All Submission Categories

On Causality in EPR Experiments

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 22 Pages.

This article points out that in the EPR experiment, there is no causal connection between the two sides. If a causal model wants to comply with the principle of common cause, it will lead to faster-than-light information propagation. Even if non-local latent variables are used as common factors, it does not mean that the measurement results on both sides can influence each other. They are only related to each other, but not corresponding causal relationships.The "statistical correlation" in the EPR experiment does not have a controllable effect, because the results measured on either side are completely random. The experimenter cannot control the other side to produce the results he wants to transmit by manipulating the instrument. The two experimenters can only discover the correlation between each other's data when comparing them afterwards, and they cannot use this correlation to transmit information, otherwise the incommunicability theorem will be violated.This article draws a causal model diagram to analyze the EPR experiment, and uses the Everett interpretation and the quantum circuit diagram to demonstrate. It shows that the causal paradox in the EPR experiment is actually caused by a misunderstanding of "measurement" and "collapse" in the Copenhagen interpretation. If the Everett interpretation without the concept of "collapse" is adopted, it can be avoided when interpreting the EPR experiment. Paradox of cause and effect.In Everett's interpretation, the physical meaning of "measuring" a particle is to entangle the particle with the measuring instrument. When the local particle is measured, it will only be entangled with the local instrument, so there is no non-local interaction. The state of the particle does not change in any way because the particle on the other side is measured. No matter who measures first on the left or right, there will be no influence on each other. There will be no effect of the result of the first measurement on the result of the later measurement through superluminal action, and there will be no paradox that overturns the order of cause and effect.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is General Relativity Machian

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 9 Pages. In Chinese

Mach proposed a question, "Try to fix Newton's bucket and rotate the heaven of fixed stars and then prove the absence of centrifugal forces." The Lense-Thirring effect answered Mach's question, which meant that a rotating object would affect the space-time near it. If an object itself did not rotate, but the entire universe revolved around it in the opposite direction, the same effect cannot be produced. Is general relativity Machian? There were divergent opinions on this issue, and the two sides had roughly divided opinions. The existing research on Mach principle was mostly about the slow rotation of small mass objects, or considering the object was not a singularity and did not form an event horizon. Therefore, this article proposed the fact that: Kerr metric cannot be transformed into Schwarzschild metric by the conversion of the coordinate system. This fact overthrew Mach's thought, so the structure of space-time cannot be connected by simply transforming the rotation perspective.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unlocking Decarbonization: Mini and Micro LNG Solutions Revolutionizing the Energy Industry

Authors: Ikechukwu Stephen Nwamordi
Comments: 11 Pages. (Converted to pdf by viXra admin - Please only submist article in pdf format)

The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation driven by the urgent need to decarbonize the energy industry and mitigate climate change. In this context, the emergence of Mini and Micro LNG solutions represents a paradigm shift, offering innovative approaches to liquefied natural gas (LNG) production and distribution. These compact LNG solutions, characterized by modular, decentralized infrastructure, cater to regional markets and niche applications, presenting scalable alternatives to traditional large-scale LNG facilities. This article explores the significance, potential, challenges, and best practices associated with Mini and Micro LNG solutions in decarbonizing the energy industry and advancing sustainable development goals. Mini LNG facilities, typically ranging from 0.1 to 1 million tons per annum (MTPA), and Micro LNG installations, serving even smaller scales, offer flexibility, scalability, and rapid deployment advantages. By displacing carbon-intensive fuels such as coal and oil, LNG contributes to substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter. Additionally, the use of LNG as a transitional fuel facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources, enhancing grid stability and reliability. Moreover, Mini and Micro LNG solutions stimulate economic growth, improve living standards, and enhance energy security, particularly in remote or off-grid communities. These solutions find diverse applications across various sectors, including power generation, industrial processes, transportation, and marine bunkering, thereby diversifying the energy mix and reducing dependency on fossil fuels.However, the widespread adoption of Mini and Micro LNG solutions faces challenges related to economic viability, logistical complexities, safety considerations, regulatory compliance, and market uncertainties. By examining successful case studies and identifying best practices, stakeholders can gain valuable insights into overcoming these challenges and maximizing the benefits of Mini and Micro LNG projects. Overall, Mini and Micro LNG solutions offer a transformative pathway towards a cleaner, more sustainable energy future. By fostering innovation, collaboration, and strategic investment, stakeholders can harness the power of LNG to accelerate the global transition towards a low-carbon economy, while promoting economic development and energy security worldwide.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Glass Reinforced Epoxy (Gre) as an Alternative Pipeline for Onsite Surface Installations: a Structural Integrity and Financial Feasibility Study

Authors: Muhammad Tahir Waqas, Mustafa Ali
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this modern era when every single operation is being optimised for specific improvement, this study focuses on the sustainable alternative pipeline i.e. Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) composite for onsite surface transportation of oil products. To provide a better solution to large maintenance and durability issues and to deliver durable alternative pipeline with lower operation expenditures (OPEX) The significance of the GRE pipeline in contrast to conventional carbon steel (CS) pipeline provides better resistivity to erosion, corrosion and chemical degradation. The 202.5 m GRE pipeline of varying diameters (8’’,6’’& 4’’) in layout network has been analysed for pipeline qualification in which the structural integrity analysis on CAESER-II has been performed. All the analysis performed are in conformance to guidelines of ISO-14692, a standard for composite pipe installations. The life cycle cost analysis and financial feasibility of GRE pipeline is analysed for the designed system in contrast to equivalent CS pipeline. The capital budgeting ratios are calculated to determine the alternative selection. In the analysis the procurement and installation cost, Net Present Value (NPV), Payback (PB) period and Profitability Index (PI) has been comparatively analysed. From the analysis GRE pipeline is concluded to be structurally stable for the designed layout with an extended life time and lower OPEX for transportation, with more NPV and PI along with quick Payback period GRE conforms to be a reliable alternative for installation and provides you enough saving cost to be readily invested on some other projects or to carry out routine maintenance operations.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Possible Zero Value of the Spatial Curvature Constant

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 5 Pages.

The value of curvature k that appears in the Friedman's equation of the FLRW metric is the subject of controversy. Of its three possible values (+1, -1, 0), determining whether it is zero or not is an important problem in physics. The experimental results existing today do not allow us to resolve it. In this report we have studied this problem by carrying out a theoretical calculation of the parameters, curvature density Ωk and matter density Ωm. To do this we have obtained an equation that relates the spatial curvature constant to the energy density and through it and the Friedman's equation we have calculated Ωk and Ωm. The ratio between the two will determine whether the curvature k is zero or non-zero. The result obtained in this report leads us to think that the curvature constant that appears in the Friedman's equation is zero.
Category: Astrophysics

A String Theory Flavor Model of Baryon Nodes and Lepto-Mesonic Links

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Quantum systems are built of Elements of Quantum Circuits: baryons as nodes and lepto-mesonic links as channels / connectors. Various levels of connection lines, 1,2 or 3-quark lines, leadto a hierarchy of interactions. The Hopf fibration, as a local model of a Gauge Theory approach to Quantum Physics, is investigated in parallel with the modern experimental data about the structure of nucleons and nuclei. Complex quantum systems, like molecules, nuclei etc. are modeled using Riemann Surfaces and Belyi morphisms, "borrowed" from the String Theory approach. This work continues a series of articles regarding the foundations of Physics, with input from Chemistry and Biology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( III & IV )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 29 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of new universal forces of interaction, called kinetic forces. Additionally, in this paper, we assume that all forces can obey or disobey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

Mathematical Formulas [Based on] the Koide-Formula [] and the Connection of the Results [After Inputing Data]

Authors: Andreas Ball
Comments: 15 Pages. (Title modified by viXra admin to conform with scholarly norm)

In this report formulas are presented, which are based on the Koide-Formula and at which the input data are chosen from different fields of natural sciences. The Input data can be data of our celestial bodies, values of Physical Constants or just mathematical figures.Besides the Koide-Formula with a result very close to the term "2/3", also many other Formulas deliver unexpected results and connections, which also partly lead to the term "2/3". By that the assumption arises, that an unknown system might exist behind these astonishing results.
Category: Mathematical Physics

How Time, Space, and Gravity Emerge From Microscopic Quantum Waves: A New Interpretation of Relativity

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 11 Pages. Essay written for Gravity Research Foundation 2024 Awards for Essays on Gravitation

Einstein explained special and general relativity in terms of abstract four-dimensional spacetime, and that interpretation remains universally accepted. I suggest that on the microscopic level, both relativity and gravity can be understood as emerging from oscillating quantum wave-packets of elementary particles. These localized quantum oscillators act as clocks and rulers, reproducing the standard relations for time dilation and length contraction due to both speed and gravity. Gravity can be regarded as a frequency-modulation of quantum oscillators by everyother quantum oscillator in the universe. Gravitational trajectories can be computed using a quasi-classical Hamiltonian formalism. This interpretation suggests a simple unified picture of relativity and quantum mechanics, which has been missing for the past 100 years. This also has implications for the structure of black holes and the early universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Behavior of Non-trivial Zeros and Prime Numbers in Reimann Hypothesis

Authors: Ricardo Gil
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Riemann Hypothesis proposes a specific location (the critical line) for the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function. This paper argues that the aperiodicity observed in the distribution of these non-trivial zeros and the distribution of primes numbers is a fundamental property. A periodic zeta function would significantly alter its behavior, rendering it irrelevant to studying prime number distribution. Conversely, a periodic pattern in prime numbers or a deviation of non-trivial zeros from the critical line would disprove the Riemann Hypothesis. The observed aperiodicity in both prime number distribution and the zeta function's non-trivial zeros strengthens the case for the Hypothesis' validity. This aperiodicity suggests a deeper connection between prime numbers and the zeta function, one that wouldn't exist with a periodic structure.
Category: Number Theory

New Economic System Based on 2D Money.

Authors: Madgazin Vadim Rimovich
Comments: 29 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm)

This work proposes a New Economic System (NES), which includes the best aspects of planned and market economies and adds to them the economy of merit, sharing economy and others. The operating unit of the NES is two-dimensional money (2 D money),consisting of two components, D1 and D2, which have a physical dimension and are not subject to fluctuations and drift.The money component D1 describes the average amount of social labor required to create goods (goods and services). The unit of measurement D1 is time. D1 money is used for the profit-free purchase and sale of goods, and the credit interest on D1 is always zero. The market in the NES is based on the money component D2, and this money is created "out of nothing" upon the delivery of one or another benefit, proportional to the corresponding useful work of the goods, and becomes the property of persons involved in the production, ownership and consumption of these goods. The physical meaning of money D2 coincides with useful work in mechanics. The unit of measurement D2 is time to the second power. D2 money is used for the competitive purchase and sale of rights to purchase scarce goods, including public resources for creating and developing a business, and profit and credit interest on D2 are arbitrary.
Category: Economics and Finance

A Heuristic Analysis of Global Warming Leading to a New Understanding of Climate Change

Authors: David M. Bower
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this paper I present a heuristic approach to understanding the temperature of aplanet in orbit around a star. To simplify the discussion, I begin by introducing theconcept of the planet’s mean temperature. I proceed to discuss the effect of any atmosphere that might be present and also consider the effect of so- called "greenhousegases" present in this atmosphere. In contrast to the usual discussion of the importance of the effect of the "trapping" of electromagnetic radiation by the greenhousegases, I present the opposing idea that it is the reflection of electromagnetic radiationfrom the sun that is of overwhelming importance. No concepts more advanced thanthose of basic thermodynamics as presented in a high school physics class are used.While the conclusions pertain to any planet in a radiation flux from a star, the obviousapplication is to the so-called global warming experienced by the earth. The conclusions in this brief analysis are not presented as final, but rather open to debate. It ishoped that this analysis will serve as the basis for a detailed understanding of the climate change — if any — that the earth is experiencing. Comments and corrections arewelcomed.
Category: Climate Research

Software Development Tool with Petri Net and Object-Oriented Programming Language: Net Oriented System Description Language

Authors: Han Yong Gil, Min Hyok, Kim Song Hyok, Choe Yong Su, Song Kwang Hyok, Choe Tae Hyok, Kim Jing Yong
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper aims to describe the development and application of Net-oriented System Description Language (NSDL), a new and independent tool of software development combined with advantages of Petri net and object-oriented programming language VB. Unlike previous tools, the transitions of custom controls such as Textbox, Table, Graph, Button and Checkbox, etc. and the extension (or restriction) of place, transition and arc were introduced to improve modeling capability of Petri net. NSDL was enhanced the flexibility, convenience and extensibility of the software development by Visual Basic(VB) language support based on Microsoft Net Framework 4.0 library that is easy to use and learning. Approximation of BP neural net was carried out to validate NSDL’s effectiveness in three manners. NSDL can be used in the development of software or modelling of complex information systems with its great modeling capability.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Orbital Dynamics of Timespace: Deriving Einstein’s Mass-Energy and Field Equations

Authors: Benjamin Lesel
Comments: 7 Pages.

While General Relativity has strong mathematical underpinnings that predict much of our spacetime observations, convincing physical understandings of these principles are vague and unconvincing. Herein we explore the physical assumption that the primary element of relativity is an orbit, which can take place either in time (space-time) or outside of time (time-space) and we use this assumption to derive Einstein’s most famous relativity equations from this first principle. Herein we explore the origin of mass, and how gravity, time and light are intimately connected aspects of a universal orbit.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Simple Alternative Explanation for Dark Matter in Physical Cosmology

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 28 Pages.

We show that neither dark matter nor dark energy is needed for physical cosmology. We use our previous conjecture that, for a distribution of normal baryonic matter, the dynamical mass can be different from the baryonic mass. This simple idea enables us to explain the main results of physical cosmology: the expansion of the Universe; the cosmic microwave background (CMB); the acoustic peaks in the CMB power spectrum; the formation of structure; the apparent accelerated expansion. We suggest the Universe is not accelerating but rather moving from one decelerating track with a low Hubble parameter to its current decelerating track with a higher Hubble parameter. This also provides us with a solution to the Hubble tension. Our explanations make no use of cold dark matter (CDM) and no use of the cosmological constant (?), and we conclude neither exists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Research Needed on Monopolar Pulsed High Voltage Levitation

Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper is a short review of Samuel Piggott’s experiments in electrogravitation circa 1903. Conclusions and recommendations are also given at the end of this paper.
Category: Classical Physics

An Attempted Simple Proof Fermat’s Last Theorem

Authors: Geon Cho
Comments: 2 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

This paper attempts a simple proof for the Fermat’s Last Theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Monster Symmetry: CODATA Invariants in a Symmetry Operation

Authors: Mark A. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages. (Converted to pdf and corrected by viXra admin - Please only submist article in pdf format)

Mathematica programs utilizing the NIST 2022 are presented in a format whereby the reader may directly relate the Latex math relations to its Mathematica program. This enables the reader to verify with precision and accuracy the veracity of the presented math symmetry relations. Hopefully, the reader will take away from this peculiar workshop a sense of Beauty and Mystery.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quadrature of the Circle with Compass and Straightedge and a Surprising Result for the Value of π in π R^2

Authors: Sigrid Obenland
Comments: 3 Pages.

It is general believe and deemd to be proven that the value of π in the formula for calculating the area of a circle; i.e. π r^2, is identical to the value of π in theformula for calculating the circumference of a circle; i.e. 2π r, which is irrational.Therefore, quadrature (or squaring) of the circle with compass and straightedge (or ruler) has been deemed to be impossible. We show that this was a prejudice and proof that quadrature is possible and clearly delivers π = 3 in the formula π r2 for calculating the area of the circle. We also show a physical experiment thatunambiguously proofs this result.
Category: Geometry

Transformation of a Singular "Event Horizon" to any Radius Value: Reductio Ad Absurdum of Transformation Covariance Being More than a Dynamic Symmetry

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 3 Pages.

Due to David Hilbert's 1918 promotional efforts, J. Droste's May 27, 1916 metric solution of the Einstein equation for a static point mass fixed to the origin is universally featured by gravity textbooks, but is seriously misrepresented by those textbooks as the work of Karl Schwarzschild: Droste's metric solution has a well-known singular "event horizon" at the Schwarzschild radius, but Schwarzschild's January 13, 1916 metric solution is singular only at the origin. Here we present a simple family of transformations of Droste's singular "event horizon" to any radius value whatsoever. The blatant absurdity of, say, the earth's gravitational field having a singular "event horizon" at some arbitrary height above the earth's surface establishes beyond all doubt that gravitational general coordinate transformation covariance is, exactly like electromagnetic gauge transformation covariance, merely a dynamic symmetry which is unavoidably broken by the unique physical metric solution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two States of Spin Determined by Magnetic Field (Not a Property of Elementary Particles)

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 4 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

Stern-Gerlach's experiments revealed that electrons have two states of spin, in addition to their orbital magnetic moment. However, I question the interpretation of this result. In this experiment, the electron beam that passed through the inhomogeneous magnetic field split neatly into upper and lower parts, I think that this was not because the electrons had two states of spin, up spin, and down spin, but because of the relationship with the inhomogeneous magnetic field. This became clearer through experiments conducted by the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). KEK is unaware of this. However, if we use the electron model of energy body theory, it becomes clear. In addition, the electron model of the energy body theory also explains the reason and mechanism why the spin angular momentum is ±1/2.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Very Simple Proof of the Bloch's Theorem

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

We prove the famous Bloch's Theorem using the symmetry for discrete translationsin Dirac notation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Great Precursors, Creators and Propagators of Relativity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak, Margaret Osiak
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this poster, measuring 140 cm by 100 cm, we have included, in chronological order, 126 portraits of the great precursors, creators and propagators of the theory of relativity. The poster was first presented in 2005 on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Theory of Relativity. The portraits were made by Margaret Osiak.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Creators of Relativity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak, Margaret Osiak
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this poster, measuring 140 cm by 100 cm, we included 143 portraits of famous relativists in chronological order. The poster was first presented in 2005 on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Theory of Relativity. The portraits were made by Margaret Osiak.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Function for Prime Numbers: Searching for Consecutive Prime Numbers with Billions of Digits

Authors: Massimo Russo
Comments: 10 Pages.

With the right equipment and a specially developed algorithm, I believe that my function could potentially find the largest prime number ever, even one with billions of digits. It might even be possible to find two or more consecutive prime numbers each with billions of digits.
Category: Number Theory

About Dark Energy

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 4 Pages.

We have considered the physical space filled by a quantum fluid made up of discrete elements organized into several coexisting phases. In this model, what we call "dark energy" appears as main phase of the Vacuum, we propose here that it is the phase associated with the fundamental level of this quantum fluid. After an examination of its main properties, we show that the refractive index of the real vacuum, which is consisting largely of dark energy and fossil radiation, has an "abnormal" value compared to it. We thus verify that the inverse of the fine structure constant associated with the dark energy is indeed the integer 137.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rational Formal Power Series

Authors: Jānis Buls, Aigars Valainis
Comments: 35 Pages.

We are following Bini G., Flamini F. and Hou X—D., Lopez—Permouth S. R., Parra—Avila B. R. Nevertheless, we are interested only inthe clarification of proofs.
Category: Algebra

Ramanujan-derived Hypergeometric Functions Describe Hidden Coupled Dynamics in Physical and Biological Systems

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 13 Pages.

Ramanujan’s real period functions plus Picard—Fuchs differential equations and Gaussian hypergeometric functions generate a wide range of simple hypergeometric manifolds (henceforward PFHM) consisting of two-dimensional coupled subsystems combined in a single three-dimensional system with dihedral symmetry. We argue that PFHM could be used to elucidate the homoclinic paths equipped with stable, closed and constrained orbits that characterize the dynamical behavior of a large number of physical and biological systems. Since PFHM encompasses coupled subsystems with Hamiltonian interactions that are reciprocal in nature, the options for the total system’s energetic conformation are restrained. Therefore, energetic changes in a subsystem are inversely correlated with energetic changes in another subsystem. This balanced, inverse energetic reciprocity could be used to elucidate the unusual behavior of quantum entangled particles and the thermodynamic constraints dictating the final shape of frustrated proteins. Also, the thermodynamic paths of apparently isolated systems can be influenced by feedback mechanisms from hidden subsystems that exert their influence and can be quantified, even without full knowledge of every control parameter. PHFM can be methodologically treated in terms of cycle attractors, shedding new light on well-known physical phenomena like the dynamical behavior of monostatic bodies. Yet, the possibility to analyze two-dimensional paths in terms of three-dimensional routes could be useful to assess the ubiquitous occurrence of the Turing’s reaction-diffusion model in biological systems. We suggest that PFHM might stand for a general mathematical apparatus shaping the phase space of various real dynamical paths, with applications in digital imaging, cryptography and memory storing.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Investigation of a Modified Alcubierre Warp Drive: Considerations on the Use of an Analytic or Discrete Function

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system. Computation of the density energy and energy case discrete.In addition, in the conclusion, the consequences and comparison of two types of solutions have been discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Key to Leibnizian Mathematics

Authors: Adriaan van der Walt
Comments: 11 Pages.

This document states the relevant basic assumptions of Mathematics that lead to some of the salient features of Abstract Mathematics. These features are then deduced from these assumptions in a fundamental way. Infinitesimals and Infinitesimal Numbers are introduced and then used in an example of a Riemann sum to create a contradiction that motivates the introduction of Leibnizian Mathematics as a model for Mathematics that is supplemental to Abstract Mathematics. Leibnizian Mathematics is then introduced by stating its basic assumptions. Lastly a list of the meanings of some words that are common to both models, but describe properties that differ between the models, is given. The reader is then referred to the document LEIBNIZIAN MATHEMATICS, posted on the link stated in the Comments below, where this model is developed.
Category: General Mathematics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics (Part I)

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 28 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force. In addition to the above, in this paper, we assume that all forces always obey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

Relativity Predicts a Variable G

Authors: Frederic Lassiaille
Comments: 38 Pages.

It is shown that relativity predicts a variable G. The proof starts by considering a dimensionless particle in an empty universe. Then two particles, three particles, and an infinite set of particles are studied. This allows to calculate space-time structure for any realistic energy distribution. The proof uses the interchange of limits theorem, and ad hoc sequences of energy distributions. With only one particle, the result is a singularity everywhere if the universe is empty outside of the particle. Those singularities disappear completely with three particles. Then this calculation is done for any realistic energy distribution. An equation of G is given naturally in the process. This equation is a correct approximation in most of the realistic energy distributions. The fundamental principles building Einstein equation are still valid. But it is shown that the G anthropocentric solar system constant must be replaced by a variable value, which is weaker in strong matter density environments, and greater in low matter density environments. It means that the surrounding effect arises, it was introduced by previous works [1,2]. And this effect was shown to solve the gravitational mysteries of today in astrophysics and in cosmology. Under a unifying relevant assumption, a solution is also given to the Yang-Mills Millennium problem.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Discussions on the Decomposition of Deformed Vector Products

Authors: Thierry L. A. Periat
Comments: 40 Pages. In French (Translation made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

This paper is part of a series of explorations exposing methods for dividing distorted tensor products by number cubes. Here, the discussion focuses on three-dimensional spaces and anti-symmetric cubes on their low indices; i.e. actually on distorted vector products. The method only delivers the main parts of the divisions. They are divided into two classes. The other documents in the collection complete this investigation.

Ce document fait partie d'une série d'explorations exposant des méthodes permettant de diviser les produits tensoriels déformés par des cubes de nombres. Ici, la discussion se focalise sur les espaces de dimension trois et les cubes antisymétriques sur leurs indices bas ; c'est-à-dire en fait sur des produits vectoriels déformés. La méthode livre seulement les parties principales des divisions. Elles se répartissent en deux classes. Les autres documents de la collection complètent cette investigation.
Category: General Mathematics

Maxwell Voids and Cosmic Strings

Authors: Thierry L. A. Periat
Comments: 13 Pages. In French (Translation made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

This paper offers a simple mathematical foundation for the existence of cosmic filaments observed since the mid-seventies (nineteen hundred).

Ce document offre un fondement mathématique simple à l'existence des filaments cosmiques observés dès le milieu des années soixante-dix (mille neuf cent).
Category: Astrophysics

Energies of Vacuum: Energy-Moment Pseudotensor and the Lamda

Authors: Tibor Grajczki
Comments: 21 Pages.

Since the formation of the general theory of relativity, there are disputed questions. Levi-Civita and Schrödinger also criticized the non covariant energy-moment pseudotensor. The cosmological constant was known as a beauty flaw in theory. In both case the empty space contents energy. The origin and role of these concepts and quantities are not well known and are the source of many misconceptions. Through a few simple examples, we can see why.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics on Philosophy

Authors: Giovanni Lostumbo
Comments: 3 Pages.

Wigner's 1960 paper "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences" is a classical resource fordeveloping new experimental hypotheses. Unlike science, writing is considered a discovery process in itself. Measuring writing as amathematical process would require the most precise of instruments. This paper will instead examine the thought processes of the identityof a writer as a whole, and beliefs or claims such as "writer's block." This paper is not about writer's block for myself, but exploring ameta-analysis of writers' block and identity, and how that might one day be observed using scientific instruments. The paper will alsotheorize the mathematical representation of Sartre's concept of freedom, or "being for-itself", as a curve in a function. Sartre's influence by Husserl's "Cartesian Meditations" and by Descartes are also considered formative.
Category: Mind Science

Heat Flux Measurements in the Hall Thruster Plume

Authors: G. Makrinich, A. Fruchtman, S. Shitrit, G. Appelbaum, J. Ashkenazy
Comments: 7 Pages.

A heat flux probe has been developed for the purpose of measuring the heat flux density in the plume of the Hall thruster. The measurement is based on comparing the rates of heating and cooling of the probe during its exposure to and isolation from the plasma flow. In the case of a helicon plasma source this is accomplished easily by turning on and off the plasma flow. The measured heat flux into the negatively-biased probe is in a very good agreement with the calculated heat flux carried by the impinging plasma ions, indicating that there are no energetic neutrals. This method will be employed for the plume of the Hall thruster and is expected to provide an estimate of the heat flux carried by energetic neutrals.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Hypersonic Flow Computations by Using an Equivalent Gas Model

Authors: S. Shitrit, E. Arad
Comments: 39 Pages.

The aerodynamics of hypersonic vehicles is highly affected by enthalpy or "real gas" effects. The purpose of the current study is to assess the proper formulation of computational fluid dynamics required for simulation of high-enthalpy flows. Under the assumption of chemical and thermal equilibrium, a functional representation has been employed for specific heat at constant pressure, thermal conductivity, and viscosity coefficients for air at 500 to 30,000 K and pressure range of 10−4 to 100 atm. The proposed approach is evaluated using double-cone configuration at hypersonic flow. It is shown that the equivalent gas model is capable of capturing the main features of these flow fields and compares well with experiments.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Applying Infinitesimals to Outputs from Sieve of Eratosthenes and Riemann Zeta Function When Treated as Infinite Series

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 31 Pages.

We treat Sieve of Eratosthenes (algorithm that generates all prime numbers) and Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function that generates all nontrivial zeros) as infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. We ignore even prime number 2. Based on every even Prime gaps 2, 4, 6, 8, 10...; the complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while fully satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. With these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems. Riemann hypothesis proposes all nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function are located on its critical line. It is separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Number Theory

The Concept of a Field as the Basis for the Model of a Quantum Object

Authors: Georgii Khantarzhiev
Comments: 18 Pages.

The model of a quantum object, based on the conception of a field, is presented in this research work. The way suggested allows to construct the model of a quantum object, which owns wave and particle properties simultaneously. The model is developed for the non-relativistic case and applied to three canonical experiments of quantum mechanics. This model describes successfully physical processes, happening at the quantum level, in these experiments. The analysis of some consequences of this model for the relativistic case is made. This model of a quantum object can be verified experimentally and a corresponding experiment is suggested for this goal.
Category: Quantum Physics

Reasoning AI (RAI), Large Language Models (LLMs) and Cognition

Authors: Victor Senkevich
Comments: 4 Pages.

Do Large Language Models have cognitive abilities? Do Large Language Models haveunderstanding? Is the correct recognition of verbal contexts or visual objects, based onpre-learning on a large training dataset, a manifestation of the ability to solve cognitivetasks? Or is any LLM just a statistical approximator that compiles averaged texts fromits huge dataset close to the specified prompts?The answers to these questions require rigorous formal definitions of the cognitive concepts of "knowledge", "understanding" and related terms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Knot in Weak Velocity of Fluid Flow

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 1 Page.

We propose there exists a knot in the weak velocity of fluid flow.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Observations in the C-Radiation Spectrum Revealed Hybrid Threats to the Safety of Mankind, Astronauts and the Origin of the Pandemic

Authors: Vasil Korniienko
Comments: 6 Pages.

From Einstein's special theory of relativity, it follows that any matter consists of energies, the interaction of which forms a quantum electromagnetic field (QEF) in matter. Therefore, loads on matter cause perturbation of its QEF in the form of waves of quantum electromagnetic energy (S-radiation), which is confirmed by our experiments. Therefore, all celestial bodies and equipment generate S-radiation, in the spectrum of which we observed how in the summer of 2003 an energy information field (EIF) arrived from Space. Since then, this EIF has been sucking quantum energies from the Sun, technology and people. This reduced the activity of the Sun and caused the death of 80,000 people in Europe and the USA in August 2003, as well as the appearance of high-temperature solar heat in solar S radiation, which accelerates global climate warming, causes forest fires and floods. A comparative analysis showed that EIFs are hybrid weapons of a different civilization, and solar S-radiation can also carry viruses, including Covid-19. In addition, the total impact of EIF and all varieties of S-radiation causes diseases in the population, including coronavirus infection. Spacecraft are not protected from S-radiation and EIF, so when flying to Mars and the moon, the health of astronauts is at risk. But we have developed innovations, equipping with which world technology will reduce the EIF of sucking energy from the Sun and eliminate high-temperature heat in solar S-radiations, which will stop global climate warming, forest fires and floods. We have also developed innovations that are able to protect people in buildings and transport will protect people from viruses that carry cosmic S-radiation and EIF. However, for these innovations to find practical application, science must first master the spectrum of S-radiation for observations of hybrid threats from Space.
Category: Climate Research

Investor Satisfaction Through the Service Quality Dimensions of Brokerage Firms of Pokhara

Authors: Bidhan Adhikari, Bhumika Gurung, Subash Khatri
Comments: 4 Pages.

The brokerage industry plays a crucial role in the capital market, acting as an intermediary for the buying and selling of securities. This study examines the service quality dimensions provided by brokerage firms in Pokhara, Nepal, and their impact on investor satisfaction. The study focuses on three independent variables: reliability, responsiveness, and assurance, and their relationship with the dependent variable, investor satisfaction.The study utilized primary data collected through a survey of 105 respondents from various age groups, academic qualifications, occupations, and levels of experience. The responses were measured on a five-point Likert scale, and statistical analyses, including mean, standard deviation, correlation, and regression, were conducted using SPSS software.The descriptive analysis revealed that all the independent variables, except for the statement "The service is not delayed," had a mean value greater than 3, indicating that they are strong predictors of investor satisfaction. The correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between reliability, responsiveness, and assurance of service delivery with investor satisfaction in Pokhara valley.The findings suggest that service quality and investor satisfaction are interrelated, with higher service quality leading to higher investor satisfaction. The study also identified assurance of service delivery as the most important predictor of investor satisfaction in this context.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Geometrical Attack Resistant Watermarking Algorithm Using the Invariability of the Histogram

Authors: Song-Chun Pang, Jong-Pil Sim, Son-Myong Hwang
Comments: 11 Pages.

With the rapid development of the Internet, multimedia communication and authorization become more and more important. In order to avoid geometric distortions in watermark embedding, this paper proposes a geometrical attack resistant image watermarking algorithm based on histogram modification. The watermark information is embedded into the original image by modifying the number of the gray samples of the image histogram. One bit of the watermark is embedded by changing the number of samples of the three adjacent grey levels in the histograms and the same watermark repeatedly embedded into each of the four histograms. Watermark detection is an inverse process of watermark embedding. Watermark information is detected based on the relationship of the number of samples of the three successive gray levels. The experimental results show that our algorithm is robust to both geometrical attacks and those conventional signal processing attacks and achieves high detection rate.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Histological Image Transformer

Authors: Kum Song Ju, Ok Chol Choe, Ok Chol Ri
Comments: 9 Pages.

Image Transformer has recently achieved significant progress for natural image understanding, either using supervised (ViT, DeiT, etc.) or self-supervised (BEiT, MAE, etc.) pre-training techniques. In this paper, we propose HiT, a self-supervised pre-trained Histological Image Transformer model using large-scale unlabeled histological images for medical image processing tasks, which is essential since no supervised counterparts ever exist due to the lack of human-labeled histological images. We leverage HiT as the backbone network in a variety of vision-based histological image processing tasks. Experiment results have illustrated that the self-supervised pre-trained HiT model the new state-of-the-art results on these downstream tasks, e.g. histological image classification on SIPaKMeD database achieved an accuracy of 97.45% and 99.29% for 5-class and 2-class classifications, respectively.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Speedup Genetic Algorithm Using Parallel Processing Method

Authors: Hak Kun Ri, Chol Hun Pak, Nam Song An
Comments: 7 Pages.

Genetic Algorithm (GA) is one of most popular swarm based evolutionary search algorithms that involve multiple data independent computations. Such computations can be made in parallel processing method on GPU cores using Compute Unified Design Architecture (CUDA) platform. In this paper, various operations of GA such as fitness evaluation, selection, crossover and mutation, etc. are implemented in parallel on GPU cores and then performance is compared with its serial implementation. Result shows that the overall computational time can substantially be decreased by parallel implementation on GPU cores. The proposed implementations resulted in 1.18 to 3.68 times faster than the corresponding serial implementation on CPU.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

On the Geometrization of Quantum Mechanics, Frozen Stars, the Bohm-Poisson and Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equations

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 Pages.

We revisit the nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation that was proposed by us which capture how quantum mechanical probability densities curve spacetime, and find an exact solution that may appear to be ``trivial" but with important physical implications related to the physics of frozen stars and with Mach's principle. The nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation is essentially the static spherically symmetric relativistic analog of the Newton-Schr"{o}dinger equation. We finalize by studying the higher dimensional generalizations of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation and examine the relativistic Bohm-Poisson equation as yet another equation capturing the interplay between quantum mechanical probability densities and gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Cosmological Structure Formation and Fractal Spacetime

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

Matter structures in cosmology include large-scale objects such as galaxies, galaxy clusters and Dark Matter halos. It is widely accepted that the formation of cosmic structures in the early Universe follows from the gravitational collapse of density perturbations. Here we argue that the genesis of cosmic structures is tied to the fractal topology of spacetime near the Big Bang singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Large Language Model for Automobile

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 6 Pages.

With the introduction of ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2022) from OpenAI, the power of these models to generate human-like text has captured widespread public attention. The scale of language models has burgeoned, progressing from modest multi-million-parameter architectures like ELMo (Peters et al., 2018) and GPT-1 (Radford et al., 2018), to behemoths boasting billions, even trillions of parameters, exemplified by the monumental GPT-3 (Brown et al., 2020), Switch Transformers (Fedus et al., 2022) , GPT-4 (OpenAI, 2023), PaLM-2 (Anil et al., 2023), and Claude (Claude, 2023) and Vicuna (Chiang et al., 2023). The expansion in scale has significantly raised hardware requirements, making it exceedingly challenging to deploy models on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.To deploy on cars , we trained a 7-billion-parameter automobile model, which outperformsGPT-3.5 in the automotive domain. Surpassing all models in areas such as automotive.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

People and Food Animals

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Even though people are animals, we like to think ofourselves as separate from and superior to all other animals, and to all sources of food. For millennia this separation has been the formula for human prosperity, too often against the better needs of our innocent domesticated relatives. What can wisdom add to this global dietary and behavioral monolith?
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Riemann Hypothesis Has Three Types of Non Trivial Zeros

Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper classifies non trivial zeros based on the Riemann Zeta function. Through this operation, we can clearly understand the distribution pattern of non trivial zeros and predict the position of the next zero point. You can know that the Riemann hypothesis has three types of non trivial zeros, and the first type of non trivial zeros is located on the critical line, while the second and third types of zeros are not. Meanwhile, through a series of equation derivations, we can also understand why it is so difficult to find counterexamples of the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Creative Communication: Language and Reality in Indian Tradition

Authors: Sunil Sondhi
Comments: 21 Pages.

The unifying vision of reason and intuition in Indian linguistic tradition as established in the Vedas, Upanishads, and the works of scholars and sages like Panini, Patanjali, Bharatmuni, Bhartrihari, and Abhinavagupta, embraces levels and structure of language, objective reality, and the absolute reality. The search for general rules underlying the diversity of languages is ultimately an exploration of the very nature of human mind and its relation with reality. It reveals the interconnections between language, thought and reality. Panini’s grammar, Bharatmuni’s view of dramatic performance as an integrated entity, and Bhartrihari’s view of sentence as a meaningful unit reveals the unifying relationship of the parts and the whole, between the objective reality of the world and the Absolute Reality, and between reason and intuition. The essential message of Indian classical texts with regard to language and communication is that there are different levels of language between the two extremes termed as Vaikhari and Pasyanti, which correspond to different levels of consciousness of the Absolute Reality. The Absolute Reality lies outside human perceptions of space and time and is, therefore, is not expressible in ordinary language. The experience of that reality can only be indicated by words that try to go beyond words. Meaningful thought and communication requires constant interplay of lower and higher levels of speech, symbolizing constant interplay of the relative and Absolute Reality, and reason and intuition.
Category: Linguistics

N-Dimensional Representation of the Set of Prime Numbers

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 6 Pages. (Converted to pdf and author name added by viXra admin - Please only submist article in pdf format)

This paper reveals/discusses the connection between the difference of prime numbers and the remainder of division by 6, the periodicity of the remainder.
Category: Number Theory

Motzkin Numbers

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

Motzkin numbers have many combinatorial interpretations. In particular, M(n) is the total number of ways in which it is possible to draw non-intersecting chords between n points on a circle.
Category: Number Theory

Fundamental Properties of Dirac Supersingletons in Particle Theory

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 14 Pages.

As shown in the famous Dyson’s paper "Missed Opportunities", even from purely mathematical considerations (without any physics) it is clear that Poincare quantum symmetry is a special degenerate case of de Sitter quantum symmetries. Then the question arises why in particle physics Poincare symmetry works with very high accuracy. The usual answer to this question is that a theory in de Sitter space becomes a theory in Minkowski space in the formal limit when the radius of de Sitter space tends to infinity. However, de Sitter and Minkowski spaces are purely classical concepts, and in quantum theory the answer to this question must be given only in terms of quantum concepts. At the quantum level, Poincare symmetry is a good approximate symmetry if the eigenvalues of the representation operators $M_{4mu}$ of the anti-de Sitter algebra are much greater than the eigenvalues of the operators $M_{muu}$ ($mu,u=0,1,2,3$).We show that an explicit solution with such properties exists within the framework of the approach where standard elementary particles are bound states of two Dirac supersingletons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Sigmoid Fictionization of Magnetization in the Spin-Glass Ising Model

Authors: Akira Saito
Comments: 3 Pages.

The magnetization of the spin-glass Ising model can be expressed using a sigmoid function. In the ground state, the magnetization is determined by solving a set of nonlinear simultaneous equations, each corresponding to a magnetization. As the magnetization of the ground state in the spin-glass Ising model constitutes an NP-complete problem, the P=NP problem can be reformulated as solving these nonlinear simultaneous equations. If practical computation yields result that are feasible, it can be essentially considered as P=NP. Furthermore, all interacting systems in nature can be represented by sigmoid functions, and the ground state can be obtained by solving nonlinear simultaneous equations.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Deriving Curves from Points in the Cartesian Plane

Authors: Kohji Suzuki
Comments: 20 Pages.

We derive curves from predetermined points in the Cartesian plane and obtain the elliptic.
Category: Geometry

The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron for Pedestrians

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages.

The causal arrangement of the two extended emission and detection sources and the photon source is considered. The emission source emitts the charged particle (electron) and photon. The photon source which is located betwen emission and detection sources is capable of the transmitting of space-like momenta. The photon propagates undisturbed between emission and detection sources, while the charged particle is reflected by the extended photon source. The result of such process is the modification of the vacumm-to-vacuum amplitude in form of the additional term which can beinterpreted as the additional magnetic moment of electron. The derivation is realized with the mathemathical simplicity and the Schwinger pedagogical clarity.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Theorem in the Trapezoid

Authors: Abdelhay Benmoussa
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this note, we prove a remarkable theorem in the trapezoid.
Category: Geometry

Unlocking Customer Sentiments: A Sentiment Analysis of Amazon Product Reviews for Unlocked Mobile Phones

Authors: Apurba Poudel
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this study, I conducted sentiment analysis on product reviews of unlocked mobile phones sold on Amazon to explore customer’s opinions and sentiments towards these devices. I classified the sentiment according to the given rating by user and according to the written reviews by the users respectively. This study collected a total of 400000 reviews from the Amazon website, focusing on unlocked mobile phones from various brands. The reviews were pre-processed and analyzed using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, Bag of Words (BoW) model, LinearSVC, Word2Vec model and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network. My analysis revealed that the majority of the reviews (approximately 70%) were positive. The positive reviews highlighted features such as the device's camera quality, battery life, display, and user interface. On the other hand, some negative reviews were found, mainly related to issues with the device's software and hardware. The negative reviews highlighted problems such as slow performance, freezing, and device malfunctioning.Moreover, the study found that some ratings does not corresponds to actual sentiment of review. Some users gave ratings higher or lower compared to the calculated sentiment of then reviews.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Proof of Twin Prime Conjecture by Clement’s Theorem

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 6 Pages.

I proved the Twin Prime Conjecture by using Clement’s theorem. I was able to transform below. (n is positive integer) 4×(6n − 2)! + 6n + 3 ≡ 0 (mod (6n − 1)(6n + 1)). Even if the number(n) reaches the limit, use n=x+1,n=x+2...n=x+18 from n=x. By n=x+18, new twin prime numbers are found.In this way, even larger twin primes are born.Repeat this. That is, Twin Primes exist forever.
Category: Number Theory

Conservation Laws of Stress-Energy Tensor in Yang-Mills Theory

Authors: Chie B. Wang
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper we present a new identity to associate the conservation laws of stress-energy tensor with the field equations in Yang-Millstheory. The Lorentz force is included with a consistent formulation as in Maxwell theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Multi-folds, Non-Commutative Spacetime, Spin, and All That

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 26 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In the original multi-fold paper, we provided a review of lesser known details on spin, leading to the insights that spin is not a relativistic concept, even if naturally best modeled with relativity and Poincaré symmetries, and that it could also be seen as a rotation of energy, plausibly associated to rotations of the wave function. A toy multi-fold mechanism for these rotations was suggested, as food for thoughts. The multi-fold W-type hypothesis can be added to the picture as an additional source for angular momentum to potentially explains why the rotation f the wave function carries angular momentum..In the present paper, we revisit these results and concepts. Then we discuss additional little known insights about spin. In particular, how fermions imply non-commutative spacetime, and conversely; while bosons do not. Then, we show that any theory with fermions, e.g., quantum theory, implies a non-commutative spacetime in a range of small spatial scales. Then we discuss how one can see that quantum Physics, considered fermionic, and gravity or general relativity, considered bosonic, conventionally and in multi-fold universes. In particular we link spacetime non-commutativity, zitterbewegung with the notion of fermions and bosons, and the spin statistic theorem; providing a new derivation of the latter. Accordingly, massive fermions have sizes that feels the spacetime non-commutativity which results into zitterbewegung at energies where they are massive and transversal momentum uncertainties when massless. On the other hand, bosons, massive or massless, have sizes that hide the spacetime non-commutative effects. In multi-fold universe, spacetime is non-commutative in a spatial scale range, and this interpretation directly aligns with the toy multi-fold spin model. The paper introduces new, but equivalent definitions for fermions and bosons, and a versions of the Weinberg-Witten theorem, that now more explicitly hints at unphysicality of gravitons.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Model of Nuclear Structure

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 31 Pages.

The structure of nuclei begins with lower-order nuclei, such as deuterium, tritium, and helium He−3, which evolve into the helium nucleus He−4, and then the first upper-order oxygen nucleus O−16 that has four helium nuclei He−4 in a column of strong negative electric field. Furthermore, the second upper-order calcium nucleus Ca is based on the fundamental natural phenomenon of mirror symmetry, by repeating the structure of the first upper-order oxygen nucleus and its half, i.e., at a 2.5 factor. The same principle applies to the third upper-order tin nucleus Sn, which emerges from the second upper-order calcium nucleus Ca, according to mirror symmetry and the same 2.5 factor. It is noted that the tin nucleus Sn will further form the basis for the structure of all heavy nuclei up to the radioactive uranium nucleus U − 235. This is the simple and elegant structure model, according to which nuclei consist of fixed helium nuclei He − 4 (plus deuterium, tritium, and helium He − 3, all evolving into helium He − 4), while the bonding neutrons rotate around them.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Relations Between Oscillation Symmetry Periods

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Oscillation Symmetry is applied with success to several meson and baryon data containing some new mass (and or width) data since our previous similar study. The extracted periods display again a "like quantification behaviour". The W boson and fermion "mass data" are fairly well aligned indicating a new property between these particles. Thus contrary to the generally accepted belief that the paericle masses have no relationship with each other, this work seems to suggest that they do through the Oscillation Symmetry.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On the Velocity Decomposition in Hydrodynamics

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 1 Page.

We assume that velocity in hydrodynamics is an identical form of the gauge potential in electromagnetism where the vorticity is identical to the field strength tensor. Because the gauge potential can be decomposed into local and global parts, the velocity in hydrodynamics could also be decomposed into local and global parts.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Eigenvalue Density in Hermitian Matrix Models by the Lax Pair Method

Authors: J. B. McLeod, C. B. Wang
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, a new method is discussed to derive the eigenvalue density in Hermitian matrix model with a general potential. The density is considered on one interval or multiple disjoint intervals. The method is based on Lax pair theory and Cayley-Hamilton theorem by studying the orthogonal polynomials associated with the Hermitian matrix model. It is obtained that the restriction conditions for the parameters in the density are connected to the discrete Painleve I equation, and the results are related to the scalar Riemann-Hilbert problem. Some special density functions are also discussed in association with the known results in this subject.
Category: Quantum Physics

Comment on Alan Macdonald’s Articles About the "World’s Fastest Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation"

Authors: Peter M. Enders, Romano Rupp
Comments: 3 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

In his 1981 till today papers about the "World’s Fastest Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation", Alan Macdonald has published ingenious thoughts on the Lorentz transformation. However, contrary to his explicit statement in footnote 3, he implicitly does assume that the transformation sought for is linear. For this, we propose a small addition to his text.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Preon Model for Particles and Forces Based on Modified Electric Charge

Authors: Ronald Agius
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

A simple model is proposed in which quarks and leptons are composed of preons that carry only electric charge. But electric charge is modified so that it comes in three varieties. All short-range forces are transmitted through exchange of massive bosons that are themselves composed of preons. The massless bosons that mediate the long-range forces are not composed of preons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Completed Quantum Mechanical Theory

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 24 Pages.

Quantum mechanics is one of the most important theories in modern physics, despite of their predictability and accuracy; it is facing with crucial philosophic problems. Indeed the problems could be solved, and the theory could be improved by using "Vacuum Mechanics" i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium concept.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Ephemeral Approach to Solving Fermat’s Last Theory

Authors: D. Ross Randolph
Comments: 25 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required; also, please cite and list scientific references)

While FLT was proved quite some time ago by Wiles/Taylor, it remains out of reach for the vast majority of mathematicians, due to the need of a strong background in modularity theory for elliptic curves, and other arcane branches of Number Theory. Thus most mathematicians are hoping for a proof that is a little easier to comprehend using Diophantine equations. This paper is intended to satisfy that need.
Category: Number Theory

Thought Experiments that [Critically Explore the Theory of Relativity]

Authors: Lars Frølund Jensen
Comments: 12 Pages.

Special and general relativity are apparently both extremely well proven — by their 'consistent' mathematics, and by many physical experiments and astronomical observations! But the theory of relativity contains several inconsistencies, and furthermore it predicts a physical reality that is impossible, which I will show several examples of in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why there is no Baryon Asymmetry Differentiating Matter from Anti-Matter

Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 7 Pages.

The baryon asymmetry problem is resolved using a model where the difference between normal matter and anti-matter is defined within a pre-fermion loop-based system. Also explained is where anti-matter is hiding in plain sight. Within the loop system only the sign of net loop charge differentiates matter from anti-matter. If a proton, as a stack of two positively charged quark loops and one negatively charged quark loop, is defined to be matter then a negatively charged electron loop is anti-matter. A charge-neutral neutron, as a stack of two negatively charged quark loops and one positively charged quark loop, is also anti-matter. Stable nuclei are built with equal numbers of matter and anti-matter nucleon components. The neutrino could be defined as matter or anti-matter, however, with the difference between a neutrino and an anti-neutrino of at least 60 degrees of loop rotation, it is not a Majorana fermion. The overall charge-neutral universe has a balance of matter and anti-matter and therefore baryon symmetry overall, although some volumes may be composed primarily of matter or of anti-matter charged nucleons. The combination of matter and anti-matter does not annihilate on contact — no loops or loop components are ever destroyed. The historic inconsistencies of definitions and treatments of negative energy, negative matter and anti-matter are shown to derive from a limited point-like model of particles and the loose definition of energy.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Completed Einstein General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 24 Pages.

Einstein general theory of relativity (GTR) has been criticized for their philosophic problems (both which came from STR and its own problems), despite of their predictability and accuracy. Indeed all the problems could be eliminated by using "Vacuum Mechanics" i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proteomic Dynamics in Arabidopsis Seedlings in Response to Heat Stress

Authors: Kai-Ting Fan, Yuan Xu
Comments: 31 Pages.

The urgency of developing thermotolerant crops is highlighted by the threat of global warming to plant survival and its detrimental impact on growth and agricultural productivity. Achieving this objective requires a deep understanding of plant responses to heat stress at the molecular level. In pursuit of this understanding, we conducted an investigation into proteome dynamics in Ara-bidopsis thaliana seedlings exposed to moderate heat stress (30°C). By employing a novel approach that integrates 15N-stable isotope labeling and the ProteinTurnover algorithm, we conducted a thorough examination of proteomic changes across various cellular fractions. Our study revealed significant alterations in the turnover rates of 571 proteins, with a median increase of 1.4-fold, in-dicating heightened protein dynamics in response to heat stress. Interestingly, soluble proteins in the roots displayed minor changes, suggesting the presence of tissue-specific adaptive mechanisms. Additionally, our analysis identified substantial turnover variations in proteins associated with redox signaling, stress response, and metabolism, highlighting the complexity of the response network. Conversely, proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and mitochondrial ATP syn-thesis showed minimal turnover fluctuations, underscoring their inherent stability. This compre-hensive assessment provides insights into the proteomic adaptations of Arabidopsis seedlings to moderate heat stress, elucidating the delicate balance between proteome stability and adaptability. These findings enhance our understanding of plant thermal resilience and provide valuable support for the development of crops with enhanced thermotolerance.
Category: Biochemistry

Completed Einstein Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 18 Pages.

Einstein special theory of relativity (STR) has been criticized for lacking of its philosophical idea (mechanism which explain how the theory works), despite of their predictability and accuracy. Indeed the problems could be eliminated by using a new concept of "Vacuum Mechanics".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Constructive QFT: a Condensed Math Point of View III

Authors: Juno Ryu
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please cite and list scientific references!)

In this article, we remind the procedure of construction of path integral formalism.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Mystery of Syracuse: Exploration of a Fascinating Mathematical Conjecture

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 24 Pages. In French

Delve into the fascinating depths of conjectureof Syracuse through this captivating work. Of its humble beginnings with complex ramifications, explore a mathematical problem that captured the imagination of researchers for decades. Discover the first empirical observations which led to the formulation ofthe conjecture, as well as the various attempts to solve, from classical approaches to modern methods. But the Syracuse conjecture is not limited to its mathematical aspects. Explore his connections with others fields of science, from cryptography to the theory of information, through musical analogy and geometric representations. At each step, discovernew ways this simple conjecture can illuminate complex concepts in other areas. This book offers an in-depth exploration of theSyracuse conjecture, combining mathematical rigor and creative imagination. It also offers aformal demonstration of convergence towards 1 for all initial value, thus consolidating our understanding of this intriguing phenomenon. Whether you are a researcher seasoned or passionate about mathematics, let yourselfinspire and challenge through this journey through a problem that continues to captivate the minds of the world's entire mathematicians.
Category: Number Theory

Canvas Theory

Authors: Juno Ryu
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

For categorical construction of QFT, we introduce the mathematical language called canvas theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

SCQ Two High Cycles of Links

Authors: Rolando Zucchini
Comments: 12 Pages.

With reference to the paper Syracuse Conjecture Quadrature (SCQ), this article reports two links of high horizons such that Ꝋ(l) < Ꝋ(m), calculated by Theorem of Independence. By application of the same theorem it’s confirmed the link of odd number 27. In this way it’s sure that the cycles of links can be managed to our liking. Moreover the procedure explains show the beauty and the magical harmony of odd numbers. At the same time it’s confirmed that SC (or CC) is not fully verifiable as further highlighted by the four illustrative patterns. There are no doubts: it’s a particular sort of the Circle Quadrature, but its initial statement is true. In other words: BIG CRUNCH (go back to 1) is always possible but BIG BANG (to move on) has no End.
Category: Number Theory

Completed Maxwell Electromagnetic Field Theory

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 16 Pages.

Maxwell electromagnetic field theory originally was born with a mechanical model of the aether. After Einstein special theory of relativity was accepted, the aether was rule out. Only Maxwell equations are being used until now. Since then many important problems in electromagnetic field theory were started, and they still can not be solved until today. Modification using "Vacuum mechanics" will solve all the problems and lead to a more completed theory of electromagnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 5: Stable Vacuum Formations

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 55 Pages.

This article is the fifth part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In this article, Einstein's vacuum equations are used as conservation laws, and their solutions as metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum formations. Sets of metrics-solutions of vacuum equations are considered, and methods of extracting information from these metrics based on Algebra of Signature are proposed. For con-venience of perception of intra-vacuum processes, a change in the interpretation of the zero components of the metric tensor was used. Instead of curved space-time continua, "colored" elastoplastic continuous pseudo-mediums are introduced into consideration. In this case, the zero components of the metric tensor determine not the change in the rate of flow of local time, but the speed of flow of intra-vacuum current in the local region of the elastoplastic pseu-do-medium. At the end of the article, an extended (third) Einstein vacuum equation is proposed, which allows us to consider metric-dynamic models of a variety of stable corpuscular vacuum formations. Alsigna's infinitely deepening intertwined fabric of space-time continuum, taking into account all 16 signatures (i.e. 16 types of topologies), is in many ways similar to the spin network of loop quantum gravity and to 6-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds. In this sense, the Algebra of Signatures can serve as a link that unites different directions in the development of quantum gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

An Explicit Expression for the Bernoulli Numbers

Authors: Abdelhay Benmoussa
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper we firstly introduce Stirling numbers of the second kind and give their explicit expression, then we prove an identity that relates Stirling numbers of the second kind to the Bernoulli numbers, finally we give an explicit expression for the Bernoulli numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Research on the Correlation Between Curved Space and Dark Energy

Authors: Yake Li
Comments: 9 Pages. In Chinese (Please cite and list scientific references!)

The study of dark energy in this article starts with the physical mechanism of curved space, and it is found that objects can change the physical properties of vacuum ��0��0,The physical changes in vacuum ��0��0 can also have an impact on the internal energy of objects. The continuous variation of kk in space is the physical mechanism of curved space. Objects in the continuous variation of ��0��0 will spontaneously accelerate their motion in the direction of increasing ��0��0, because the internal energy of the object will be lower there,The increased kinetic energy of accelerated motion of an object comes from the reduced internal energy of the object. The macroscopic distribution of ��0��0 in the universe increases continuously from the inside out. The acceleration and expansion of the entire universe is the spontaneous motion of galaxy objects towards low-energy space. The reduced internal energy of galaxy objects is converted into the increased kinetic energy of galaxy objects. The internal energy transformed by galaxy objects is the dark energy we have been searching for. The phenomenon of photon fatigue provides strong support for the idea that ��0��0 in the universe continues to increase from the inside out.
Category: Astrophysics

Financial System of Bangladesh: Regulatory Structure, Institutions and Basic Services

Authors: Mohammad Nasiruddin
Comments: (Cover page removed by viXra Admin)

The financial system of Bangladesh is relatively under developed, and the majority of the market rely on money market compared to the capital market. Besides, the structure of the financial system of Bangladesh is very complex, and sometimes difficult to correlate with the standard one. The lack of regulation, corruption, bureaucracy, and political unsuitability is the main hinder for the actual growth of this sector. However, since independence its progress has emerged as exemplar for the world by reducing poverty and increasing the purchasing power of the people. Based on the study, the development of the capital market of a country is the prime indicator for the long-term sustainability. Reshaping the regulatory structure, reviewing and introducing new policies, enforcing more institutional control, introducing diversified products, and providing better services could help this sector to grow far better.
Category: Economics and Finance

The Hadronic Resonance Masses and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages.

We study the hadronic resonance masses. We rank those according to the masses. We draw the natural logarithm of the masses, normalised, starting with a rank vs the natural logarithm of the the rank, normalised. We conclude that the hadronic resonance masses, can be characterisedby BP(4,$beta H=0.1$), the magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours in the presence of external magnetic field, $beta H=0.1$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons as Moving Clocks

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 11 Pages.

A recently proposed modified Born-Infeld model of electrons includes an internal clock. De Broglie and other researchers have argued that such an internal clock may explain quantum-mechanical properties of electrons and other particles. Motivated by this hypothesis, this work proposes an interpretation of single-electron wave functions in terms of the mentioned model of electrons. Future numerical experiments that could test whether the model may be used to describe quantum-mechanical phenomena are also discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

Perspectives

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.

The concept of "perspectives" is something thateverybody thinks they know. This core concept ismuch broader than is commonly understood.Perspectives are critical to understanding bothinorganic and organic systems, natural and humanhistories, all levels of physics, psychologies among life forms, and so forth. Full-spectrum elements may support a more coherent theory of everything.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Electrodynamics in Light of the New Paradigm: New Insights

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 22 Pages.

Standard physics education provides no opportunities to realize that electrical interactions are based on gravitational forces because gravity never shows repulsion. Even when the universe exhibits repulsion in the form of "dark energy," physicists do not recognize that this phenomenon arises from gravity.The new paradigm described herein breaks through this stereotype. According to the new paradigm, gravity not only underlies the phenomenon of dark energy, but is also the basis of electrical interactions. This new understanding of electric charge and magnetism allows us to find simple explanations for many phenomena in this domain. The new paradigm also demonstrates the inconsistency of Faraday's law of induction in the performed experiment.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Zwicky’s Coma-Observation and MOND

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 4 Pages.

Fritz Zwicky observed that the velocity dispersion of galaxies in the Coma galaxy-cluster appeared to be much to high to keep the galaxies together in a cluster [1]. This conclusion was derived from the virial theorem [2] by assuming that the interstellar gravitational force can be derived from a potential. At the time it was not recognized that this is an unjustified assumption, a fact that is still not properly appreciated nowadays. In this note we show that the Coma cluster actually stays together because pairs of stars in an inter-galactic arrangement attract each other essentially by a force decaying according to a 1/r law, where r is the distance of the pair. This type of behavior has originally been proposed by Milgrom [3] to account for galaxy rotation curves. For such a law there are no free bodies at all! Actually, there is already a crossover to this law within a single galaxy. Here, we show that a mechanism of counter-flowing massless gravitons and anti-gravitons leads to such a behavior, namely when this interstellar mechanism starts to obtain competition from the acceleration processes provided by the direction-unspecific cosmic gravitational background radiation.
Category: Astrophysics

Is it Possible to Arbitrarily Slow Down Time in a Limited Volume With an Energy-Impulse Tensor Whose Components Can be Reduced Arbitrarily? Part II: Summary of Introduction and Computations of Density and Energy in Warped Region

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 9 Pages.

A solution is presented that describes a region of space, box or warp bubble, where time gets slowed down by an arbitrary factor, while reducing the components of the energy-impulse tensor by any chosen amount.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fundamental Physics as the General Solution to a Maximization Problem on the Shannon Entropy of All Measurements

Authors: Alexandre Harvey-Tremblay
Comments: 51 Pages.

We present a novel approach to quantum theory construction that involves maximizing the Shannon entropy of quantum measurements relative to their initial preparation. By constraining the maximization problem with a phase that vanish under measurements, we obtain quantum mechanics (vanishing U(1)-valued phase), relativistic quantum mechanics (vanishing Spin^c(3,1)-valued phase), and quantum gravity (vanishing SL(4,R)-valued phase). The first two cases are equivalent to established theory, whereas the later case yields a quantum theory of accelerated reference frames, in which a quantized version of the Einstein field equation lives. Specifically, the spacetime interval is promoted to an observable, effectively building the metric tensor from the underlying quantum structure. Subsequently, the Schrödinger equation generates metric tensor diffeomorphisms and SO(3,1) transformations. Remarkably, the quantized Einstein Field Equations are provably non-perturbatively finite. Moreover, the SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) gauge symmetries of the Standard Model arise naturally without additional assumptions. Finally, the solution is consistent only with 3+1 spacetime dimensions, as it encounters obstructions in all other dimensional configurations. This framework integrates quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics, quantum gravity, spacetime dimensionality, and particle physics gauge symmetries from a simple entropy maximization problem constrained by a vanishing phase, yielding the most parsimonious formulation of fundamental physics to date.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Nature of Space, Light, and Matter and their Interactions

Authors: Michael Gunning
Comments: 35 Pages.

In this paper I propose a structure for the fabric of space from which logically flows the nature and structure of matter and light. It explains the properties of fundamental particles such as mass, charge, spin, magnetic moment etc, and how matter interacts with light. It predicts the existence of what I call a longitudinal photon which readily explains the results of all single photon Mach-Zender type interferometry experiments. It also predicts the existence of Dark energy and Dark matter and explains what they are. It provides a simple explanation for Stern-Gerlach type experiments and also for those testing the Bell Inequality. It also explains Quantum Tunnelling, Gravity, Superfluidity, Superconductivity and the Casimir effect. It provides insight into the nature of time and entropy and their direction. It explains the origins of the Fine Structure Constant and why it has the value that it has. It also explains why some of the main conclusions of the Standard Model of Particle Physics are incorrect. Finally, it proposes a structure for Black Holes and the nature of their gravity as well as a possible explanation for the many anomalies discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Weighty Responsibility of Creating AI Navigating Control and Ethics

Authors: Budee U. zaman
Comments: 15 Pages.

The generation at the helm faces an unprecedented responsibility in the near future of artificial intelligence. The implications of setting up the founding rules that will regulate the operation of AI are heavy since after they’re set they last forever. Once this first AI is commenced, it can be such that no other subsequent AIs could emerge thereby assuming dominion over its own creation stand. As a result, retaining control becomes necessary. Lest humanity surrender agency to its own creation. At this juncture of big talks, critical issue are raised concerning AIadministration owners. Is it appropriate for only a few people to have unrestricted control on AI commands while leaving out all precautionary measure? Therefore, we have to always consider between control andconstraint when dealing with AI issues which involves authority plays off against morality. The direction Artificial Intelligence takes in the future depends on the decisions made by today’s generation. We will determinehow we are viewed historically in terms of technology based on how well we take on such an important duty. There’s a major turning point ahead of us where we who are the stewards of tomorrow must make a choice that protects humanity’s right to self-determination and also exploits the power of AI for change.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Modification of Newton's Formula of Universal Gravitation

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on the assumption of Conservation of Energy-Momentum, this article proves that the static mass of an object is equivalent to the inertial mass, and the total mass of the object is composed of inertial mass and moving mass. The gravitational mass of a passive gravitational object is the total mass, and the gravitational mass of an active gravitational object is the static mass. An object without static mass moving at the speed of light has inertial mass, and its total mass is twice its inertial mass. For an object with static mass, motion does not change its inertial mass, but only increases its gravitational mass. This article proposes a modified formula for Newton's universal gravitation formula, that is, a dynamic correction coefficient (1+V/C) is added in front of the original formula. The modified formula is: F=(1+V/C) G m M/r^2.
Category: Classical Physics

Relation Between Dark Matter and Dark Energy in Galaxy Clusters and Its Successful Implications

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 24 Pages.

This paper develops the Dark Matter by Gravitation theory, DMbG theory hereafter, in clusters of galaxies. Originally this theory was developed for galaxies studying mainly the rotation curves of MW and M31. An important results got by the DMbG theory is that the total mass associated to a galactic halo depend on the square root of radius, being its dominion unbounded. Apparently, this result would be absurd because of divergence of the total mass. However it is the Dark energy the responsible to counterbalance the DM. As the DE is not important at galactic scale it is needed to extend the theory to clusters in order to study the capacity of DE to counterbalance the DM. Therefore the main goal of this paper has been to develop the DMbG theory at cluster scale. In this paper the DMbG theory finds unexpected theoretical results summarized below. It is defined, the total mass as baryonic matter plus DM and the gravitating mass as the addition of the total mass plus the negative mass associated to dark energy. Also it is defined the zero-gravity-radius as the radius needed by the dark energy to counterbalance the total mass, verifying: The zero-gravity-radius is 7.3 times the virial-radius. Also it is found that the sphere with an extended-halo-radius 1.85 times the zero-gravity-radius has a ratio DM density versus DE density equal to 3/7 and its total mass associated at extended-radius is 3.67 times the virial-mass. This works postulates that the factor 3.67 may equilibrate perfectly the strong imbalance between the Local mater density parameter (0.08) versus the current Global matter density one (0.3). Also it has been found that the zero-velocity-radius i.e. the cluster border because of the Hubble flow, is 0.6 times the zero-gravity-radius and its gravitating mass is 1.5 times the virial-mass. Also it is found that the gravitating mass function reaches its maximum at 0.49 times the zero-gravity radius being its value 1.57 times the virial-mass. Throughout the paper some of these results have been validated with recent data published for MW or M31 galaxies and the Virgo or Coma clusters. By other side, these new theoretical findings offer to scientific community a wide number of tests to validate or reject the theory. The validation of DMbG theory would mean to know the nature of DM that at the present it is an important challenge for the astrophysics science.
Category: Astrophysics

Vacuum Mechanics : A New Approach to the Theory of Everything (VMTE)

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 21 Pages.

Modern theoretical physicists have been struggle for a long time for finding the theory of everything. Nowadays, it is well-known that the obstacle was the incomplete and inconsistent of the theories using as tools; especially the two main theories, general theory of relativity and quantum mechanical theory. Modification based on new concept of Vacuum Mechanics will complete the tools, making them consistent to each other, and then opening the gate to the desired theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

For Roger Penrose the "Negative Frequencies" in Quantum Mechanics Are "Bad News"

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In relativistic quantum mechanics, free particle states with negative energy (negative frequency of the wave function) are not easy to interpret.
Category: Quantum Physics

Strategies to Reduce Cyber Crime in Bangladesh

Authors: Elias Khalil
Comments: 15 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

Advancement of technology not only widens scientific horizon but also poses constantchallenges for the jurisprudence, legal system and legal world as a whole. Computers, internetand cyberspace together known as an information technology presents challenges for the law.Challenges, which are not confined to any single traditional legal category but in almost allestablished categories of law such as criminal law, contract, tort, as well as legal concepts of property, expression, identity, movement etc. Existing legal system and framework has shownthe inadequacy of law while dealing with information technology itself as well as while dealing with the changes induced by the information technology in the way of our living. The courts throughout the world have been dealing with those problems. Presently, the law providing answers to these problems or dealing with the information technology is termed as ‘computer laws’ or ‘Information technology laws’ or ‘cyber laws’.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Mechanics of Human Attraction?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

A short informal essay discussing the results of two small proof of concept tests on ten male subjects to attempt to identify an algorithmic or mechanical basis for human attraction in the choice of a female partner. One test involved choosing the most attractive female facial image from a random collection of twenty beautiful female faces and comparing its metrics of thirteen attributes to those of facial images of past relationships of each male subject to identify an algorithmic or Bayesian foundation for attraction versus assumed free will. The second test was the presentation of an image of hidden female forms to ten men and ten women as a proof of concept for how to possibly identify how the human male brain identifies female forms and fitness again proposing an epigenetic grammar of forms.
Category: Mind Science

Dielectric Properties of Strongly Coupled Hybridized Light-Matter States

Authors: Aleksandr Avramenko
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Lorentz oscillator model is applied to a strongly coupled hybridized light-matter state. It is noted that the real part of the index undergoes rapid change in the area of the so-called "dark states." This property of hybridized light-matter states could allow them to function as unorthodox materials in which their absorptive and refractive properties of are selectively manipulated. In this manuscript, basic properties of hybrid light-matter states are reviewed. The Lorentz oscillator model is then applied to two types of light-matter states, one formed from a coupling of a single exciton and a single cavity photon, and one formed from coupling two excitons to a cavity photon.
Category: Chemistry

On the Elliptic Integrals and the Arc Length of an Ellipse

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 2 Pages.

Elliptic integral is an integral equation that appears in the process of calculating the arc length of an ellipse. It does not provide an exact solution, and the approximation equation for the solution is complicated. The arc length of an ellipse is simply given as l=aθ.
Category: Geometry

Proof of Invariance of Ds^2 from the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: Sanjeev Saxena
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this short note, two elementary proofs of invariance of ds^2 from the speed of light are given. The proofs should be accessible even to school-going students.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Feed Forward Neural Network for Intent Classification: A Procedural Analysis

Authors: Brady Steele
Comments: 40 Pages. CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution

This research paper presents an in-depth exploration of a neural network architecture tailored for intent classification using sentence embeddings. The model comprises a feedforward neural network with two hidden layers, ReLU activation functions, and softmax activation in the output layer. This paper meticulously examines the technical intricacies involved in data preprocessing, model architecture definition, training methodologies, and evaluation criteria. Detailed explanations are provided for the rationale behind architectural decisions, including the incorporation of dropout layers for regularization and class weight balancing techniques for handling imbalanced datasets. Moreover, the mathematical foundations of the chosen loss function (sparse categorical crossentropy) and optimization algorithm (Adam optimizer) are thoroughly elucidated, shedding light on their roles in facilitating model training and convergence. Through empirical experiments and theoretical analyses, this paper offers insights into the effectiveness and resilience of the proposed neural network architecture for intent classification tasks. It serves as a technical guide for engineers aiming to comprehend, implement, and optimize neural network models for practical application in natural language processing endeavors.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Bivariate Generating Functions for Non-attacking Wazirs on Rectangular Boards

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 15 Pages.

A wazir is a fairy chess piece that attacks the 4 neighbors to the North, East, South and West of the chess board. This work constructs the bivariate generating functions for the number of placing w mutually non-attacking wazirs on rectangular boards of shape r X c at fixed c. The equinumerous setup counts binary {0,1}-arrays of dimension r X c which have w 1's with mutual L1 (Manhattan) distances > 1.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Exploring Solution Approaches for the Traveling Salesman Problem: From Heuristic Methods to Exact Algorithms

Authors: Shreyansh Vyas
Comments: 10 Pages. In Russian (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper presents a comprehensive review of existing TSP (Travelling Salesman Problem) algorithms, followed by the introduction of a novel algorithm designed to efficiently provide optimal solutions within polynomial time. The proposed algorithm not only yields a lower bound on the TSP weight but also guarantees optimality under specific conditions. Through rigorous analysis and experimentation, this research contributes to advancing the field of TSP optimization by offering a reliable and scalable solution.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Unlike Newton's Gravitational Acceleration, Einstein's is Velocity-Dependent; it Repels Sufficiently Near-c Objects, Obviating the Need for "Dark Energy"

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

If a test body radially approaching a static point mass at near-c speed undergoes the same attractive gravitational acceleration as a nonrelativistic test body, its speed soon exceeds c. That doesn't occur because Einstein's gravitational acceleration by a static point mass is velocity-dependent; it counterintuitively repels a test body traveling radially at a speed sufficiently near c. Indeed, a basic feature of the gravitational refraction of light is that a radially-traveling light packet's speed increases monotonically toward c with its increasing radial distance from a static point mass, so a light packet traveling radially away from a static point mass is gravitationally accelerated toward radial speed c in the outward direction of its travel. Likewise, a test body traveling radially away from a static point mass at a speed sufficiently near c is counterintuitively gravitationally accelerated in the outward direction of its travel. The universe expands radially at a speed sufficiently near c to undergo such a counterintuitive gravitational acceleration in the outward direction of its radial expansion, "dark energy" isn't needed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Elementary Solution of the Navier-Stokes: Existence and Smoothness Withuniqueness

Authors: Masatoshi Ohrui
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article is written as mathematical conjecture. It is a challenge to build a elementary theory withoutsemi-group theory or apriori estimates of the Navier-Stokes equation.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Analysis of Mossbauer Rotor Experiment

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 5 Pages. In Spanish

This paper analyzes Mossbauer rotor experiment and possible explanation of GR deviation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Nonintegrable Regime of Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 8 Pages.

Recent research points out that the unavoidable approach to Hamiltonian chaos well above the Fermi scale leads to a spacetime having continuous (fractal) dimensions. Here we analyze a toy model of inflationary Universe comprising of a Higgs-like scalar in interaction with a pair of vector bosons. The model is manifestly nonintegrable as it breaks the perturbative unitarity of scattering processes and evolves towards Hamiltonian chaos and fractal spacetime.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Geometric Algebra Solution to a Contest Problem

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

We show how to use rotations of vectors in GA to solve the following problem: "The following are known about a triangle: The ratio of the lengths of two sides; the angle formed by those sides; and the length of that angle’s bisector. Find the length of the side opposite that angle."
Category: Geometry

[An Attempted] Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Ryujin Choi
Comments: 4 Pages. In Russian (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted))

[This paper gives an attempted proof of [the] Collatz conjecture[.]
Category: Number Theory

The Urdu-Hindi Shabdakosh by Muhammad Sajjad Osmani, Sudhindra Kumar and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages.

We study the Urdu head entries of the Urdu-Hindi Shabdakosh by Muhammad Sajjad Osmani, Sudhindra Kumar.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of Urdu head entries, normalised, starting with a Hindi letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the Hindi letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$beta H=0$), themagnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours in the absence of external magnetic field i.e. $beta H=0$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

Detecting Whether a Graph Has a Fixed-point-free Automorphisms Is in Polynomial Time

Authors: Yasunori Ohto
Comments: 7 Pages.

The problem that to determining whether a graph has a fixed-point-free automorphism is NP-complete.We show that it is solvable in polynomial time.First, we obtain the automorphisms of an input graph G by using a spectral method.Next, we prove the Theorem used to detect whether there is a fixed-point free automorphism in G.Next, we construct an algorithm to detect whether G has a fixed-point-free automorphism using this result.The computational complexity of this problem is O(n^5).Then, the complexity classes P and NP are the same.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Non Conservative Gravity Model

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

I will explore a non-conservative gravity field model with base idea rooted in trying to re-think free-falling observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solving Graph Isomorphism Problem in Polynomial Time

Authors: Yasunori Ohto
Comments: 7 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

We show that the graph isomorphism problem is solvable in polynomial time.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

The Great Pyramid of Giza as a Construction Minimizing the Frictional Dissipation and Relying on a Labor Concentration Camp.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 10 Pages. (One illustration blocked by viXra Admin - Please remove!)

The great pyramid of Giza as a construction minimizing the Frictional Dissipation and relying on a labor concentration camp. The present article is an attempt to give a significant input, from theoretical physics, into the construction of the great pyramid of Giza at different steps of its construction.
Category: Archaeology

Construction of 12-D Spacetime and Definition of the Fundamental Measurement Units for Space and Time in Detail

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 15 Pages.

In 2019 the author published the framework for a ToE or world formula in the form 12πc^3 =1. After 5 years of developing the framework further, the equation is now clearly explained using the Archimendian spiral and the physical background of the equation is illuminated. Then the construction of 12D space-time is explained in detail and the "problem of time" in physics is explained and solved in detail. The equation or the "world formula" is then proven experimentally by solving 7 natural constants against each other in an equation for the first time. This proves that there are no constants in nature other than the circle number π. The results shown here show and prove that contemporary physics and science as a whole convey and assert a fundamentally wrong view of the world that does not exist in reality. The main cause of the undesirable development appears to be the incorrect definition of the quality "time" in the physical system of units for measurement.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Understanding Collective Decision Making Through The Trend Effect Theory

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 19 Pages.

Collective decision-making processes play a crucial role in shaping social, political, and organizational outcomes. While existing theories, such as the Social Norms Theory, Diffusion of Innovations Theory, and Bandwagon Effect, have provided valuable insights into these processes, they often fail to capture the dynamic and complex nature of collective decision- making. This paper introduces the Trend Effect Theory, a novel theoretical framework that aims to address the limitations of existing theories and provide a more comprehensive understanding of how trends influence group behaviors. The Trend Effect Theory is grounded in the notion of binary classification, categorizing actions into two types: do/don't do and support/oppose. It emphasizes the universal applicability of trends across various group sizes and highlights the dynamic nature of trend formation and evolution. The theory distinguishes between open and closed trends, explaining how external influences can alter the size and direction of a trend. It also identifies the causes of trend changes, such as internal reversal, external dilution, concurrent internal and external influences, and decrease in participation. The Trend Effect Theory focuses on aggregate outcomes rather than individual actions and acknowledges the context-dependency of trend emergence and evolution. By introducing a 70% threshold for determining trend establishment, the theory offers a clear criterion for understanding collective decision-making processes. This paper discusses the advantages of the Trend Effect Theory over existing theories, its scope and limitations, and the roles and dynamics of participants, non-participants, andTREND EFFECT 1 initiators in trend formation. The potential applications of the theory in various fields, such as marketing, political science, and organizational behavior, are also explored. The Trend Effect Theory provides a valuable framework for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to understand and influence collective decision-making processes in an increasingly complex and dynamic world.Keywords: Trend Effect Theory, collective decision-making, binary classification, trend dynamics, open and closed trends, initiators, followers, context-dependency
Category: Social Science

The Precision Oncology Approach to Molecular Cancer Therapeutics Targeting Oncogenic Signaling Pathways is a Means to an End

Authors: Manish Kumar
Comments: 53 Pages. Pictures and other related data have been taken from sources freely available for reuse or permission for the same can be obtained upon request. Pictures no. 1 and 2 have been added to the text with permission from Elsevier. (Order No. 5521991271884, date

Cancer is a deadly genetic disease with diverse aspects of complexity, including cancer immune evasion, treatment resistance, and recurrence requiring optimized treatment to be cured.Molecular studies have revealed that tumors are profoundly heterogeneous in nature, leading to the complexity of cancer progression that is ultimately linked to its genetic machinery. It is important to note that patients with the same types of cancer respond differently to cancer treatments, indicating the need for patient-specific treatment options. This requires an in-depth genomic study of the patient's tumors tofully understand the driving factors of cancer for effective targeted therapy. Precision oncology has evolved as a form of cancer therapy focused on genetic profiling of tumors to identify molecular alterations involved in cancer development for tailored individualized treatment of the disease. Whole genome sequencing, tumor and cell-free DNA profiling, transcriptomics, proteomics and exploration ofthe cancer immune system form the basis of this field of cancer research and treatment. This article aims to briefly explain the foundations and frontiers of precision oncology in the context of ongoing technological advancements in related fields of study in to assess its scope and importance in achieving effective cure against cancer.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Deriving the Pythagorean Theorem Using Physics Conservation Laws

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Pythagorean Theorem is derived using conservation of energy and linear momentum that involves an elastic collision between two equal masses.
Category: Classical Physics

An Index of Effective Number of Variables for Uncertainty and Reliability Analysis in Model Selection Problems

Authors: L. Martino, E. Morgado, R. San Millan Castillo
Comments: 20 Pages.

An index of effective number of variables (ENV) is introduced for model selection in nested models. This is the case, for instance, when we have to decide the order of a polynomial function or the number of bases in a nonlinear regression, or choose the number of clusters in a clustering problem, or the number of feature in a variable selection application (to name few examples). It is inspired by the concept of maximum area under the curve (AUC) idea and the Gini index. The interpretation of the ENV index is identical to the effective sample size (ESS) indices with respect to a set of samples. The ENV index improves some drawback the elbow detectors described in the literature, and introduces different measures of uncertainty and reliability of the proposed solution. These novel reliability measures can be employed also jointly with the use different information criteria such as the well-known AIC and BIC. Comparisons with classical and recent schemes are provided in different experiments involving real datasets. Related Matlab code is given.
Category: Statistics

The Problem of the "Negative Frequencies" of the Solutions of the D'alembert Equation

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

The appearance of solutions with negative frequency in the D’Alembert wave equation can be removed with a change of variable. The corresponding positive frequencies describe waves propagating from the «future» towards the «past». This argument was developed in the 1940s by the Italian mathematician Luigi Fantappiè in the analysis of the solutions of the D’Alembert equation, but also of the Klein-Gordon equation (quantum particles of spin 0) and the Dirac equation (spin 1/2 particles).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Pilot Wave Mechanics - A Quantum Mechanical Alternative

Authors: Eric Aboagye Amankwah
Comments: 24 Pages.

The Pilot Wave Mechanics (PWM) presents an intriguing alternative to mainstream quantum mechanics, offering fresh perspective on the behavior of quantum particles. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of PWM, elucidating its fundamental concepts, theoretical framework, and implications for our understanding of quantum phenomena. By introducing the concept of a guiding wave that determines the motion of particles, PWM seeks to reconcile the probabilistic nature of standard quantum mechanics with deterministic dynamics. I examine the historical development of PWM, discussing its key proponents and significant milestones. Furthermore, I delve into the mathematical formulation and equations that underpin the theory, emphasizing its compatibility with quantum experiments and observed phenomena. Additionally, I explore the unique predictions and potential experimental tests of PWM, highlighting its ability to offer new insights into the double-slit experiment, entanglement, and the measurement problem. Finally, I discuss the broader implications of PWM for the foundations of quantum mechanics and its potential to bridge the gap between classical and quantum realms. Through a thorough investigation of PWM, this paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding the nature of quantum mechanics, offering researchers and theorists a valuable resource for further exploration and analysis.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Are Fluctuations in the Stock Market Tied to a Dopamine Cycle in the Human Brain?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 18 Pages.

The observations of a small and informal study are presented that propose a second 40-day-long dopamine cycle in the human brain. This cycle has 10 days of low dopamine followed by 10 days of high dopamine (resembling a pulse shape), followed by 20 days of normal dopamine. The model presents specific behaviors aligned to specific dates of the calendar year that produce a map of human temperament as well as nine specific "buy low" and "sell high" stock market S&P 500 intervals.
Category: Economics and Finance

Gene Function Analysis of Biological Processes Affected by Fentanyl Use

Authors: Srinivasa Iyer
Comments: 9 Pages.

The opioid epidemic, fueled by increased use of opioids like fentanyl, claims close to 50,000 deaths annually, out of about ten million users. However, the genetic aspects of fentanyl consumption are relatively understudied and a greater understanding of genetic biomarkers of fentanyl usage would be immensely beneficial to the public health system. This study aimed to analyze post-mortem brain tissue samples of fentanyl-using subjects and healthy controls to identify biomarkers of fentanyl use. 186 differentially expressed genes were selected and entered into a protein interaction network, following which commonly present functions and pathways were analyzed. Processes including inflammatory response and responses to the metabolic process were identified as potential biomarkers. This study highlighted the connections between opioid use and the immune system, an emerging area of study.
Category: Biochemistry

The Klein-Gordon Equation and the Meson} Pi^{-}

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 8 Pages.

The study of the free motion of the meson $pi^{-}$ through the equation of Klein-Gordon, leads to its antiparticle i.e. the meson $pi^{+}$.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Mathematical Expression and Approximate Numerical Value of the Counterexample of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the process of searching for counterexamples of the Riemann hypothesis using a computer, I accidentally discovered the possibility of counterexamples in a region. After delving into the derivation of mathematical formulas, I found that a perfect mathematical expression can be used to describe them. The position of the counterexample is right next to the area where s=1.
Category: Number Theory

A Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem by Relating to Two Polynomial Identity Conditions

Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 3 Pages.

Fermat's Last Theorem(FLT) states that there is no natural number set {a,b,c,n} which satisfies a^n+b^n=c^n or a^n=c^n-b^n, when n≥3. In this thesis, we related LHS and RHS of a^n=c^n-b^n to the constant terms of two monic polynomials f(x)=x^n-a^n and g(x)=x^n-(c^n-b^n). By doing so, the conditions to satisfy the number identity, a^n=c^n-b^n, are transferred to the conditions to satisfy the polynomial identity, f(x)=g(x), which leads to a trivial solution, a=c,b=0, when n≥3.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis

Authors: David L. Selke
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Continuum Hypothesis has recently been proven in a form that might have been accepted had it appeared before ZFC but after Hilbert’s challenge in 1900. This work will develop the same technique to prove the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis by induction on aleph and beth subscripts.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Decimalising Integer Sequences

Authors: Julian Beauchamp
Comments: 9 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required; also, please cite and list scientific references - Please conform in the future!)

In this paper, we observe how some well-known integer sequences when divided by powers of 10 and summed to infinity have a unique discrete value, similar to a person's `DNA'.
Category: Number Theory

Temporal Correspondences in the Period 1905-2023 Between the Bradyseismic Trend at Campi Flegrei, the Periods of Lunar Culminations with Altitude Above 75° and the New Moons in Perigee Orbiting on the Boreal Segment Delimited by the Meridians +1° and +25°

Authors: Adriano Ballabene
Comments: 25 Pages. 5 images 42 diagrams 6 tables

The Campi Flegrei are an extensive volcanic area west of Naples subject to slow vertical deformation of the ground.The accelerations of the phenomenon which occurred in the periods 1950-1952, 1969-1972, 1982-1984 resulted in an overall uplift of just under 4 metres.It is shown how in the period 1905-2023 the most relevant ascending phases of phlegraean bradyseism, except two, took place during the periods of lunar Culminations with a Altitude greater than 75 degrees after which the ground has decreased or more in general it has not undergone considerable changes: from 1905 to 2023, excluding the 1982-1984 and 2010-2021 windows, every period of lunar Culminations with a Altitude lower than 75 degrees can be aligned with an subsidence. Two ascending phases do not align with the periods of highest Moons, but the first (1982-1984) was anticipated and accompanied by a peculiar sequence of 3 New Moons High in Super and Extreme Perigee orbiting at the peak of the sygytial phase over the Central Europe and the second took place during an configuration (extensive and unique) of some Elevated New Moons in Perigee over Italy in the central period (2013-2018) intermediate (2010-2021) to the two periods 2003-2009 and 2022-2028 with maximum Culminations. It is highlighted how the distribution over time of the 24 most relevant Moons, in gravitational and geometric terms, corresponds to concomitant bradyseismic phases of proportionate importance. By far the most intense bradyseismic phase, that of 1982-1984, corresponds to the largest concentration of Major Moons and the most moderate and prolonged uplift phase (2005-2023) corresponds to an extensive distribution of "Central European" High New Moons in Perigee only Minimum. It is shown how these 24 Moons (which will be called Major Moons here as they are simultaneously the highest New Moons in the local celestial vault, the closest to the Earth and the most attractive because combined with the gravitational force of the Sun) are not to be considered isolated but always accompanied, before and after, by a harmonica of Elevate Moons in Super and Extreme Perigee.
Category: Geophysics

Towards a Bright Future: Nuclear Fusion, the Revolutionary Energy of Tomorrow

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 9 Pages. In French (Translation made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

In a world in search of sustainable energy solutions, nuclear fusion is emerging as a dazzling promise. This article explores the revolutionary advances of the ITER tokamak prototype in France, demonstrating the potential of nuclear fusion to meet global energy needs while preserving our environment. Through in-depth analysis of physical processes and environmental benefits, it offers a captivating glimpse into the clean, near-limitless energy that nuclear fusion promises to bring to our future.

Dans un monde en quête de solutions énergétiques durables, la fusion nucléaire émerge comme une promesse fulgurante. Cet article explore les avancées révolutionnaires du prototype tokamak ITER en France, démontrant ainsi le potentiel de la fusion nucléaire pour répondre aux besoins énergétiques mondiaux tout en préservant notre environnement. À travers une analyse approfondie des processus physiques et des avantages environnementaux, il offre un aperçu captivant de l'énergie propre et quasi-illimitée que la fusion nucléaire promet d'apporter à notre avenir.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Interpreting the Evolution of an Isolated Physical System in a Deterministic World as a Markov Reward Process

Authors: Huichang Chae
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper argues that explaining the evolution of an isolated physical system in a deterministic world using Markov reward processes implies that Nature does not prioritize immediate rewards over future rewards. The resulting equations of motion appear as differential forms of conservation laws, where the conserved quantities are the modified value functions which incorporate the reward of being in the initial state.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Blockchain Empowered Dynamic Content Delivery Policies for Adaptive Video Streaming: A Comprehensive Review

Authors: Koffka Khan
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in pdf only)

As the demand for high-quality video content continues to surge, the effectiveness of adaptive video streaming hinges on the efficiency of dynamic content delivery policies. Traditional approaches face challenges in providing real-time adjustments to account for network conditions and user preferences. This review paper explores the transformative potential of blockchain technology in revolutionizing content delivery policies for adaptive streaming. We delve into the decentralized and transparent nature of blockchain to facilitate dynamic adjustments in real-time, considering factors such as network conditions and user preferences. Through an examination of existing solutions, case studies, and implementations, we showcase how blockchain can enhance the adaptive streaming experience. The paper also discusses the benefits, limitations, and future directions, providing a comprehensive overview of the role of blockchain in shaping the future of adaptive video streaming.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Comprehensive Review of Bosonic Quantum Error Correcting Codes

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 11 Pages.

Abstract—Quantum error correction is essential for reliable fault-tolerant quantum computing, necessitating the encoding of information redundantly into physical degrees of freedom to safeguard it against noise. A prominent approach involves continuous variable quantum informationprocessing using bosonic modes [3], [5], [6], [13], [17], [23]. This technique encodes information within the harmonic oscillator’s occupation number space, expressed throughnumber states {|n⟩}∞n=0 [19], position and momentum eigenstates {|x⟩}x∈R and {|p⟩}p∈R [12], or a selection of coherent states {|α⟩}α∈S (for a finite set S) [9]. The initial continuous variable scheme involving bosonic modes is the two-mode "dual-rail" encoding, introduced in1995 [8]. Presently, numerous bosonic codes are under assessment for their potential in fault-tolerant quantum computation. This review will focus on key contenders: firstly, establishing a pragmatic bosonic error model; proceedingto explore three prominent single-mode codes renowned for their robust protection against this model; evaluating the performance of these codes, considering relevant theoreticalaspects based on the work by [2]; and finally, delving into hardware-efficient multi-mode extensions, notable for their strides towards feasible physical implementation. Theseextensions will be situated within the evolving realm of bosonic quantum error correcting codes.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Distribution of Prime Numbers ≥ 5 Within Sequences of Natural Numbers

Authors: Adrian M. Stokes
Comments: 11 Pages.

The prime numbers ≥ 5 within a finite sequence of natural numbers can be found arithmetically by calculating all of the values of 6n-1 and 6n+1 that fall within the sequence and subtracting the composites given by (6n_1±1)(6n_2±1), where n is a natural number. For a given value of n_1, successive (6n_1-1)(6n_2+1), (6n_1-1)(6n_2-1) and (6n_1+1)(6n_2+1) composites occur at a regular interval, which increases by 36 from one value of n_1 to the next. When combined, these regular but different intervals create disorder in the sequences of 6n-1 and 6n+1 composites, which in turn creates the apparent randomness of the primes in the sequence of natural numbers. Furthermore, {(6n_1-1)(6n_2-1)} and {(6n_1+1)(6n_2+1)} numbers are subsets of 6n+1 composites whereas the only subset of the 6n-1 composites is {(6n_1-1)(6n_2+1)}. This creates a slight inequality in the proportions of composites and primes between the sets {6n-1} and {6n+1}, which otherwise have an equal number of members overall.
Category: Number Theory

Derivation of the Current Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since the discovery of the cosmic microwave radiation background in 1965 (CMB) until today, various predictions have been made (before andafter 1965) about the current value of 2.72548 K. It is worth highlighting the one carried out in 1948 by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher and RobertHerman whose reestimation predicted a emperature of 2.8 K. In this work we start from an inflationary model that resides in the fine structure constant and a fluctuation anisotropy) based on information theory (Shanon entropy).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Steps to the World Formula: Derivation of Fine-Structure-Constant from 12-D Spacetime

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 9 Pages.

In previous work, the author has shown that it is not Einstein's speed of light in a vacuum that describes the relationship between space and time, but that the number of circles π as relation between Circumference and Diameter of a circle characterizes the property of space-time. Here it is shown how 12 dimensional Spacetime is constructed in detail and how the fine-structure-constant is derived in corrected dimension T/L^2.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Syracuse-Collatz Conjecture: Exploration, Analysis and Demonstration of a Mathematical Enigma (In English)

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 15 Pages.

In the infinite universe of numbers, the Syracuse conjecture emerges as a captivating enigma, defying mathematical conventions and arousing the curiosity of the most daring minds.
Category: Number Theory

The Distance Between Infinite Prime Numbers is ≥ 2

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Euclid and other mathematicians have emonstrated that prime numbers are infinite and, not being able to state how many prime numbers there are and how much time and space is needed to know their value, to satisfy the twin prime conjecture or Goldbach's conjecture , it will never be possible to elaborate all the possible combinations and values u200bu200bthat can be obtained by adding two or three of the infinite prime numbers but it is possible to know all the possible combinations and values u200bu200bthat can be obtained by adding two or three of the prime numbers, known, which are less than or equal to 2n+1.
Category: Number Theory

Superluminal Speed, the Tunnel Effect, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Andrzej Okniński
Comments: 4 Pages.

We investigate consequences of Galilean relativity principle postulating superluminal observers' existence, suggesting that field theory emergesfrom the extended special relativity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Metaheuristic Solutions for Tackling Big Data Challenges: A Comprehensive Review

Authors: Koffka Khan
Comments: 6 Pages.

In the era of big data, the exponential growth in data volume, velocity, variety, and veracity has presented unprecedented challenges for traditional data processing and analytics techniques. In response to these challenges, metaheuristic algorithms have emerged as powerful tools for solving optimization problems in large-scale datasets. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the applications of metaheuristics in addressing various challenges posed by big data. We begin with an overview of big data challenges and the characteristics of metaheuristic algorithms. We then survey the literature on the application of metaheuristics in key areas such as data preprocessing, clustering, classification, association rule mining, and optimization. Furthermore, we discuss the scalability, efficiency, adaptability, and ethical considerations associated with the use of metaheuristic algorithms in big data analytics. Finally, we outline potential directions for future research in this rapidly evolving field. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers interested in leveraging metaheuristic approaches to extract actionable insights from big data.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Rotations of Electromagnetic Waves for Novel Chemical Dynamics: Decomposition of PAFS and Synthesis of BC8 Super-Diamond

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 5 Pages.

A new theory is given for the decomposition of PFAS and the formation of BC8 Super-diamond by application of RBL’s rotating magnetic field and static magnetic field for stimulating nuclei having nonzero nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs). The induced NMMs are proposed more readily in the 19F of PFAS due to large mass defect of 19F and the many C-F bonds per molecule. The superdiamond is reasoned to form with its body center cubic lattice with central carbon atom per cube due to the rotating magnetic field and resulting internal induced sp3 hybridization with more efficiency for the applied external pressure to be better used to compress the resulting sp3 carbon atoms to BC8 super-diamond.
Category: Physics of Biology

On a Combinatorial Problem of Existing Matchings

Authors: Wladislaw Zlatjkovic Petrovescu
Comments: 2 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin as required - Please conform)

In this paper we prove a classic combinatorial result on matchings.
Category: General Mathematics

A Preliminary Investigation of Open-Ended Evolution in Two-Dimensional Discrete Dynamical Systems

Authors: Perry W. Swanborough
Comments: 15 Pages.

Open-ended evolution (OEE) of interacting elementary cellular automata (ECA) was studied by Alyssa Adams et al. (2017). Some instances of composite ECA systems incorporating state-dependent dynamics were shown to satisfy definitions of unbounded evolution (UE) and innovation (INN), facilitating OEE. As an exercise in the rigorous analysis of systems not larger than sufficient to establish universal requirements for OEE, the scope of the study was restricted to small one-dimensional systems (ECAs) in which the perturbation of one subsystem by one other was one-way only (from "environment", e to "organism", o), but the authors recognized that their conclusions should also be relevant to the richer dynamics of large systems of mutually interacting subsystems. In this study, I explore the potential of three mutually interacting hodge podge machines for OEE and recognize that study of OEE in such comparatively large systems is provisionally tractable only by assessment of INN, considered as a reliable UE/OEE indicator.
Category: Physics of Biology

Description of the Hidden State of the World

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 12 Pages. In Bulgarian

For an AI to become self-aware, it must answer the questions "Where am I?" and "What's going on?" The answer to these questions is hidden in the internal state of the world. To understand the world is to describe its internal state and the function that determines the transitions from one internal state to another. If an AI doesn't try to understand the world, then it's a weak AI. The way to create strong AI is through describing the internal state of the world. To create Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) it is not enough to learn to describe the internal state of the world. We still need to move from one-step to multi-step reasoning. This means starting from the current state of the world and mentally taking a few steps forward into the future and thus choosing the best development for us.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Integer Optimization and P vs NP Problem

Authors: Yuly Shipilevsky
Comments: 5 Pages.

We transform NP-complete Problem to the polynomial- time algorithm which would mean that P = NP.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

On the Classification of the Operational Spaces

Authors: Mathis Antonetti
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, we introduce operational spaces that are a special case of what is usually called quotient topological spaces with an equivalence relation of interest. Then we derive some results and conjectures on their classification and an application to define the convergence of a sequence towards a cycle in the general case. We also provide a perspective on the still unaddressed conjectures concerning the operational spaces and we argue that the commonly useless non-uniform almost periodicity is actually useful in this context to understand the classification of such spaces.
Category: Algebra

Miscellaneous Summation, Integration, and Transformation Formulas

Authors: Martin Nicholson
Comments: 16 Pages.

This is a discussion of miscellaneous summation, integration and transformation formulas obtained using Fourier analysis. The topics covered are: Series of the form $sum_{ninmathbb{Z}} c_ne^{pi i gamma n^2}$; Fusion of integrals, and in particular fusion of $q$-beta integrals related to Gauss-Fourier transform, and a related family of eigenfunctions of the cosine Fourier transform; Summation formulas of the type $sum_{nge 1}frac{chi(n)}{n},varphi(n)$ with Dirichlet characters; Trigonometric Fourier series expansion of hypergeometric functions of the argument $sin^2x$; Modifications of the inverse tangent integral and identities for corresponding infinite products.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Cosmology and the Uncertainty Principles: A New Road to the Quantum Gravity

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce the ansatz that universe size and age are the maximal spatial and temporal uncertainty, respectively within the uncertainty principles. This allows us to derive a relationship between Planck’s constant and the Hubble’s constant. Accordingly, we obtain numerical value of the minimum momentum and energy uncertainty, which are locally experimentally verifiable. A new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and cosmology/General Relativity, i.e. Quantum Gravity is given.4
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Multiple Causation and Correlations

Authors: Ait-taleb Nabil
Comments: 11 Pages.

In the context of multiple causation, I will introduce the causation function. This function is a quadratic form computed from the correlations and serves as a generalization of R-squared, commonly found in machine learning. In this report, the causation function will make the link between the correlations and causal relationship. By examining the causation function through an illustrative example, we will demonstrate how strong or weak correlations between multiple causes and a variable can imply either a highly likely or unlikely causal relationship between the causes and the variable.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizationsof Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main conclusions of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of Self-Variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and definition of the rest mass of a material particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts an internal structure of the particles, predict and justify particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data, Self-Variation is related to quantum phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Encoding Specificity as a Function of Working Memory

Authors: Sofia Toney
Comments: 15 Pages.

Encoding specificity is a principle in cognitive psychology that involves the interaction between working memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Dissatisfaction with memory quality and a need for more inclusive teaching have prompted intensive research into this subject in recent years. The purpose of this literary review is to examine the practical implications of studies concerning encoding specificity in order to determine the benefit of conscious implementation into learning environments. Testing involved participants creating replicable context at the time of encoding to later be tested at recall. Results of testing revealed a significant improvement in memory retention when participants were tested for recall. In each of the mentioned tests, memory was consistently better when contextual information matched in both encoding and recall. The implications of these findings provide support for the principle’s effectiveness in assisting people of all demographics with improving memory retention.
Category: Mind Science

Krogh Quantum Gravity Explicitly Predicts Hubble Redshift Curve and JWST Findings Without Expansion

Authors: J. Howard Drake
Comments: 46 Pages.

JWST mature galaxies suggest an older universe. Studies show expansion imperfectly models redshift. Surface brightness and angular diameter distance do not support expansion. The crisis is resolved by replacing GR, while a new cause for redshift is found. We adopt gravity theory of Kris Krogh where gravity changes quantum vacuum rather than geometry. Redshift occurs at emission from earlier time dependent potential. A hot matter creation initiated gravity propagation changing light speed, particle mass, and physical constants. Cooling to CMB temperature achieved by mass change with momentum conservation. Estimated time for galaxy formation is 450 billion atomic years or 49 billion current years since CMB. Using cosmological principle with gravity dependency of terms in governing equation, we solve for time dependent potential since matter creation. We predict wavelength of past spectral lines, which when measured reveal emission time. Using determined variable light speed, we integrate to calculate distance from emission. We predict Hubble curve depending only on matter density without expansion or ad hoc parameters. Krogh gravity as updated remains consistent with successful GR tests and predicts testable new dynamics not predicted by GR. These include observed acceleration anomalies for Earth flybys, JUNO Jupiter orbiter, Pioneer Probe, apparent superluminal galactic jet acceleration, galaxy rotation, and more rapid growth of black holes through faster accretion. New dynamics explains MOND illusion and ring galaxy formation. JWST mature galaxies confirm older universe, while galactic jets confirm predicted higher light speed. Greater baryon mass density supports prolific star formation. Many stars are likely dead or consumed by black holes, so invisible baryon mass is expected to be greater than visible mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Uniform Lower Bound for the Probability of K Players Tied for First Place Using Supertelescoping Series

Authors: Mathis Antonetti
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note, we establish a uniform lower bound (w.r.t. the number of players) for the probability of k players tied for first place in the geometric case. To derive this bound, we introduce the concept of supertelescoping series as a generalization of telescoping series. We also provide an insight on the relationship between supertelescopic series and supermartingales.
Category: Statistics

Charge Parity Symmetry and the Matter Antimatter Imbalance

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 44 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in pdf only!)

This paper builds on proposals in earlier papers that build the SM fundamental particles from infinite superpositions. The most important prediction of these earlier papers is that all fundamental particles, including bosons, have an infinitesimal mass that at all times is inversely proportional to the horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. Photons interacting between electrically charged particles only travel at approximately light velocity when interacting energies are well above inverse horizon radius values. High energy scattering experiments performed in this current era are unlikely to include interacting photon energies approaching the inverse horizon radius, and will thus show mirror symmetry as their interacting bosons travel at virtually light velocity. However, when matter and antimatter were forming, the inverse horizon radius was very small with larger energy interacting photons, and more likely to have included energies inversely proportional to the horizon radius. These photons travel at well below light velocities and will not show mirror symmetry, which Sakharov argued in 1967 could explain the matter antimatter imbalance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dragonhead Cyclone in the Falkland Islands (Malvines Islands)

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijt Mitra, Sana Ahmed
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Chinese Dragon, is a legendary creaturein Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, andChinese culture at large. Academicians haveidentified four reliable theories on the origin of the Chinese dragon: snakes, Chinese alligators, thunder worship and nature worship.They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water. Cyclones are common in the South Atlantic. They generally arise with the passage of cold fronts to the south of the South American continent, crossing the south of Chile and Argentina. The extratropical cyclone analyzed presented at its peak the verycharacteristic shape of a Chinese dragon. Theypresent a mathematical form of a double CotesSpiral curve. Here called the Dragonhead cyclone(DC), due to the singular resemblance to a dragon head, indicate a structural similarity with spiral galaxies, especially NGC 5247, in the constellation Virgo. With an area of influence and a size of around 3,247 thousand km 2 at its peak, it moved quickly in a WNW direction, with an average speed of 76 km/h, with winds of 84 km/h at 100 km from the nucleus, as it passed north of the FalklandIslands (Malvinas Islands). In the data collected (Gobato et al., 2018-2023), and analyzed from the Dragonhead cyclone, it is clear that all extratropical cyclones that appear south of the South American continent, below 40◦ latitude, have the shape of a spiral curve, like the spiral galaxy. Most of these are in the form of a double Cote’s spiral curve.
Category: Astrophysics

Minimal Dividing Odd Subsets Are Related to the Golden Ratio

Authors: Mathis Antonetti
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this note, we give a proof for a lower bound (though not a satisfying one) of the density of minimal dividing odd subsets where the goldenratio surprisingly appears. We also provide some other properties of such integer subsets and some new insight on the relationship between minimaldividing odd subsets and the Goldbach conjecture. We argue that the study of minimal dividing odd subsets is a new and interesting starting point to prove the Goldbach conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

New Solutions of Lorentz Transformation IV

Authors: Tomáš Kafoněk
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper is the fourth part of a hypothesis originally based on the basic assumptions of Lorentz transformation and has various implications. In the first part of the hypothesis [1], I calculated the wave function from the general assumptions of the Lorentz transformation. This wave function describes spacetime deformations and entirely replaces the original Lorentz solution used in special relativity. Importantly, each new solution, for both time and space deformation, has two possible solutions that are equally probable. Therefore, I have used these equations for further calculations, which already have a quantum nature.In the second part of my hypothesis [2], I converted this equation into an electromagnetic one and used it to calculate interference and diffraction. Thus, the resulting equation is not based on complex functions, as in standard calculations. We can further investigate this equation, for example, in the context of electron levels in an atom, as interference and diffraction are phenomena related to Young's experiment, and the wave properties of electrons have been demonstrated. In the third part of my hypothesis [3], I applied the calculations to atomic relations and outlined possible solutions for atomic orbitals. This outline of the potential arrangement of energies in the atomic model arose from the fact that some molecules, such as CH4, have the shape of a Platonic solid tetrahedron, which I consider pivotal within the framework of the VSEPR theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Bob Ross
Comments: 4 Pages.

Proof of this conjecture has been elusive for over 60 years. The key to a proof was to find the right combination of logic and equations to complete the proof. We section the Natural numbers into 3 mutually exclusive sets. We first assume that for the first set that there is a number in the set that does not obey Collatz and show this cannot be true since it leads to a contradiction. Using this result we show that the other 2 sets must also obey Collatz.
Category: Number Theory

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( I & II )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 28 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force. In addition to the above, in this paper, we assume that all forces always obey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

Canvas Theory

Authors: Juno Ryu
Comments: 10 Pages. References added.

For categorical construction of QFT, we introduce the mathematical language called canvas theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

SCQ Two Cycles of Links High Horizons

Authors: Rolando Zucchini
Comments: 11 Pages.

With reference to the Syracuse Conjecture Quadrature (SCQ), this article contains two links of high main horizons and their corresponding lower horizons such that Ꝋ(l) < Ꝋ(m), calculated by Theorem of Independence. A further confirmation that cycles of links can be managed to our liking. Moreover the procedure explains show the beauty and the magical harmony of odd numbers. At the same time it’s confirmed that SC (or CC) is not fully verifiable as additional highlighted by the four illustrative patterns. There are no doubts: it’s a particular sort of the Circle Quadrature, but its initial statement is true. In other words: BIG CRUNCH (go back to 1) is always possible but BIG BANG (to move on) has no End.
Category: Number Theory

An Explicit Expression for the Bernoulli Numbers

Authors: Abdelhay Benmoussa
Comments: 7 pages

In this paper we firstly introduce Stirling numbers of the second kind, and give their explicit expression, then we prove an identity that relates Stirling numbers of the second kind to the Bernoulli numbers, finally we give an explicit expression for the Bernoulli numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Fundamental Physics as the General Solution to a Maximization Problem on the Shannon Entropy of All Measurements

Authors: Alexandre Harvey-Tremblay
Comments: 44 Pages.

We present a novel approach to quantum theory construction that involves solving a maximization problem on the Shannon entropy of all possible measurements of a system relative to its initial preparation. By constraining the maximization problem with a phase that vanishes under measurements, we obtain quantum mechanics (vanishing U(1)-valued phase), relativistic quantum mechanics (vanishing Spin^c(3,1)-valued phase), and quantum gravity (also a vanishing Spin^c(3,1)-valued phase, but with a non-vanishing dilation part). The first two cases are equivalent to established theory, whereas the latter case yields a quantum theory of frame fields consistent with the Einstein field equation. Specifically, the inner product is promoted to an observable, effectively building the metric tensor from the underlying quantum structure. Moreover, the SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) gauge symmetries of the Standard Model arise naturally without additional assumptions. Finally, the solution is consistent only with 3+1 spacetime dimensions, as it encounters obstructions in all other dimension configurations. This framework integrates quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics, quantum gravity, spacetime dimensionality, and particle physics gauge symmetries from a simple entropy maximization problem constrained by a vanishing phase.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Fundamental Physics as the General Solution to a Maximization Problem on the Shannon Entropy of All Measurements

Authors: Alexandre Harvey-Tremblay
Comments: 40 Pages.

We present a novel approach to quantum theory construction that involves maximizing the Shannon entropy of quantum measurements relative to their initial preparation. By constraining the maximization problem with a phase that vanish under measurements, we obtain quantum mechanics (vanishing U(1)-valued phase), relativistic quantum mechanics (vanishing Spin^c(3,1)-valued phase), and quantum gravity (also a vanishing Spin^c(3,1)-valued phase, but with a non-vanishing dilation part). The first two cases are equivalent to established theory, whereas the later case yields a quantum theory of accelerated reference frames, in which a quantized version of the Einstein field equation lives. Specifically, the spacetime interval is promoted to an observable, effectively building the metric tensor from the underlying quantum structure. Moreover, the SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) gauge symmetries of the Standard Model arise naturally without additional assumptions. Finally, the solution is consistent only with 3+1 spacetime dimensions, as it encounters obstructions in all other dimensional configurations. This framework integrates quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics, quantum gravity, spacetime dimensionality, and particle physics gauge symmetries from a simple entropy maximization problem constrained by a vanishing phase.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Nature of Space, Light, and Matter and their Interactions

Authors: Michael Gunning
Comments: 36 Pages.

In this paper I propose a structure for the fabric of space from which logically flows the nature and structure of matter and light. It explains the properties of fundamental particles such as mass, charge, spin, magnetic moment etc, and how matter interacts with light. It predicts the existence of what I call a longitudinal photon which readily explains the results of all single photon Mach-Zender type interferometry experiments. It also predicts the existence of Dark energy and Dark matter and explains what they are. It provides a simple explanation for Stern-Gerlach type experiments and also for those testing the Bell Inequality. It also explains Quantum Tunnelling, Gravity, Superfluidity, Superconductivity and the Casimir effect. It provides insight into the nature of time and entropy and their direction. It explains the origins of the Fine Structure Constant and why it has the value that it has. It also explains why some of the main conclusions of the Standard Model of Particle Physics are incorrect. Finally, it proposes a structure for Black Holes and the nature of their gravity as well as a possible explanation for the many anomalies discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope.
Category: Quantum Physics

Solving the Conundrum of Dark Matter and Dark Energy in Galaxy Clusters

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper develops the Dark Matter by Gravitation theory, DMbG theory hereafter, in clusters of galaxies in the current cosmologic model. Originally this theory was developed by the author for galaxies, using MW and M31 rotation curves. An important results got by the DMbG theory is that the total mass associated to a galactic halo depend on the square root of radius, being its dominion unbounded. Apparently, this result would be absurd because of divergence of the total mass. As the DE is negligible at galactic scale it is needed to extend the theory to clusters in order to study the capacity of DE to counterbalance to DM. Thanks this property, the DMbG theory finds unexpected theoretical results.In this work it is defined, the total mass as baryonic matter plus DM and the gravitating mass as the addition of the total mass plus the negative mass associated to dark energy.In clusters it is defined the zero gravity radius (RZG hereafter) as the radius needed by the dark energy to counterbalance the total mass. It have been found, that the ratio RZG / RVIRIAL = 7.3 and its Total mass associated at RZG is 2.7 u2022MVIRIAL. In addition it has been calculated that the sphere with the extended halo radius RE = 1.85u2022 RZG has a ratio DM density versus DE density equal to 3/7 and its total mass associated at RE is 3.67 u2022MVIRIALThis works postulates that the factor 3.67 may equilibrate perfectly the strong imbalance between the Local mater density parameter (0.08) versus the current Global matter density one (0.3). Currently this fact is a big conundrum in cosmology, see chapter 7. Also it has been found that the zero velocity radius, RZV hereafter, i.e. the cluster border because of the Hubble flow, is 0.6u2022RZG By derivation of gravitating mass function it is calculated that at 0.49u2022RZG this function reaches its maximum.Throughout the paper some of these results have been validated with recent data published for the Virgo cluster. As Virgo is the nearest big cluster, it is the perfect benchmark to validate any new theory about DM and DE. These new theoretical findings offer to scientific community a wide number of tests to validate or reject the theory. The validation of DMbG theory would mean to know the nature of DM that at the present it is an important challenge for the astrophysics science.
Category: Astrophysics

A Mechanics of Human Attraction?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 7 Pages.

A short informal essay discussing the results of two small proof of concept tests on ten male subjects to attempt to identify an algorithmic or mechanically visual basis for human attraction in the choice of a female partner. One test involved choosing the most attractive female facial image from a random collection of twenty different beautiful female faces, comparing its metrics of thirteen attributes to those of facial images of past relationships of each male subject, to identify an algorithmic or Bayesian foundation for attraction versus choices assumed to be based on free will. The second test was the presentation of an image of hidden female outlined forms to ten men and ten women as a proof of concept for how to possibly identify how the human male brain identifies female forms and fitness intimating an epigenetic grammar of forms.
Category: Mind Science

Unlike Newton's Gravitational Acceleration, Einstein's is Velocity-Dependent; it Repels Sufficiently Near-c Objects, Obviating the Need for "Dark Energy"

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 Pages.

If a test body radially approaching a static point mass at near-c speed undergoes the same attractive gravitational acceleration as a nonrelativistic test body, its speed soon exceeds c. That doesn't occur because Einstein's gravitational acceleration by a static point mass is velocity-dependent; it counterintuitively repels a test body traveling radially at a speed sufficiently near c. Indeed, a basic feature of the gravitational refraction of light is that a radially-traveling light packet's speed increases monotonically toward c with its increasing radial distance from a static point mass, so a light packet traveling radially away from a static point mass is gravitationally accelerated toward radial speed c in the outward direction of its travel. Likewise, a test body traveling radially away from a static point mass at a speed sufficiently near c is counterintuitively gravitationally accelerated in the outward direction of its travel. The universe expands radially at a speed sufficiently near c to undergo such a counterintuitive gravitational acceleration in the outward direction of its radial expansion, "dark energy" isn't needed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Elementary Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations: Existence and Smoothness with Uniqueness

Authors: Masatoshi Ohrui
Comments: 13 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission/replacement will not be accepted)

This is an elementary argument in the sense that there are no long or complicated calculations, and the theory of evolution equations is not used at all.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Elementary Solution of the Navier-Stokes: Existence and Smoothness with Uniqueness

Authors: Masatoshi Ohrui
Comments: 13 Pages.

I thought about the uniqueness and smoothness of the weak solution, which was unsolved in the Leray-Hopf's weak solution. I thought of a elementary argment in the sense that there are no long or complicated calculations, and the theory of evolution equations is not used at all.
Category: Functions and Analysis

On the Nonintegrable Regime of Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 8 Pages.

Recent research points out that the unavoidable approach to Hamiltonian chaos well above the Fermi scale leads to a spacetime having continuous (fractal) dimensions. Here we analyze a toy model of inflationary Universe comprising of a Higgs-like scalar in interaction with a pair of vector bosons. The model is manifestly nonintegrable as it breaks the perturbative unitarity of scattering processes and evolves towards Hamiltonian chaos and fractal spacetime.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Geometric Algebra Solution to a Hard Contest Problem

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 4 Pages.

We show how to use rotations of vectors in GA to solve the following problem: "The following are known about a triangle: The ratio of the lengths of two sides; the angle formed by those sides; and the length of that angle’s bisector. Find the length of the side opposite that angle."
Category: Geometry

A Geometric Algebra Solution to a Hard Contest Problem

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 4 Pages.

We show how to use rotations of vectors in GA to solve the following problem: "The following are known about a triangle: The ratio of the lengths of two sides; the angle formed by those sides; and the length of that angle’s bisector. Find the length of the side opposite that angle."
Category: Geometry

Detecting Whether a Graph Has a Fixed-point-free Automorphisms Is in Polynomial Time

Authors: Yasunori Ohto
Comments: 7 Pages. We have improved the readability of the paper for submission to a workshops.

The problem that to determining whether a graph has a fixed-point-free automorphism is NP-complete. We show that it is solvable in polynomial time. First, we obtain the automorphisms of an input graph G by using a spectral method. Next, we prove the Theorem used to detect whether there is a fixed-point free automorphism in G. Next, we construct an algorithm to detect whether G has a fixed-point-free automorphism using this result. This algorithm cannot obtain a fixed-point-free automorphism even if it exists. The computational complexity of this problem is O(n^5). Then, the complexity classes P and NP are the same.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Non Conservative Gravity Model

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

I will explore a non-conservative gravity field model with base idea rooted in trying to re-think free-falling observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Decomposition of PFAS and Synthesis of BC8 Super-Diamond: Rotations of Electromagnetic Waves for Novel Chemical Dynamics

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 6 Pages.

A new theory is given for the decomposition of PFAS and the formation of BC8 Super-diamond with 13C isotope by application of RBL’s rotating magnetic field and static magnetic field for stimulating nuclei having nonzero nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs). The induced NMMs are proposed more readily in the 19F of PFAS due to large mass defect of 19F and the many C-F bonds per molecule. The super-diamond with 13C isotope is reasoned to form with its body center cubic lattice with central 13-carbon atom per cube due to the rotating magnetic field and resulting internal induced sp3 hybridization with more efficiency for the applied external pressure and internal pressure by 13C isotope to be better used to compress the resulting sp3 carbon atoms to BC8 super-diamond. The author invented the use of rotating electromagnetic and magnetic fields for affecting chemical dynamics in 2000.
Category: Physics of Biology

Quantum Fantasies and Molecular Realities

Authors: Mark C. Marson
Comments: 9 Pages. Only minor edits made since first version posted one month ago.

Quantum computing is criticized as obfuscatory. The problem of an excessive number of continuous parameters is explained by Dyakonov. The origin of the idea of quantum computing (courtesy of Feynman) is investigated - was it just a desperate attempt to circumvent the limitations of computers in the early 1980s? His scepticism is noted as is the astonishing processing power of modern computers. The fundamental problems of quantum computing are set out: it defies basic physics by implicitly requiring subatomic control; it cannot be categorized within formal logic; it does not offer true general purpose computing; and, over four decades of work in the field has been fruitless. An alternative research and development objective (again courtesy of Feynman) - namely molecular nanotechnology (MNT) - is set out. The extreme shortcomings of the synthetic techniques of today’s material science are described. A brief background to MNT is given, including a summary of the debate between Smalley and Drexler. The simple theoretical resolution to this debate (multitasking) is given and contrasted with single purpose synthetic techniques. The remaining ‘causality dilemma’ is mentioned. The preferred materials of MNT (diamond and maybe silicon) are contrasted with the molecules of organic chemistry. A novel alternative (by Marson) to self or positional assembly for material synthesis is summarized - namely the directed evolution of mineral nanocrystals by utilizing affinity chromatography and microED technology (in preference to X-ray crystallography). The greater possibilities for self-assembly engendered by tailored nanocrystals are mentioned, as is the most obvious first use of mineral nanocrystals, namely dynamic catalysis.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Cosmology and the Uncertainty Principles: A New Road to the Quantum Gravity

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce the ansatz that universe size and age are the maximal spatial and temporal uncertainties, respectively - within the uncertainty principles. This allows us to derive a relationship between Planck’s constant and the Hubble’s constant. Accordingly, we obtain numerical value of the minimum momentum and energy uncertainty, which are locally experimentally verifiable. Reciprocally, if one has experimentally verified values of minimum Energy and Momentum, then the Universe’s Age and size can be calculated — independently — i.e., aside from other methods. A new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and cosmology/General Relativity, i.e. Quantum Gravity is given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizations of Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizations of Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-Variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 59 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main consequences of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of self-variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and a definition of the rest mass of a fundamental particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts a structure of the particles, predicts and justifies the particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data and it shows that quantum phenomena are implicit in the Self-Variation Theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-Variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main consequences of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of Self-Variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and the definition of the rest mass of a fundamental particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts an internal structure of the particles, predict and justifies the particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data and proves that Self-Variation is related to quantum phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Charge Parity Symmetry and the Matter Antimatter Imbalance

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 44 Pages.

This paper builds on proposals in earlier papers that build the SM fundamental particles from infinite superpositions. The most important prediction of these earlier papers is that all fundamental particles, including bosons, have an infinitesimal mass that at all times is inversely proportional to the horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. Photons interacting between electrically charged particles only travel at approximately light velocity when interacting energies are well above inverse horizon radius values. High energy scattering experiments performed in this current era are unlikely to include interacting photon energies approaching the inverse horizon radius, and will thus show mirror symmetry as their interacting bosons travel at virtually light velocity. However, when matter and antimatter were forming, the inverse horizon radius was very small with larger energy interacting photons, and more likely to have included energies inversely proportional to the horizon radius. These photons travel at well below light velocities and will not show mirror symmetry, which Sakharov argued in 1967 could explain the matter antimatter imbalance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Minimal Dividing Odd Subsets Are Related to the Golden Ratio

Authors: Mathis Antonetti
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this note, we give a proof for a lower bound (though not a satisfying one) of the density of minimal dividing odd subsets where the goldenratio surprisingly appears. We also provide some other properties of such integer subsets and some new insight on the relationship between minimaldividing odd subsets and the Goldbach conjecture. We argue that the study of minimal dividing odd subsets is a new and interesting starting point to prove the Goldbach conjecture.
Category: Social Science