quantum Mechanics (QM) and General Relativity (GR). By reimagining spacetime as an emergent property arising from quantum informational relationships, QRC presents a fundamentally new approach to understanding the universe. Central to the theory is the concept of Quantum Entanglement-Induced Gravitational Waves (QEIGWs), where quantum entanglement between massive particles generates detectable gravitational waves. This groundbreaking theory offers not only novel mathematical models but also testable experimental designs, positioning QRC as a revolutionary step towards unraveling the quantum-gravitational divide.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42883] viXra:2410.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-18 09:56:05
Authors: Hidehiko Okada
Comments: 8 Pages.
The author previously reported an experimental result of evolutionary reinforcement learning of neural network controllers. In the previous study, a conventional multilayer perceptron was employed in which connection weights were real numbers. In this study, the author experimentally applies an evolutionary algorithm to the reinforcement training of binary neural networks. In both studies, the same task and the same evolutionary algorithm are utilized, i.e. the Acrobot control problem and Evolution Strategy respectively. The differences lie in the memory size per connection weight and the model size of the neural network. The findings from this study are (1) the optimal number of hidden units for the binary MLP was 128 among the choices of 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256; (2) a larger population size contributed better for ES than a greater number of generations; and (3) binary connection weights can achieve comparable control performance while reducing memory size by half.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42882] viXra:2410.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-18 13:51:34
Authors: S. John White Sr.
Comments: 14 Pages.
The Closed-Cycle Expansion Compression (CCEC) Theory proposes that the universe exists within a closed-loop system facilitating infinite cycles of expansion and compression. By reconciling the concept of infinity with a universe that appears to have a finite origin, the CCEC Theory challenges traditional linear cosmological models. This framework suggests that the universe's expansion and subsequent compression occur within a closed loop, allowing for perpetual renewal without requiring an external infinite space. The model addresses fundamental questions about the source of energy for cosmic expansion, the nature of time and space, and the philosophical implications of an eternal, self-sustaining universe. The theory aligns with general relativity, adheres to thermodynamic laws, and offers testable predictions for future research.
Category: Astrophysics
[42881] viXra:2410.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-18 19:55:21
Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 14 Pages. Essay written for the APS 2024 history of physics competition.
Two essential conceptual structures - impedance quantization and geometric representation of Clifford algebra - were lost in physics. Background independent analysis of Mach’s principle makes possible calculation of quantum impedance networks of wavefunction interactions in the background independent geometric representation. Their synthesis fills gaps in the history of physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[42880] viXra:2410.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-17 09:33:19
Authors: Naiyf S. Alsaud
Comments: 6 Pages.
A simple and elegant proof of Riemann hypothesis with a deduction of a closed form of the non-trivial zeros of zeta function.
Category: Number Theory
[42879] viXra:2410.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-17 20:36:33
Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 12 Pages. In French (Note by viXra Admin: Title and abstract should be in English and no carton/graphics whould be used as part of the headings!))
The Collatz Conjecture, also known as the Syracuse Problem, presents an intriguing challenge in mathematics, stating that for any sequence of positive integers defined by a specific transformation, the sequence always eventually joins the trivial cycle (4.2 ,1). This phenomenon, which seems anecdotal at first glance, is based on fundamental principles of number theory and the dynamics of sequences. This article aims to provide a rigorous proof of the conjecture using a methodical and academic approach, structured around several key axes: 1. Recursion Analysis: We develop a robust recurrence framework to demonstrate that any sequence, under the Collatz transformation rule, converges to the cycle (4,2,1). This framework is based on the systematic observation of the terms of the sequence and their behavior under the repeated application of the rule. 2.Framing of the Terms of the Sequence: The in-depth study of the framing of the terms of the sequence allows us to quantify the tendency towards convergence. By providing precise upper and lower bounds, we illustrate how the terms gradually approach the trivial cycle. 3.Analysis of Behaviors Under Transformation: We analyze the dynamic behaviors of the sequences when they are subjected to the transformation defined by the conjecture. This analysis highlights the underlying regularities and structures that promote convergence. By reintegrating these elements into a rigorous framework, we precisely affirm that the Collatz conjecture is indeed valid for the set of positive integers. This proof not only enriches our understanding of the conjecture but also of the dynamic mechanisms underlying iterative sequences in number theory.
Category: Number Theory
[42878] viXra:2410.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-17 20:36:51
Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 17 Pages. In French (Note by viXra Admin: Title and abstract should be in English and no carton/graphics whould be used as part of the headings!))
Goldbach's conjecture, stated by Christian Goldbach in 1742, is one of the most intriguing puzzles in mathematics. Despite centuries of attempts, complete formal demonstration has always escaped the mathematicians. However, thisarticle proposes an innovative approach: aformal proof of the conjecture of Goldbach. The journey begins with a retrospective on the history of conjecture, exploring its origins, previous attempts to resolve it, as well as the advances important theoretical. Next, he explores the contemporary developments and ideasrecent ones that have shed light on this enigma. Finally, the article presents the formal demonstration as expected from the conjecture. Each step is carefully examined, revealing the foundations theoretical and the implications of the results. This mathematical odyssey aspires to inspire next generation of mathematicians and offers a significant contribution to the resolution of an age-old enigma.
Category: Number Theory
[42877] viXra:2410.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-17 20:26:21
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 10 Pages.
In this note, we give the details of how to calculate the parameters of the transformation from STT or local coordinate system to the NTT coordinate system the Tunisian geodetic terrestrial system.
Category: Geophysics
[42876] viXra:2410.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-16 21:04:37
Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 91 Pages.
This book aims to integrate scientific theories with spiritual concepts. It discusses Karma Theory applied to International Demographics. It outlines modern concept of time (e.g., initiation of time at big bang), with the spiritual concepts of Kal Chakra (Time cycle- e.g., Oscillating universes). It also discusses, among other ideas Epistemology in Cyclic Time.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[42875] viXra:2410.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-16 09:49:31
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages.
We study the head words of the Thai-English Student's Dictionary compiled by Mary R. Haas,way back in 1964.We draw the natural logarithm of thenumber of head words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of therank of the letter, normalised.We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$beta H=0$), themagnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in the absence of external magnetic field.$beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and$k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics
[42874] viXra:2410.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-16 21:03:00
Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 10 Pages.
This research redefines gravity, showing that it is not a separate force but originates from atoms, specifically from thenucleus of the atom. Rather than arising from space-time curvature or the hypothetical graviton particle, this theory suggests thatgravity is positive force of atom, that exhibits a weak attraction to neutral atoms and repel same charge atom (positive charge).Moreover, utilizing the framework of gravity, this paper provides a practical and detailed explanation of how the solar system,galaxy, and the broader universe operate. This model solves key cosmological problems, presenting a more tangible and applicableunderstanding of cosmic phenomena, as opposed to purely theoretical approaches, and combines quantum mechanics with gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[42873] viXra:2410.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-16 19:35:53
Authors: Daniel Eduardo Ruiz
Comments: 4 Pages.
We analyze intervals of numbers whose prime factors are all $> y$. In this article we stablish and prove a lower bound of prime numbers contained in the interval $[x^a,(x+1)^a)$ where $a,x in mathbb{R}^+$ and $x>2$, $a geq 2$, then if $a=2$, the interval $[x^2,(x+1)^2)$ contains at least 1 prime.
Category: Number Theory
[42872] viXra:2410.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-16 19:41:18
Authors: Daniel Eduardo Ruiz
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this paper we prove the fundamental contradiction about the Riemann Hypothesis, expressing a function as a product and given the following summation, where $R$ is the set of all solutions of $R(x)=0$:begin{equation}frac{R'(x)}{R(x)}=sum_{rin R}left(frac{1}{x-r}ight)end{equation}And considering a regularization for hypertranscendental functions, then the expression applied in Riemann Zeta function of $frac{1}{2}$, or the logarithmic derivative, where $R_t$ is the set of tirivial zeros:begin{equation}frac{zeta'(frac{1}{2})}{zeta(frac{1}{2})}eq sum_{rin R_t}left(frac{1}{frac{1}{2}-r}ight)end{equation}
Category: Number Theory
[42871] viXra:2410.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-16 00:01:30
Authors: Rochelle Forrester
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm - Please conform!))
Limited edition digital books would be good investments for both exchange traded funds and individual investors. Limited edition digital books are a new means of publishing done by creating semi fungible tokens on the blockchain. The tokens consist of both an image and text and when the text is read in order, it tells a story like any other book. The book, being in a limited edition, enables the purchaser to not only obtain a book but also to obtain an asset which may increase in value. This is particularly because the book, being in digital form, can be copied and pasted to purchaser’s social media which will act as advertisements for the book, increasing its value for all owners of the digital books.
Category: Education and Didactics
[42870] viXra:2410.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-15 00:43:55
Authors: D. S. Gavant
Comments: 58 Pages.
The unification of quantum mechanics (QM) and general relativity (GR) remains a formidable challenge in contemporary physics. In this paper, we introduce the dynamic present theory (DPT), an innovative framework that reconceptualizes time not as a linear progression but as an emergent property stemming from continuous present actualization (CPA)—the ever-changing, perpetual moment "now." According to DPT, only the present moment truly exists; physical reality is a manifestation of persistently transforming energy governed by immutable mathematical laws.DPT honors Einstein's pursuit of a unified theory by imparting a model that harmoniously integrates quantum mechanics and general relativity through CPA. By reinterpreting fundamental experiments and observations within the CPA process, DPT addresses enduring paradoxes—including the measurement problem and quantum non-locality—without resorting to wave function collapse or hidden variables. Providing coherent explanations for phenomena such as entanglement and gravity, DPT paves the way toward an intuitive theory of everything.Furthermore, the implications of DPT extend beyond physics, offering groundbreaking insights into the nature of reality, time, and existence itself. This paper outlines the core principles of DPT, examines its transformative impact on our understanding of the universe, and challenges established scientific paradigms. By proposing designs for experimental validation and identifying avenues for future research, dynamic present theory (DPT) advances a compelling and revolutionary concept poised to usher in a new era of scientific discovery.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[42869] viXra:2410.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-15 23:51:53
Authors: Alfonso De Miguel Bueno
Comments: 9 Pages. 3 diagrams
This paper proposes a reconceptualization of the neutron as an intermediate state between proton and antiproton transformations, introducing antimatter into nucleon dynamics and challenging traditional Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). It reconsiders the nature of quarks and offers a unified framework for strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions. The model reveals a hidden flaw in the electroweak theory, reinterpreting the role of W and Z bosons in beta decay, and provides an explanation for the neutron's non-zero Electric Dipole Moment (EDM). Additionally, it offers insights into the relationship between matter and antimatter and hints at the connection between these field dynamics and dark matter, contributing to a deeper understanding of fundamental forces and particle transformations.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42868] viXra:2410.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-15 15:05:08
Authors: Levinus Haines
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper explores a novel approach to differential topology by merging Lorentz-Minkowski space with the conceptual framework of a hypercube, thereby addressing discrepancies that arise in quantum mechanical systems. The model introduces a Scalar Lorentz-Minkowski Transformation (SLMT), extending classical four-dimensional spacetime to five dimensions in order to reconcile retrocausal activity and probabilistic outcomes observed in quantum experiments, such as the Quantum Eraser. By examining causality and the limitations of current Minkowski models, this work proposes a scalar modification to the topology of light cones, suggesting an hourglass-shaped structure to better represent the intersection of causal and retrocausal events. The paper delves into the implications for the Copenhagen and de Broglie-Bohm interpretations, and it provides a foundation for calculating relativistic relationships and probability cones in a five-dimensional space.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42867] viXra:2410.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-15 23:43:57
Authors: Levinus Haines
Comments: 24 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)
This paper presents an extensive examination of the regulatory landscape and compliance frameworks governing modern pharmacy practice. It elucidates the intricate interplay between ethical considerations, legal mandates, and operational imperatives in ensuring patient safety, maintaining product integrity, and safeguarding public health. Through a thorough analysis of current literature, regulatory guidelines, and industry best practices, this study underscores the paramount importance of stringent compliance measures in pharmaceutical operations, with particular emphasis on patient privacy protection, product quality assurance, and supply chain integrity. The findings herein provide valuable insights for pharmacy professionals, regulatory bodies, and policymakers in formulating and implementing robust compliance strategies that align with evolving healthcare standards and regulatory requirements.
Category: Economics and Finance
[42866] viXra:2410.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-15 23:41:09
Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 8 Pages.
This paper presents a mathematical framework for integrating tensor fields with angular components, combining linear and angular integrands to form a comprehensive expression. We focus on the integration over spatial variable ( x_i ) and angular variable ( theta ), deriving a combined integrand that reflects the interplay between these dimensions. The methods are implemented computationally, and the resulting combined integrand is visualized to provide insights into its behavior.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[42865] viXra:2410.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-15 23:40:43
Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 12 Pages.
We present a formal mechanical analysis using sweeping net methods to approximate surfacingsingularities of saddle maps. By constructing densified sweeping subnets for individual vertices and integrating them, we create a comprehensive approximation of singularities. This approach utilizes geometric concepts, analytical methods, and theorems that demonstrate the robustness and stabilityof the nets under perturbations. Through detailed proofs and visualizations, we provide a new perspective on singularities and their approximations in analytic geometry.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[42864] viXra:2410.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-14 16:07:57
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 10 Pages.
A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that the Energy is always conserved and that the Energy, embedded in the whole Universe, cannot disappear or be created from nothing. This should imply that the Total amount of the Energy, which is embedded in the whole Universe, must be a constant value. However, Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will provide the exact amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, which implies that Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will conclude, with complete validity, that the amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, can be indeed represented by a constant value. The above implies that Humans are not able to provide a proof for the Energy Conservation Principle, which means, that the Energy Conservation Principle is presented only as an axiom, even though, it is a corner stone of the nowadays Science of Physics. Thus, in view of the above, this paper tries to examine the extent of the validity that Humans can attribute, to the Energy Conservation Principle. Initially, this paper tries to explore, if the evaluation of the amount of Energy, only in certain specific Energy components, in the Universe, will result in the evaluations of the same Energy amounts, by any Human evaluator, or, if separate Human evaluators might arrive at different results, relating to the Total Energy Content, of these certain several specific Energy components, which they evaluated. Thus, in view of the above, this paper provides significant arguments that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated. The above implies that Energy evaluations by Humans is relative to the specific Human evaluating that Energy. Moreover, this paper also provides significant arguments that Humans that evaluate the amount of Energy in specific Energy components, and then experience an Acceleration, and following this Acceleration end up in an Inertial Frame of Reference which is moving at a different velocity [Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42863] viXra:2410.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-14 16:09:52
Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 8 Pages.
The universe is punctured with a high number of black holes that might stand for topological "holes" or "cavities". Starting from this observation, we discuss the possibility to think over the universe in terms of a manifold of very high genus (henceforward VHGM), rather than an isotropic and homogeneous manifold of genus zero. We argue about the feasibility and the likely physical consequences of a cosmic VHGM approach. In ΛCDM, a topological surface of veryhigh genus might guarantee highly stable, topologically ordered structures protected against small perturbations, leadingto fine-tuning and consistency of cosmic parameters. In non-standard cosmological models, a VHGM framework might help to elucidate spatial features like extra-dimensions, compactified universes, spacetime foam, multi-loops stringinteractions. Groups of almost infinite surface diffeomorphisms might also generate topological defects, impurities, passages and handles that connect different regions at either micro-, meso- or macroscopic physical scales, shedding light on the accelerated expansion of the Universe, on wormholes, on multiverse and bubble universes. VHGM might also contribute to the nonlocal interactions that are typical of quantum entanglement and to information and energy storage, with special attention to the quantum vacuum discrepancy and the holographic approaches. In conclusion, the theoreticalpossibility of a cosmic VHGM suggests a strong and methodologically manageable mathematical background subtending the mechanical, dynamical, energetic and informational features of the spacetime fabric in both ΛCDM and non-standardcosmological models.
Category: Astrophysics
[42862] viXra:2410.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-14 15:33:21
Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 4 Pages.
Any positive integer can be expressed as k*2^n, where k is an odd number and n is a natural number. Each operation of the Collatz conjecture can be represented by (3k+1)*2^n, regardless of whether it is an odd or even number. The distribution type of k belongs to deterministic random distribution. Let 2^t be a perfect square number that is just less than 3k, and the cumulative probability value of (3k+1) being a perfect square number after each operation in the Collatz conjecture is conservatively estimated as Σ1/2^t. By comparing with the harmonic function Σ1/n, it is proved that when the number of operations gradually increases, the cumulative probability function value Σ1/2^t of (3k+1) being a perfect square number is much larger than 1, and tends to infinity when the number of operations is infinitely large. This result shows that the occurrence of (3k+1) being a perfect square is inevitable, thus proving the Collatz conjecture.
Category: General Mathematics
[42861] viXra:2410.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-13 05:53:54
Authors: Makoto Itoh
Comments: 99 Pages.
In this paper, we show that many well-known chaotic maps can be generated by discretizing the equations of memristor or nonlinear resistor circuits using the Euler method or the central difference method.These examples show that the dynamics of a wide variety of nonlinear maps, such as those found in engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and ecological systems, are closely related to the discretized memristor or nonlinear resistor circuit equations. Furthermore, the discretized memristor circuit equations also propose the new modified or simplified version of the well-known chaotic maps. We also propose the generalized extended memristor with non-volatility property. To satisfy the non-volatility property, the $v-i$ characteristic of the generalized extended memristor is defined by two bounded functions, namely the resistive-fuse function and the saturation function. Using this element, the discretized two-element memristor circuits can generate any two-dimensional chaotic map. The computer simulations in this paper show that the discretization of the memristor or nonlinear resistor circuit equations is one of the most promising methods to find interesting chaotic maps. Furthermore, some of the discretized three-dimensional circuit equations clearly show the topological structure of the chaotic attractors.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[42860] viXra:2410.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-14 03:05:49
Authors: A. V. Serghienko
Comments: 27 Pages. 2 figures
I would like to talk about the falsity of the theory of relativity. I understand that shouts will now begin: "How long is it possible? Alternatives again." I'll answer this. Let's argue. Just argue without insults. Those who protect Einstein, as a rule, does not provide any evidence and only call names. And their main argument: "You are a fool!" Of course, you can't argue with this. Well, seriously, let's figure it out. Critics of the theory of relativity have appeared since its inception. There has never been such a period in recent history of science when there were no critics of Einstein. Doesn't this worry anyone?! Why are there no critics of Newton and the classical mechanics and mathematical analysis he created?! Not everyone even knows why Einstein received the Nobel Prize. Many people think what kind of theory of relativity. In fact, this is not true. Einstein was given a prize for explaining the two laws of the photoelectric effect. At the same time, the Russian scientist Stoletov made a significant contribution to the research of the photoelectric effect. But in the West they prefer this don't remember. This is understandable. They rarely give Nobel Prizes to Russians. It should be noted that at first no one took the theory of relativity seriously. When Einstein was given Nobel Prize, it was said that the prize was awarded despite the dubiousness of his other theories and the presence serious objections to them. I will not list all the contradictions here. Simply because the number of given the arguments are unlikely to convince the most notorious skeptics.
Category: Classical Physics
[42859] viXra:2410.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-12 09:33:31
Authors: Andreas Ball
Comments: 16 Pages.
The combination of Data of the Electron applied in a Formula leads to a value with a digit figure, which runs 9 times in serie from the first digit, and comprises the Inverse of the Magnetic Field Constant. This circumstance is known in the science world, but no scientist - as known by the author - ever made any thoughts about this conspicious result. Many scientists are astonished about the Koide-Formula with its result close to the ratio 2/3, but the above mentioned result won by the Electron Data is equally or still more remarkable.Since the epoch Reconnaissance the world of natural sciences underlies the mass consciousness, which states that the natural sciences may not have anything to do with God. This is the knowledge of the history of natural sciences and not the opinion of the author. And the scientists should be aware of this fact.Furthermore this report presents several formulas by use of the masses of Elementar Particles, which lead also to conspicious results.The figures 9 and 11 can be found in many exact formulas for Physical Constants and in the Formulas for the datas of our celestial bodies. This is also valid for the Figures 144 and 666. And the figures 9 and 11 show suspicious aspects besides the Physics and Mathematics. Chapter 6 shows the facts, that informations are hidden in the ornament/symbol Flower of Life referring the Physical Constants, which values propulse the Universe.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[42858] viXra:2410.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-12 14:47:44
Authors: Dwight Boddorf
Comments: 2 Pages.
Paper presents fine structure constant as geometric ratio.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[42857] viXra:2410.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-12 14:51:23
Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 10 Pages.
The classification of Pythagorean triples is based on differences in the tangents of their triangles in a certain group, the value of which tends to one divided by a prime number and has the form of a fraction. The corresponding tables containing primitive and non-primitive Pythagorean triples are constructed in accordance with the proposed visual classification. Based on the presented classification, the concept of the "parent" Pythagorean triple is introduced — a primitive triple underlying a series (table) of Pythagorean triples derived from it. The first "parent" Pythagorean triple among the set of primitive tangent values of their triangles is defined by us as "119, 120, 169". It is shown that the first "parent" Pythagorean triple on the basis of the increase of the smaller legs of their triangles — 3, 4, 5 — can be considered as the initial structural unit of a two—dimensional planar construction of a figure — a right triangle, and the product of the numbers 3, 4, 5 — equal to 60 - it is advisable to consider, in turn, as a structural unit of a three-dimensional A three—dimensional figure is a parallelogram.
Category: Geometry
[42856] viXra:2410.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-13 02:22:39
Authors: Rajesh Harrykissoon
Comments: 8 Pages.
We propose a novel quantum theory suggesting that the universe is composed of fundamental energy units, far smaller than known particles. These energy units vibrate randomly in a vacuum, and particles emerge from their organized, collective vibrations. This theory provides an alternative explanation for phenomena like dark matter, dark energy, and gravity. It grounds these in vibrational energy patterns, potentially unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity. We outline predictions and implications for testing the theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[42855] viXra:2410.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-13 02:19:57
Authors: Vladislav Koshchakov
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian (An abstract is required in the article)
A geometric approach to the formation of Pythagorean triples is proposed, which allows not only to limit oneself to the second degree of the equation, but also to expand it to any value.
Category: Geometry
[42854] viXra:2410.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-12 19:06:48
Authors: Rosario Pullano
Comments: 6 Pages.
Space exploration is a primary goal for leading companies in the aerospace market. One of the major challenges in this environment is the high intensity of space radiation, which poses a serious threat to both human health and spacecraft instrumentation. For instance, while humans can only tolerate up to 4 Sv of radiation, exposure in space can reach 12 Sv. The main sources of this radiation are solar emissions and cosmic rays from deep space.This work focuses on developing a solution to protect against space radiation. Our proposal is inspired by the Earth's magnetosphere, aiming to replicate its protective features on a smaller scale. The technology could be tested on a CubeSat, with the goal of studying the effectiveness of this magnetic shielding system for future applications in space missions.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[42853] viXra:2410.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-13 01:46:24
Authors: Laurence Douglas Fink
Comments: 24 Pages.
Hyperconductivity, a proposed theoretical phenomenon, extends the principles of superconductivity to extreme conditions where materials exhibit perfect electrical conductivity beyond the conventional limits of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. Unlike conventional superconductivity, which typically requires ultra-low temperatures near absolute zero, hyperconductivity is hypothesized to occur in a wider range of materials and environmental conditions, possibly even at room temperature. This theoretical state could fundamentally revolutionize energy transmission, quantum computing, and material science by eliminating energy loss due to electrical resistance entirely, while enabling unprecedented efficiencies in energy storage and generation. This paper proposes the foundational principles of hyperconductivity, exploring quantum mechanical interactions, electron pairing mechanisms, and potential materials where this phenomenon could manifest. Furthermore, it addresses the critical challenges in realizing hyperconductivity, such as the need for exotic material structures, high-pressure environments, or unconventional quantum states that go beyond the current Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42852] viXra:2410.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-13 01:44:59
Authors: Anton Rudy
Comments: 3 Pages.
We propose a new model in which the fundamental physical constants, such as the speed of light and the gravitational constant, vary synchronously across the entire universe. This variation depends on the local gravitational field, leading to a classification of space into different "types" based on gravitational strength. These space types influence the manifestation of both quantum and classical laws. Our model offers a novel approach to unify quantum mechanics with classical physics and potentially explains phenomena such as dark matter, dark energy, quantum gravity, and the mass of neutrinos. Additionally, we discuss how this model aligns with the theory of relativity and accounts for phenomena like time dilation observed in GPS systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42851] viXra:2410.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-10 19:44:18
Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 4 Pages.
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics made a category error in awarding a pattern recognition circuit or program the prize. The neuron and implication that it was responsible for thought was discovered by biologists and the physical understanding of information worked synergistically with the concept. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a construct of Computer Science and made possible by Applied Science and Engineering; it simply recognises patterns. It doesn't follow that the paradigm of ANNs explains intelligence nor how it emerges in the Universe and more worthy recipients in this area would have been the original people who came up with Information Theory or those looking at the limits of computation in Quantum Computing or even those who have seen Godellian limitations in physics, such as the incomputability of the spectral gap in certain materials.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42850] viXra:2410.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-11 16:50:03
Authors: Damont Combs
Comments: 13 Pages.
Quantum computing faces significant challenges due to quantum noise and gate errors, particularly in noisy intermediate-scale quantum [9] devices. Traditional error mitigation methods often fall short of achieving high circuit fidelity due to inherent system imperfections. This paper introduces Quantum-Classical Evolutionary Optimization [1], a novel hybrid framework that integrates quantum circuit mutation strategies with classical optimization techniques. QCEO adapts quantum circuits in real-time by treating quantum gates as evolutionary genes, iteratively optimizing them for improved noise resistance and fidelity. In experiments on both simulated environments and IBM Quantum hardware, QCEO demonstrates a 10-15% improvement in fidelity compared to traditional methods such as readout error correction and zero-noise extrapolation. Beyond fidelity improvement, QCEO’s ability to dynamically adapt to different noise profiles positions it as a versatile tool that can be integrated with emerging quantum algorithms like Variational Quantum Algorithms [4] and Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithms [10]. This framework opens up new possibilities for advancing quantum computing in fields ranging from cryptography to quantum machine learning by ensuring higher performance in noisy quantum systems.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42849] viXra:2410.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-11 16:45:09
Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 22 Pages. published in Symmetry vol. 16(10) paper 1340 (2024).
The purpose of this paper is to explain at the simplest possible level why finite mathematics based on a finite ring of characteristic $p$ is more general (fundamental) than standard mathematics. The belief of most mathematicians and physicists that standard mathematics is the most fundamental arose for historical reasons. However, simple {it mathematical} arguments show that standard mathematics (involving the concept of infinities) is a degenerate case of finite mathematics in the formal limit $ptoinfty$: standard mathematics arises from finite mathematics in the degenerate case when operations modulo a number are discarded. Quantum theory based on a finite ring of characteristic $p$ is more general thanstandard quantum theory because the latter is a degenerate case of the former in the formal limit $ptoinfty$.
Category: General Mathematics
[42848] viXra:2410.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-11 07:24:29
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.
Special relativity can be explained mathematically and can be confirmed by applying laboratory measurements, but it is not intuitive and sometimes confusing. This paper will combine dark energy with the length contraction of special relativity, and the outcome will lead to a revolutionary model of quantized space time and staggered frames of reference ,sometimes will be referred to in this paper also as reference frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42847] viXra:2410.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-11 10:50:03
Authors: Samuel Forbes
Comments: 7 Pages.
We investigate a coupled, non-linear dynamical systems model for the relationship between population and depleting resources inspired by limits to growth. The model is determined by logistic growth in population with carrying capacity determined by resources. The rate of decline of resources is determined linearly by the population. The model produces an initial exponential increase in population followed by a decrease to the fixed point while congruently resources decrease in a sigmoidal fashion to the fixed point. We fit the model to world population over the period 10000 BC to 2021 in different time intervals corresponding to different growth rates. We show a number of projections to 2500 based on fitting to the time period of 1950 to 2021 with various parameter constraints.
Category: General Mathematics
[42846] viXra:2410.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-11 16:38:36
Authors: Laurent Nedelec
Comments: 41 Pages. In French
Since the Syracuse problem has remained unsolved for 80 years, it is possible that it is formally unsolvable. This text offers an « approximate » proof. Using the concepts of inverse graph and an original logical trick (the axis of verified integers), the Collatz conjecture is progressively verified, although no definitive conclusion is reached. Other approaches can build upon the ideas presented in this text to achieve an even more accurate approximation. The text is in French, and an English version is expected to be completed within two months.
Category: Number Theory
[42845] viXra:2410.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-11 14:22:38
Authors: Berndt Gensel, Theophilus Agama
Comments: 16 Pages.
In this paper we continue the development of the circles of partition by introducing a certain geometry of the axes of complex circles of partition. We use this geometry to verify the condition in the squeeze principle in special cases with regards to the orientation of the axes of complex circles of partition.
Category: Geometry
[42844] viXra:2410.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-11 20:07:36
Authors: Laurence Douglas Fink
Comments: 25 Pages.
The document titled "Design and Synthesis of a Room-Temperature Superconductor for Chip Integration: A Hydrogen-Rich Lithium Hydride Approach" explores the development of a novel superconducting material that operates at room temperature and can be integrated into chip fabrication processes. The approach focuses on creating a modified hydrogen-rich lithium hydride compound (LiHu2086) doped with sulfur and hydrogen, alongside graphene-like layers to enhance electron mobility and stabilize superconducting properties at ambient conditions.The work emphasizes a multi-step process, including material composition, structure design, and advanced deposition techniques such as Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), and Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). A 2D layered structure is proposed to achieve high electron mobility, and strain engineering is applied to tune superconducting properties.High-throughput synthesis and characterization methods are used to optimize the material’s properties, leveraging machine learning and combinatorial chemistry. Once synthesized, the material is tested for its superconducting characteristics under ambient pressure and at room temperature. The study further proposes the integration of this material into semiconductor technology, including potential applications in quantum computing devices like Josephson junctions and superconducting transistors.In conclusion, the document outlines a comprehensive framework for the experimental synthesis and potential chip integration of a room-temperature superconductor, providing a pathway to its practical application in next-generation electronics.
Category: Chemistry
[42843] viXra:2410.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-12 03:36:46
Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 12 Pages.
In this paper, we explore the properties and optimization techniques related to polyhedral cones and energy numbers with a focus on the cone of positive nxn semidefinite matrices and efficient computation strategies for kernels. In Part (a), we examine the polyhedral nature of the cone of positive semidefinite matrices, S^n , establishing that it does not form a polyhedral cone for due to its infinite dimensional characteristics. In Part (b), we present an algorithm for efficiently computing the kernel function K(x, x prime) = (latex formatting in wysiwig)on-the-fly, leveraging a polyhedral description of the convex hull generated by the feature mappings phi and phi prime. By restructuring the problem and using gradient-based optimization techniques, our approach minimizes memory usage and computational overhead, thus enabling scalable computation. Through examples and visualizations, we demonstrate the practical applications and efficiency of the proposed algorithm in optimizing these kernel computations.
Category: Geometry
[42842] viXra:2410.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-12 03:52:12
Authors: Guy Abitbol
Comments: 52 Pages. published previously as youtube video on Jan 17, 2022
How everything works & How it was created from nothing
Category: Mathematical Physics
[42841] viXra:2410.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-10 11:57:32
Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Iwan Pranoto
Comments: 8 Pages. submitted to an upcoming conference to be held in December 2024. Comments and advises are welcome
Gotong royong, a tradition passed down from ancestors, especially in Indonesian culture, is not just a reciprocal act of kindness. Behind its enthusiasm, there is an interesting phenomenon that reflects cooperative collective dynamics, like a colony of birds flying in groups to form beautiful patterns in the sky. Mutual cooperation is like a collective symphony, where individuals synchronize steps to achieve a common goal. (submitted to an upcoming conference to be held in December 2024)
Category: Social Science
[42840] viXra:2410.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-10 19:24:58
Authors: Tarun Sharma
Comments: 126 Pages.
This manuscript presents a theory that challenges the current understanding of gravity and introduces the existence of a fifth force of nature, which is, in fact, a redefined version of gravity. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that gravity is a result of an object’s mass, this theory posits that gravity arises from a different mechanism altogether. By redefining gravity, the theory proves the nature of dark matter and dark energy, offering explanations for phenomena that have long puzzled scientists and astronomers. This redefined gravity not only explains the nature of dark matter and dark energy but also addresses numerous other phenomena within our solar system and on a larger, universal scale. Additionally, this theory offers a completely new perspective on black holes.
Category: Astrophysics
[42839] viXra:2410.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-10 19:23:20
Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 4 Pages.
Counterfactual communication involves the transmission of information without particles traveling in the transmission channel. Here we propose an explanation of the physical nature of the phenomenon of counterfactual communication and a simpler and more convenient protocol for its experimental study based on the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42838] viXra:2410.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-10 14:17:06
Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.
A short essay suggesting that the nature of computer programs, involving structure and sequence, may be a direct analogy to quantum mechanical canonical pairs e.g., the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle with position and momentum, thus supporting the Simulation Hypothesis that our reality is a programmed simulation. Additional examples are provided from modern physics that support the Simulation Hypothesis and an idea is proposed where conscious minds are synonymous with a computer gate residing at the boundary of future and past existing to constantly create relations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[42837] viXra:2410.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-10 15:23:47
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 16 Pages.
This work is based on idea of extending Einstein field equations leading to more general statement about gravity field, this leads to new field equations and new idea about gravity field. Gravity field is now directly connected to matter field. From it follows that matter field in given point of space is responsible for spacetime curvature in that point so matter field can't vanish in any point of space. Field equations now become fourth order equations and include Riemann tensor Ricci tensor and metric tensors with Ricci scalar, same goes for stress-momentum tensor that is now composed out of stress-momentum tensor,metric tensors and its trace.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42836] viXra:2410.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-08 19:18:23
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 15 Pages.
Critical phenomena describe continuous phase transitions characterized by power-law divergences, universality of scaling exponents and ergodicity breaking. Scaling exponents depend on the dimension of the underlying spacetime and, in many cases, also on the dimension of variables defining criticality. Recent studies suggest that both dimensions run the observation scale and, as a result, determine the rate of divergence near critical points. Building on these observations, the goal of this report is to close the gap between critical behavior in continuous dimensions and the anomalous findings of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42835] viXra:2410.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-09 20:17:41
Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 23 Pages.
This paper proposes a novel theoretical framework for understanding the nature of our universe, termed the Point Universe Model. Inthis model, the entirety of reality is conceptualized as emerging from the vibrations or pulsations of a single point entity, with our perceived three-dimensional space arising as a Fourier transform of these vibrations. We present the mathematical formalism for this model, discuss its implications for our understanding of space, time, and quantumphenomena, and explore potential experimental predictions.
Category: Quantum Physics
[42834] viXra:2410.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-09 07:41:58
Authors: Andrej Liptaj
Comments: 2 Pages.
Assuming the Dirichlet series of $qleft(xight)$ is known, we derive a recursive formula for the Dirichlet-series coefficients of $sqrt{q^{2}left(xight)+alpha}$, $alphainmathbb{C}$.
Category: Number Theory
[42833] viXra:2410.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-09 11:20:22
Authors: Ait-Taleb nabil
Comments: 8 Pages.
In this paper, we will show in a Gaussian context what to do to obtain a causal relationship between an output variableand three input variables without obtaining any correlation between the output variable and the input variables.In a context of Gaussian signals, this paper will show the following situation: Causation without correlations for Gaussian signals.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42832] viXra:2410.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-09 11:56:24
Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 36 Pages.
The Cavitational Model of Cosmology presents a novel framework for understanding the Universe, emphasizing the interconnected roles of Time and Space. It delves into key cosmological concepts, such as the Latent and Patent realms, Time-Space fields, Spacetime fabric, gravity, levity, quantum fields, whiteholes, and blackholes. This model challenges traditional views in cosmology by offering alternative explanations for phenomena like gravity, dark matter, and dark energy, suggesting that these can be addressed through a reinterpretation of Time, Space, Energy, and Matter.The model suggests that the transition from the Latent realm (a potential energy state) to the Patent realm (the observable universe) is driven by energy fluctuations, creating a temporal cavity where Time and Space fields interact dynamically. These fields influence energy flow across Spacetime, which in turn affects fundamental constants like the speed of light and the universe's curvature.A key proposition is that Time’s inflation and deflation, tied to the interaction of these fields, controls the universe’s expansion and influences how we measure cosmic age and distances. The relationship between levity and gravity is redefined as complementary forces, potentially explaining phenomena like dark matter and dark energy without requiring new forms of unseen matter.The model also reexamines blackholes and whiteholes. Black holes absorb energy, while whiteholes disperse it, representing two ends of cosmic processes. The idea challenges traditional views on blackhole singularity, proposing that they may dissipate into the Latent realm over time, cycling energy between the realms.Further implications include the emergence of Matter and Antimatter, linked to the dominance of levity or gravity fields during their formation, which contrasts with conventional particle physics theories.Empirical validation is essential for this model to transition from theoretical speculation to a widely accepted cosmological framework. Suggested experiments involve studying the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) for anomalies, analyzing gravitational wave data, examining redshift patterns, and conducting high-energy particle physics experiments. If validated, the Cavitational Model could revolutionize our understanding of the universe's structure, evolution, and the interplay of its fundamental forces.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42831] viXra:2410.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-09 20:56:22
Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 11 Pages.
Virology is at the crossroads of five frontiers : medicine, molecular biology, biochemistry, physics and human rights. In Western countries, the role of physics in virology is completely minimized while it plays the absolute greatest role. Interdisciplinarity is also of paramount importance in theoretical physics because of the quest for a unified theory between quantum fields and general relativity. Einstein’s theory is so powerful because it can very well formulate its own limits (one cannot go faster than the speed of light in all inertial frames). This incredible theoretical paradigm can also be developed in Virology. The first part and most important part of the present article is about a bio-technical trick for the ultra-precise detection of infectious airborne viruses. The second part of the present article is about the Theoretical Characteristics of the Omicron variant. The third part of the present article is about the Duality of the Omicron variant. And the fourth and least important part of the present article is about the Origin of the SARS-Cov-2 virus.
Category: Physics of Biology
[16059] viXra:2411.0025 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-05 21:30:35
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 20 Pages.
The increasing incorporation of speculative constructs such as dark matter, the Higgs field, and cosmic inflation within modern physics indicates a shift towards metaphysical frameworks, potentially compromising the empirical rigor traditionally upheld in physical sciences. This article critically evaluates the foundational paradigms in quantum mechanics and cosmology, asserting that constructs like the Big Bang theory and baryogenesis introduce elements that lack experimental validation and challenge established physical principles. By examining the epistemic and methodological implications of these paradigms, the author argues that theoretical physics must resist the encroachment of metaphysical assumptions and prioritize models grounded in measurable, observable phenomena. The article proposes a recalibration of the discipline, advocating for a return to empirically verifiable principles and logically cohesive theories that align with classical physics. Through this approach, theauthor suggests, physics can maintain its empirical integrity, ensuring that theoretical advancements remain anchored in experimentally testable reality and do not drift into speculative abstraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16058] viXra:2410.0177 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-01 08:12:04
Authors: Imran Ansari
Comments: 40 Pages.
In this article, study related to the distribution of the Goldbach prime pairs for the even integers of form 2(n+1)^{2} has been carried out with the help of other conjectures(/postulate), that is, Legendre's conjecture and Bertrand's postulate. From the obtained results, various possible conjectures have been proposed/suggested. In brief, first the term, Goldbach first prime pair (p_{f},p'_{f}) was defined and for ascertaining the interval in which Goldbach first prime pair would always be present for all the values of 2(n+1)^{2}, where, n =1,2,3,..., was suggested. The proposed conjectures on distribution were tested for all values of n = 1,2,3,...,1,000,000 using algorithm. The expression, (n)(n+1) < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - n(n+1) showed that, the Goldbach first prime pair would always existing for all the n values, where, n = 1,2,3,...- {4,6,10,16,19,21,22,23,30,33,36,43,48,49,56, 57,61,66,72, 76,81,106, 117,127,130, 132,141,210,276,289,333,418}. The expression, (n)^{2} < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - (n)^{2} showed that, the Goldbach first prime pairs would always existing for all the n values, where, n = 1,2,3,... - {21,23,30,33,36,48,49,117,141}. While, for the expression, (n)(n-1) < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - (n)(n-1), were true for all the n = 1,2,3,..., values. Another observation was found that, in the proposed conjecture 1, the gap between Goldbach first prime pair, that is, (p'_{f} - p_{f}) was found to be always less than its corresponding n value after n=2538 , hence, Gap(p'_{f} - p_{f}) << n, where, n=2539,2540,2541,....
Category: Number Theory
[16057] viXra:2410.0174 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-31 07:32:48
Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 7 Pages.
In this paper, we derive a specific form of the energy-time uncertainty principle as it applies to Temporal Waves (TWs) in the context of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe (4DEU) Theory, providing further evidence of the stability of TWs from the beginning and throughout the four-dimensional (4D) universe's expansion. In this model, the universe is proposed to exist in four real spatial dimensions, with the fourth dimension, which we perceive as time, along which the cause of the 4D universe's expansion acts. TWs play a fundamental role in the formation and expansion of the 4D universe, with this expansion being caused by their radiation pressure. In this work, we derive the specific form of the uncertainty principle for TWs, demonstrating that the product of the uncertainties in the TW energy and privileged time is not merely constrained by a lower bound, as in the canonical uncertainty principle, but is exactly equal to h/4. In contrast to the canonical uncertainty principle, where the product of uncertainties is greater than or equal to h/4, in the case of TWs this product equals precisely h/4, indicating a unique relationship in the 4DEU theory. Our findings also confirm the stability of TWs from the beginning and throughout every phase of the 4D universe's expansion, ensuring their persistence over time. This paper offers further mathematical evidence supporting the stability of TWs and strengthens the foundational principles of the Theory of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16056] viXra:2410.0168 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-02 18:32:04
Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 3 Pages.
In previous work, we have looked at the product of the 26 sporadic groups. We've observed specific distances and masses related to the observable universe at the moment of "maximum expansion". It appears that the energy released by the fusion of hydrogen (protium) into iron-56 (or the iron group) is just enough to allow the resulting nuclei to enter a "MOND-stable" orbit around the baryonic mass of the local Hubble volume, i.e. at the orbit defined by the global Hubble radius. This energy is just about half of the energy of a proton accelerated at the critical acceleration a0 (Milgrom's constant) for the duration of Hubble time (global), with the resulting Planck-diameter channel having the volume of a proton. Links to the masses of the quarks might arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16055] viXra:2410.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-19 05:14:58
Authors: Naiyf S. Alsaud
Comments: 6 Pages.
A simple and elegant proof of Riemann hypothesis with a deduction of a closed form of the non-trivial zeros of zeta function.
Category: Number Theory
[16054] viXra:2410.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-16 23:26:25
Authors: D. S. Gavant
Comments: 57 Pages.
Dynamic Present Theory offers a groundbreaking framework aimed at unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity by reimagining the concept of time. Instead of perceiving time as a linear progression of past, present, and future, DPT posits that time emerges from Continuous Present Actualization—the perpetual transformation of energy in the ever-present "now." In this view, only the present moment truly exists; reality is a constant unfolding governed by immutable mathematical laws. By grounding both QM and GR within the CPA framework, DPT harmoniously integrates the probabilistic nature of quantum phenomena with the deterministic fabric of spacetime described by relativity. This integration addresses longstanding paradoxes such as the measurement problem and quantum non-locality without resorting to mechanisms like wave function collapse or introducing hidden variables. Phenomena like entanglement and gravity are reinterpreted as manifestations of the CPA process, providing coherent explanations that align with empirical observations. Beyond resolving specific physical paradoxes, DPT challenges established scientific paradigms by suggesting that the continuous actualization of the present is fundamental to the universe's structure. This perspective not only reshapes our understanding of time and existence but also opens new avenues for experimental validation and theoretical exploration. By proposing testable predictions and aligning with existing mathematical frameworks, DPT aspires to usher in a new era of scientific discovery, offering a compelling and intuitive pathway toward a unified theory of everything.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[16053] viXra:2410.0087 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-20 01:06:42
Authors: Alfonso De Miguel Bueno
Comments: 12 Pages. 10 figures
In the context of a novel interacting fields model, this paper presents a reconceptualization of the neutron as an intermediate state between proton and antiproton transformations, incorporating antimatter and dark matter into the nucleon dynamics. By introducing a geometric interpretation of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the model provides a conceptual bridge between QCD and weak interactions, offering a unified framework for strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces. Beta decay is described as a cyclical process involving color charge exchange mediated by gluons, while the roles of W and Z bosons are reassessed within the electroweak theory. Furthermore, this model proposes an explanation for the neutron's Electric and magnetic Dipole Moments.
Category: Quantum Physics
[16052] viXra:2410.0077 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-31 16:57:24
Authors: Andreas Ball
Comments: 18 Pages.
The combination of Data of the Electron applied in a Formula leads to a value with a digit figure, which runs 9 times in serie from the first digit, and comprises the Inverse of the Magnetic Field Constant. This circumstance is known in the science world, but no scientist - as known by the author - ever made any thoughts about this conspicious result. Many scientists are astonished about the Koide-Formula with its result close to the ratio 2/3, but the above mentioned result won by the Electron Data is equally or still more remarkable.Since the epoch Reconnaissance the world of natural sciences underlies the mass consciousness, which states that the natural sciences may not have anything to do with God. This is the knowledge of the history of natural sciences and not the opinion of the author. And the scientists should be aware of this fact.Furthermore this report presents several formulas by use of the masses of Elementar Particles, which lead also to conspicious results.The figures 9 and 11 can be found in many exact formulas for Physical Constants and in the Formulas for the datas of our celestial bodies. This is also valid for the Figures 144 and 666. And the figures 9 and 11 show suspicious aspects besides the Physics and Mathematics. Chapter 6 shows the facts, that informations are hidden in the ornament/symbol Flower of Life referring the Physical Constants, which values propulse the Universe.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[16051] viXra:2410.0070 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-19 09:01:37
Authors: Laurence Douglas Fink
Comments: 33 Pages.
Hyperconductivity, a proposed theoretical phenomenon, extends the principles of superconductivity to extreme conditions where materials exhibit perfect electrical conductivity beyond the conventional limits of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. Unlike conventional superconductivity, which typically requires ultra-low temperatures near absolute zero, hyperconductivity is hypothesized to occur in a wider range of materials and environmental conditions, possibly even at room temperature. This theoretical state could fundamentally revolutionize energy transmission, quantum computing, and material science by eliminating energy loss due to electrical resistance entirely, while enabling unprecedented efficiencies in energy storage and generation. This paper proposes the foundational principles of hyperconductivity, exploring quantum mechanical interactions, electron pairing mechanisms, and potential materials where this phenomenon could manifest. Furthermore, it addresses the critical challenges in realizing hyperconductivity, such as the need for exotic material structures, high-pressure environments, or unconventional quantum states that go beyond the current Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity.
Category: Quantum Physics
[16050] viXra:2410.0053 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-16 23:10:18
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 15 Pages.
This work is based on idea of extending Einstein field equations leading to more general statement about gravity field, this leads to new field equations and new idea about gravity field. Gravity field is now directly connected to matter field. From it follows that matter field in given point of space is responsible for spacetime curvature in that point so matter field can't vanish in any point of space. Field equations now become fourth order equations and include Riemann tensor Ricci tensor and metric tensors with Ricci scalar, same goes for stress-momentum tensor that is now composed out of stress-momentum tensor,metric tensors and its trace.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16049] viXra:2410.0052 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-13 16:27:19
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 Pages.
Critical phenomena describe continuous phase transitions characterized by power-law divergences, universality of scaling exponents and ergodicity breaking. Scaling exponents depend on the dimension of the underlying spacetime (d) and, in many cases, also on the dimension of variables defining criticality (D) . Recent studies suggest that both dimensions (d and D) run with the observation scale and, as a result, determine the rate of divergence near critical points. Building on these observations, the goal of this report is to close the gap between critical behavior in continuous dimensions and the anomalous findings of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16048] viXra:2410.0049 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-16 00:03:30
Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 9 Pages.
In this paper, we will show in a Gaussian context what to do to obtain a causal relationship between an output variable and three input variables without obtaining any correlation between the output variable and the input variables.In a context of Gaussian signals, this paper will show the following situation: Causation without correlations for the Gaussian signals.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
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